Ankara Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü

Ankara Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü

Ankara Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi
Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü
GDM411 – GDM412
Gıda Mühendisliği Laboratuvar
Uygulamaları Kılavuzu
Ankara
2015-2016
Ankara Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi
Gıda Mühendisliği Bölümü
GDM 411-412 Gıda Mühendisliği Laboratuvar Uygulamaları I-II
Uygulama ve Değerlendirme Yönergesi
1. Amaç
Bu yönergenin amacı, GDM 411-412 kodlu Gıda Mühendisliği Laboratuvar Uygulamaları derslerinin
uygulanma ve değerlendirilmesine ilişkin kuralların belirlenmesidir.
2. Tanımlar
a. GMLU I-II: Gıda Mühendisliği Laboratuvar Uygulamaları I ve II dersleri
b. Uygulamalı konu: Analiz, üretim vb.
c. İlgili Yönetmelik: Ankara Üniversitesi Önlisans ve Lisans Eğitim-Öğretim Yönetmeliği
3. Kurallar
a. GMLU I-II dersleri için her öğretim üyesi tarafından önerilmiş olan konular, akademik kurul
tarafından belirlenen biri koordinatör ve her gruptan bir sorumlu öğretim üyesi olmak üzere 6-7
kişiden oluşan bir komisyonda değerlendirilerek, bir sonraki öğretim yılında uygulanmak üzere 12
haftalık program konuları belirlenir.
b. Uygulama 6 grup halinde yaptırılır ve öğrenci grupları komisyon tarafından belirlenir. Gruplar
arasında yer değiştirme yapılamaz.
c. Her yarıyılın başında, her hafta grup sayısı kadar öğretim üyesi görev alacak şekilde 15 haftalık
uygulama programı hazırlanır. Programda; her hafta görev alan öğretim üyesi, öğrenci grubu ve
uygulama konusu belirtilir.
d. Öğrenciler, katıldığı uygulamaya ilişkin bir rapor hazırlamak ve bunu en geç 1 hafta içinde ilgili
öğretim elemanına teslim etmek zorundadır.
e. Uygulamalarda yoklama alınması zorunludur. Derse gelmeyen öğrenci rapor veremez.
f. Her yarıyılda devamsızlık hakkı 2 haftadır. Vize öncesi ve vize sonrası derse devam edilmeyen hafta
için 1'er adet uygulama raporu eksiği rapor ortalamasına dâhil edilmez ancak 2. ve daha fazla rapor
eksiği "0" olarak ortalamaya yansıtılır.
4. Sınav ve Değerlendirme
a. GMLU I-II derslerindeki başarı durumu, Bölüm Akademik Kurulu tarafından oluşturulan
komisyonca belirlenir.
b. Değerlendirme için komisyon ara sınav ve final sınavı yapar. Bu amaçla; her uygulama için ilgili
öğretim üyesince hazırlanan çoktan seçmeli sorulardan (her uygulama için 5 seçenekli 3 soru)
oluşturulan soru bankasından yararlanılır.
c. Derse devam zorunluluğu, Ankara Üniversitesi'nin ilgili yönetmeliğine göre en az % 80'dir. Derse
devam durumu, yoklama listesine göre değerlendirilir.
d. Devamsız öğrenciler final sınavına giremez ve dersten "devamsız/FF2" sayılır.
e. Ara sınav ve final sınavı, Bölüm Başkanlığı'nca hazırlanan sınav programındaki gün ve saatte
yapılır. Grup farkı nedeni ile soruların hazırlanmasında Uygulama Kılavuzu'nda yer alan bilgilerden
yararlanılmasına dikkat edilir.
f. Ara sınav ve final sınavında yazılı sınav ve raporlar % 50+50 oranında dikkate alınır. Başarı notu
ilgili yönetmelikteki kurallara uygun olarak belirlenir.
5.Yürürlük
Bu yönerge, Bölüm Akademik Kurulu'nun 25.06.2010 tarih ve 2010-9/1 sayılı kararıyla kabul edilerek
yürürlüğe girmiştir.
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edinilir.
ø\RWWHVWLQLQEDúNDELUX\JXODPDVÕGDú|\OHGLU:
¾ %LUWSHP/PH\YHVX\XDOÕQÕU
¾ h]HULQHP/¶OXNL\RWo|]HOWLVLHNOHQGLNWHQVRQUDWSL\LFHNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
2OXúDQUHQNLQFHOHQHUHNQLúDVWDQÕQSDUoDODQPDG]H\LKDNNÕQGDILNLUHGLQLOLU
%HUUDNODúWÕUPD
3.1 Kimyasallar
%HQWRQLWVVSDQVL\RQX 0.5) ±±± -HODWLQo|]HOWLVL 1) ±±± .L]HOVROo|]HOWLVL 10)
%HQWRQLW VVSDQVL\RQX :0.5 g bentonit bir beherde 50 mL demineralize su ile iyice
NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU YH HQ D] ± K úLúPH\H EÕUDNÕOÕU 'DKD VRQUD GHPLQHUDOL]H VX LOH P/¶\H
WDPDPODQÕU %X VVSDQVL\RQ D\ NXOODQÕODELOLU $QFDN NXOODQÕOPDGDQ |QFH L\LFH
NDUÕúWÕUÕOPDOÕGÕU
-HODWLQ o|]HOWLsi (% 0.5) : J MHODWLQ ELU EHKHUGH P/ GHPLQHUDOL]H VX LoLQGH GDN
úLúPH\H EÕUDNÕOÕU 'DKD VRQUD ƒ&¶\H NDGDU ÕVÕWÕODUDN o|]QPHVL VD÷ODQÕU YH P/¶OLN
EDORQDDNWDUÕODUDNGHPLQHUDOL]HVXLOHKDFPHWDPDPODQÕU
.L]HOVRO o|]HOWLVL 15):15 m/ NL]HOVRO P/¶OLN EDORQGD GHPLQHUDOL]H VX LOH
KDFPH WDPDPODQÕU %X o|]HOWL D\ NXOODQÕODELOLU $QFDN NDWÕODúPDVÕQGDQGRQPDVÕQGDQ
NDoÕQÕOPDOÕGÕU
.L]HOVRO o|]HOWLVL 0.15):% ¶OLN NL]HOVRO o|]HOWLVL L\LFH NDUÕúWÕUÕOGÕNWDQ VRQUD P/¶OLNEDORQDP/DOÕQÕU%DORQGDPÕWÕNVX\ODKDFPHWDPDPODQÕU
*HUHoOHU
Beher  0H]UP/¶OLN Erlenmayer  %DORQMRMHP/¶OLN 3LSHWP/¶OLN
 7HVW WSOHUL P/¶OLN FDP NDSDNOÕ  Su banyosu, 50 ƒ&¶GH  Hassas terazi 
Spektrofotometre  FPÕúÕN\ROOXNXYDUW]VSHNWURIRWRPHWUHNYHWL 7UELGLPHWUH
øúOHP
'HSHNWLQL]DV\RQGDQ VRQUDNL DúDPDGÕU %X DPDoOD PH\YH VX\XQD |Q GHQH\OHUOH VDSWDQDQ
dozajlarda "'XUXOWPD<DUGÕPFÕ0DGGHOHUL" HNOHQLU%XDúDPDGDIORNODúPDJHUoHNOHúLU
Durultma \DUGÕPFÕ PDGGHVL RODUDN EHQWRQLW MHODWLQ YH NL]HOVRO NXOODQÕOÕU %XQODU VXGD
o|]QPúNROORLGQLWHOLNWHNLELOHúLNOHUGLU%XQODUGDQ
7
Jelatin: 0H\YH VX\X S+¶VÕQGD SR]LWLI \NO ROXS NDUúÕODúWÕ÷Õ QHJDWLI \NO IHQROLN
ELOHúLNOHUOH IORNODU ROXúWXUXS o|NHUNHQ GL÷HU EXODQÕNOÕN XQVXUODUÕQÕ GD EHUDEHULQGH DúD÷Õ
VUNOHU.XOODQÕOPDGR]DMÕPH\YHVX\XQXQELOHúLPLQHED÷OÕRODUDNJHQHOOLNOH±300 g/ton
DUDVÕQGDGH÷LúLU(NúL 0H\YHVX\XQD 5±¶OXNo|]HOWL RODUDNHNOHQLU'DLPDWD]H
RODUDNKD]ÕUODQPDOÕGÕr.
Kizelsol: 'XUXOWPDGD MHODWLQ NXOODQÕOGÕ÷Õ ]DPDQ PXWODND NXOODQÕOPDVÕ JHUHNHQ ELU GXUXOWPD
\DUGÕPFÕ PDGGHVLGLU 'XUXOWPDGD DúÕUÕ MHODWLQ NXOODQÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD DúÕUÕ GXUXOPD \DQL PH\YH
VX\XQGD o|]QPú MHODWLQ NDOPDVÕ WHKOLNHVL\OH NDUúÕODúÕODELOLU %X NDOÕQWÕ MHODWLQ GDKD VRQUD
PH\YH VX\XQGD VRQUDGDQ EXODQPD\D QHGHQ RODELOLU øúWH PH\YH VX\XQXQ DVLW RUWDPÕQGD
QHJDWLI \N ND]DQDQ NL]HOVRO PH\YH VX\XQGD o|]QPú RODUDN NDODELOHFHN SR]LWLI \NO
MHODWLQOH IORN ROXúWXUDUDN NDOÕQWÕ MHODWLQL RUWDPGDQ X]DNODúWÕUÕU .XOODQÕODFDN NL]HOVRO ¶OLNVHMHODWLQLQ±10 misli; % ¶OXNVDMHODWLQLQ±PLVOLNDGDUROPDOÕGÕU
Bentonit: 0H\YH VX\XQGD NROORLGDO RODUDN o|]QHQ EX PDGGHQLQ HVDV HWNLVL DGVRUSVL\RQ
JFQHGD\DQPDNWDGÕU$QFDNPH\YHVX\XS+¶VÕQGDQHJDWLI\NOROPDVÕQHGHQL\OHPH\YH
VX\XQXQ QHJDWLI \NO NROORLG |]HOOL÷LQL GH ]HQJLQOHúWLUPHNWH YH |QHPOL PLNWDUGD IHQROLN
PDGGH\L GH X]DNODúWÕUPDNWDGÕU .XOODQÕOPD GR]DMÕ PH\YH VX\XQXQ ELOHúLPLQH ED÷OÕ RODUDN
genellikle 250±JWRQDUDVÕQGDGH÷LúLU(NúL2SWLPXPEHQWRQLWGR]DMÕVÕFDN-VR÷XN
testiyle belirlenebilir.
(÷HU VR÷XN GXUXOWPD X\JXODQDFDNVD LúOHP ƒ±20 ƒ&¶GH EHQWRQLW-jelatin kombinasyonu
NXOODQÕODUDN JHUoHNOHúWLULOLU (÷HU VÕFDN GXUXOWPD X\JXODQDFDNVD LúOHP ƒ±50 ƒ&¶GH
bentonit-jelatin-kizelsoONRPELQDV\RQX\ODJHUoHNOHúWLULOLU&HPHUR÷OXYH.DUDGHQL]
%HUUDNODúWÕUPDDúDPDVÕQGDRSWLPXPEHQWRQLWGR]DMÕQÕQEHOLUOHQPHVLLoLQ
¾ ƒ±50 ƒ&¶GHNLHOPDVX\XQGDQD\UÕGHQH\WSQQKHUELULQHP/DOÕQÕU
¾ h]HUOHULQHYHJWRQGR]DMNDUúÕOÕ÷ÕEHQWRQLWHNOHQLU<DQL
% ¶OLNEHQWRQLWVVSDQVL\RQXQGDQVÕUDVÕ\ODYHP/HNOHQLU
(NúL
¾ +HUELUWSNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕUYHEHUUDNOÕNGXUXPXJ|]OHQLU
¾ (QL\LEHUUDNOÕ÷ÕQJ|]OHQGL÷LGR]DMRSWLPXPEHQWRQLW GR]DMÕGÕU
¾ %X GR]DM GDKD E\N KDFLPGH - P/ HOPD VX\XQD X\JXODQÕU YH EX HOPD
VX\XQGDRSWLPXPMHODWLQGR]DMÕEHOLUOHQLU(QGVWUL\HOX\JXODPDODUGDLVHGDKDE\N
hacimlerle (1±/oDOÕúÕOPDOÕGÕU
%HUUDNODúWÕUPDDúDPDVÕQGD"optimum jelatin dozaMÕQÕQ" EHOLUOHQPHVLLoLQ
¾ %HOLUOHQHQRSWLPXPGR]DMGDEHQWRQLWHNOHQPLúƒ±50 ƒ&¶GHNLHOPDVX\XQGDQD\UÕ
GHQH\WSQQKHUELULQHP/DOÕQÕU
¾ h]HUOHULQHYHJWRQGR]DMNDUúÕOÕ÷ÕMHODWLQHNOHQLU<DQL
¶OLN MHODWLQ o|]HOWLVLQGHQ VÕUDVÕ\OD YH P/ HNOHQLU (NúL
1988).
¾ +HUELUWSNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕUYHIORNODúPDLoLQGDNEHNOHQLU
¾ (QL\LGXUXOPDQÕQJ|]OHQGL÷LGR]DMRSWLPXPMHODWLQGR]DMÕGÕU
'DKDREMHNWLIELUGH÷HUOHQGLUPHLoLQKHUWSWHNLPH\YHVX\XILOWUHND÷ÕGÕQGDQJHoLULOLU
YH KHU ELU ILOWUDW LNL D\UÕ WSH E|OQU 7SOHUGHQ ELULVLQH MHODWLQ GL÷HULQH LVH NL]HOVRO WHVWL
X\JXODQÕU -HODWLQ o|]HOWLVL GDPODWÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD IORNODúPD ROX\RUVD GRzaj yetersiz, kizelsol
GDPODWÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD IORNODúPD ROX\RUVD GR]DM DúÕUÕGÕU 8\JXQ GR]DM KHU LNL WHVW VRQXFXQGD GD
8
IORNODúPD ROPD\DQ MHODWLQ GR]DMÕGÕU %LUELULQL L]OH\HQ LNL WSWHNL GXUXP GD \HWHUOL ELU
GXUXOPD\ÕJ|VWHUL\RUVDDUDGR]DMVHoLOHELOLU
¾ Bu dozaj GDKD E\N KDFLPGH ± P/ HOPD VX\XQD X\JXODQÕU YH EX HOPD
VX\XQGDRSWLPXPNL]HOVROGR]DMÕEHOLUOHQLU
%HUUDNODúWÕUPDDúDPDVÕQGD"RSWLPXPNL]HOVROGR]DMÕQÕQ" EHOLUOHQPHVLLoLQ
¾ %HOLUOHQHQ RSWLPXP GR]DMODUGD EHQWRQLW YH MHODWLQ HNOHQPLú ƒ±50 ƒ&¶Geki elma
VX\XQGDQD\UÕGHQH\WSQQKHUELULQHP/DOÕQÕU
¾ h]HUOHULQHNRQWUROYHP/WRQGR]DMNDUúÕOÕ÷ÕNL]HOVRO
eklenir. Yani % ¶OLNNL]HOVROo|]HOWLVLQGHQVÕUDVÕ\ODYH
mL eklenir ((NúL
¾ +HUELUWSNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕUYHIORNODúPDLoLQ±20 dak. beklenir.
¾ (QL\LGXUXOPDQÕQJ|]OHQGL÷LGR]DMRSWLPXPNL]HOVROGR]DMÕGÕU(÷HUNRQWUROWSQGH
HQL\LGXUXOPDJ|]OHQGL\VHGXUXOWPDGDNL]HOVRONXOODQÕOPD]
¾ %XGR]DMD\QÕ]DPDQGDRSWLPXP\DUGÕPFÕPDGGHNRPELQDV\RQXQXJ|VWHULU
3.4 Kontrol Testleri
Jelatin Testi: %X WHVWOH GXUXOWXOPXú YH ILOWUH HGLOPLú PH\YH VX\XQGD KDOD MHODWLQOH
X]DNODúWÕUÕODELOHFHNQLWHOLNWHIHQROLNPDGGHEXOXQXSEXOXQPDGÕ÷ÕNRQWUROHGLOLU%XQXQLoLQ
¾ %LUWSHILOWUH HGLOPLúPH\YHVX\XQGDQ±P/DOÕQÕU
¾ h]HULQHKD]ÕUODQDQMHODWLQo|]HOWLVLQGHQGDPODHNOHQLUYHNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
¾ 10±20 dak. beklenir.
6UH VRQXQGD H÷HU WSWH ELU EXODQPD YH IORNODúPD J|UOUVH PH\YH VX\XQXQ
EHUUDNODúPDVÕWDPDPODQPDPÕúELUPLNWDUGDKDMHODWLQHNOHQPHVLJHUHNL\RUGHPHNWLU
Kizelsol Testi: %X WHVWOH PH\YH VX\XQGD MHODWLQ NDOÕQWÕVÕ ROXS ROPDGÕ÷Õ EHOLUOHQLU -HODWLQ
kaOÕQWÕVÕVRQUDGDQEXODQPD\D\RODoWÕ÷ÕQGDQPH\YHVX\XHQGVWULVLQGH|QHPOLGLU
.L]HOVROWHVWLLoLQ
¾ %LUWSHILOWUHHGLOPLúPH\YHVX\XQGDQ±P/DOÕQÕU
¾ h]HULQH VH\UHOWLOPLú NL]HOVRO P/ NL]HOVRO P/ GDPÕWÕN VX o|]HOWLVLQGHQ damla eklenir ve kaUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
¾ 10±20 dak. beklenir.
6UHVRQXQGDH÷HUWSWHELUEXODQPDYHWRUWXROXúXPXJ|UOUVHPH\YHVX\XQGD
MHODWLQNDOÕQWÕVÕYDUELUPLNWDUGDKDNL]HOVROHNOHQPHVLJHUHNL\RUGHPHNWLU
6ÕFDN-VR÷XN 6WDELOLWH 7HVWL: %X WHVWOH HNVWUHP VÕFDNOÕNODUGD YH VÕFDNOÕN GDOJDODQPDODUÕQGD
PH\YH VX\XQXQ VÕFDNOÕ÷D GX\DUOÕ ELOHúLP XQVXUODUÕQÕQ EXODQPD-o|NHOPH \DSÕS \DSPD\DFD÷Õ
belirlenir.
6ÕFDN-VR÷XNWHVWLLoLQ
¾ %LUHUOHQPD\HUHILOWUHHGLOPLúPH\YHVX\XQGDQ±P/DOÕQÕU
¾ (UOHQPD\HU LoHUL÷L ƒ& ]HULQH NDGDU ÕVÕWÕOÕU YH \DNODúÕN GDN EX VÕFDNOÕNWD
tutulur.
9
¾ %XVUHVRQXQGDHUOHQPD\HUVR÷XNVXEDQ\RVXQDGDOGÕUÕODUDNKÕ]OD±3 ƒ&LOH±5 ƒ&¶\H
VR÷XWXOXU
¾ 'DKDVRQUDRGDVÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQD ƒ&NDGDUÕVÕWÕOÕU
1H ÕVÕWPD QH VR÷XWPD VÕUDVÕQGD QH GH RGD VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD EHNOHWPH VRQUDVÕQGD ELU
EXODQPDJ|UOPHPHOLGLU(÷HUELUEXODQPDRUWD\DoÕNDUVDPH\YHVX\XGROXPGDQEHOOLELU
VUHVRQUDEXODQDELOHFHNQLWHOLNWHGHPHNWLU
2SWLPXP \DUGÕPFÕ PDGGH NRPELQDV\RQXQXQ D\UÕFD EXODQÕNOÕN EHUUDNOÕN YH UHQN
|OoPOHUL\OHGHGR÷UXODQPDVÕJHUHNPHNWHGLU
%XODQÕNOÕNgOoP: %XODQÕNOÕN|OoPQGHWUELGLPHWUHGHQ\DUDUODQÕOPDNWDGÕU7UELGLPHWUH
EXODQÕNOÕNSDUoDFÕNODUÕQÕQNHQGLVLQHGúHQÕúÕ÷ÕQHNDGDU\D\GÕ÷ÕQÕ|Ooer.
¾ 7UELGLPHWUHQLQ WS ILOWUH HGLOPLú PH\YH VX\X LOH GROGXUXOXU YH EXODQÕNOÕN G]H\L
NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) cinsinden belirlenir.
%HUUDNHOPDVX\XQGD178GH÷HUL¶GHQGúNROPDOÕGÕU
%HUUDNOÕNgOoP: 7UELGLPHWUH\OHEXODQÕNOÕN|OoP\DSÕOGÕ\VDD\UÕFDEHUUDNOÕNG]H\LQLQ
EHOLUOHQPHVLQHJHUHN\RNWXU%XQXQODELUOLNWHHOPDVX\XJLELDoÕNUHQNOLPH\YHVXODUÕQGDSXV
úHNOLQGH oRN VÕQÕUOÕ ELU EXODQÕNOÕN WUDQVPLWWDQV 7 |OoPOHUL\OH \D\JÕQ úHNLOGH
belirlenmektedir. Transmittans, standart kRúXOODUGD VSHNWURIRWRPHWUH LOH |OoOHQ YH VÕYÕQÕQ
ÕúÕNJHoLUJHQOL÷L\]GHVLQLJ|VWHUHQELUGH÷HUGLU
¾ )LOWUHHGLOPLúPH\YHVX\XFPÕúÕN\ROOXNXYDUW]VSHNWURIRWRPHWUHNYHWLQHDNWDUÕOÕU
¾ QPGDOJDER\XQGDVX\DNDUúÕWUDQVPLWWDQVGH÷HULRNXQXU
** %HUUDNHOPDVX\XQGDWUDQVPLWWDQVGH÷HULHQD] ROPDOÕGÕU
5HQNgOoP:
¾ )LOWUHHGLOPLúPH\YHVX\XFPÕúÕN\ROOXNXYDUW]VSHNWURIRWRPHWUHNYHWLQHDNWDUÕOÕU
¾ QPGDOJDER\XQGDVX\DNDUúÕWUDQVPLWWDQVGH÷HULRNXQXU
** Berrak elma suyunda transmiWWDQV GH÷HUL HQ D] ROPDOÕGÕU 'úN GH÷HUOHU
UHQJLQHVPHUOHúWL÷LQLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
'XUXOWPDNRQWURONULWHUOHULYHOLPLWOHULDúD÷ÕGDELUGHIDGDKDdL]HOJH¶GH|]HWOHQPLúWLU
dL]HOJH Durultma kontrol kriterleri ve limitleri
Kontrol Kriteri
%XODQÕNOÕN178
Kontrol Limiti
Maks. 2
%HUUDNOÕN7QP
Min. %90
Renk (%T; 440 nm)
Min. %40
10
UYGULAMA PLANI
'XUXOWPD LúOHPLQLQ EHUUDNODúWÕUPD DúDPDVÕQGD RSWLPXP \DUGÕPFÕ PDGGH NRPELQDV\RQX
EHOLUOHQLUNHQ \XNDUÕGD DoÕNODQDQ EDVDPDNODUÕQ X\JXODQPDVÕ GDKD GR÷UXGXU $QFDN "*ÕGD
0KHQGLVOL÷LLaboratuar 8\JXODPDODUÕ" GHUVVUHVLQLQEXLúOHPOHULQX\JXODQPDVÕLoLQ\Hterli
ROPDPDVÕQHGHQL\OHDúD÷ÕGDNLEDVDPDNODUX\JXODQDFDNWÕU:
1. Kimyasallar
%HQWRQLW VVSDQVL\RQX 10): 10 g bentonit bir beherde 50 mL demineralize su ile iyice
NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU YH HQ D] ± K úLúPH\H EÕUDNÕOÕU 'DKD VRQUD GHPLQHUDOL]H VX LOH P/¶\H
tDPDPODQÕU+D]ÕUODQDQVVSDQVL\RQNXOODQÕOPDGDQ|QFHL\LFHNDUÕúWÕUÕOPDOÕGÕU
-HODWLQo|]HOWLVL 1): JMHODWLQELUEHKHUGHP/GHPLQHUDOL]HVXLoLQGHGDNúLúPH\H
EÕUDNÕOÕU 'DKD VRQUD ƒ&¶ \H NDGDU ÕVÕWÕODUDN o|]QPHVL VD÷ODQÕU YH P/¶OLN EDlona
DNWDUÕODUDNGHPLQHUDOL]HVXLOHKDFPHWDPDPODQÕU
.L]HOVRO o|]HOWLVL 10): P/ NL]HOVRO P/¶OLN EDORQGD GHPLQHUDOL]H VX LOH
KDFPH WDPDPODQÕU %X o|]HOWL D\ NXOODQÕODELOLU $QFDN NDWÕODúPDVÕQGDQGRQPDVÕQGDQ
NDoÕQÕOPDOÕGÕU
*HUHoOer
Beher  0H]UP/¶OLN Erlenmayer  %DORQMRMHP/¶OLN 3LSHWP/¶OLN
 7HVWWSOHULP/¶OLNFDPNDSDNOÕ Su banyosu, 50 ƒ&¶GH Hassas terazi
øúOHP
¾ 'HSHNWLQL]DV\RQX WDPDPODQPÕú ƒ±50 ƒ&¶GHNL HOPD VX\X KHU ELULQH P/ RODFDN
úHNLOGHEHKHUHE|OQU
¾ %HQWRQLWVVSDQVL\RQXQGDQELULQFLEHKHUHLNLQFL\HoQF\HP/HNOHQLU
¾ +HUELUEHKHULoLQPH]UH¶HUP/HOPDVX\XNR\XOXU
¾ Her beherin;
ƒ øONPH]UQH
P/MHODWLQo|]P/NL]HOVROo|]
ƒ øNLQFLPH]UQH
P/MHODWLQo|]P/NL]HOVROo|]
ƒ hoQFPH]UQH
P/MHODWLQo|]P/NL]HOVROo|]
ƒ '|UGQFPH]UQHP/MHODWLQo|]P/NL]HOVROo|]
eklenir. 2SWLPXP GXUXOWPD \DUGÕPFÕ PDGGHOHULQLQ NRPELQDV\RQXQXQ EHOLUOHQPHVL LoLQ
\DSÕODQGHQHPHSODQÕùHNLO¶GHúHPDWLNRODUDNJ|VWHULOPLúWLU
¾ +HUELUPH]UQLoHUL÷LNDUÕúWÕUÕOGÕNWDQVRQUDWRUWXROXúXPXLoLQGDNEHNOHQLU
¾ 6UH VRQXQGD WRUWX ROXúXPXQXQ HQ L\L J|]OHQGL÷L PH]UOHU VHoLOLS NRQWURO WHVWOHUL
EHUUDNODúWÕUPDE|OPQGHDQODWÕOGÕ÷ÕúHNLOGHX\JXODQÕU
Kaynaklar
&HPHUR÷OX % YH .DUDGHQL] ) 0H\YH VX\X UHWLP WHNQRORMLVL Meyve ve Sebze
øúOHPH 7HNQRORMLVL, CilW , % &HPHUR÷OX HG V - %L]LP %UR %DVÕPHYL
Ankara.
(NúL$Meyve Suyu Durultma 7HNQL÷L6$10DWEDDVÕ$QNDUD
11
2.0 mL
MHOo|]
+
1.0 mL
NL]o|].
100 mL elma
1.50 mL
MHOo|]
+
0.75 mL
NL]o|].
2.50 mL
MHOo|]
+
1.25 mL
NL]o|].
1.3
1.2
100 mL elma
1.1
100 mL elma
3.0 mL
MHOo|]
+
1.50 mL
NL]o|].
2.0 mL
MHOo|]
+
1.0 mL
NL]o|].
100 mL elma
1.50 mL
MHOo|]
+
0.75 mL
NL]o|].
2.2
2.1
2.3
2.50 mL
MHOo|]
+
1.25 mL
NL]o|].
100 mL elma
1.4
100 mL elma
500 mL elma suyu
+
10 mL bentonit
2.4
3.0 mL
MHOo|]
+
1.50 mL
NL]o|].
1.50 mL
MHOo|]
+
0.75 mL
NL]o|].
2.0 mL
MHOo|]
+
1.0 mL
NL]o|].
2.50 mL
MHOo|]
+
1.25 mL
NL]o|].
11
3.0 mL
MHOo|]
+
1.50 mL
NL]o|].
3.4
3.3
3.2
3.1
500 mL elma suyu
+
15 mL bentonit
100 mL elma
500 mL elma suyu
+
5 mL bentonit
100 mL elma
3
100 mL elma
2
100 mL elma
1
100 mL elma
2SWLPXP<DUGÕPFÕ0DGGH.RPELQDV\RQXQXQ%HOLUOHQPHVLøoLQ<DSÕODQ'HQHPH3ODQÕQÕQùHPDWLN*|VWHULPL
100 mL elma
A2a*ÕGDODUGD+0)$QDOL]L
1. Genel Bilgi
.DUERQKLGUDWODUÕQ GHKLGUDV\RQX YH ÕVÕO \ROOD SDUoDODQPDVÕ VRQXFXQGD SHQWR]ODUGDQ "2furaldehit"\DQL\D\JÕQLVPL\OHIXUIXUDOYHKHNVR]ODUGDQ"5-hidroksimetil-2-furaldehit", yani
\D\JÕQ LVPL\OH "hidroksimetilfurfural" +0) ROXúPDNWDGÕU .DUERQ ]LQFLUOHULQLQ
SDUoDODQPDVÕ VRQXFXQGD EX ELOHúLNOHUGHQ GH OHYOLQLN DVLW IRUPLN DVLW DVHWRO DVHWRLQ
GLDVHWLOODNWLNDVLWSLUYLNDVLWYHDVHWLNDVLWJLELoHúLWOLELOHúLNOHUROXúPDNWDGÕU:KLVWOHUDQG
'DQLHO%XSDUoDODQPDUQOHULQLQ|QHPOLELUE|OPJÕGDODUGDLVWHQPH\HQDURPDYH
IODYRU ROXúXPXQD QHGHQ ROXUNHQ ELU NÕVPÕ LVH JÕGDODUGD DU]X HGLOHQ IODYRUXQ ROXúPDVÕQD
NDWNÕGD EXOXQPDNWDGÕU )XUIXUDO YH +0)¶QLQ ROXúXPX DVLW YH\D ED] HúOL÷LQGH YH \NVHN
SURVHV YH\D GHSRODPD VÕFDNOÕNODUÕQGD KÕ]ODQPDNWDGÕU %X DoÕNODPDODUD J|UH NDUERQKLGUDW
LoHUHQJÕGDODUDX\JXODQDQKHUWUOÕVÕWPDVRQXQGDYH\DGHSRODPDGDVÕFDNOÕNYHVUH\HED÷OÕ
RODUDND]YH\D oRNPLNWDUGD+0)ROXúPDNWDGÕUgUQH÷LQ PH\YHVX\XYHEDO JLELUQOHUGH
GR÷DOKDOGH\NHQ+0)EXOXQPDPDVÕQDNDUúÕQEXQODUÕQLúOHQPHOHULQGHX\JXODQDQVÕFDNOÕNYH
VUH\HED÷OÕRODUDNIDUNOÕ G]H\OHUGH +0)LOH NDUúÕODúÕOPDNWDGÕUg]NDQYG%HQ]HU
úHNLOGH EX UQOHULQ GHSRODQPDVÕ VÕUDVÕQGD VÕFDNOÕN YH VUH\H ED÷OÕ RODUDN GD +0)
ROXúPDNWDGÕU
*ÕGDODUGD+0)LNLúHNLOGHROXúPDNWDGÕU
A. Maillard reaksiyonu sonucu: "Maillard reaksiyon"u, aminoasitlerle reaksiyona
JLUHQ LQGLUJHQ úHNHUOHULQ ROXúWXUGX÷X ELU UHDNVL\RQ ROXS UHDNVL\RQXQ GDKD VRQUDNL
DúDPDODUÕQGD JHUoHNOHúHQ $PDGRUL G|QúPQGHQ VRQUD HQROL]DV\RQD X÷UDPDVÕ LOH
+0)ROXúPDNWDGÕU<D\OD\DQ
B. ùHNHUOHULQÕVÕO\ROODSDUoDODQPDVÕYHGHKLGUDWDVyonu sonucu: $VLWOHULQNDWDOL]|U
RODUDN J|UHY DOGÕNODUÕ UHDNVL\RQODU VRQXFXQGD PRQRVDNNDULW PROHNOQGHQ VX
D\UÕOPDVÕ\ODSHQWR]ODUGDQIXUIXUDOKHN]RVODUGDQLVH+0)ROXúPDNWDGÕU:KLVWOHUDQG
Daniel 1985).
%D]ÕDUDúWÕUPDODUGD+0)¶QLQLQVDQVD÷OÕ÷Ձ]HULne sitotoksik (Ulbricht 1984), genotoksik ve
PXWDMHQLN -DQ]RZVNL HWNLOHULQLQ ROGX÷X ELOGLULOPHVLQH NDUúÕQ IDUHOHUGH \DSÕODQ
oDOÕúPDODU JQGH PJNJ YFXW D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ G]H\LQGH +0) DOÕQPDVÕQÕQ VD÷OÕN ]HULQGH ELU
ROXPVX]OX÷D QHGHQ ROPDGÕ÷Õ ELOGLULOPHNWHGLU :KLVWOHU DQG 'DQLHO %XQD UD÷PHQ
PH\YHVX\XYHNRQVDQWUHOHULUHoHOYHPDUPHODWSHNPH]YHEDOJLELLúOHQPLúúHNHUFH]HQJLQ
UQOHUGHGDLPD+0)DQDOL]L\DSÕOPDVÕQÕQQHGHQL+0)PLNWDUÕQÕQEXUQOHUHX\JXODQDQ
ÕVÕ \R÷XQOX÷XQX YH GHSRODPD NRúXOODUÕQÕ RUWD\D NR\DQ ELU |OoW RODUDN NXOODQÕOPDVÕQGDQGÕU
%XQXQ GÕúÕQGD JÕGDODUGD +0) PLNWDUÕQÕQ EHOOL ELU G]H\LQ ]HULQGH EXOXQPDVÕ UHQJLQ
HVPHUOHúPH H÷LOLPLQGH ROGX÷XQX UQQ WDW YH NRNXVXQGD |QHPOL ER]XOPDODUÕQ ROGX÷XQX
besin GH÷HULQGH D]DOPDODU ROGX÷XQX YH EDOGD ROGX÷X JLEL UQQ WD÷úLú HGLOGL÷LQLQ LQYHUW
úHNHUHNOHQPHNVXUHWL\OHELU|OoVRODUDNGDDOÕQPDNWDGÕU7HODWDU
<XNDUÕGD EHOLUWLOHQ QHGHQOHUGHQ GROD\Õ JÕGD PDGGHOHULQGH EXOXQPDVÕQD L]LQ YHULOHQ +0)
PLNWDUODUÕ VÕQÕUODQGÕUÕOPÕúWÕU <UUONWHNL 7UN *ÕGD .RGHNVL <|QHWPHOL÷L¶QH J|UH
(http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/mev/kodeks.html +0) LoLQ KDOHQ SHNPH] YH EDOGD VÕQÕU GH÷HUOHU
EHOLUOHQPLúWLU+0)VWVÕQÕUÕVÕYՁ]PSHNPH]LQGH 75 mg kg±1 YHNDWՁ]PSHNPH]LQGH
100 mg kg±1 (http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/TGK/Teblig/2007-27.htmlEXQDNDUúÕQEDOGDPJ
kg±1 (http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/TGK/Teblig/2005-49.htmlRODUDNNDEXOHGLOPLúWLU
12
7UN 6WDQGDUWODUÕQGD LVH +0) VW VÕQÕUODUÕ PH\YH VXODUÕQGD PJ NJ±1 ve meyve suyu
konsantrelerinde 25 mg kg±1 $QRQLP , 6ÕQÕI UHoHOOHUGH PJ NJ±1 YH ,, 6ÕQÕI
UHoHOOHUGH 100 mg kg±1 $QRQLP RODUDN EHOLUOHQPLúWLU <UUONWHNL 7UN *ÕGD
.RGHNVL <|QHWPHOL÷L¶QGH PH\YH VX\X YH NRQVDQWUHOHUL LOH UHoHOOHUGH +0) VW VÕQÕUÕ
EXOXQPDGÕ÷ÕLoLQV|]NRQXVXEXUQOHUGH\DVDOELUVÕQÕUODPDEXOXQPDPDNWDGÕU
+0) \NVHN EDVÕQoOÕ VÕYÕ NURPDWRJUDILVL +3/& %RJGDQRY YH VSHNWURIRWRPHWULN
:LQNOHU :KLWH \|QWHPOHUOH WD\LQ HGLOHELOPHNWHGLU +0)¶QLQ GX\DUOÕ RODUDN
DQDOL]L+3/&\|QWHPL\OH\DSÕOPDNWDGÕU%XQXQODELUOLNWHKHPNÕVDVUHGH\DSÕOPDVÕKHPGH
maliyetinin GúN ROPDVÕ QHGHQL\OH X\JXODPDGD VSHNWURIRWRPHULN \|QWHPOHU WHUFLK
HGLOPHNWHGLU:LQNOHU \|QWHPLRODUDNELOLQHQ \|QWHPJ|UQUE|OJHGHDEVRUEDQVRNXPD\D
GD\DOÕ ELU \|QWHP ROXS |]HOOLNOH PH\YH VX\X YH NRQVDQWUHOHUL LOH SHNPH] YH UHoHOOHUGH
uygulanmaktadÕU :KLWH \|QWHPL LVH 89 E|OJHGH DEVRUEDQV RNXPD\D GD\DOÕ ELU \|QWHP
ROXS |]HOOLNOH EDOODUGD X\JXODQPDNWDGÕU %DOODUGD :KLWH \|QWHPL GR÷UX VRQXo YHUPHVL
NROD\OÕ÷Õ YH p-WROXLGLQ JLEL NDQVLQRMHQLN PDGGHOHULQ NXOODQÕPÕQD LKWL\Do GX\XOPDPDVÕ
nedeniyle teUFLK HGLOPHNWHGLU :LQNOHU YH :KLWH \|QWHPOHUL LOH SHNPH] YH EDOODUGD
X\JXODQDFDNRODQ+0)WD\LQ\|QWHPOHULDúD÷ÕGDYHULOPLúWLU
D:LQNOHU\|QWHPL *|UQUE|OJHGHDEVRUEDQVRNXPDVÕQDGD\DOÕ+0)WD\LQL
øONH
HMF; barbiturik asit ve p-toluidin LOH UHDNVL\RQD JLUHUHN NÕUPÕ]Õ UHQNOL ELU ELOHúLN
ROXúWXUPDNWDGÕU2OXúDQ UHQJLQ \R÷XQOX÷X+0)PLNWDUÕQDED÷OÕGÕU(÷HURUWDPGDVOIUR]
asit (SO2¶QLQVXGDNLIRUPXYDUVD+0)VOIUR]DVLWOHUHDNVL\RQDJLUGL÷LLoLQ622 LOHLúOHP
J|UPúJÕGDODUELU|QLúOHPX\JXODQDUDNVOIUR]DVLWRUWDPGDQX]DNODúWÕUÕOÕU(÷HURUWDPGD
PJ/¶GHQGDKDID]ODVHUEHVWVOIUR]DVLWYDUVDDQDOL]EDúODQJÕFÕQGDEXQXQDVHWDOGHKLWLOH
ED÷ODQPDVÕJHUHNPHNWHGLU
3. Kimyasallar
Barbiturik asit (C4H4N2O3) ±±± p-toluidin (C7H9N) ±±± Asetaldehit (C2H4O)
%DUELWXULN DVLW o|]HOWLVL PJ PL: PJ EDUELWXULN DVLW WDUWÕOÕS \DNODúÕN P/
GDPÕWÕNVXLOHELUOLNWHP/ELU|OoEDORQXQDDNWDUÕOÕUYHEDORQLoHUL÷LELUVXEDQ\RVXQGD
KDILI ÕVÕWÕODUDN o|]QGUOU 6R÷XGXNWDQ VRQUD EDORQ KDFLP LúDUHWLQH NDGDU GDPÕWÕN VX LOH
WDPDPODQÕU%X]GRODEÕQGDVDNODQPDVÕGXUXPXQGDo|]HOWLX]XQVUHGD\DQÕNOÕNDOÕU
p-WROXLGLQ|]HWOLVLJP/:10 g p-WROXLGLQWDUWÕOÕS \DNODúÕNP/ LVRSURSDQRO LOH
P/ ELU |Oo EDORQXQD DNWDUÕOÕU P/ JODVLDO DVHWLN DVLW HNOHQHUHN o|]QGUOGNWHQ VRQUD
EDORQ LVRSURSDQRO LOH KDFLP LúDUHWLQH NDGDU WDPDPODQÕU d|]HOWL NDKYHUHQN ELU FDP úLúH\H
GROGXUXOXSEX]GRODEÕQGDVDNODQÕUVDD\GD\DQÕNOÕNDOÕU
$VHWDOGHKLWo|]HOWLVL:1 g asetaldehit WDUWÕOÕSELUPLNWDUVXGDo|]QGUOGNWHQVRQUD
P/¶OLNELU|OoEDORQXQDDNWDUÕOÕUYHEDORQKDFLPLúDUHWLQHNDGDUGDPÕWÕNVXLOHWDPDPODQÕU
*HUHoOHU
Spektrofotometre  YRUWHNVWSNDUÕúWÕUÕFÕ 7HVWWSOHULP/¶OLNFDPNDSDNOÕ
13
øúOHP
6OIUR]DVLWEXOXQPD\DQ|UQHNOHUGH
¾ %LUEHKHUH\DNODúÕNJSHNPH]WDUWÕOÕS\HQLND\QDWÕOPÕúGDPÕWÕNVXLOHFDPNDSDNOÕ
P/¶OLNELU|OoEDORQXQDDNWDUÕOÕUdDONDODQDUDNL\LFHNDUÕúWÕUÕOGÕNWDQVRQUDILOWUHHGLOLU
¾ %XúHNLOGHVH\UHOWLOHUHNKD]ÕUODQPÕú|UQHNWHQFDPNDSDNOÕWHVWWSQHSLSHWOH¶úHUP/
DNWDUÕOÕU
¾ +HULNLWSH¶HUP/ p-WROXLGLQo|]HOWLVLHNOHQLSWSOHUL\LFHoDONDODQÕU
¾ 7SOHUGHQúDKLWRODUDNNXOODQÕODFDNRODQELULQFLWSHP/GDPÕWÕNVXGHQH\WSRODQ
iNLQFLWSHLVHP/EDUELWXULNDVLWo|]HOWLVLHNOHQLU7SOHULQFDPNDSDNODUÕ\HUOHúWLULOLS
WSNDUÕúWÕUÕFÕGDYRUWHNVNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU7SOHUHNRQDQo|]HOWLOHUdL]HOJH¶GHELUGHIDGDKD
|]HWOHQPLúWLU
dL]HOJHøúOHPWDEORVX
7SOHUHNRQDQo|]HOWLOHU
BLULQFLWSúDKLW
øNLQFLWSGHQH\
6H\UHOWLOPLú|UQHNo|]HOWLVL
2.0 mL
2.0 mL
p-WROXLGLQo|]HOWLVL
5.0 mL
5.0 mL
±
1.0 mL
1.0 mL
±
%DUELWXULNDVLWo|]HOWLVL
Su
¾ p-WROXLGLQ YH EDUELWXULN DVLW o|]HOWLOHULQLQ WSOHUH HNOHQPHVL ± GDN LoLQGH
JHUoHNOHúWLULOPHOLGLU
¾ øNLQFL WSQ DEVRUEDQVÕ FP¶OLN NYHWWH YH QP¶GH úDKLGH NDUúÕ RNXQDUDN VDSWDQÕU
Absorbans, barbiturik asidin eklenmesinden 3± GDN VRQUD PDNVLPXP GH÷HULQH XODúÕU
6RQUDJHQHOOLNOHKÕ]ODD]DOÕU+HVDSODPDGDDEVRUEDQVÕQVDSWDQPÕúRODQPDNVLPXPGH÷HUL
NXOODQÕOÕU
6OIUR]DVLWEXODQDQ|UQHNOHUGH
(÷HU +0) WD\LQ HGLOHFHN |UQHNWH PJ/¶GHQ GDKD ID]OD VHUEHVW VOIUR] DVLW YDUVD
DúD÷ÕGDNL|QLúOHPX\JXODQGÕNWDQVRQUDDQDOL]\DSÕOÕU
¾ %LUSLSHWOHP/|UQHNDOÕQÕSP/¶OLNELU|OoEDORQXQDDNWDUÕOÕU
¾ h]HULQH P/ ¶OLN DVHWDOGHKLW HNOHQGLNWHQ VRQUD EDORQ GDPÕWÕN VX LOH KDFLP
LúDUHWLQHNDGDUWDPDPODQÕSJHUHNLUVHILOWUHHGLOLU
¾ +D]ÕUODQPÕú EX VH\UHOWLN |UQHNWHQ P/ DOÕQDUDN \XNDUÕGD "VOIUR] DVLW
EXOXQPD\DQ|UQHNOHUGH" EDúOÕ÷ÕDOWÕQGDYHULOHQLúOHPOHUD\QÕúHNLOGHX\JXODQÕU
+HVDSODPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
+HVDSODPD LoLQ |QFHOLNOH VWDQGDUW H÷ULQLQ ROXúWXUXOPDVÕ JHUHNPHNWHGLU 6WDQGDUW H÷ULQLQ
ROXúWXUXOPDVÕLOHLOJLOLELOJLOHUND\QDNNLWDSODUGDEXOXQDELOLUg]NDQYG
6WDQGDUWH÷ULKD]ÕUODPDGDNXOODQÕODFDN+0)¶ÕQVWDELOLWHVLQLQoRNGúNROPDVÕYH\DVWDQGDUW
H÷UL KD]ÕUODQPDNVÕ]ÕQ |UQHNWHNL +0) PLNWDUÕ DúD÷ÕGDNL HúLWOLN \DUGÕPÕ\OD GD \HWHUOL ELU
GX\DUOÕNODKHVDSODQDELOPHNWHGLU
HMF, mg/L = 162 (A)
6RQXoYLUJOGHQVonra tek hane olarak verilir.
14
E:KLWH\|QWHPL 89E|OJHVLQGHDEVRUEDQVRNXPDVÕQDGD\DOÕ+0)WD\LQL
$úD÷ÕGDDoÕNODQDQ\|QWHP$2$&WDUDIÕQGDQEDOGDX\JXODQPDN]HUH|QHULOPHNWHGLU
øONH
%HOOLPLNWDUGD|UQHNVH\UHOWLOGLNWHQVRQUD&DUUH]o|]Hltisiyle durultulup filtre edilir. Filtrata
NaHSO3 HNOHQGLNWHQVRQUDQP YHQPGDOJDER\ODUÕQGDDEVRUEDQV|OoOU+0)¶ÕQ
PROHNO D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕYH DEVRUSWLYLWHVL HNVWLQNVL\RQNDWVD\ÕVÕLOHGHQH\GHNLVH\UHOWPH IDNW|UQ
NDSVD\DQELUHúLWOLN\DUGÕPÕ\OD|UQH÷LQ+0)LoHUL÷LKHVDSODQÕU
3. Kimyasallar
Potasyum ferrosiyanid (K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O)
6RG\XPELVOILW(NaHSO3)
±±±
oLQNR DVHWDW >=Q&+3COO)2.H2O] ±±±
Carrez-, o|]HOWLVL:15 g potasyum ferrosiyanid (K4Fe(CN)6.3H22 P/¶OLN ELU EDORQGD
GDPÕWÕNVXGDo|]QGUOGNWHQVRQUDEDORQGDPÕWÕNVXLOHLúDUHWLQHNDGDUWDPDPODQÕU
Carrez-,, o|]HOWLVL: J oLQNR DVHWDW >=Q&+3COO)2.H22@ P/¶OLN ELU EDORQGD GDPÕWÕN
VXGDo|]QGUOGNWHQVRQUDEDORQGDPÕWÕNVXLOHoL]JLVLQHNDGDUWDPDPODQÕU
6RG\XP ELVOILW o|]HOWLVL ¶OLN:0.2 g NaHSO3 P/¶OLN ELU EDORQGD GDPÕWÕN VX LOH
o|]QGUOU YH EDORQ GDPÕWÕN VX LOH LúDUHWLQH NDGDU WDPDPODQÕU 6RG\XP ELVOILW o|]HOWLVL
JQONKD]ÕUODQPDOÕGÕU
*HUHoOHU
Spektrofotometre  YRUWHNVWSNDUÕúWÕUÕFÕ 7HVWWSOHULP/¶OLNFDPNDSDNOÕ
øúOHP
¾ .oN ELU EHKHUH \DNODúÕN J EDO GX\DUOÕ ELU úHNLOGH WDUWÕOÕS P/¶OLN ELU EDORQD
\DNODúÕNP/GDPÕWÕNVXLOHND\ÕSVÕ]RODUDNDNWDUÕOÕU
¾ gQFH P/ &DUUH]-, o|]HOWLVL HNOHQLS L\LFH NDUÕúWÕUÕOGÕNWDQ sonra, 0.50 mL Carrez-II
o|]HOWLVLHNOHQLUYHNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
¾ %DORQGDPÕWÕNVXLOHLúDUHWLQHNDGDUWDPDPODQÕU%XVÕUDGDN|SNROXúPXúVDEXQXNÕUPDN
LoLQHWLODONROGDPODWÕODELOLU
¾ %DORQL\LFHoDONDODQÕSELUILOWUHND÷ÕGÕQGDQILOWUHHGLOLUøONP/¶OLNILOWUDWDWÕOÕU
¾ WHVWWSQKHUELULQH¶HUP/ILOWUDWDOÕQÕU
¾ 7SOHUGHQELULQHP/GDPÕWÕNVXHNOHQLU|UQHNWSYH9RUWH[NDUÕúWÕUÕFÕ\DUGÕPÕ\OD
L\LFHNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
¾ 'L÷HUWSHLVHP/1D+623 o|]HOWLVLHNOHQLUúDKLWWSYH9RUWH[NDUÕúWÕUÕFÕ\DUGÕPÕ\OD
L\LFHNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
¾ gUQHN WSQQ DEVRUEDQVÕ FP¶OLN NYHW NXOODQÕODUDN úDKLGH NDUúÕ YH QP¶GH
RNXQXU (÷HU DEVRUEDQV ¶GDQ E\N RNXQPXúVD |UQHN o|]HOWLVL GDPÕWÕN VX LOH úDKLW
o|]HOWLVL LVH ¶OLN 1D+623 o|]HOWLVL\OH D\QÕ RUDQGD VH\Ueltildikten sonra absorbans
RNXPDODUÕ \DSÕOÕU 6H\UHOWPH RUDQÕ GLNNDWH DOÕQDUDN RNXQDQ DEVRUEDQV GH÷HUL G]HOWLOLU
\DQLDEVRUEDQVIDUNÕ$284 ± A336\HQLVH\UHOWPHIDNW|U\OHoDUSÕOÕU
15
+HVDSODPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
$úD÷ÕGDNL HúLWOLN \DUGÕPÕ\OD |UQHNWHNL +0) PLNWDUÕ KHVDSODQÕU 6RQXo YLUJOGHQ VRQUD WHN
hane olarak belirtilir.
HMF, mg/ kg = (A284 ± A336) (149.7)
IDNW|U +0)¶ÕQ PROHNO D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ PRODU DEVRUSVL\RQ NDWVD\ÕVÕ YH |UQHN PLNWDUÕ JLEL
oHúLWOLXQVXUODUÕNDSVD\DQDúD÷ÕGDNLHúLWOLNWHQKHVDSODQPÕúWÕU
)DNW|U
(
126
16830
)(
1000
10
)(
1000
5
) = 149.7
Burada ;
126 :+0)¶ÕQPROHNOD÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ
16830 :+0)¶ÕQQP¶GHPRODUDEVRUSVL\RQXH)
1000 :mg/g
10 : Santilitre/L
1000:SoQXokJ|UQHNWHEHOLUWLOGL÷LLoLQ
5
:$OÕQDQ|UQHNPLNWDUÕJ
Kaynaklar
$QRQLP9LúQHVX\XVWDQGDUGÕ767UN6WDQGDUWODUÕ(QVWLWV$QNDUD
$QRQLP9LúQHUHoHOLVWDQGDUGÕ767UN6WDQGDUWODUÕ(QVWLWV$QNDUD
AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. Method:980.23, 15th ed., Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, U.S.A.
Bogdanov, S. 2002. Harmonised methods of the International Honey Commission.
http:// www.apis.admin.ch/host/doc/pdfhoney/IHCmethods(ULúLPWDULKL:07.11.2005.
http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/mev/kodeks.html 7UN *ÕGD .RGHNVL <|QHWPHOL÷L 5HVPLJD]HWHVD\ÕQR:(ULúLPWDULKL:12.06.2009.
http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/TGK/Teblig/2005-KWPO%DOWHEOL÷L5HVPL*D]HWH
VD\ÕQR:7HEOL÷QR:(ULúLPWDULKL:12.06.2009.
http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/TGK/Teblig/2007-27.html h]P SHNPH]L WHEOL÷L 5HVPL*D]HWHVD\ÕQR:7HEOL÷QR:(ULúLPWDULKL:12.06.2009.
Janzowski, C., Glaab, V., Samimi, E., Schlatter, J. and Eisenbrand, G. 2000. 5Hydroxymethylfurfural:assessment of mutagenicity, DNA-damaging potential and
reactivity towards cellular glutathione. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 38(?), 801809.
g]NDQ0.ÕUFD$YH&HPHUR÷OX%*ÕGDODUDX\JXODQDQED]Õ|]HODQDOL]\|QWHPOHU
*ÕGD$QDOL]OHUL%&HPHUR÷OXHGV-%L]LP%UR%DVÕPHYL$QNDUD
16
7HODWDU<(OPDVX\XYHNRQVDQWUHOHULQGHKLGURNVLPHWLOIXUIXUDO+0),)DUNOÕHOPD
oHúLWOHULQLQ HOPD VX\X YH NRQVDQWUHVLQH LúOHQPHVL VUHFLQGH +0) ROXúXPX *ÕGD
10(4), 195-201.
Ulbricht, R.J., Northup, S.J. and Thomas, J.A. 1984. A review of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural
(HMF) in parenteral solutions. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 4, 843-853.
Whistler, R.L. and Daniel, J.R. 1985. Carboyhdrates. In Food Chemsitry, O.R. Fennema
(ed.), 2nd ed., pp 69-137, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Winkler, O. 1955. Beitrag zum Nachweis und zur Bestimmung von Oxymethylfurfural in
+RQLJ XQG .XQVWKRQLJ =HLWVFKULIW IU /HEHQVPLWWHOXQWHUVXFKXQJ XQG -Forschung A
(European Food Research and Technology), 102(3), 160-167.
White, J.W. 1979. Spectrophotometric method for hydroxymethylfurfural in honey. Journal
of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 62, 509-514.
Yaylayan, V. 1990. In search of alternative mechanism for the Maillard reaction. Trends in
Food Science and Technology, 1, 20-22.
17
A2b.RQVDQWUHGHQ0H\YH6X\X+D]ÕUODPD
1. Genel Bilgi
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Konsantre
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14.01
14.24
%14
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1.057
1.058
1.057 ± 1.058
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14.01 ± 14.24
į%14 = 1.057043 g mL±1
¾ NXUXPDGGHLoHUHQQHNWDUÕQKDFPLDúD÷ÕGDNLHúLWOLNWHQKHVDSODQÕU
1829 g
1.057043 g mL±1 = ±±±±±±±
V
V = P/YLúQHQHNWDUՃ%ULNV
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±1
1.17 g mL
m
= ±±±±±±±±
100 mL
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JVLWULNDVLWo|]HOWLVLJVLWULNDVLW
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21
7RSODPNWOHGHQgesi :
0.15 + X + Y + Z = 1.829
X + Y + Z = 1.679
(1)
Kuru madde dengesi :
0.15 (0.64) + X (0.68) + Y (0.427) = 1.829 (0.14)
0.68 X + 0.427 Y = 0.16006
(2)
Asit dengesi :
0.15 (0.065) + Y (0.427) = 1.829 (0.007)
0.427 Y = 3.053 x 10±3
(3)
¾ $VLWPLNWDUÕ1R¶OXDVLWGHQJHVLQGHQKHVDSODQÕU
0.427 Y = 3.053 x 10±3
Y = 7.15 x 10±3 kg
Y = JDVLWo|]HOWLVL¶OLN
¾ ùHNHUúXUXEXPLNWDUÕ1R¶OX.0GHQJHVLQGHQKHVDSODQÕU
0.68 X + 0.427 (7.15 x 10±3) = 0.16006
X = 0.23 kg
X = JúHNHUúXUXEX¶OLN
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7DEOR¶GHQNXUXPDGGHLoHUHQúHNHU úXUXEXQXQ\R÷XQOX÷XQXQį%68, 1.3347 kg/L
ROGX÷XEXOXQXU
230 g
1.3347 g/mL = ±±±±±±
V
V = P/úHNHUúXUXEX (%68)
¾ 6XPLNWDUÕ1R¶OX7.GHQJHVLQGHQKHVDSODQÕU
X + Y + Z = 1.679
0.23 + 7.15 x 10±3 + Z = 1.679
Z = 1.442 kg veya L su
Kaynaklar
&HPHUR÷OX % YH .DUDGHQL] ) 0H\YH VX\X UHWLP WHNQRORMLVL Meyve ve Sebze
øúOHPH 7HNQRORMLVL, &LOW , % &HPHUR÷OX (ed.), s. 297- %L]LP %UR %DVÕPHYL
Ankara.
http://www.kkgm.gov.tr/TGK/Teblig/2006-56.html. 0H\YH6X\XYH%HQ]HULhUQOHU7HEOL÷L
7HEOL÷QR:7UN*ÕGD.RGHNVL(ULúLPWDULKL:05.03.2009.
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22
A3. Konservelerde Fiziksel Analizler
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2. Konservede fiziksel analizler
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ERúOX÷X" NDOÕU
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Bir kutunun kendi toplam kapasitesinin % ¶ÕQGDQ GDKD D] GROGXUXOPDPDVÕ WHPHO ELU
NXUDOGÕU 'ROGXUPD RUDQÕQÕQ KHVDSODQPDVÕ LoLQ |QFH "QHW WHSH ERúOX÷X" ile ""NXWX Lo
\NVHNOL÷LQLQ" KHVDSODQPDVÕ JHUHNLU 1HW WHSH ERúOX÷XQXQ QDVÕO KHVDSODQGÕ÷Õ \XNDUÕGD
DQODWÕOPÕúWÕ.XWXLo\NVHNOL÷LLVHNXWXQXQGÕúWDQGÕúD\NVHNOL÷LQGHQDOWYHVWNHQHWNHQHW
X]XQOX÷XQXQ WRSODPÕ RODQ - PP oÕNDUÕOPDVÕ\OD EXOXQXU 1HW WHSH ERúOX÷X YH NXWX Lo
\NVHNOL÷LEXOXQGXNWDQVRQUDDúD÷ÕGDNLHúLWOLNNXOODQÕODUDNGROXPRUDQÕKHVDSODQÕU
.XWXQXQøo<NVHNOL÷LPP± 1HW7HSH%RúOX÷XPP
'ROXP2UDQÕ ---------------------------------------------------------------------.XWXQXQøo<NVHNOL÷LPP
23
%X \ROOD VDSWDQDQ GROXP RUDQÕQÕQ GR÷UX VRQXo YHUPHVL NXWXQXQ NHVLW DODQÕQÕQ \NVHNOL÷L
ER\XQFD D\QÕ ROPDVÕ\OD RODQDNOÕGÕU .XWXGD KHUKDQJL ELU GHIRUPDV\RQ YDU LVH H]LOPH YH
J|oPHJLELVDSWDQDFDNGROXPRUDQÕROPDVÕJHUHNHQGH÷HUGHQIDUNOÕROXU
%UWYHQHWD÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQVDSWDQPDVÕ
%LU NRQVHUYHQLQ EUW D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ NDEÕQ GDUDVÕ YH NDS LoHUL÷LQLQ D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ WRSODPÕQGDQ ROXúXU
1HWD÷ÕUOÕNLVHNDEÕQGDUDVÕQÕQEUWD÷ÕUOÕNWDQoÕNDUÕOPDVÕ\ODEXOXQDQGH÷HUGLU
6]PHD÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕVDSWDQPDVÕ
6]PHD÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕNRQVHUYHNDEÕLoHUL÷LQLQVWDQGDUWELUHOHN]HULQHERúDOWÕOÕSELUVUHV]OPHVL
EHNOHQGLNWHQVRQUDHOHN]HULQGHNDODQNÕVPÕQÕQD÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕGÕU6]PHD÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕWD\LQLVDGHFHNDWÕ
SDUoDFÕNODU LoHUHQ NRQVHUYHOHUGH \DSÕOÕU %X QHGHQOH VDOoD YH UHoHO JLEL JÕGDODUÕQ
NRQVHUYHOHULQGHV]PHD÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕV|]NRQXVXGH÷LOGLU
6]PH D÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ |OoOPHVL LoLQ X\JXQ VWDQGDUWWD ELU HOHN YH WHSVLOHUH JHUHNVLQLP YDUGÕU
%XQXQLoLQFPoDSÕQGD\XYDUODN,621RHOHNOHUNXOODQÕOÕU %XHOHNOHUGHJ|]DUDOÕ÷Õ.8 x
2. PP¶GLU (OHN J|] DUDOÕ÷Õ V]PH D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ VDSWDQDFDN NRQVHUYH\H J|UH GH÷LúLNOLN
J|VWHUHELOLU øúOHP VÕUDVÕQGD HOHN WHSVL ]HULQH ELU WDUDIÕ FP NDGDU \NVHN RODFDN úHNLOGH
\HUOHúWLULOGLNWHQ VRQUD NXWX LoHUL÷L HOHN ]HULQH \DYDúoD G|NOU YH HOH÷LQ WP \]H\LQH
\D\ÕOPDVÕ VD÷ODQÕU %X úHNLOGH NRQVHUYH GROJX VÕYÕVÕQÕQ WDPDPHQ V]OPHVL EHNOHQGLNWHQ
\DNODúÕN - GDNLND VRQUD HOHN D\UÕ ELU WHSVL ]HULQH DOÕQÕU YH EX KDOL\OH WHUD]LGH WDUWÕOÕU
'DKDVRQUDWHSVLYHHOH÷LQGDUDODUÕWHVSLWHGLOLSWRSODPD÷ÕUOÕNWDQoÕNDUÕOÕQFD"V]PHD÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ"
EXOXQPXúROXU
0HWDO.XWXODUGD.DSDWPDQÕQ.RQWURO.HQHW$QDOL]OHUL
.HQHWROXúXPX
.DSDWPD LúOHPL VÕUDVÕQGD "NDSDN NÕYUÕPÕ" ile "J|YGH NÕYUÕPÕ" birbirini sararak kavrarlar ve
E|\OHFHPHNDQLNVHO\|QGHQJoOELUED÷ODQWÕROXúXU%X\DSÕ\DNHQHWGHQLUùHNLO.HQHW
genellikle "birinci operasyon" ve "ikinci operasyon" denen ardarda LNL DúDPDOÕ ELU LúOHPOH
ROXúWXUXOXU
ùekil 1. Bir kenedin kesiti
Birinci operasyon:%XLúOHPGHNDSDNNÕYUÕPÕLOHJ|YGHNÕYUÕPÕELUELUOHULQLEHOOLELUG]H\GH
kavrar. KenedLQ VRQ KDOLQLQ NXVXUVX] ROPDVÕ LoLQ ELULQFL RSHUDV\RQ NHQHdinin de kusursuz
ROPDVÕJHUHNLUùHNLO
øNLQFLRSHUDV\RQ: øNLQFLRSHUDV\RQVÕUDVÕQGDQRUPDOELUNHQHWROXúXUùHNLO
24
ùHNLO%LULQFLRSHUDV\RQNHQHGL
ùekil 3øNLQFLRSHUDV\RQNHQHWL
.HQHGLQGÕúWDQ|OoOHELOHQ|]HOOLNOHUL
*|YGHNÕYUÕPÕIODQú: 6LOLQGLUKDOLQHJHWLULOPLúNXWXJ|YGHVLQLQXoNÕVÕPODUÕQÕQGÕúD GR÷UX
EHOOL ELU DoÕ LOH KDILI ELU úHNLOGH NÕYUÕOPÕú RODQ NÕVPÕQD "J|YGH NÕYUÕPÕ" veya "J|YGH D÷]Õ
NÕYUÕPÕ" veya "IODQú" denir.
.DSDN NÕYUÕPÕ: .DSDN oHYUHVLQLQ LoHUL GR÷UX GDLUHVHO ELU ROXN \DSDFDN úHNLOGH NÕYUÕOPÕú
halidir.
øoGHULQOLN: Kenedin tepe noktaVÕQGDQNDSD÷ÕQNHQHWLoGXYDUÕQDHQ\DNÕQ\HUGHNL \]H\LQH
NDGDURODQ\NVHNOL÷H"LoGHULQOLN" WHSHGHULQOL÷LGHQLUùHNLO
.HQHW NDOÕQOÕ÷Õ: Kenedin kenedL ROXúWXUDQ NDWPDQODUD GLN RODUDN |OoOHQ PDNVLPXP
NDOÕQOÕ÷ÕQDNHQHWNDOÕQOÕ÷ÕGHQLUùHNLO
.HQHW \NVHNOL÷L: Kenedin kenedL ROXúWXUDQ NDWPDQODUD SDUDOHO RODUDN |OoOHQ PDNVLPXP
\NVHNOL÷LQHNHQHW\NVHNOL÷LNHQHWJHQLúOL÷LGHQLUùHNLO
25
KenedLQLoNDUDNWHULVWLNOHUL
*|YGH YH NDSDN oHQJHOL: .HQHW ROXúXPXQGD IODQú J|YGH oHQJHOLQL NDSDN NÕYUÕPÕ LVH NDSDN
oHQJHOLQLROXúWXUXUùHNLO
ùHNLO*|YGHYHNDSDNoHQJHOOHUL
Kavrama: *|YGHYHNDSDNoHQJHOOHULQLQVWVWHELQPHGHUHFHVLQHNDYUDPDGHQLUùHNLO
ùHNLO.DYUDPD
.HQHWVÕNOÕ÷Õ: .HQHWVÕNOÕ÷ÕNDSDNoHQJHOLQGHNLEXUXúXNOX÷DJ|UH\RUXPODQÕUYH|QHPOLRODQ
EXUXúXNOX÷XQX]XQOX÷XGXUùHNLO
ùHNLO.HQHW6ÕNOÕ÷Õ
%LWLúPH \HUL NHQedi: .HQHWWH NDSDN oHQJHOL\OH J|YGH NHQHWLQLQ VW VWH JHOGL÷L NÕVÕP ROXS
\DNODúÕNRODUDNFPNDGDUELUJHQLúOL÷LNDSVDUùHNLO
ùHNLO%LWLúPH\HULNHQHGL
26
.HQHWøo\DSÕVÕQÕQ.RQWURO
*HUHoOHU
0LNURPHWUHøoGHULQOLN|OoPHDOHWLkapak kesme aleti, kHUSHWHQNDUJDEXUXQWHQHNHPDNDVÕ
GHPLUWHVWHUHVLYHH÷H
.HQHGLQ6|NOPHVLYHgOoOPHVL
-
Kesme aletiyle kapak kenedi zedelemeden oHYUHGHLQFHELUoHPEHUEÕUDNDFDNúHNLOGH
\XYDUODNELUSDUoDKDOLQGHNHVLOLSoÕNDUÕOÕU
.HQHWLNL\HUGHQWHVWHUHLOHNHVLOHUHNNHVLWLDOÕQÕUYHELUE\WHo\DUGÕPÕ\ODLQFHOHQLU
.XWXWHSHVLQGHNDSDNWDQDUWDNDODQoHPEHUELUNHUSHWHQ\DUGÕPÕ\ODoHNLOHUHNoÕNDUÕOÕU
%XúHNOL\HNHQHdLQNDSDNYHJ|YGHoHQJHOLX]XQOXNODUÕNHQHWER\XQFDELUNDo\HUGHQ
|OoOUgOoPOHUGHQPLQLPXPYHPDNVLPXPRODQODUDOÕQÕSND\GHGLOLU
6D\ÕVDO RODUDN VDSWDQDQ EX GH÷HUOHU LOJLOL NXWX VSHVLILNDV\RQODUÕ LOH NDUúÕODúWÕUÕODUDN
ED]ÕVRQXoODUDYDUÕOÕU
6|NOPúNHQHGLQLQFHOHQPHVL
6|NOPú NHQHWWH EDVÕQo VÕUWÕ ELWLúPH \HUL NHQHdLQLQ Lo \DSÕVÕ YH NDSDN EXUXúXNOX÷X JLEL
EDúOÕFD|]HOOLNOHULQFHOHQLU
SRQXoODUÕQÕQ\RUXPX
.HQHWNDOÕQOÕ÷Õ: KenedLQQHNDGDUVÕNÕROXúWX÷XKDNNÕQGDELOJLYHUir.
.HQHW\NVHNOL÷L: .DYUDPDQÕQKHVDSODQPDVÕQGD\DUDUODQPDN]HUH|OoOUgUQH÷LQWHQHNH
NDOÕQOÕ÷Õ.PPLVHLGHDONHQHW\NVHNOL÷L.PPROPDOÕGÕU
.DSDNYHJ|YGHoHQJHOOHUL: dHQJHOOHULQX]XQOX÷X\HWHUOLELUNDYUDPDLoLQJHUHNOLGLUdHQJHO
uzunluklaUÕQÕQoR÷X]DPDQ.PPYHHQoRN.PPROPDVÕLVWHQLU
.DSDN oHQJHOL EXUXúPD GHUHFHVL: KDSDN oHQJHOL EXUXúXNOXN GHUHFHVL ¶GHQ ID]OD
ROPDPDOÕGÕU
Kavrama: .DYUDPD NDSDN YH J|YGH oHQJHOOHUL X]XQOX÷X WHQHNH NDOÕQOÕ÷Õ YH NHQHW
\NVHNOL÷LQLQELUIRQNVL\RQXGXUYHDúD÷ÕGDNLHúLWOLNOHKHVDSODQÕU
27
.DYUDPDX]XQOX÷X .8*87.-KY
Burada;
KU: .DSDNoHQJHOLX]XQOX÷X
GU: *|YGHoHQJHOLX]XQOX÷X
TK: 7HQHNHNDOÕQOÕ÷Õ.DOÕQDELOLU
KY: .HQHW\NVHNOL÷L
Kenet Terminolojisi
Kaynaklar
CHPHUR÷OX, B. ve Acar-0H\YHYHVHE]HLúOHPHWHNQRORMLVL*ÕGD7HNQRORMLVL'HUQH÷L
<D\ÕQODUÕ$QNDUD
&HPHURJOX%.DUDGHQL])YHg]NDQ00H\YHYH6HE]HøúOHPH7HNQRORMLVL
*ÕGD7HNQRORMLVL'HUQH÷L<D\ÕQODUÕ1R$Qkara
28
A4*ÕGDODUGD$QWLRNVLGDQ$NWLYLWH$QDOL]L
1. Genel Bilgi
$QWLRNVLGDQODU RNVLGDWLI ]LQFLU UHDNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ EDúODPDVÕQÕ YH\D JHOLúPHVLQL LQKLEH HGHUHN
OLSLWOHULQ SURWHLQ YH '1$ JLEL EL\RORMLN PROHNOOHULQ RNVLGDV\RQXQX HQJHOOH\HQ YH\D
JHFLNWLUHQ ELOHúLNOHUGLU -DYDQPDUGL et al 2NVLMHQ WNHWHQ RUJDQL]PDODUÕQ WPQGH
EL\RORMLN PROHNOOHULQ RNVLGDV\RQXQX |QOH\HQ HQ]LPDWLN YH\D HQ]LPDWLN ROPD\DQ oHúLWOL
DQWLRNVLGDQ ELOHúLNOHU EXOXQPDNWDGÕU 6SHURNVLW GLVPXWD] 62' Superoxide dismutase),
glutatiyon peroksidaz (GSHPx, Glutathione pHUR[LGDVH YH NDWDOD] HQ |nemli antioksidan
HQ]LPOHUGLU(Q]LPDWLNROPD\DQDQWLRNVLGDQELOHúLNOHULQEDúÕQGDLVHDVNRUELNDVLW(YLWDPLQL
NDURWHQRLGOHU YH SROLIHQROOHU JHOPHNWHGLU %X ELOHúLNOHULQ DQWLRNVLGDQ |]HOOLNOHUL RNVLGH
RODELOLU oLIW ED÷ LoHUPHOHUL YH\D KLGURNVLO JUXSODUÕ LoHUPHOHUL YH EX \DSÕODUÕQ GD HOHNWURQFD
]HQJLQROPDODUÕQGDQND\QDNODQPDNWDGÕU
$VNRUELNDVLW(YLWDPLQLYHNDURWHQRLGOHURNVLMHQLQUHDNWLIIRUPODUÕQÕLQDNWLYHHWPHNVXUHWL\OH
DQWLRNVLGDQ HWNL J|VWHUPHNWHGLU %XQD NDUúÕQ IHQROLN PDGGHOHU LVH VHUEHVW Uadikalleri
ED÷OD\DUDNGHPLUYHEDNÕUJLELVHUEHVWPHWDONDW\RQODUÕ\ODNHODWROXúWXUDUDNYHOLSRNVLJHQD]
HQ]LPLQL LQDNWLYH HWPHN VXUHWL\OH EX HWNL\L J|VWHUPHNWHGLU )UDQNHO 5HDNWLI RNVLMHQ
52 IRUPODUÕ \D GD WUOHUL GHQLOGL÷LQGH RNVLMHQ UDGLNDOOHUi ile oksijenin radikal olmayan
WUHYOHUL DQODúÕOPDNWDGÕU %X WDQÕPÕQ NDSVDPÕQGDNL RNVLMHQ UDGLNDOOHUL VSHURNVLW DQ\RQ
(OC2), hidroksi (HO*), peroksi (ROO*), alkoksi (RO*) ve hidroperoksi (HOO*) radikalleridir.
5DGLNDOROPD\DQUHDNWLIRNVLMHQWUHYOHULLVH hidrojen peroksit (H2O2), ozon (O3) ve singlet
oksijendir (1O2) (Choe and Min 2005).
*HUHN YFXWWD JHUHNVH JÕGDODUGD oHúLWOL QHGHQOHUOH ROXúDQ 52 WUOHUL |QFHOLNOH EXOXQGXNODUÕ
ortamda bulunDQ DQWLRNVLGDQODUÕ RNVLGH HGHUOHU %|\OHFH EL\RORMLN PROHNOOHU RNVLGDWLI
KDVDUGDQ NRUXQDUDN \DSÕVDO YH IRQNVL\RQHO QLWHOLNOHUL ER]XOPDGDQ NDOÕU Antioksidanlar,
RNVLGDWLI ]LQFLU UHDNVL\RQODUÕQÕQ "EDúODPDVÕQÕ |QOH\HQ SULPHU DQWLRNVLGDQODU" ve "JHOLúLPLQL
|QOH\HQ LNLQFLO YH\D NRUX\XFX DQWLRNVLGDQODU" ROPDN ]HUH DQD EDúOÕN DOWÕQGD
incelenmektedir (Apak et al$QWLRNVLGDQODUÕQRNVLGDWLI]LQFLUUHDNVL\RQODUÕQÕ|QOHPH
PHNDQL]PDODUÕYH1R¶OXHúLWOLNOHUGHJ|VWHULOPLúWLU
5$+ĺ5H + A*
(1)
522$+ĺ522+$
(2)
52$+ĺ52+$ (3)
Bu reaksiyonlar sonucunda, antioksidanlar, ya lipit radikali (R*) ile reaksiyona girerek lipit
RNVLGDV\RQXQXQ EDúODPDVÕQÕ \D GD SHURNVL 522 YH\D DONRNVL 52 UDGLNDOOHU LOH
UHDNVL\RQDJLUHUHNRNVLGDV\RQXQXQJHOLúLPLQLYH|QOHUOHU$QWLRNVLGDQODUÕQEXHWNLOHUL
nedeniyle; DUDODUÕQGD NDOS YH GDPDU KDVWDOÕNODUÕ LOH NDQVHU NDWDUDNW JLEL KDVWDOÕNODUÕQ GD
EXOXQGX÷XSHNoRNKDVWDOÕ÷Õ|QOH\LFLHWNLJ|VWHUGLNOHULYH\DúODQPD\ÕJHFLNWLUPHJLELROXPOX
HWNLOHU\DUDWWÕ÷ÕGúQOPHNWHGLU
*ÕGDODUÕQ DQWLRNVLGDQ NDSDVLWHOHULQLQ EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH IDUNOÕ \|QWHPOHU NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU %X
\|QWHPOHULQELUE|OPHOHNWURQWUDQVIHULUHDNVL\RQXQD(7Electron Transfer) dayanmakta,
GL÷HU E|OP LVH KLGURMHQ DWRPX WUDQVIHUL +$7 Hydrogen Atom Transfer) reaksiyonuna
GD\DQPDNWDGÕU(7¶QHGD\DOÕ\|QWHPOHUDQWLRNVLGDQWDUDIÕQGDQLQGLUJHQHQRNVLGDQÕQUHQJLQGH
PH\GDQD JHOHQ GH÷LúLPOHUL |OoPHNWHGLU (7¶QLQ HVDV DOÕQGÕ÷Õ \|QWHPGH UHQNOL RNVLGDQ ELU
ELOHúLN UDGLNDO LOH DQWLRNVLGDQ PDGGHQLQ UHGRNV UHDNVL\RQX V|] NRQXVXGXU 5DGLNDO
DQWLRNVLGDQGDQ HOHNWURQ DODUDN LQGLUJHQPHNWH YH UHQJL GH÷LúPHNWHGLU 5HQNWHNL GH÷LúLP LOH
29
|UQHN LoLQGH EXOXQDQ DQWLRNVLGDQ PLNWDUÕ DUDVÕQGD LOLúNL EXOXQPDNWDGÕU $EVRUEDQVWDNL
GH÷LúLPDQWLRNVLGDQNRQVDQWUDV\RQXQDNDUúÕJUDIL÷HDNWDUÕOPDNWDHOGHHGLOHQNXUYHQLQH÷LPL
DQWLRNVLGDQÕQLQGLUJHPHNDSDVLWHVLQLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU*ÕGDQÕQDQWLRNVLGDQNDSDVLWHVL7URORNV
YH\DJDOOLNDVLWHúGH÷HULRODUDNLIDGHHGLOPHNWHGLU(7¶QHGD\DOÕ\|QWHPOHUDUDVÕQGDWURORNV
HúGH÷HUDQWLRNVLGDQNDSasitesi (ABTS/TEAC), difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil radikal tutma kapasitesi
(DPPH, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity assay), ferrik iyon
indirgeme antioksidan parametresi (FRAP, Ferric ion Reducing Antioxidant Parameter) ve
N,N-dimetil-p-fenilendiamin analizi (DMPD, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine assay)
\|QWHPOHULEXOXQPDNWDGÕU
+$7¶QHGD\DOÕDQWLRNVLGDQDNWLYLWH|OoP \|QWHPOHULQGH DQWLRNVLGDQ$+ Antioxidant) ve
substrat, yani lipit (LH, LLSLGD]RELOHúLNOHULQLQSDUoDODQPDVÕLOHROXúDQSHURNVLUDGLNDOOHUL
LoLQ \DUÕúPDNWDGÕU %X UHDNVL\RQODU YH 1R¶OX HúLWOLNOHUGH YHULOPLúWLU $QWLRNVLGDQODU
peroksi radikali (ROO*) LOH UHDNVL\RQD JLUHUHN RNVLGH ROPDNWD YH EX VÕUDGD GD OLSLWOHULQ
SHURNVLGDV\RQXQX|QOHPHNWHGLUOHU
ROO* + AH ĺ ROOH + A*
ROO* + LH ĺ ROOH + L*
(4)
(5)
+$7¶QH GD\DOÕ \|QWHPOHU DUDVÕQGD RNVLMHQ UDGLNDO DEVRUEDQV NDSDVitesi (ORAC, Oxygen
Radical Absorbance Capacity) ile toplam radikal tutma antioksidan parametresi (TRAP, Total
Radical trapping Antioxidant PDUDPHWHU \|QWHPOHUL EXOXQPDNWDGÕU *HUHN (7¶QH JHUHNVH
+$7¶QH GD\DOÕ \|QWHPOHUOH LOJLOL D\UÕQWÕOÕ ELOJLOHU E|OPP]GH \DSÕODQ WH] oDOÕúPDODUÕQGD
YHULOPLúWLU(UJH-%XUGXUOX$SD\GÕQ
Bu uygulamada, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-SF\U\OK\GUD]\O \|QWHPL NXOODQÕODUDN QDU VXODUÕQÕQ
DQWLRNVLGDQDNWLYLWHVLEHOLUOHQHFHNWLU'33+ \|QWHPLNROD\X\JXODQDELOLUROPDVÕQGDQGROD\Õ
|]HOOLNOH PH\YH YH VHE]H VXODUÕQÕQ DQWLRNVLGDQ DNWLYLWHOHULQLQ |OoOPHVLQGH VÕNOÕNOD
NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU
øONH
0RU UHQNOL VWDELO ELU ELOHúLN RODQ '33+* UDGLNDOLQLQ WHVW ELOHúL÷L LOH UHDNVL\RQXQGDQ VRQUD
LQGLUJHQPHVL VRQXFX UHQNWH PH\GDQD JHOHQ D]DOPDQÕQ PRUGDQ VDUÕ\D G|QúP
VSHNWURIRWRPHWUHGH QP GDOJD ER\XQGD |OoOPHVLQH GD\DQPDNWDGÕU <R÷XQ PRU UHQNOL
DPPH* UDGLNDO o|]HOWLVL DQWLRNVLGDQ DNWLYLWH\H VDKLS HNVWUDNW LOH NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕQFD DQWLRNVLGDQ
ELOHúHQ RUWDPD ELU KLGURMHQ DWRPX YHUPHNWH YH VWDELO UDGLNDO ROPD\DQ '33+ IRUPXQD
G|QúPHNWHGLU %X G|QúP VÕUDVÕQGD Hú ]DPDQOÕ RODUDN \R÷XQ PRU UHQN '33+‡)
ND\EROPDNWD YH LQGLUJHPH VRQXFX VDUÕ UHQN '33++ ROXúPDNWDGÕU %X UHDNVL\RQ NÕVDFD
ùHNLO¶GH|]HWOHQPLúWLU (Molyneux 2004).
3. Kimyasallar
Metanol ±±± 2,2-diphenyl-1-pcyrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ±±± standart antioksidan madde
(askorbik asit veya troloks)
DPPH* UDGLNDO o|]HOWLVL 1 mM: P/¶OLN ELU UDGLNDO o|]HOWLVL KD]ÕUODPDN LoLQ J
'33+WDUWÕOÕUELUPLNWDUPHWDQROLoLQGHo|]QGUOHUHNND\ÕSVÕ]úHNLOGHP/¶OLNELU|Oo
EDORQXQD DNWDUÕOÕU YH PHWDQRO LOH EDORQ KDFPLQH WDPDPODQÕU %|\OHFH PM¶OÕN P/
DPPH* UDGLNDO o|]HOWLVL KD]ÕUODQPÕú ROXU %X o|]HOWL KHU JQ WD]H RODUDN KD]ÕUODQPDOÕ YH
30
|OoP \DSÕOPDGÕ÷Õ DQODUGD DOPLQ\XP IRO\R\D VDUÕOÕ ELU úHNLOGH NDUDQOÕN ELU RUWDPGD YH
ƒ&¶GHPXKDID]DHGLOPHOLGLU
NO2
NO2
.
O2N
N
H
N
O2N
N
N
NO2
NO2
.
2,2-difenilpikril hidrazil(DPPH )
(mor renkli serbest radikal)
.
+ AH
2,2-difenilpikril hidrazin(DPPHH) + A
(sari renkli radikal olmayan form)
ùHNLO DPPH* radikalinin indirgenmesi
*HUHoOHU
Spektrofotometre
øúOHP
¾ 0H\YH YH\D VHE]H JLEL GRNX LoHUHQ ELU PDWHU\DOGH DQDOL] \DSÕODFDNVD |QFH |UQHNWHNL
DQWLRNVLGDQ ELOHúLNOHULQ HNVWUDNWH HGLOPHVL JHUHNPHNWHGLU %X DPDoOD J QXPXQH
]HULQHP/ OLNDVHWRQLODYHHGLOHUHN|QFHEOHQGHUGDKDVRQUDGDKRPRMHQL]DW|ULOH
HUGDNKRPRMHQL]HHGLOLU0H\YHVX\XYH\DNRQVDQWUHVLJLELVÕYÕ|UQHNOHUGHLVHVÕUDVÕ\OD
P/ YH\D J |UQHN DOÕQÕU YH ]HULQH P/ 80'lik aseton ilave edilerek
KRPRMHQL]DW|U LOH GDN VUH\OH KRPRMHQL]H HGLOLU 'DKD VRQUD NDUÕúÕP %XFKQHU KXQLVL
\DUGÕPÕ LOH :KDWPDQ 1R¶OX ILOWUH ND÷ÕGÕQGDQ ILOWUH HGLOGLNWHQ VRQUD ILOWUH NHNL ELU NH]
daha % OLN DVHWRQ LOH HNVWUDNWH HGLOLU (OGH HGLOHQ ILOWUDW G|QHU HYDSRUDW|U EDORQXQD
DNWDUÕODUDN ƒ&¶GH RUWDPGDNL DVHWRQXQ ¶Õ X]DNODúWÕUÕOÕU .DODQ VXOX ekstrakt 10
mL'ye % ¶OLN DVHWRQ LOH WDPDPODQÕS ILOWUH HGLOHUHN WHUFLKen hemen analiz edilir ya da
NDKYHUHQJLúLúHOHUGHDQDOL]HNDGDUGRQGXUXODUDNPXKDID]DHGLOLU
¾ $QDOL]LoLQWDQHWHVWWSDOÕQDUDNKHUELULQH'33+* UDGLNDOo|]HOWLVLQGHQȝ/
m/DOÕQÕU
¾ gUQHNHNVWUDNWÕQGDQIDUNOÕKDFLPOHUGH±40±60±80±ȝ/DOÕQDUDNLoOHULQGHUDGLNDO
o|]HOWLVLEXOXQDQWSOHU]HULQHLODYHHGLOLU
¾ 7SLoHULNOHULQLQWRSODPKDFPLP/¶\HPHWDQROOHWDPDPODQÕU
¾ 7SOHU NDUÕúWÕUÕOGÕNWDQ VRQUD RGD VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD NDUDQOÕN ELU RUWDPGD GDN VUH\OH
LQNEDV\RQDEÕUDNÕOÕU
¾ ùDKLW LVH ȝ/ '33+* UDGLNDO o|]HOWLVL ]HULQH P/ PHWDQRO HNOHQHUHN KD]ÕUODQÕU
ùDKLWWSGHRGDVÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGDNDUDQOÕNELURUWDPGDGDNVUH\OHLQNEDV\RQDEÕUDNÕOÕU
¾ øQNEDV\RQ VUHVL VRQXQGD VSHNWURIRWRPHWUHGH QP GDOJD ER\XQGD JHUHN |UQHN
JHUHNVHúDKLWWSLoHULNOHULQLQDEVRUEDQVGH÷HUOHULRNXQXUùDKLWLoLQHOGHHGLOHQDEVRUEDQV
GH÷HUL GLNNDWH DOÕQDUDN "hesaplama" E|OPQGH YHULOHQ HúLWOL÷H J|UH IDUNOÕ |UQHN
KDFPLQHNDUúÕOÕNJHOHQ\]GHLQKLELV\RQGH÷HUOHULKHVDSODQÕU
31
+HVDSODPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
+HUELU|UQHNKDFPLQHNDUúÕOÕNJHOHQ\]GHLQKLELV\RQGH÷HUOHULDúD÷ÕGDYHULOHQHúLWOL÷HJ|UH
KHVDSODQPDNWDGÕU.
øQKLELV\RQ >$DPPH ± Aekstrakt) / ADPPH] x 100
Burada;
ADPPH :DPPH* úDKLW|UQH÷LQLQDEVRUEDQVGH÷HUL
Aekstrakt :gUQHNHNVWUDNWÕQÕQDEVRUEDQVGH÷HUL
<XNDUÕGDNL HúLWOL÷H J|UH EHOLUOHQHQ LQKLELV\RQ GH÷HUOHUL |UQHN KDFLPOHULQH NDUúÕ ELU JUDIL÷H
aktarÕOÕS OLQHDU UHJUHV\RQ DQDOL]L X\JXODQPDN VXUHWL\OH |UQH÷H LOLúNLQ H÷UL\H YH EX H÷UL\L
WDQÕPOD\DQ HúLWOL÷H XODúÕOÕU %X HúLWOLN NXOODQÕODUDN GD |UQH÷H LOLúNLQ (& 50 GH÷HUL
KHVDSODQPDNWDGÕU (÷HU |UQH÷H VH\UHOWPH X\JXODQGÕ\VD KHVDSODPDGD VH\UHOWPH IDNW|U de
GLNNDWHDOÕQPDOÕGÕU(&50 GH÷HUL"ortamda bulunan DPPH radikalinin % ¶VLQLLQKLEHHGHQ
antioksidan madde konsantrasyonu" RODUDN LIDGH HGLOPHNWHGLU %X GH÷HU QH NDGDU NoN
ROXUVDDQWLRNVLGDQDNWLYLWHRNDGDU\NVHNGHPHNWLU
gUQHN: Nar suyunun DQWLRNVLGDQNDSDVLWHVLQLQEHOLUOHQGL÷LELUoDOÕúPDGDP/QDUVX\X
P/¶OLN |Oo EDORQXQGD PHWDQRO LOH VH\UHOWLOPLúWLU 6f 'DKD VRQUD \XNDUÕGD DQODWÕOGÕ÷Õ
úHNLOGH DQDOL] \UWOHUHN IDNOÕ |UQHN KDFLPOHULQH NDUúÕOÕN JHOHQ \]GH LQKLELV\RQ RUDQODUÕ
hHVDSODQPÕúWÕU dL]HOJH gUQHN KDFLPOHULQH NDUúÕ EHOLUOHQHQ \]GH LQKLELV\RQ GH÷HUOHUL
OLQHDUUHJUHV\RQDQDOL]LX\JXODQDUDNELUJUDIL÷HDNWDUÕOÕQFD|UQH÷HLOLúNLQH÷UL\HùHNLOYH
EX H÷UL\L WDQÕPOD\DQ HúLWOL÷H XODúÕOPÕúWÕU %XQD J|UH QDU VX\X |UQH÷inin antioksidan
kapasitesini belirleyiniz.
Hesaplama
ùHNLO¶GHYHULOHQLQKLELV\RQH÷ULVLQLQGHQNOHPLNXOODQÕODUDN(&50 GH÷HULUDGLNDOLQ¶VLQLQ
LQKLELV\RQXQX VD÷OD\DQ NRQVDQWUDV\RQ KHVDSODQÕU +HVDSODPDGD |UQH÷H X\JXODQDQ
VH\UHOWPHLúOHPLGH(Sf = 5) GLNNDWHDOÕQPDOÕGÕU
% LQKLELV\RQ [|UQHNKDFPL
<XNDUÕGDNLHúLWOLNWH"% inhibisyon" GH÷HUL\HULQH GH÷HULNRQXODUDNUDGLNDOLQ ¶VLQLQ
LQKLELV\RQXQXVD÷OD\DQ|UQHNKDFPL\DQLQDUVX\XQXQDQWLRNVLGDQNDSDVLWHVLKHVDSODQÕU
% [|UQHNKDFPL
gUQHNKDFPL = [(50 ± 5.7043) / 0.8339] / 5
= 10.62 ȝL ya da 0.0106 mL nar suyu
dL]HOJH 6H\UHOWLOPLúQDUVX\XKDFPLQHNDUúÕOÕNVD÷ODQDQLQKLELV\RQGH÷HUOHUL
gUQHNKDFPLȝ/
20
40
60
80
100
øQKLEisyon
24.64
43.20
58.71
73.55
84.30
32
100
2
y = 0.8339x + 5.7043, R = 0.9823
øQKLELV\RQ
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
gUQHNo|]HOWLVLKDFPLȝ/
ùHNLO 6H\UHOWLOPLúQDUVX\XQGDNL DQWLRNVLGDQELOHúLklerin konsantrasyonunun,
DPPH* radikalinin inhibisyonu ]HULQHHWNLVL
Kaynaklar
$SDN5*oO.'HPLUDWD%g]\UHN0dHOLN6(%HNWDúR÷OX%%HUNHU.,DQG
g]\XUW ' &RPSDUDWLYH HYDOXDWLRQ RI YDULRXV WRWDO DQWLR[LGDQW FDSDFLW\ DVVD\V
applied to phenolic compounds with the CUPRAC assay. Molecules, 12, 1496-1547.
$SD\GÕQ ( 1DU VX\X NRQVDQWUHVL UHWLP YH GHSRODPD VUHFLQGH DQWLRNVLGDQ
DNWLYLWHGHNL GH÷LúLPOHU <NVHN OLVDQV WH]L EDVÕOPDPÕú $QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL V
Ankara.
Choe, E. and Min, D.B. 2005. Chemistry aand reactions of reactive oxygen species in foods.
Journal of Food Science, 70(9), R142-R159.
Erge-Burdurlu, H.S. 2007. Domateste (Lycopersicum esculentum) karotenoid madde
GD÷ÕOÕPÕYHDQWLRNVLGDQDNWLYLWH'RNWRUDWH]LEDVÕOPDPÕú$QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVLV
Ankara.
Frankel, E.N. 1999. Natural phenolic antioxidants and thier impact on health. Antioxidant
Food Supplements in Human Health, 385-392.
Javanmardi, J., Stushnoff, C., Locke, E. and Vivanco, J.M. 2003. Antioxidant activity and
total phenolic content of Iranian Ocimum accessions. Food Chemistry, 83, 547-550.
Molyneux, P. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating
antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology, 26(2), 211219.
33
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1. Genel bilgi
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IDNW|UOHUGHQELULVLEHOOLPLNWDUEX÷GD\GDQDOÕQDFDNWHPL]XQNHSHNYHUúH\PRUDQÕHQGúN
G]H\H LQGLULOPLú XQ PLNWDUÕ \DQL "un verimi"GLU %X÷GD\ÕQ |÷WPH NDOLWHVL ED]Õ IL]LNVHO
|]HOOLNOHULQHKDFLPD÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕWDQHD÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕWDQHúHNOLYVEDNÕODUDNWDKPLQHGLOHELOHFH÷LJLEL
labRUDWXYDUODUGD GHQH\VHO |OoHNOL GH÷LUPHQOHU NXOODQÕODUDN GDKD REMHNWLI RODUDN GD WD\LQ
HGLOHELOLU %X÷GD\ODUÕQ |÷WPH NDOLWHVLQLQ GHQH\VHO RODUDN VDSWDQPDVÕ LoLQ GH÷LúLN ILUPDODU
WDUDIÕQGDQ%UDEHQGHU%KOHU0LDJ&KRSLQYEJHOLúWLULOPLúGH÷LUPHQOHUNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU
%XQODUÕQ NDSDVLWHOHUL EHVOHPH RUDQODUÕ YH HOGH HGLOHQ SDVDM VD\ÕODUÕ ELUELULQGHQ IDUNOÕGÕU
/DERUDWXYDU GH÷LUPHQOHUL LOH KHP EX÷GD\ODUÕQ |÷WPH SHUIRUPDQVÕ KDNNÕQGD ELOJL HGLQLOLU
KHP GH HOGH HGLOHQ XQODUÕQ DQDOLWLN UHRORMLN YH HNPHNOLN NDOLWHOHULQLQ DUDúWÕUÕOPDVÕ LoLQ
PDWHU\DOWHPLQHGLOPLúROXU
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YH QLVSL QHPLQLQ VDELW ROPDVÕ VÕFDNOÕN ƒ& QLVSL UXWXEHW ±70) gerekir. Aksi halde
VRQXoODU HWNLOHQLU gUQH÷LQ RUWDP QLVSL QHPLQLQ ¶GHQ VRQUD KHU ¶OXN DUWÕúÕ XQ
UXWXEHWLQLQRUDQÕQGDDUWPDVÕQD|÷WPHYHHOHPHHWNLQOL÷LQLQLVHGúPHVLQHQHGHQROXU
%X÷GD\ÕQ|÷WPHSHUIRUPDQVÕQÕQWD\LQLLoLQGHQH\VHO|÷WPHVRQXoODUÕQÕQGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVi
JHUHNLU %XQXQ LoLQ |QFH HNVWUDNVL\RQ RUDQÕ XQ YHULPL YH XQ NO YH\D XQ UHQJLQLQ
VDSWDQPDVÕ VRQUD EXQODU DUDVÕQGDNL LOLúNLOHU GLNNDWH DOÕQDUDN GH÷HUOHQGLUPHOHU \DSÕOPDVÕ
gerekir.
g÷WPH VRQXFX HOGH HGLOHQ XQXQ NOQQ EX÷GD\ÕQ NOQH RUDQÕ XQ NO EX÷GD\
NO YH\D NO GH÷HU VD\ÕVÕ >.O GH÷HU VD\ÕVÕ 8Q NOXQ verimi) x 100)] birer kriter
RODUDN DOÕQDELOLU %HOOL ELU HNVWUDNVL\RQ LoLQ EX GH÷HUOHULQ GúN ROPDVÕ |÷WPH
SHUIRUPDQVÕQÕQ YH\D EX÷GD\ÕQ |÷WPH NDOLWHVLQLQ L\L ROGX÷XQX J|VWHULU ùHNLO ¶GH
HNVWUDNVL\RQ DUWWÕNoD XQ NOEX÷GD\ NO RUDQÕQÕQ J|VWHUGL÷L GH÷LúLNOLN J|UOPHNWHGLU %X
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|÷WPHNDOLWHVLGHRNDGDUL\LGLU
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34
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100)] EX DPDoOD NXOODQÕODQ ELU GH÷HUGLU YH |÷WPH GHUHFHVL \NVHN RODQ EX÷GD\ODU WHUFLK
edilir.
(OGH HGLOHQ XQXQ UHQN GH÷HUL ]HULQGHQ GH÷HUOHQGLUPH \DSÕODFDN LVH |÷WPH GH÷HUL \DQL
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RHQN GH÷HULQL NXOODQPDQÕQ DYDQWDMÕ WHVWLQ ELUNDo GDNLNDGD VRQXo YHUPHVLGLU +DOEXNL NO
VRQXoODUÕQÕQ DOÕQPDVÕ LoLQ HQ D] ± VDDW JHUHNLU $QFDN UHQN HVDVÕQD J|UH GH÷HUOHQGLUPH
\DSDELOPHNLoLQEX÷GD\UHQNOHULQLQD\QÕYH\DELUELULQHoRN\DNÕQROPDVÕJHUHNLU aksi halde
VRQXoODU \DQÕOWÕFÕ ROXU 8QODUGD UHQN HVDVÕQD J|UH GH÷HUOHQGLUPH $JWURQ NRORULPHWUHVL LOH
ÕúÕNODQGÕUÕOPÕú PDWHU\DO \]H\LQGHQ \DQVÕ\DQ HQHUMLQLQ |OoP HVDVÕQD GD\DQÕU WULVWLPLOXV
\|QWHPOHU YLVLEOH VSHNWUXPGD UQ UHQJLQGHNL NÕUPÕ]Õ \HúLO mavi komponentlerin oransal
NRPELQDV\RQODUÕQÕQ WHVSLWL HVDVÕQD GD\DQÕU JLEL \|QWHPOHU GH NXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU $\UÕFD
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E|OF UXWXEHWNDSODUÕ GHVLNDW|U NONUR]HOHUL
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g÷WPH LúOHPLQGHQ |QFH |UQHN EX÷GD\ÕQ LoLQGHNL \DEDQFÕ PDGGHOHULQ D\UÕOPDVÕ JHUHNLU
dQNEXQODUKHPXQ|]HOOLNOHULQLHWNLOHUKHPGH|÷WF\H]DUDUYHULU%XDPDoOD "Carter
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F2 ± F1
W= A ±±±±±±±±
100 ± F2
Burada;
:øODYH HGLOHFHNVXPLNWDUÕPO
F1: %X÷GD\ÕQUXWXEHWL
F2: %X÷GD\GDROPDVÕLVWHQHQUXWXEHW
A: Tavlanacak EX÷GD\PLNWDUÕJ
35
TEMùZ
BU÷DAY
UN
UN
UN
UN
UN
UN
BK:.ÕUPD&RUU:'Lú0:5HGNVL\RQ
KEPEK
SHORT
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6RQUD |UQHNOHU SODVWLN SRúHW LoHULVLQH DOÕQDUDN VX\XQ WDQH LoHULVLQGH KRPRMHQ RODUDN
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3HDUOLQJÕQGHNV3,
(%)
16-20
21-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
45-50
Tavlama rutubeti
(%)
16.5
16.0
15.5
15.0
14.5
14.0
13.5
g÷WPH
%X÷GD\ÕQ |÷WOPHVLQGHQ |QFH GH÷LUPHQ RGDVÕQÕQ VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ YH UXWXEHWL LVWHQHQ GH÷HUOHUH
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\XPXúDN EX÷GD\ODUGD LVH JGDN¶\D D\DUODQÕU 6RQUD GH÷LUPHQ WHPL]OHQLS |÷WOHFHN
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ELWWLNWHQ VRQUD GH÷LUPHQLQ oDOÕúWÕUÕOPDVÕQD ±30 dak. daha devam edilir. Bu arada vals
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36
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%
Pasaj verimleri (g)
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
Toplam un
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øUPLNNHSH÷L
.D\ÕS
øUPLNYHULPL
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Un verimi (%) = B1 + B2 + B3 + C1 + C2 + C3 + 2/3 ND\ÕS
øUPLNYHULPL ± %%%NÕUPDNHSH÷L
øUPL÷LQLQFHOPHGHUHFHVL &&&ND\ÕSøUPLN9HULPL
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37
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dL]HOJH¶\DJ|UH\DSÕOÕU
dL]HOJH %X÷GD\ÕQXQYHULPLQHJ|UHGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL
Un Verimi (%)
'H÷HUOHQGLUPH
72 <
dRNL\L
68-72
ø\L
62-68
Orta
62 >
'úN
/DERUDWXYDUGDQ HOGH HGLOHQ VRQXoODUD J|UH EX÷GD\ÕQ |÷WPH SHUIRUPDQVÕ GH÷HUOHQGLULOHELOLU
LVH GH ODERUDWXYDU GH÷LUPHQL VRQXoODUÕ WLFDUL GH÷LUPHQOHUH ELUH ELU X\JXODQDPD] 7LFDUL
GH÷LUPHQOHUGH XQ YHULPL HNVWUDNVL\RQ \DQÕQGD XQXQ NO PLNWDUÕ GD GLNNDWH DOÕnarak hem
EX÷GD\ÕQ |÷WPH NDOLWHVLQLQ KHP GH GH÷LUPHQLQ |÷WPH HWNLQOL÷LQLQ GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL
\DSÕOÕU %XQXQ LoLQ GH÷LúLN \|QWHPOHU NXOODQÕOPDNWD LVH GH HQ SRSOHU RODQÕ NO NXUYHVL
\|QWHPLGLU%XQXQLoLQKHUXQSDVDMÕQÕQD÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕNOYHUXWXEHWLQHJ|UHdL]HOJH¶GHYHULOHQ
KHVDSODPDODUÕQ\DSÕOPDVÕYHEXQDJ|UHNONXUYHVLQLQHOGHHGLOPHVLJHUHNLU
dL]HOJH .ONXUYHVLQLQoL]LPLQGHNXOODQÕODQSDUDPHWUHOHU
Pasaj
A
Pasaj
WDUWÕPÕ
B
Ektraksiyon
% (**)
C
Total
Ekstraksiyon
%
D
.O
%
E
BxD
F
Toplam
BxD
G
Ortalama
$÷ÕUOÕNOÕ
.O
F/C
* :UXWXEHWHVDVÕQDJ|UH
** :Toplam unun % si olarak elde edilen un
.XUYH GH÷HUOHUL WD\LQ HGLOPHGHQ |QFH SDVDM XQODUÕQÕQ NO \]GHOHUL EHOOL ELU UXWXEHW HVDVÕQD
J|UH .0 YH\D UXWXEHW HVDVÕQD J|UH G]HOWLOLU YH VRQUD SDVDMODU NO RUDQÕQD J|UH HQ
GúN NOH VDKLS RODQ HQ EDúD JHOHFHN úHNLOGH VÕUDODQÕS ELU oL]HOJH ROXúWXUXOXU dL]HOJH\H
SDVDMODUÕQ HNVWUDNVL\RQ RUDQODUÕ GD \D]ÕOGÕNWDQ VRQUD GL÷HU GH÷HUOHU KHVDSODQÕU 6RQUD
SDVDMODUÕQD÷ÕUOÕNOÕNORUDQODUÕYHWRSODPXQYHULPOHULQGHQNONXUYHVLHOGHHGLOLU.ONXUYHVL
genelde %60 ekstraksiyona kadar yatay bir yol izlemesLQH NDUúÕQ EX QRNWDGDQ VRQUD KÕ]OD
\NVHOLUùHNLO.ONXUYHVLQGHQoÕNDUÕODQ "kurve indeksi" NONXUYHVLQLQúHNOLQLEHOLUWLU
YH EX÷GD\ÕQ |÷WPH SHUIRUPDQVÕ KDNNÕQGD ILNLU YHULU 6RQXoWD HOGH HGLOHQ VD\Õ QH NDGDU
GúNVHSHUIRUPDQVRNDGDUL\LGLU
Kurve indeksi = L ± 2D
38
Burada;
L:.ONXUYHVLQGHWRWDOUQQNÕUPDYDOVLQHJHOHQEX÷GD\YH¶L
DUDVÕQGDNL$%QRNWDODUÕDUDVÕNLULúLQX]XQOX÷XFP
D:< QRNWDVÕQÕQ NXUYH\H X]DNOÕ÷Õ < QRNWDVÕQÕQ $% GR÷UXVXQD oL]LOHQ GLNLQ X]XQOX÷X
cm
Y:7RWDOUQQQRNWDVÕQGDQoL]LOHQGLNLQ$%GR÷UXVXQXNHVWL÷LQRNWD
ùHNLO .ONXUYHVL
Kaynaklar
$QRQ\PRXV6WDQGDUG0HWKRGHQ)U*HWUHLGH0HKOXQG%URW(UZHLWHUWH$XIODJH,P
Verlag Moritz Scheafer, Detmold, Germany.
g]ND\D + YH g]ND\D % g÷WPH 7HNQRORMLVL *ÕGD 7HNQRORMLVL 'HUQH÷L <D\ÕQODUÕ
No:30. Ankara.
g]ND\D + YH g]ND\D % 7DKÕO YH hUQOHUL $QDOÕ] <|QWHPOHUL %DVNÕ *ÕGD
7HNQRORMLVL'HUQH÷L<D\ÕQODUÕ1R:31. Ankara.
39
B2a. Unda Fizikokimyasal Analizler
1. Genel bilgi
(NPH÷LQ NDOLWHVL HVDV RODUDN LNL IDNW|UH ED÷OÕGÕU %XQODUGDQ ELULVL IHUPHQWDV\RQ VÕUDVÕQGD
meydana gelen CO2 JD]ÕQÕQ PLNWDUÕQÕ HWNLOH\HQ IDNW|UOHU JD] PH\GDQD JHWLUPH JFQ
HWNLOH\HQ GL÷HUL GH PH\GDQD JHOHQ &22 JD]ÕQÕQ KDPXU LoHULVLQGH WXWXOPDVÕQÕ HWNLOH\HQ
IDNW|UOHU JD] WXWPD NDSDVLWHVLQL HWNLOH\HQ GLU %XQODUGDQ JD] PH\GDQD JHWLUPH JFQ
HWNLOH\HQIDNW|UOHULQEDúÕQGDIHUPHQWDV\RQNRúXOODUÕYHXQXQDPLOD]DNWLYLWHVLJHOGL÷LKDOGH
JD] WXWPD NDSDVLWHVLQL HWNLOH\HQ IDNW|UOHU XQXQ JOXWHQ PLNWDUÕ YH JOXWHQ NDOLWHVLQH ED÷OÕ
|]HOOLNOHUGLU %X |]HOOLNOHULQ VDSWDQPDVÕQD \|QHOLN ELUoRN WHVW \|QWHPL JHOLúWLULOPLútir.
%XQODUGDQ GúPH VD\ÕVÕQÕQ IDOOLQJ QXPEHU WD\LQL XQXQ DPLOD] DNWLYLWHVL JOXWHQ PLNWDUÕ
WD\LQLVHGLPHQWDV\RQGH÷HULWD\LQLYELVHJD]WXWPDNDSDVLWHVLKDNNÕQGDILNLUYHULUOHU
2. <Dú*OXWHQg]0LNWDUÕ7D\LQL
<Dú JOXWHQ EX÷GD\ ELOHúLPLQGH EXOXQDQ JOLDGLQ YH JOXWHQLQ SURWHLQOHULQLQ VX DODUDN úLúPHN
VXUHWL\OH PH\GDQD JHWLUGL÷L HODVWLN ELU PDGGHGLU <Dú JOXWHQ WDKÕOODU LoHULVLQGH VDGHFH
EX÷GD\GDQ HOGH HGLOHELOLU YH PD\DOÕ HNPHN \DSÕPÕ V|] NRQXVX ROGX÷XQGD |QHPOL ELU NDOLWH
NULWHULGLU <|QWHPLQ SUHQVLEL EHOOL NRQVLVWHQVWH KDPXU KDOLQH JHWLULOHQ EX÷GD\ NÕUPDVÕ YH\D
XQXQ VH\UHOWLN WX] o|]HOWLVL\OH \ÕNDQDUDN QLúDVWD VXGD o|]QHQ SURWHLQOHU DOEPLQ YH
VH\UHOWLN WX] o|]HOWLOHULQGH o|]QHQ SURWHLQOHULQ JOXEXOLQ X]DNODúWÕUÕOPDVÕ YH JHUL\H NDODQ
o|]QPH\HQPDWHU\DOLQPLNWDUÕQÕQWHVELWHGLOPHVLGLU
<Dú |] PLNWDUÕ WD\LQL XQGD \DSÕOÕU %X÷GD\GD \DSÕOPDVÕ JHUHNL\RUVD EX÷GD\ÕQ |÷WOHUHN PP GHOLN DUDOÕ÷Õ RODQ HOHNWHQ JHoLULOPHVL JHUHNLU %XQXQ LoLQ NÕUPD GH÷LUPHQLQGH |÷WOU
YHPP¶OLNHOHNWHQHOHQLU(OHNVWQGHNDODQNÕVÕPWHNUDU|÷WOUYHHOHQLU%XLúOHPHHOHN
]HULQGHNDOÕQWÕNDOPD\ÕQFD\DNDGDUGHYDPHGLOLU
2.1. Kimyasallar
NaCl - Potasyum di hidrojen fosfat (KH2 PO4) - Sodyum bi hidrojen fosfat (Na2HPO4.2H2O)
- S+¶VÕ¶\HD\DUODQPÕú¶OLN1D&Oo|]HOWLVLJU1D&OVXGDo|]QUh]HULQHJ
SRWDV\XP GLKLGURMHQ IRVIDW YH J VRG\XP EL KLGURMHQ IRVIDW LODYH HGLOLU YH o|]QGNWHQ
sonra 10 L¶\H WDPDPODQÕU o|]HOWL JQON KD]ÕUODQPDOÕGÕU - 1¶OLN L\RW o|]HOWLVL
\ÕNDPDVX\XQGDNLQLúDVWD\ÕNRQWUROHWPHNLoLQ
*HUHoOHU
(OGH\ÕNDPD ile
Hassas terazi (0.01 g. hassasiyette)  7DUWÕNDEÕ  Porselen kap (10 ± FPoDSÕQGD
6SDWO  $\ÕUPDKXQLVL .URQRPHWUHYH\DoDODUVDDW  6DQWULIM dev./dak., gluten
LoLQ|]HO\DSÕOPÕú
Gluto ± Matic ile
Hassas terazi (0.01 g. hassasiyette) 7DUWÕNDEÕ Gluto-matic  Glutork  6DQWULIM
GHYGDNJOXWHQLoLQ|]HO\DSÕOPÕú 'HVLNDW|U Penset
40
2.3. øúOHP
ElGH\ÕNDPDLOHJOXWHQPLNWDUÕWD\LQL
3RUVHOHQNDED“JXQWDUWÕOÕU]HULQHVSDWOLOHGHYDPOÕRODUDNNDUÕúWÕUÕODUDNP/
1D&O o|]HOWLVL LODYH HGLOHUHN NDUÕúÕP \R÷XUXOXU %X VÕUDGD KDPXU SDUoDFÕNODUÕQÕQ NDS
NHQDUODUÕQD \DSÕúÕS NDOPDVÕQD PVDDGH HGLOPHPHOLGLU 0XQWD]DP ELU \R÷XUPD \DSDELOPHN
LoLQKDPXUSDUoDVÕFDPOHYKDODUDUDVÕQGD± GHIDVLOLQGLUKDOLQHJHWLULOLSWHNUDU\XYDUODQÕU
<XYDUODQPÕúRODQEXKDPXUSDUoDVÕSDUPDNDUDVÕQGDWXWXODUDNo&¶GHNL1D&Oo|]HOWLVLLOH
\ÕNDQÕU 1D&O o|]HOWLVLQLQ D\ÕUPD KXQLVLQGHQ DNÕú KÕ]Õ GDNLNDGD / RODFDN úHNLOGH
D\DUODQPDOÕGÕU <ÕNDPD \DSÕOÕUNHQ KDPXU SDUoDVÕ SDUPDNODU DUDVÕQGD ± NH] \DVVÕOWÕOÕU
X]DWÕOÕUYHWHNUDU\XYDUODQÕU%|\OHFHGDKDHWNLQELU\ÕNDPDVD÷ODQPÕúROXU<ÕNDPDLúOHPL
GDNLNDGD ELWLULOPHOLGLU øNL HúLW SDUoD\D D\UÕOÕU YH VDQWULIMQ |]HO EDúOÕ÷ÕQGDNL \HUOHULQH
WDNÕODUDNGHYGDN¶GDGDNLNDVDQWULIMHGLOLUYHWDUWÕOÕU
Gluto ± 0DWLFLOHJOXWHQPLNWDUÕWD\LQL
$OHWLQP/¶OLNSLSHWGHSRVXLOHP/¶OLN\ÕNDPDVX\XGHSRVX¶OLNWDPSRnlu NaCl
o|]HOWLVL LOH GROGXUXOXU YH RWRPDWLN EUHWL XQ oHúLGLQH J|UH YH\D YH\D PO
GH÷HULQGHQ ELULVLQH D\DUODQÕU ùD\HW YDUVD ED÷ODQWÕ KRUWXPXQGDNL KDYD NDEDUFÕNODUÕ oÕNDUWÕOÕU
YHDOHWLQRWRPDWLNEUHWLELUNDoNH]GROGXUXOXSERúDOWÕODUDNoDOÕúPDVÕQÕQG]JQO÷NRQWURO
HGLOLU'DKDVRQUDFLKD]ÕQ]DPDQD\DUODPDG÷PHOHULQGHQ \R÷XUPDVUHVLVQYH\ÕNDPD
VUHVLLVHGDNLND\DD\DUODQÕUDOHWoDOÕúWÕUÕOÕU<ÕNDPDVX\XQXQDNÕúKÕ]ÕGDNLNDGDP/
RODFDN úHNLOGH WHIORQ PXVOXNWDQ D\DUODQGÕNWDQ VRQUD DOHW GXUGXUXOXU YH WHNUDU EDúODQJÕo
SR]LV\RQXQDDOÕQÕU7HVWEDúOÕ÷ÕQGDNLPHWDOHOHNOHULoHULVLQH“JXQWDUWÕOÕSRWRPDWLN
SLSHWWHQ |QFHGHQ D\DUODQDQ PLNWDUGD VX YHULOLS EDúOÕN \HULQH WDNÕOÕU 6RQUD DOHW oDOÕúWÕUÕODUDN
|QFHGHQD\DUODQDQVUH NDGDU\ÕNDPDYH\R÷XUPD\DSÕOÕU$OHWRWRPDWLNRODUDNGXUXQFDEDúOÕN
oÕNDUÕOÕS LoLQGHNL JOXWHQ DOÕQÕU øNL HúLW SDUoD\D D\UÕOÕU YH VDQWULIMQ |]HO EDúOÕ÷ÕQGDNL
\HUOHULQHWDNÕODUDNGHYGDN¶GDGDNLNDVDQWULIMHGLOLUYHWDUWÕOÕU
Kuru Gluten MLNWDUÕ7D\LQL
*OXWRUN GDNLND ÕVÕWÕOGÕNWDQ VRQUD \Dú JOXWHQ DOHWH \HUOHúWLULOLS GDNLND EHNOHQLU 6UHQLQ
VRQXQGDNXUXJOXWHQDOHWWHQDOÕQÕSGHVLNDW|UGHVR÷XWXOGXNWDQVRQUDWDUWÕOÕUYHNXUXJOXWHQ
PLNWDUÕ KHVDSODQÕU LON GDNLND DOHWLQ VW NDSD÷ÕQD HO LOH EDVWÕUPDN GDKD KDVVDV VRQXo
DOPDNLoLQJHUHNOLGLU
.XUX JOXWHQ PLNWDUÕ NXUXWPD GRODEÕQGD GD WD\LQ HGLOLU EXQXQ LoLQ \XNDUÕGD DoÕNODQGÕ÷Õ
úHNLOGH HOGH HGLOHQ \Dú JOXWHQ NXUXWPD GRODEÕQGD VDDW o&¶GH NXUXWXOXS GDUDVÕ DOÕQPÕú
petri kuWXVXYHNXUXWPDNDSODUՁ]HULQHLQFHELUWDEDNDKDOLQGH\D\ÕOÕU%|\OHFH o&¶GH
VDDWNXUXWXODUDNGHVLNDW|UHDOÕQÕUVR÷XWXOXUYHWDUWÕOÕU
+HVDSODPDYH'H÷HUOHQGLUPH
<Dú YH NXUX JOXWHQ PLNWDUODUÕ WDUWÕODUDN EXOXQDQ PLNWDUODUGDQ EDúODQJÕoWD WDUWÕODQ XQ
PLNWDUÕQDRUDQODQDUDNRODUDNKHVDSODQÕU
41
3. SedimeQWDV\RQ'H÷HUL7D\LQL
6HGLPHQWDV\RQ GH÷HUL JOXWHQ PLNWDU YH NDOLWHVLQL EHOLUWWL÷LQGHQ JOXWHQ NDOLWHVL IDUNOÕ RODQ
EX÷GD\ODUÕQGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVLQGHJOXWHQNDOLWHVLD\QÕRODQEX÷GD\ODUÕQLVHSURWHLQPLNWDUÕQÕQ
WDKPLQHGLOPHVLQGHSUDWLNYHoDEXNELU\|QWHPGLU
'HQH\LQSUHQVLELXQYHODNWLNDVLWo|]HOWLVLLOHKD]ÕUODQPÕúVVSDQVL\RQGDNLXQSDUWLNOOHULQLQ
JOXWHQNDOLWHVLQHJ|UHúLúPHVLYHúLúHQSDUWLNOOHULQEHOLUOL]DPDQLoLQGHNLo|NHQPLNWDUODUÕQÕQ
|OoOPHVLGLU *OXWHQ PLNWDUÕ ID]OD YH NDOLWHVL L\L RODQ XQODUGD SDUWLNOOHU ID]OD úLúHFH÷LQGHQ
\R÷XQOXNODUÕ D]DOÕU YH o|]HOWL LoHULVLQGH GLEH o|NPHOHUL GDKD \DYDú ROXU E|\OHFH
VHGLPHQWDV\RQGH÷HULGDKD\NVHNoÕNDU
3.1. Kimyasallar
ø]R SUopil alkol (%99 - ¶ON  GHVWLOH VX o|]HOWL KD]ÕUODPDGD NXOODQÕODQ VXODUÕQ SSP¶GHQID]ODPLQHUDOPDGGHLoHUPHPHVLJHUHNLU EURPIHQROPDYLVLo|]HOWLVLPJL)
 ODNWLN DVLW VWRN o|]HOWLVL ¶OLN ODNWLN DVLWWHQ PL DOÕQÕS VX LOH L¶\H WDPDPODQÕU
d|]HOWL JHUL VR÷XWXFX DOWÕQGD VDDW ND\QDWÕOÕU  VHGLPHQWDV\RQ WHVW o|]HOWLVL PL
ODNWLNDVLWVWRNo|]HOWLVL]HULQHPL L]RSURSLODONROLODYHHGLOLUNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕSVXLOHOLWUH\H
WDPDPODQÕU VDDW VRQUD . 1 1D2+ YH\D .2+ o|]Hltisi ile normalitesi 0. “ .01 N
RODFDN úHNLOGH D\DUODQÕU d|]HOWLQLQ |]JO D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ o&¶GH “ ROPDOÕ YH D÷]Õ
NDSDOÕRODUDNVDNODQPDOÕGÕU
3.2. *HUHoOHU
Pipetler ( 25 mL ve 50 mL¶OLN sedimentasyon silindirleri ( 100 mL¶OLN± 100 oL]JLOHUL
DUDVÕQGDNLX]XQOXN-PPROPDOÕGÕU oDONDODPDDOHWLWDEODVÕ\DWD\OD“žderecelik
DoÕLoHULVLQGHGDNLNDGDVDOÕQÕP\DSDFDNúHNLOGHoDOÕúPDOÕ terazi
øúOHP
gUQHNWHQUXWXEHWHJ|UHJ XQWDUWÕOÕSVHGLPHQWDV\RQVLOLQGLULQHNRQXU]HULQHP/
EURP IHQRO PDYLVL o|]HOWLVL LODYH HGLOLS VLOLQGLU D÷]Õ NDSDWÕOÕU $OHWLQ VDDWL YH\D NURQRPHWUH
oDOÕúWÕUÕOÕSVLOLQGLU\DWD\NRQXPGDVQLoHULVLQGHNH]FP¶OLNPHVDIHLoLQGHVDOODQDUDN
iyiFH NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU 6RQUD oDONDODPD DOHWLQH NRQXU WRSODP GDNLND oDONDODQÕU 6LOLQGLU DOHWWHQ
DOÕQÕS P/ VHGLPHQWDV\RQ WHVW o|]HOWLVL LODYH HGLOLU YH GDNLND GDKD DOHWH NRQDUDN
oDONDODQÕU6RQUDVLOLQGLUDOHWWHQDOÕQÕSG]ELU\HUHNRQXUYHWDPGDNLNDEHNOHQLUYHo|NQW
KDFPLP/KDVVDVL\HWOHRNXQXU2NXQDQGH÷HUP/RODUDNVHGLPHQWDV\RQGH÷HULGLU
3.4. +HVDSODPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
6RQXo PL olarak ifade edilir. 6HGLPHQWDV\RQ GH÷HUL P/ GúN SURWHLQOL YH ]D\ÕI JOXWHQ
NDOLWHVLQH VDKLS |UQHNOHUGH LOH P/ \NVHN SURWHLQ YH NXYYHWOL JOXWHQ NDOLWHVLQH VDKLS
|UQHNOHUGH DUDVÕQGD GH÷LúLU 'HQH\GH SDUDOHOOHU DUDVÕQGDNL IDUN ELULPGHQ ID]OD
ROPDPDOÕGÕU
42
SedimeQWDV\RQGH÷HULWD\LQL\DSÕODQ|UQH÷LQUXWXEHWL¶GHQIDUNOÕLVHGHQH\LoLQWDPJ
|UQHNWDUWÕOÕSVRQXoDúD÷ÕGDNLIRUPOHJ|UHG]HOWLOHELOLU
2NXQDQVHGLPHQWDV\RQGH÷HUL-14)
']HOWLOPLúVHGLPHQWDV\RQGH÷HUL 100 ± gUQHNUXWXEHWi
'úPH6D\ÕVÕ7D\LQL
'úPHVD\ÕVÕXQYHVXLOHKD]ÕUODQPÕúVÕFDNMHOEHOOLELUVUHNDUÕúWÕUÕOGÕNWDQVRQUDLoHULVLQH
EÕUDNÕODQ YLVNRPHWUH NDUÕúWÕUÕFÕVÕQÕQ VÕYÕODúPDNWD RODQ MHO LoHULVLQGH EHOOL ELU VHYL\H\H NDGDU
EDWPDVÕLoLQJHoHQVUHGLUVDQLye olarak).
8Q YH EHQ]HUL PDGGHOHULQ VX LOH KD]ÕUODQPÕú RODQ VVSDQVL\RQODUÕQÕQ ND\QD\DQ VX
EDQ\RVXQGD KÕ]OD oLULúOHQGLULOPHVL YH |UQHNWHNL DPLOD]ÕQ HWNLVL LOH QLúDVWD oLULúLQLQ
VÕYÕODúPDVÕQÕQ|OoOPHVLGHQH\LQSUHQVLELGLU
*HUHoOHU
'úPH VD\ÕVÕ WD\LQ FLKD]Õ  VWDQGDUW YLVNRPHWUH NDUÕúWÕUÕFÕVÕ “ J D÷ÕUOÕNWD
 VWDQGDUW YLVNRPHWUH WSOHUL Lo oDSÕ “ PP GÕú oDSÕ “ PP YH
X]XQOX÷X“PP RWRPDWLNSLSHW“.2 mL¶OLN otomatik, sinyalli saat ve
kronometre  hassas terazi (0.05 g. hassasiyette)  X\JXQELUGH÷LUPHQ.DPDV-A) WSWDSDODUÕ
øúOHP
6X EDQ\RVX VW NHQDUÕQÕQ \DNODúÕN ± FP DOWÕQD NDGDU WDKOL\H ERUXVXQGDQ VX oÕNÕQFD\D
kadar) destile su ile dolGXUXOXU.D\QDPDQRNWDVÕQDNDGDUÕVÕWÕOÕU9LVNRPHWUHWSQH oC de
P/ VX YH UXWXEHWH J|UH “ J XQ NRQGXNWDQ VRQUD D÷]Õ NDXoXN WDSD LOH
NDSDQÕS ± NH] JHUHNLUVH GDKD ID]OD NXYYHWOLFH oDONDODQÕU 6RQUD WDSD oÕNDUÕOÕU
.DUÕúWÕUÕFÕ LOHWSNHQDUÕQD\DSÕúPÕúRODQNÕVÕPODUHVDVVVSDQVL\RQDGDKLOHGLOLU
9LVNRPHWUHWSNDUÕúWÕUÕFÕLOHELUOLNWHVXEDQ\RVXQGDNL\HULQH\HUOHúWLULOLUYHKHPHQRWRPDWLN
VDDW oDOÕúWÕUÕOÕU7SDOHWH \HUOHúWLULOGLNWHQVRQUD NDUÕúWÕUPDLúOHPLEDúODUGHQH\GH HQ|QHPOL
QRNWD NDUÕúWÕUPD KÕ]ÕQÕQ VDELW ROPDVÕGÕU 7DP VQ NDUÕúWÕUÕOGÕNWDQ VRQUD NDUÕúWÕUÕFÕ HQ VW
QRNWDGD VHUEHVW NDOÕU .DUÕúWÕUÕFÕ EX DQGDQ LWLEDUHQ VVSDQVL\RQ LoLQGH EDWPD\D EDúODU %HOOL
ELU VHYL\H\H NDGDU EDWÕQFD VDDWLQ ]LOL oDODU YH EX DQGD JHoHQ VUH ND\GHGLOLU VQ¶OLN
NDUÕúWÕUPDVUHVLLOHELUOLNWH\DQLEDúODQJÕoWDQLWLEDUHQJHoHQVUH
4.3. +HVDSODPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
%X÷GD\XQXQGDGúPHVD\ÕVÕ
¶GHQGúNLVH: DPLOD]DNWLYLWHVL\NVHNWLU%X÷GD\oLPOHQPLúWLUYHHNPHNLoL\DSÕúkan
olabilir.
200 ± DUDVÕLVH: amilaz aktivitesi normaldir.
43
¶GHQ\NVHNLVH: DPLOD]DNWLYLWHVLGúNWU%XQODUGDQ\DSÕODQHNPHNOHULQKDFPLNoNYH
HNPHNLoLNXUXRODELOLU
3DUDOHOOHUDUDVÕQGDNLIDUN“¶LJHoPHPHOLGLU
Not:
(÷HU GúPH VD\ÕVÕ WD\LQL EX÷GD\GD \DSÕODFDNVD EX÷GD\ÕQ |÷WOPHVL JHUHNLU %XQXQ LoLQ
EX÷GD\GDQ\DEDQFÕ PDGGHOHUWHPL]OHGLNWHQVRQUDJ¶OÕNELUNÕVÕPWDUWÕOÕU
3DUWLNOE\NO÷GúPHVD\ÕVÕQÕHWNLOH\HFH÷LLoLQGH÷LUPHQGHQJHoHQSDUoDFÕNODUúXúHNLOGH
GD÷ÕOPÕúROPDOÕGÕU
(OHNGHOLNDUDOÕ÷Õ
710 mikron
500 mikron
210 mikron
(OHNWHQJHoHQ|UQHN¶VL
100
94 ± 98
55 ± 70
100 g |÷WOPú |UQHN \DNODúÕN FP oDSÕQGDNL \XYDUODN HOHNWHQ GDNLND Vreyle
elenmelidir.
g÷WPH LúOHPL VWDQGDUW RODUDN PP¶OLN HOHN LOH WHoKL] HGLOPLú oHNLoOL ODERUDWXYDU
GH÷LUPHQOHUL LOH GH \DSÕODELOLU 'H÷LUPHQLQ |UQHN LOH EHVOHQPHVLQH GLNNDW HGHUHN |÷WPH
\DSÕOÕU YH |÷WPHQLQ ELWLPLQGHQ VRQUD GH÷LUPHQ HQ D] ± 40 VQ oDOÕúWÕUÕOÕU VUH VRQXQGD
HOHN VWQGH NDODQ NHSHN DWÕODELOLU HOHN VWQGH NDODQ NHSHN PLNWDUÕ |÷WOHQ |UQHN
PLNWDUÕQÕQ¶LQLJHoPHPHOLGLU
Kaynaklar
Anonymous (-). International Association for Cereal Chemistry. ICC Standards.
g]ND\D + YH g]ND\D % 7DKÕO YH hUQOHUL $QDOÕ] <|QWHPOHUL %DVNÕ *ÕGD
7HNQRORMLVL'HUQH÷L<D\ÕQODUÕ1R:31. Ankara.
Pomeranz , Y., 1988. Wheat Chemistry and Technology. American Association of Cereal
Chemists. St Paul Minnesota.
44
B2b. Hamur 5HRORMLNg]HOOLNOHUL7D\LQL
1. Genel bilgi
+DPXUXQ UHRORMLN |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ KDPPDGGH NDOLWHVLQLQ WHVSLWLQGH IDUNOÕ oHúLWOHUGHQ LVWHQHQ
XQ WLSLQLQ KD]ÕUODQPDVÕQGD GH÷LúLN NDWNÕ PDGGHOHULQLQ HWNLOHULQLQ DUDúWÕUÕOPDVÕQGD UQ
NRQWUROQGHYH\DKDPXUXQPHNDQL]DV\RQDYH\D RWRPDV\RQDX\JXQOX÷XQXQEHOLUOHQPHVLQGH
JHQLú |OoGH \DUDUODQÕOÕU $\UÕFD VDQD\LGH PDWHU\DOH X\JXQ PDNLQH GL]D\Q HGLOHFH÷L ]DPDQ
GDUHRORMLN|]HOOLNOHUGLNNDWHDOÕQÕU
*ÕGDVDQD\LLoHULVLQGHUHRORMLELOLPLQLQHQ\D\JÕQX\JXODQGÕ÷ÕDODQODUGDQELULVLWDKÕOUQOHUL
VDQD\LGLU dQN XQD VX YH NDWNÕ PDGGHOHUL LODYH HGLOHUHN ROXúWXUXODQ KDPXU oRN NRPSOHNV
\DSÕGD ELU NDUÕúÕPGÕU YH NXOODQÕODQ KDP PDGGH\H NDWNÕODUÕQ FLQV YH PLNWDUODUÕQD X\JXODPD
NRúXOODUÕQD YH SURVHV DúDPDODUÕQD ED÷OÕ RODUDN EXQXQ NROORLGDO YH IL]LNRNLP\DVDO |]HOOLNOHUL
oRN GH÷LúLU %X GH÷LúLP GH GR÷UXGDQ UQ NDOLWHVLQL HWNLOHU +DPXUXQ UHRORMLN |]HOOLNOHULQL
HWNLOH\HQ HQ |QHPOL IDNW|U JOXWHQGLU %XQXQ \DQÕQGD QLúDVWD OLSLGOHU YE JOXWHQ ROPD\DQ
NRPSRQHQWOHULQGHHWNLOHULYDUGÕr.
*OXWHQ YLVNRHODVWLN \DSÕGD ELU PDGGHGLU YH JOXWHQLQ PHNDQLN |]HOOLNOHUL EXQX ROXúWXUDQ LNL
ELOHúHQLQHJOLDGLQYHJOXWHQLQED÷OÕGÕU0ROHNOD÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ-DUDVÕQGDRODQJOLDGLQ
JOXWHQH YLVNR] |]HOOL÷L YHUHQ EDVLW ELU SURWHLQGLU *OXWHQH HODVWLN |]HOOLN YHUHQ JOXWHQLQ
NRPSRQHQWL LVH PROHNO D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ ± ELUNDo PLO\RQ RODQ EDVLW SROLSHSWLW ]LQFLUOHUGHQ
ROXúPXúPROHNOOHUHLODYHWHQELUELUOHULQHGLVOILWED÷ODUÕ-S-S-LOHoDSUD]ED÷ODQPÕúROGXNoD
IDUNOÕDOWELULPOHUGHQVXEXQLWPH\GDQD JHOPLúGH÷LúLNSROLSHSWLWOHULQELUNRPSR]LV\RQXGXU
%X LNL NRPSRQHQWLQ HWNLVL LOH JOXWHQ YLVNRHODVWLN ELU \DSÕ ND]DQÕU +DPXUGD JOXWHQ
SURWHLQOHULQLQNHQGLDUDODUÕQGDNLHWNLOHúLPOHUL\DQÕQGDJOXWHQSURWHLQOHULLOHJOXWHQROPD\DQ
PROHNOOHUDUDVÕQGDNLHWNLOHúLPOHUVRQXFXEXPROHNOOHUILOPILEULOYH\DPLVHOOHUKDOLQGHELU
DUD\DJHOHUHN+ED÷ODUÕKLGURILOLNLQWHUDNVL\RQ-S-S- ED÷ODQWÕODUÕYEKDPXUXQPHNDQLNYH
UHRORMLN|]HOOLNOHULQLROXúWXUXUODU
+DPXUXQUHRORMLN|]HOOLNOHULQLQWHVSLWLLoLQGH÷LúLNFLKD]ODUJHOLúWLULOPLúWLU%XQODUÕQELUNÕVPÕ
\R÷XUPDVÕUDVÕQGDKDPXUJHOLúLPLQLQGH÷LúLNDúDPDODUÕQGDPDWHU\DOLQPHNDQLNVHO|]HOOLNOHULQ
WHVSLWLQH IDULQRJUDI PLNVRJUDI YE ELU NÕVPÕ GD EHOOL NRúXOODUGD YH EHOOL NRQVLVWHQVWH
KD]ÕUODQPÕú KDPXUXQ ELU NXYYHWLQ HWNLVL DOWÕQGD LNHQ J|VWHUGL÷L GHIRUPDV\RQXQ YH\D EXQD
J|VWHUGL÷L GDYUDQÕú ELoLPLQLQ WHVSLWLQH HNVWHQVRJUDI DOYHRJUDI YE GD\DOÕ RODUDN oDOÕúDQ
FLKD]ODUGÕU
)DULQRJUDP|]HOOLNOHULWD\LQL
Farinograf, undan belli konsistenste hamur elde edilmesLLoLQJHUHNOLVX\XQPLNWDUÕ\DQÕQGD
XQXQVWDQGDUWNRúXOODUGDVWDQGDUWSDOHWELoLPLVWDQGDUWKÕ]VÕFDNOÕNYE\R÷UXOPDVÕVÕUDVÕQGD
\R÷XUPDQÕQ GH÷LúLN DúDPDODUÕQGD KDPXUXQ NROORLGDO YH IL]LNRNLP\DVDO \DSÕVÕQGD PH\GDQD
JHOHQGH÷LúPHOHUHED÷OÕRODUDNDUWDQYHD]DODQJFQ|OoOPHVLQHYHND\GHGLOPHVLQH\DUD\DQ
ELUFLKD]GÕU
*HUHoOHU
%UDEHQGHUIDULQRJUDIYHWHUPRVWDWÕKÕ]OÕSDOHWLQKDUHNHWLGHYGDN\DYDúSDOHWLQKDUHNHWL
GHYGDNND÷ÕWKDUHNHWLFPGDN EUHWWHQVX\XQDNÕúKÕ]Õ-225 mL/ 10-12 dak.
 terazi  SODVWLNVSDWO
45
øúOHP
8QXQUXWXEHWPLNWDUÕWD\LQHGLOLUdDOÕúPD\DEDúODPDGDQHQD]VDDW|QFHVLDOHWLQWHUPRVWDWÕ
oDOÕúWÕUÕODUDN JHUHNOL \HUOHULQ VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQÕQ ƒ& \H JHOPHVL VD÷ODQÕU $OHWLQ VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ NRQWURO
edilir ( 30 “ ƒ&8QGDQUXWXEHWHJ|UHJWDUWÕOÕS\R÷XUPDNDEÕQDNRQXU%UHW
ƒ&GHNLVXLOHGROGXUXOXU<D]ÕFÕQÕQPUHNNHELWDPDPODQDUDNXFXoL]JLVL]HULQHJHWLULOLU
3DOHWOHU KÕ]OÕ GHYLUGH oDOÕúWÕUÕODUDN XQ GDNLND NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU <D]ÕFÕQÕQ XFX oL]JLVL KL]DVÕQD
JHOLQFH EUHWWHQ VX YHULOPH\H EDúODQÕU <R÷XUXFXQXQ NHQDUÕQGDNL EXODúÕNOÕNODU ELU VSDWOOH
KDPXUDGDKLOHGLOGLNWHQVRQUDNXUYHNRQVLVWHQVoL]JLVLQLRUWDOD\ÕQFD\DNDGDUEUHWWHQVX
verilir. HarcanaQVXPLNWDUÕVDSWDQÕUP/KDVVDVL\HWWH.XUYHEXGXUXPGDELUVUHNDOÕU
VRQUD GúPH\H EDúODU .XUYH NRQVLVWHQV oL]JLVLQGHQ GúPH\H EDúODGÕ÷ÕQGD DOHW
GXUGXUXOXS\R÷XUPDEDúOÕ÷ÕWHPL]OHQLUøNLQFLNH]D\QÕPLNWDUXQWDUWÕODUDN|QFHGHQVDSWDQDQ
su mLNWDUÕVLoHULVLQGHYHULOLUYHNXUYHoL]LOLU.XUYHQLQWHSHQRNWDVÕQGDQLWLEDUHQGDNLND
VRQUDVÕQDNDGDUoL]PH\HGHYDPHGLOLU
+HVDSODPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
G
Vs
12d
S
5d
Yts
Y
'$.ø.$
- 9DUÕú VUHVL 9S): .XUYH EDúODQJÕFÕQGDQ NXUYHQLQ VW NÕVPÕQÕQ NRQVLVWHQV oL]JLVLQH
XODúWÕ÷ÕQRNWD\DNDGDUNLVUHGLUGDNLND%XVUHPDWHU\DOLQKLGUDV\RQ|]HOOLNOHULLOHLOJLOLGLU
.ÕVD YDUÕú ]DPDQÕ KLGUDV\RQXQ KÕ]OÕ JHUoHNOHúWL÷LQL X]XQ YDUÕú ]DPDQÕ LVH XQGDNL ED]Õ
koPSRQHQWOHULQVX\XELUVUHWXWDUDNJOXWHQROXúPDVÕQÕJHFLNWLUGL÷LQLJ|VWHULU
-*HOLúPH \R÷XUPD VUHVL *: .XUYH EDúODQJÕFÕQGDQ NXUYHQLQ NRQVLVWHQV oL]JLVLQL
RUWDODGÕ÷Õ YH PDNVLPXP \NVHNOL÷L DOGÕ÷Õ QRNWD\D NDGDU JHoHQ VUHGLU GDNLND 3URWHLQ
PLNWDUYHNDOLWHVL\NVHNRODQXQODUÕQJHOLúPHVUHVLID]ODoÕNDU
-Stabilite (S): <R÷XUPD VÕUDVÕQGD XQXQ NDOLWHVLQH ED÷OÕ RODUDN KDPXUXQ SDOHWOHUH J|VWHUGL÷L
GLUHQoELUVUHGH÷LúPHGHQNDOÕU<DQLNXUYHELUVUHNRQVLVWHQVoL]JLVL]HULQGHoL]LOLU
KXUYHQLQNRQVLVWHQVoL]JLVLQHXODúWÕ÷ÕQRNWDLOHNRQVLVWHQVoL]JLVLQGHQD\UÕOGÕ÷ÕQRNWD
DUDVÕQGDNLVUHVWDELOLWHGH÷HULGLUGDNLND
-<R÷XUPDWROHUDQVVD\ÕVÕ<ts): .XUYHQLQWHSHQRNWDVÕQÕQGDNLNDVRQXQGDGúW÷PHVDIHGLU
(B.U.: %UDEHQGHUQLWHsi)
46
-<XPXúDPDGHUHFHVL<: KXUYHQLQWHSHQRNWDVÕQGDQLWLEDUHQGDNLNDVRQUDNXUYHRUWDVÕQÕQ
NRQVLVWHQVoL]JLVLQHRODQX]DNOÕ÷ÕGÕU%8
- 9DORULPHWUHGH÷HUL: .XUYHQLQ|]HOúDEORQXLOHGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVLVRQXFXQGDRUWD\DoÕNDQELU
GH÷HUROXSKDPXUNDOLWHVLKDNNÕQGDILNLUYHULU
(NPHNOLN NDOLWHVL L\L RODQ XQODUGD YDORULPHWUH GH÷HUL \NVHN oÕNDU *HOLúPH VUHVL YH
VWDELOLWHVLQHNDGDU\NVHNYH\XPXúDPDGHUHFHVLQHNDGDUGúNROXUVDYDORULPHWUHGH÷HULR
NDGDUE\NoÕNDU
Not:
- UXWXEHWHVDVÕQDJ|UHWDUWÕODFDNJXQPLNWDUÕDúD÷ÕGDNLIRUPOOHEXOXQXU
100-14
---------------------- x 50
100 ± un rutubeti
-
UXWXEHWPLNWDUÕQDJ|UHVXNDOGÕUPDRUDQÕDúD÷ÕGDNLIRUPOOHEXOXQXU
6XNDOGÕUPDRUDQÕ [\-50)
x:NXUYHQLQNRQVLVWHQVoL]JLVLQLRUWDODPDVÕLoLQJHUHNOLRODQVXPLNWDUÕP/
y:UXWXEHWHVDVÕQDJ|UHJXQ
3. EkstenVRJUDP|]HOOLNOHULWD\LQL
6DELW NRQVLVWHQVWH KD]ÕUODQPÕú YH VWDQGDUW úHNLO YHULOPLú |UQH÷H VWDQGDUW NRúXOODUGD NXYYHW
X\JXOD\DUDNNRSXQFD\DNDGDUJHULOPHVLYHEXGHIRUPDV\RQVÕUDVÕQGDKDUFDQDQJFQ|OoOS
ND\GHGLOPHVLQH\DUD\DQELUFLKD]GÕU
3.1. GerHoOHU
%UDEHQGHUIDULQRJUDIYHWHUPRVWDWÕJOÕN\R÷XUXFXVXLOHELUOLNWH Brabender
HNVWHQVRJUDIYHWHUPRVWDWÕKDPXUD\XYDUODNúHNLOYHUHQNÕVPÕQKDUHNHWLGHYGDNYH\D
GHYGDNKDPXUDVLOLQGLUúHNLOYHUHQNÕVPÕQKDUHNHWL-16 dev./dak., kanca hareketi
FPVKDPXUXQLoLQH\HUOHúWLULOGL÷L|]HONDS]HULQHLODYHWHQJOÕND÷ÕUOÕN
NRQXOGX÷XQGD\D]ÕFÕXFXNRQVLVWHQVoL]JLVLJOÕND÷ÕUOÕNNRQGX÷XQGDLVH
NRQVLVWHQVoL]JLVLVWQGHROPDOÕGÕU  terazi  SODVWLNVSDWO  beher (250 mL lik)
øúOHP
8QXQUXWXEHWPLNWDUÕWD\LQHGLOLUdDOÕúPD\DEDúODPDGDQHQD]VDDW|QFHVLDOHWLQWHUPRVWDWÕ
oDOÕúWÕUÕODUDN JHUHNOL \HUOHULQ VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQÕQ ƒ& \H JHOPHVL VD÷ODQÕU $OHWLQ VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ NRQWURO
edilir ( 30 “ ƒ& dDOÕúPD\DEDúODPDGDQHQD]GDNLND|QFHIHUPHQWDV\RQGRODEÕQGDNL
NDSODUÕQDOWÕQDVXNRQXU%UHWƒ&GHNLVXLOHGROGXUXOXU%HKHUHJWX]WDUWÕOÕUYH]HULQH
EUHWWHQP/VXNRQDUDNWX]o|]QUXQXQVXDEVRUSVL\RQXGHQD]LVHGDKDD]VX
NRQPDOÕGÕU8QGDQUXWXEHWHJ|UHJWDUWÕOÕU)DULQRJUDIÕQ \R÷XUPDNDEÕQDNRQXUYH
NDSD÷ÕNDSDWÕOÕU<D]ÕFÕQÕQPUHNNHELWDPDPODQÕUYHXFXND÷ÕWWDNLoL]JLVL]HULQHJHWLULOLU
3DOHWOHU KÕ]OÕ GHYLUGH oDOÕúWÕUÕODUDN XQ GDNLND NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU <D]ÕFÕQÕQ XFX oL]JLVL KL]DVÕQD
47
JHOLQFH WX] o|]HOWLVL NDEÕQ |Q VD÷ N|úHVLQGHQ LODYH HGLOLU 8Q KDPXU KDOLQH JHWLULOLUNHQ
\R÷XUXFXQXQNHQDUÕQGDNLEXODúÕNOÕNODUELUVSDWOOHKDPXUDGDKLOHGLOLU6XLODYHVLQGHQLWLEDUHQ
WRSODP GDNLND LoHULVLQGH NXUYHQLQ NRQVLVWHQV oL]JLVLQL RUWDODPDVÕ VD÷ODQÕU YH EX
QRNWDGD\R÷XUPDNHVLOLU$OHWWHPL]OHQLU7HNUDUD\QÕPLNWDUXQWDUWÕOÕSPLNWDUÕQÕVDSWDGÕ÷ÕPÕ]
VXVLoHULVLQGHYHULOHUHNGDNLND\R÷XUPD\DSÕOÕU+DPXUDOÕQDUDN“ JOÕNLNLSDUoD
NHVLOLU +HU SDUoD HNVWHQVRJUDI DOHWLQLQ \XYDUODNODúWÕUPD NÕVPÕQGD \XYDUODN KDOH JHWLULOLU
6RQUDVLOLQGLUúHNOLYHULOHQNÕVÕPGDVLOLQGLUúHNOLQHJHWLULOLUYH|]HO NDSODUÕQD \HUOHúWLULOLS GDNLND IHUPHQWDV\RQ GRODEÕQGD EHNOHQLU (NVWHQVRJUDIÕQ \D]ÕFÕVÕQD PUHNNHS GROGXUXODUDN
XFX oL]JLVLQH JHWLULOLU GDNLND VRQXQGD KDPXU SDUoDVÕ oÕNDUÕOÕU DOHWH \HUOHúWLULOLS NDQFD
KDUHNHWHWWLULOLUYHKDPXUNRSWX÷XDQDOHWGXUGXUXOXU.D÷ÕWJHULVDUÕODUDN\D]ÕFÕQÕQXFXWHNUDU
oL]JLVL]HULQHJHWLULOLUYHNDQFDWHNUDULONSR]LV\RQDDOÕQDUDNLNLQFLSDUDOHOGHD\QÕúHNLOGH
oL]LOLU 6RQUD KDPXU SDUoDODUÕQD WHNUDU \XYDUODN YH VLOLQGLU úHNLO YHULOHUHN IHUPHQWDV\RQ
GRODEÕQGD LNLQFL NH] GDNLND EHNOHWLOLU YH D\QÕ úHNLOGH NXUYH oL]LOLU $\QÕ LúOHPOHU
WHNUDUODQÕODUDN oQF GDNLND IHUPHQWDV\RQGDQ VRQUD \HQLGHQ NXUYHOHU oL]LOHUHN
EDúODQJÕoWDQ-90-GDNLNDVRQUDROPDN]HUHoNXUYHoL]LOPLúROXU
+HVDSODPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
-
+DPXUXQX]DPD\DJ|VWHUGL÷LPDNVLPXPGLUHQo5P:'L\DJUDPÕQ\NVHNOL÷LGLU
Brabender birimi (B.U.) olarak ifade edilir.
-
Hamurun sabit deformasyondaki direnci (R5) :'L\DJUDPÕQEDúODQJÕFÕQGDQGDNLND
VRQUDNLPPVRQXQGDNL\NVHNOL÷LGLU Brabender birimi (B.U.) olarak ifade edilir.
-
Uzama kabiliyeti (E):.XUYHQLQWDEDQX]XQOX÷XGXUPPRODUDNEHOLUWLOLU
-
Enerji (A) :.XUYHQLQSODQLPHWULNDODQÕGÕUFP2 olarak belirtilir.
(NPHNOLNNDOLWHVLL\LRODQKDPXUODUGDX]DPDNDELOL\HWLLOHKDPXUXQX]DPD\DNDUúÕJ|VWHUGL÷L
GLUHQoDUDVÕQGDX\JXQELURUDQWÕYDUGÕU(QHUMLGH÷HULQHNDGDUE\NROXUVDKDPXUXQJD]
tutma kapDVLWHVLYHIHUPHQWDV\RQWROHUDQVÕGDJHQHOGHRNDGDUID]ODROXU%XJLELKDPXUODU
daha hacimli ekmek verirler.
48
Not:
-
UXWXEHWHVDVÕQDJ|UHWDUWÕODFDNJXQPLNWDUÕDúD÷ÕGDNLIRUPOOHEXOXQXU
100 - 14
---------------------- x 300
100 ± un rutubeti
Kaynaklar
Anonymous (-). International Association for Cereal Chemistry. ICC Standards.
g]ND\D + YH g]ND\D % 7DKÕO YH hUQOHUL $QDOÕ] <|QWHPOHUL %DVNÕ *ÕGD
7HNQRORMLVL'HUQH÷L<D\ÕQODUÕ1R:31. Ankara.
Pomeranz , Y., 1988. Wheat Chemistry and Technology. American Association of Cereal
Chemists. St Paul Minnesota.
49
B3(NPHN3URVHVLYH.DOLWH'H÷HUOHQGLUPHVL
1. Genel Bilgi
%LUEX÷GD\ÕQHNPHNOLNNDOLWHVLQLWDKPLQHWPHGHNXOODQÕODQIL]LNVHONLP\DVDOIL]LNRNLP\DVDO
YH UHRORMLN ELUoRN WHVW YH\D \|QWHP JHOLúWLULOPLúWLU %X WHVWOHUGHQ HOGH HGLOHQ GH÷HUOHUH
EDNÕODUDN |UQH÷LQ NDOLWHVL KDNNÕQGD ILNLU VDKLEL ROXQDELOLU )DNDW JHUoHk ekmeklik kalitesini
WD\LQ HWPHN LoLQ GHQH\VHO RODUDN HNPHN \DSÕOÕS EXQXQ GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL JHUHNLU $QFDN
HNPHN EHOOL VWDQGDUWODUD J|UH ELOLPVHO RODUDN \DSÕOÕS GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHOLGLU 8OXVDO YH XOXVODU
DUDVÕ ELUWDNÕP GHQH\VHO HNPHN \DSPD YH NDOLWH GH÷HUOHQGLUPH \|QWHPOHUL JHOLúWLULOPLúWLU
Bunlardan birisi olan rapid-PL[WHVWDúD÷ÕGDYHULOPLúWLU
5DSLGPL[WHVW+Õ]OÕ\R÷XUPD\|QWHPLLOHHNPHN\DSÕPÕ
*HUHoOHU
(WY  UXWXEHW NDSODUÕ  falling number  farinograf  terazi  XQLYHUVDO KÕ]OÕ
\R÷XUXFX 807$ 'HWPROG WLSL \R÷XUPD SDOHWOL  IHUPDQWDV\RQ GRODEÕ  hamur
kesme ve yuvarlama makinesi  úHNLOYHUPHPDNLQHVL IÕUÕQ KDFLP|OoPHDOHWL
øúOHP
(NPHN\DSÕPÕLoLQJ XQUXWXEHWHJ|UHNXOODQÕOÕU%XQDPD\DWX]
úHNHU \D÷ NDWÕOÕU 8QXQ VX NDOGÕUPDVÕ IDULQRJUDI DOHWL LOH VDSWDQÕU 8QXQ HQ]LP
DNWLYLWHVL“VDQL\HOLNGúPHVD\ÕVÕQDD\DUODQÕU
+Õ]OÕ \R÷XUXFXQXQ KD]QHVLQH |QFH IDULQRJUDIWD VDSWDQDQ PLNWDUGDNL VX VRQUD XQ YH GL÷HU
NDWNÕODU NRQXU YH VRQUD GHYLUGDNLND KÕ]GD WRSODP GDNLND \R÷UXOXU 6UH VRQXQGD
WDUWÕODQ KDPXU “ QLVEL UXWXEHW YH ƒ± ž& IHUPHQWDV\RQ GRODEÕQGD GDNLND
EHNOHWLOGLNWHQ VRQUD ELULQFL KDYDODQGÕUPD YH IHUPHQWDV\RQ GRODEÕQGD GDNLND GDKD
EHNOHWLOHUHNLNLQFLKDYDODQGÕUPD\DSÕOÕU'DKDVRQUDKDPXUúHNLOYHULOHUHNSLúLUPHNDSODUÕQD
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Verlag Moritz Scheafer, Detmold, Germany.
g]ND\D + YH g]ND\D % 7DKÕO YH hUQOHUL $QDOÕ] <|QWHPOHUL %DVNÕ *ÕGD
7HNQRORMLVL'HUQH÷L<D\ÕQODUÕ1R:31. Ankara.
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52
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E|OJHGHNXUXPDKÕ]ÕDUWÕ\RUJLELJ|]NVHGHEXoRNDQOÕNELUGXUXPGXU%XQHGHQOHEXDUWÕúÕQ
kurutPD]HULQGH|QHPli bir etkisi yoktur (Geankoplis 2011).
B-&E|OJHVL: 6DELWKÕ]GDNXUXPDE|OJHVLGLU%XE|OJHGHNXUX\DQUQWDPDPHQÕVODNNDEXO
HGLOLU YH NXUXPD GÕú HWNHQOHUH ED÷OÕ RODUDN JHOLúLU %X SHUL\RW NXUXWPDQÕQ EDúODQJÕFÕQGD YH
oRNNÕVDELUVUHJ|UOG÷QGHQGROD\ÕoR÷XJÕGDLoLQihmal edilmektedir (Hall vd. 1980).
C-' E|OJHVL: BX E|OJHGH NXUXPD KÕ]Õ D]DOPD\D EDúODU hUQ \]H\LQGH LON NXUX QRNWDQÕQ
ROXúWX÷X QRNWD\D NULWLN QRNWD GHQPHNWHGLU .ULWLN QRNWD VDELW NXUXPD SHUL\RGXQXQ ELWWL÷LQL
J|VWHULU %X SHUL\RWWD UQQ \]H\LQGHNL ÕVODN DODQ PLNWDUÕ D]DOPD\D EDúODU %X E|OJHGH
GLI]\RQ HWNLOLGLU *ÕGDODUÕQ JHQHOOLNOH EX SHUL\RWGD NXUXGXNODUÕ ELOLQPHNWHGLU 5REHUWV
1999).
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QRNWDVÕQGDUQ\]H\LWDPDPÕ\ODNXUXGXU*HDQNRSOLV
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kurutma" ROPDN ]HUH EDúOÕFD o IDUNOÕ \|QWHPH D\UÕODELOLU &HPHUR÷OX YH $FDU 1986).
.RQYHNVL\RQNXUXWPDGDVÕFDNKDYD ile kurutmDEXKDUODúWÕUPDLoLQJHUHNOLRODQVÕFDNJD]
KDYDNXUXWXODFDNPDGGHQLQLoLQGHQ]HULQGHQYHDUDVÕQGDQJHoLULOLU NXUXWXFX\]H\HWHPDV
\RNWXU %X \|QWHPH |UQek olarak DNÕúNDQ \DWDN NXUXWXFXODr ve SVNUWmeli kurutucular
verilebilir (Bulduk .RQGNV\RQNXUXWPDGDEXKDUODúWÕUPDLoLQJHUHNOLÕVÕVÕFDNELU
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53
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mikrobiyolojik bozulma ve enzim aktivitesi en alt seviyededir. .XUXWXOPXú UQQ
GHSRODQPDVÕ YH VHYNL\DWÕ GD NROD\ YH GDKD D] PDVUDIOÕ ROPDNWDGÕU $\QÕ ]DPDQGD NXUXWPD
ELUoRN \|QWHPGHQ GDKD XFX] ELU PXKDID]D \|QWHPL ROXS GDKD D] Lúoilik ve daha az alet
ekipman gerektirmektedir. Ek olarak, kuruWXOPXú JÕGDODU GL÷HU NRUXPD \|QWHPOHUL
X\JXODQPÕú JÕGDODUD J|UH, EHVLQ |÷HOHUL |]HOOLNOH GH OLI LoHUL÷L DoÕVÕQGDQ GDha zengin
GXUXPGDGÕU&HPHUR÷OX 2004).
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KHU GDNLNDGD ELU ND\GHGLOHFHNWLU (OGH HGLOHQ YHULOHU NXOODQÕODUDN NXUXWPD H÷ULVL
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Kaynaklar
$QRQLP6HE]HOHULNXUXWPD*ÕGD7HNQRORMLVL0(*(3V$QNDUD
Bulduk, S. 2006*ÕGD7HNQRORMLVLV-38, hoQF%DVNÕ'HWD\<D\ÕQFÕOÕN Ankara.
&HPHUR÷OX, %0H\YH6HE]HøVOHPH7HNQRORMLVLFLOW,6%1-98578-2-0, Ankara.
54
&HPHUR÷OX%YH$FDU-0H\YHYH6HE]HøúOHPH7HNQRORMLVLs. 125-145, 'HUV.LWDEÕ
Ankara.
Demirtas, C., Ayhan, T. and Kaygusuz, K. 1998. Drying behaviour of hazelnuts. Journal of
the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol:76; pp. 559-564.
'R\PD] ø ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RI GU\LQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI JUDSH DQG .DKUDPDQPDUDú
pepper. Ph.D. Thesis, Science Institute, Yildiz Technical University, østanbul.
'R\PD]ø&RQYHFWLYH$LU'U\LQJ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI7KLQ/D\HU&DUURWV-RXUQDO of
Food Engineering, Vol:61; pp. 359±364.
Fellows, P. 1993. Food Processing Technology. Principles and Practise. Ellies
New York.
Hardwood,
*HDQNRSOLV &- 7DúÕQPD 6UHoOHUL YH $\ÕUPD 6UHFL øONHOHUL ,6%1:978-975624040-dHYLUHQ6LQDQ<DSÕFÕ
*QHUKDQ + 7UN 7HVLVDW 0KHQGLVOHUL 'HUQH÷i Dergisi, "(QGVWUL\HO NXUXWPa
sistemleri), s. 13.
Hall, C.W., Kunze, O.R., Calderwood, D.L., Hall, C.W., Maddex, R.L., Shove, G.C.
and Davis, D.C. 1980. Drying and storage of agricultural crops. Washington State
Univ., Pullman, WA 99164, pp. 381, USA.
Karaaslan, S.N. 6HE]H YH (QGVWUL %LWNLOHULQLQ 0LNURGDOJD\OD .XUXWXOPDVÕ
h]HUine dDOÕúPDODU 'RNWRUD 7H]L dXNXURYD hQLYHUVLWHVL 7DUÕP 0DNLQDODUÕ
$QDELOLP'DOÕVAdana.
Roberts, J.S., 1999. Understanding The Heat and Mass Transfer of Hygroscopic Porous
Materials, Doktora Tezi, The State University Of New Jersey, Food Science, New
Brunswick, New Jersey.
6DUVÕOPD] & *QHú (QHUMLVL 'HVWHNOL .D\ÕVÕ .XUXWPD 6LVWHPL 'RNWRUD 7H]L )ÕUDW
hQLYHUVLWHVi, s. 49-51, EOD]Õ÷.
55
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Kaynaklar
Geankoplis, C.J. "Transport Processes and Seperation Process- Includes Unit Operations. 4th
Edition" Pearson Education, Inc., 2003.
56
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VRG\XPWL\RVOIDWLOHWLWUHHGLQL]YHVDUIL\DWÕND\GHGLQL]
'LNNDWHGLOHFHNKXVXVODUGDQELULGHúDKLWGHQH\LGLUùDKLWGHQH\LQGH|UQHNNXOODQÕOPDNVÕ]ÕQ
WPDúDPDODUWHNUDUODQÕU6DUIL\DWP/¶\LJHoPHPHOLGLU
+HVDSODPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
3HURNVLWGH÷HULPHTO2 / NJ|UQHN (S-B)xNx1000
P
B:ùDKLWGHQH\VRQXFXQGDKDUFDQDQsarfiyat (mL)
S:gUQH÷LQWLWUDV\RQXQGDKDUFDQDQVDUIL\DWP/
N:6RG\XPWL\RVOIDWo|]HOWLVLQLQQRUPDOLWHVL
P: $OÕQDQ|UQHNPLNWDUÕJ
Kaynaklar
AOCS Methods (Cd 8-53)
57
ø\RW6D\ÕVÕ7D\LQL
1. Genel Bilgi
ø\RW VD\ÕVÕ \D÷ODUGD GR\PDPÕúOÕ÷ÕQ |OoV ROXS J \D÷ÕQ ED÷ODGÕ÷Õ L\RW PLNWDUÕQÕQ
belirlenmesi HVDVÕQDGD\DQPDNWDGÕU.
2. øONH
%HOLUOLPLNWDUGD\D÷QXPXQHVLNDUERQWHWUDNORUUGHo|]QGUOGNWHQVRQUDZLMVUHDNWLILLOH
PXDPHOH HGLOHUHN \D÷ DVLWOHULQGHNL oLIW YH oO ED÷ODUD KDORMHQU ED÷ODQPDVÕ Ye arta kalan
L\RWPRQRNORUUQ.,LOHLQGLUJHQHUHNDoÕ÷DoÕNDQL\RGXQVRG\XPWL\RVOIDWo|]HOWLVLLOHWLWUH
HGLOHUHNWHVSLWHGLOPHVLLONHVLQHGD\DQÕU
3. Kimyasallar
% 10 luk (m/v) 3RWDV\XPø\RGUd|]HOWLVL  0.1VRG\XPWL\RVXOIDWo|]HOWLVLD\DUOÕ 
Buzlu Asetik Asit (etanol veya oksidan madde ihtiva etmeyen)  .DUERQWHWUDNORUU
oksidan madde ihtiva etmeyen ) 2NVLGDQPDGGHDUDúWÕUÕOPDVÕ:1 mL doygun K2Cr2O7
o|]HOWLVLP/G RODQ+2SO4 LOHNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕUP/UHDNWLIHNOHQLUoDONDODQÕU. Rengin
\HúLOHG|QPHVLRNVLGDQPDGGHQLQYDUOÕ÷ÕQÕJ|VWHULU  ø\RWVDI\HQLGHQVEOLPHHGLOPLú
 ø\RWWULNORUUYH\DL\RWPRQRNORUU  % 0.OLNPY1LúDVWDd|]HOWLVL 
:LMVd|]HOWLVLJL\RWWULNORUU,&O3) 700 mL glacial asetik asit ve 300 mL karbon tetra
NORUUGHo|]OUd|]HOWLGHQP/DOÕQÕUYHP/OXN.,o|]HOWLVLYHP/VXilave
edilir$oÕ÷DoÕNDQL\RWQLúDVWDo|]HOWLVLLQGLNDW|UO÷QGHVRG\XPWL\RVOIDWo|]HOWLVLLOHWLWUH
edilir. ReaktifiQNDODQNÕVPÕQDJVEOLPHHGLOPLúL\RWNDWÕOÕUYHoDONDODQDUDNWDPDPHQ
o|]OU6HUEHVWL\RWPLNWDUÕ\XNDUÕGDNLJLELWLWUHHGLOLUP/LoLQKDUFDQDQVRG\XP
WL\RVOIDWo|]HOWLVLPLNWDUÕLONWD\LQGHNLQLQNDWÕVÕQÕUÕQÕKDILIoHDúPDOÕGÕU%|\OHFH\DQ
UHDNVL\RQODUD\RODoDFDNL\RWWULNORUUNDOPDPDVÕVD÷ODQPÕúROXU +D]ÕUODQDQUHDNWLI,
GXUXOPDVÕLoLQELUVUHEHNOHWLOLU.DKYHUHQJLELUEDúNDúLúH\HEXODQGÕUÕOPDGDQGHNDQWHHGLOLU
$÷]ÕVÕNÕFDNDSDWÕODUDNNDUDQOÕNELU\HUGHPXKDID]DHGLOLU%XúHNLOGHKD]ÕUODQPÕúo|]HOWL
D\ODUFDNXOODQÕODELOLU
4. *HUHoOHU
Hassas laboratuvar terazisi
5. øúOHP
1XPXQHNDWÕLVHHULWLOLUYHJHUHNLUVHHULPHQRNWDVÕQÕQ ƒ& \XNDUÕVÕQDNDGDUoÕNÕOÕUh]HULQH
4 g susuz sodyum sOIDW YH J V]PH \DUGÕPFÕ PDGGHVL NXP YE NR\XODUDN V]OU
6]QWWDPDPHQEHUUDNROPDOÕGÕU
%HNOHQHQ L\RW VD\ÕVÕQD J|UH DúD÷ÕGD EHOLUWLOHQ PLNWDUGD |UQHN P/ OLN FDP NDSDNOÕ ELU
HUOHQLoLQH.JGX\DUOÕOÕNODWDUWÕOÕU
5 e kadar
5-20
21-50
3.0 gram
1.0 gram
0.6 gram
58
51-100
101-150
151-200
0.3 gram
0.2 gram
0.15 gram
<D÷Õ o|]PHN LoLQ P/ NDUERQ WHWUD NORUU YH WDP P/ :LMV o|]HOWLVL NDWÕOÕU Erlenin
NDSD÷ÕNDSDWÕOÕSKDILIoDONDODQÕU.DUDQOÕNWDVDDWEHNOHWLOLUP/VXYHP/OXN
3RWDV\XPL\RGUo|]HOWLVLLODYHHGLOLU.1VRG\XPWL\RVOIDWo|]HOWLVL\OHL\RGXQVDUÕUHQJL
DoÕOÕQFD\D NDGDU WLWUH HGLOLU 5HQN DoÕOGÕNWDQ VRQUD ELUNDo GDPOD QLúDVWD LQGLNDW|U HNOHQLU
2OXúDQ PDYL UHQN ND\EROXS WDPDPHQ EH\D] UHQN HOGH HGLOLQFH\H NDGDU WLWUDV\RQD GHYDP
edilir. %LUGHWDQÕNGHQH\\DSÕOÕU
6. Hesaplama YHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
N x ( V2 ± V1 ) x 0,1269
ø\RW6D\ÕVÕ --------------------------------------- x 100
m
N:6RG\XPWL\RVOIDWo|]HOWLVLQLQQRUPDOLWHVL
V2 WDQÕNGHQH\GHKDUFDQDQVRG\XPWL\RVXOIDWPLNWDUÕP/
V1 |UQHNLoLQKDUFDQDQVRG\XPWL\RVXOIDWPLNWDUÕP/
P |UQHNPLNWDUÕJ
Kaynaklar
76ùXbat 1997
59
C2*D].URPDWRJUDILVL*&LOH<D÷$VLWOHULQLQ%HOLUOHQPHVL
1. Genel Bilgi
+HU \D÷ NHQGLQH |]J \D÷ DVLWOHULQGHQ ROXúPDNWDGÕU <D÷ODU \D÷ DVLWOHUL ELOHúLPL LOH WHúKLV
HGLOLU %X DQDOL]LQ \DSÕOPDVÕQÕ JHUHNWLUHQ GL÷HU ELU QHGHQ LVH \D÷ODUD \DSÕODQ WD÷úLúLQ
belirlenmesidir.
%X\|QWHPEWQELWNLVHOYHKD\YDQVDO\D÷ODUDX\JXODQDELOLU%XLúOHPHSRNVLKLGURSHURNVL
VLNORSURIHQLOVLNORSURSLOYHRODVÕKLGURNVLOYHDVHWLOHQLN\D÷DVLWOHULQHNÕVPHQYH\DWDPDPHQ
zarar verdL÷LQGHQ EX JUXSODUÕQ HVWHUOHúWLULOPHVL LoLQ X\JXQ ELU \|QWHP GH÷LOGLU %X \|QWHP
DVLWVD\ÕVÕ
GHQGúN\D÷ODULoLQX\JXODQÕU
øONH
<D÷ODUÕQ NDOHYL o|]HOWLVL LOH VDEXQODúWÕUÕODUDN PHWLO HVWHUL IRUPXQD G|QúWUOPHVL YH EXQXQ
*&¶GH JD] IRUPXQD JHoPHVL YH WDúÕ\ÕFÕ ELU JD] LOH NRORQGD PROHNO D÷ÕUOÕNODUÕQD J|UH
D\UÕOPDVÕ YH GHGHNW|U \DUGÕPÕ LOH LoHULVLQGH \HU DODQ \D÷ DVLWOHULQLQ NDOLWDWLI YH NDQWLWDWLI
olarak belirlenmesidir.
3. Kimyasallar
Hekzan, isooktan veya heptan  0HWDQROO.2+o|]HOWLVL1 metil oranj  HCl
o|]HOWLVL1
*HUHoOHU
(UOHQPD\HUP/¶OLNYH\DVDQWULIMWSKHN]DQYHDONDOL\HGD\DQÕNOÕ pipet 1 mL ve 10
P/¶OLN P/ WDNVLPDWOÕ YH\D PLNURSLSHW  YLDO NoN úLúH  analitik terazi 
kronometre  JD]NURPDWRJUDILFLKD]Õ kapiler kolon
øúOHP
(VWHUOHúWLUPH
<DNODúÕNPJ\D÷|UQH÷LHUOHQHWDUWÕOÕUh]HULQHP/LVRRNWDQLODYHHGLOHUHN\D÷o|]OU
Sonra 2 N PHWDQROO.2+
GDQ.2 mL ilave edilir ve 30 saniye kXYYHWOLúHNLOGHoDONDODQÕU
GDNLNDNDUDQOÕNELU\HUGHEHNOHWLOLU%XVUHVRQXQGD±GDPODPHWLORUDQMYHDUGÕQGDQ+&O
o|]HOWLVLQGHQ.P/LODYHHGLOHUHN\DWD\ELUNRQXPGDID]ODUÕQD\UÕOPDVÕLoLQEHNOHQLU'DKD
VRQUDEHUUDNID]NoNúLúHOHUH YLDOOHUH DOÕQÕU %XúLúHOHUGHQ DOÕQDQPLNUROLWUHG]H\LQGHNL
|UQHN*&
\HYHULOLU
+D]ÕUODQDQ0HWLO(VWHUOHULQ&LKD]D*&(QMHNVL\RQXYH7DQÕPODQPDVÕ
*D]NURPDWRJUDILVLùHNLO
GHJ|UOG÷JLEL*D]QLWHVL(QMHNVL\RQEOR÷X)ÕUÕQYH\DNRORQ
EOR÷X'HGHNW|UEOR÷X<D]ÕFÕYHLQWHJUDW|UGHQROXúPDNWDGÕU.
(VWHUOHúWLULOHQ QXPXQHGHQ NDo PLNUROLWUH DOÕQDFD÷ÕQD J|UH HQMHNW|UH oHNLOLU YH VLOLVOL
NDXoXNWDQ\DSÕOPÕúVHSWXPGHQLOHQNÕVÕPGDQELURGDFÕ÷DHQMHNVL\RQ\DSÕOÕU%XUDQÕQVÕFDNOÕ÷Õ
60
\DNODúÕN o& ROXS |UQH÷LQNL LVH \DNODúÕN ƒ±25 oC'diU %X QHGHQOH |UQHN EX VÕFDNOÕNWD
KÕ]ODEXKDUODúÕU7DúÕ\ÕFÕJD]ÕQVUNOHPHVL\OHROXúDQEXKDUODUNRORQDGR÷UXVUNOHQLU
ùHNLO *D]NURPDWRJUDILFLKD]ÕQÕQNÕVÕPODUÕYHJHQHOJ|UQP
(QMHNVL\RQEORNODUÕHQMHNVL\RQWLSOHULQHJ|UHWDVDUODQÕUEXQODUQXPXQHQLQELUNÕVPÕQÕGÕúDUÕ
DWDQ E|OQPHOL VSOLW WLS GL÷HUL LVH QXPXQHQLQ WPQ NRORQD J|QGHUHQ E|OQPHVL]
(splitless) tiptir.
1XPXQH DUDQDQ ELOHúHQOHU DoÕVÕQGDQ ROGXNoD GúN NRQVDQWUDV\RQD VDKLS LVH E|OQPHVL]
PRG VHoLOHUHN |UQH÷LQ WP NRORQD YHULOLU (÷HU DUDQDQ ELOHúHQOHULQ RUDQÕ \NVHN LVH
E|OQPHOLHQMHNVL\RQWHUFLKHGLOLUgUQH÷LQVSOLWRUDQÕúHNOLQGHROPDVÕGHPHNQXPXQH\L
100 birim kabul edip sadece 1 birimini kolona enjekte etmek demektir.
ùHNLO (QMHNVL\RQEOR÷XQXQ\DSÕVÕYHJHQHOJ|UQP
61
(QMHNVL\RQ EOR÷XQGDQ NRORQD JHOHQ JD] ID]ÕQGDNL QXPXQH NDUERQ ]LQFLUL X]XQOX÷XQD J|UH
ELOHúHQOHU NRORQGD WXWXOXU 0ROHNO NWOHVL ID]OD RODQ \D÷ DVLWOHUL NRORQGD GDKD X]XQ VUH
WXWXOXU gUQH÷LQ NDUERQOX ODXULN DVLW NRORQGD D] WXWXOXUNHQ \DQL GDKD KÕ]OÕ NRORQX WHUN
HGHUNHQNDUERQOXROHLNDVLWGDKDoRNWXWXOXU\DQLNRORQXGDKD\DYDúWHUk eder veya daha
X]XQ]DPDQNRORQGDNDOÕU%XROD\ODUDEVRUSVL\RQYHDGVRUSVL\RQROD\ODUÕLOHLOJLOLGLU
<D÷ DVLWOHUL NRORQGD VÕUDVÕ\OD D\UÕODUDN GHGHNW|UH JHOLUOHU 'HGHNW|UGH NoN ELU SLORW DOHY
ROGX÷X LoLQ EXraGD ELOHúHQOHU \DQDUODU YH L\RQODúÕUODU 2OXúDQ L\RQODU \D÷ DVLWOHUL PLNWDUÕQD
J|UH HOHNWULN VLQ\DOL ROXúWXUXU 2OXúDQ EX DNÕP NDEORODU \DUGÕPÕ\OD ND\GHGLFL\H ELOJLVD\DU
YH\D\D]ÕFÕJ|QGHULOLU%|\OHFH]DPDQDNDUúÕVLQ\DOE\NO÷ELOHúHQPLNWDUÕJUDILNRODUDN
oL]LOLU YH EXQD NURPDWRJUDP GHQLU +HU SLN ELU ELOHúHQe DLWWLU 3LNOHULQ WPQQ ELU DUDGD
J|VWHULOGL÷LúHNOHGHNURPDWogram denir.
<D÷ DVLWOHULQLQ EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH HQ \D\JÕQ NXOODQÕODQ GHGHNW|U DOHY L\RQODúWÕUPDOÕ GHGHNW|U
ùHNLO \D\JÕQ DGÕ ),' ROXS øQJLOL]FH EDú KDUIOHULQLQ NÕVDOWPDVÕ )ODPH ,RQL]DWLRQ
GHGHFWRU
GÕU %X GHGHNW|UGH KLGURMHQ YH NXUX KDYD EHOLUOL RUDQGD JHQHOGH NDUÕúDUDN
\DQDU .RORQGDQ JHOHQ \D÷ DVLWOHUL EX DOHYGH \DQDU EX \DQPD LOH L\RQODU DoÕ÷D oÕNDU YH
NROOHNW|UGHGHSRODQÕUø\RQODUÕQDOHYGHQNROOHNW|UHGR÷UXLOHUOHPHVLGúNELUDNÕPROXúWXUXU
%XDNÕPGHGHNW|UWDUDIÕQGDQVLQ\DORODUDN|OoOU0LNWDUÕID]ODRODQ\D÷DVLWOHULGDKDE\N
D]RODQODUGDKDNoNSLNROXúWXUXU
ùHNLO $OHYL\RQODúWÕUPDOÕGHGHNW|UQJHQHO\DSÕVÕ
+HVDSODPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
<D]ÕFÕGDQ DOÕQDQ NURPDWRJUDPÕQ úHNOL DúD÷ÕGDNL JLELGLU ùHNLO GH J|UOHFH÷L ]HUH DSVLVWH
\D÷ DVLWOHULQLQ NRORQGD WXWXOPD DOÕNRQPD ]DPDQODUÕ GDNLND \HU DOÕU %X NURPDWRJUDPGDQ
SLNOHULQDODQODUÕKHVDSODQDUDNR\D÷DVLGLQLQ\]GHVLEXOXQXU
Piklerin WDQÕPODQPDVÕLoLQ\D÷DVLWOHULQLQVDIKDOGHNLPHWLOHVWHUOHULWHNWHNFLKD]DHQMHNWH
YHULOLU YH EXQODUÕQ GD DOÕNRQPD VUHOHUL EHOLUOHQLU ùHNLO YH GDKD |QFH HQMHNWH HGLOHQ
QXPXQHQLQWXWXOPDVUHOHULLOHNDUúÕODúWÕUÕODUDND\QÕ]DPDQGLOLPLQGHJHOHQOHr) o pikin hangi
\D÷ DVLGLQH DLW ROGX÷X VDSWDQÕU gUQH÷LQ cihaza saf standart olarak palmitik asit enjekte
HGLOVLQYHWXWXOPDVUHVLGDNLNDROVXQVRQUDQXPXQHHQMHNWHHGLOVLQYHGDNLNDGDELUSLN
gelsin, bu pik muhtemelen palmitik asit pikidir. Bu duUXPoNH]WHNUDUHGLOLUYHD\QÕVRQXo
62
HOGH HGLOLUVH SLN NHVLQ RODUDN WDQÕPODQPÕú ROXU ùHNLO WH VWDQGDUW \D÷ DVLGL PHWLO HVWHUL
YHULOPLú NURPDWRJUDP LOH |UQHN NURPDWRJUDPÕ VW VWH oDNÕúWÕUÕOPÕúWÕU ùHNLOGHQ J|UOHFH÷L
]HUH|UQHNWHNLRSLNLQKDQJL\D÷DVLGLROGX÷XWDQÕPODQPÕúWÕU
ùHNLO gUQHNELUNURPDWRJUDP
ùHNLO Standart maddeye ait kromatogram
ùHNLO 6WDQGDUW\D÷DVLGLNURPDWRJUDPÕLOH|UQHNNURPDWRJUDPÕQÕQNDUúÕODúWÕUÕOPDVÕ
'L÷HUELUWDQÕPODPDúHNOLLVH\]GHOHULELOLQHQ\D÷DVLWOHULNDUÕúÕPÕQÕQFLKD]DYHULOHUHNHOGH
HGLOHQ NURPDWRJUDPÕQ QXPXQH NURPDWRJUDPÕ LOH NDUúÕODúWÕUÕOPDVÕGÕU ùHNLO WH J|UOHFH÷L
]HUH VWDQGDUW \D÷ DVLWOHULQGHQ ROXúDQ NDUÕúÕPÕQ NURPDWRJUDPÕ LOH |UQHN NURPDWRJUDPÕ
oDNÕúWÕUÕOPÕú YH |UQHNWHNL SLNOHULQ KDQJL \D÷ DVLWOHULQH DLW ROGX÷X EHOLUOHQPLúWLU %X \|QWHP
WHNWHNVWDQGDUWYHUPH\HQD]DUDQGDKDNÕVDVUHDOGÕ÷ÕLoLQWHUFLKHGLOPHNWHGLU
63
ùHNLO .DUÕúÕPVWDQGDUGÕLOH|UQHNVWDQGDUGÕQÕQNDUúÕODúWÕUÕOPDVÕ
3LNOHULQWDQÕPODQPDVÕQGDQVRQUDKHVDSODPD\DJHoLOLU&LKD]ÕQHQWHJUDW|USLNLQDODQÕQDJ|UH
KHU\D÷DVLGLQLQELOHúLPLQLRODUDNKHVDSODU$úD÷ÕGDNL|UQHNWHELUVRQXoUDSRUXYHULOPLúWLU
%XUDGD ELULQFL VWXQ SLN QXPDUDODUÕQÕ LNLQFL VWXQ DOÕNRQPD VUHOHULQL oQF VWXQ SLN
DODQÕQÕG|UGQFVWXQSLN\NVHNOL÷LQLVRQVWXQLVHFLKD]ÕQNHQGLSURJUDPÕLOHKHVDSODGÕ÷Õ
GHULúLPED]ÕQGDPDGGH\]GHOHULQLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
Kaynaklar
*QG]7(QVWUPHQWDO$QDOL]*D]L.LWDSHYL$QNDUDV
HollHU6:dHYLUL(GLW|UOHUL:3URI'U(VPD.,/,d3URI'U)LWQDW.g6(2ö/8
$QDOLWLN.LP\D7HPHOOHUL&LOW%LOLP<D\ÕQFÕOÕN$QNDUDV
Anonymous (1990) Fatty acids in oil and fats. In AOAC Official Methods of Analysis,
15th ed., Vol. II, Helrich, K. (ed.), pp 963-964, Virginia
64
C3. Bitkisel <D÷ODUÕQg]JO6R÷XUPD'H÷HUOHULQLQ%HOLUOHQPHVLYH
6DEXQODúPD6D\ÕVÕ7D\LQL
%LWNLVHO<D÷ODUÕQg]JO6R÷XUPD'H÷HUOHULQLQ%HOLUOHQPHVL
øONH
Bu \|QWHP\D÷ODUÕQGLHQYHWULHQGH÷HUOHULQLQEHOLUOLELUo|]JHQLOHo|]OPHVLQGHQVRQUDN|U
o|]JHQ¶H NDUúÕ YH QP GDOJD ER\ODUÕQGD VSHNWURIRWRPHWULN RODUDN EHOLUOHQPHVL
HVDVÕQDGD\DQPDNWDGÕUg]JOVR÷XUPDGH÷HUL\D÷ÕQNDOLWHVLKDNNÕQGDILNLUYHUPekle birlikte
\D÷ÕQ GHSRODQPDVÕ YH RNVLGDV\RQ G]H\L KDNNÕQGD GD ELOJL YHUPHNWHGLU %XQXQ \DQÕ VÕUD
|]HOOLNOH]H\WLQ\D÷ÕQÕQWD÷úLúLQGHGHNXOODQÕODQELUSDUDPHWUHGLU
2. Kimyasallar
øVR-RNWDQYH\DVLNORKHN]DQ6SHNWURIRWRPHWULN|OoPVDIOÕ÷ÕQGDROPDOÕ
3. GereoOHU
Spektrofotometre (UV-VIS), YH QP GDOJD ER\ODUÕQÕ WDUD\DELOPHOL
NYHWOHUFPER\XQGD  %DORQMRMHP/¶OLN  .DUÕúWÕUÕFÕ

Kuartz
4. øúOHP
0.25 g |UQHN P/¶OLN EDORQ MRMH\H WDUWÕOÕU 7DUWÕP ND\GHGLOLU %DORQ MRMH\H X\JXQ o|]F
(iso-RNWDQ YH\D VLNORKHN]DQ D]DU D]DU LODYH HGLOHUHN \D÷ÕQ o|]OPHVL VD÷ODQÕU %DORQ
oL]JLVLQH NDGDU o|]F LOH WDPDPODQÕU 6SHNWURIRWRPHWUHGH RNXPD \DSDELOPHN LoLQ EDORQ
MRMHGHNL NDUÕúÕPÕQ EHUUDN ROPDVÕ úDUWWÕU 6SHNWURIRWRPHWUHGH |QFHOLNOH oDOÕúÕOPDVÕ JHUHNHQ
GDOJD ER\ODUÕ - QP ELOJLVD\DU SURJUDPÕQD JLULOLU 6ÕIÕUODPD LúOHPLQH JHoLOLU .XDUW]
NYHWOHULQKHULNLVLQHo|]HOWLLODYHHGLOLU6SHNWURIRWRPHWUHQLQKHULNL\XYDVÕQDGD\HUOHúWLULOLU
YH VÕIÕUODPD LúOHPL \DSÕOÕU øON \XYDGDNL NXDUW] NYHW oÕNDUWÕOÕU YH EDORQ MRMHGHNL |UQHN
DNWDUÕOÕU2NXPD\DSÕOÕU
2NXPD GH÷HUOHUL - DUDVÕQGD ROPDOÕGÕU (÷HU EX DUDOÕ÷D JHOPL\RU LVH VH\UHOWPH YH\D
\R÷XQODúWÕUPD\DJLGLlir.
5. Hesaplama YHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
E
%1
1cm
KO
AO
cul
%1
= K O 2NXPD\DSÕODQGDOJDER\XQGDNL|]JOVR÷XUPDGH÷HUL
E 1cm
A O 2NXPD\DSÕODQGDOJDER\XQGDNLDEVRUEDQVGH÷HUL
F d|]HOWLQLQNRQVDQtrasyonu (g/100 mL)
O ,úÕN\ROXFP
=H\WLQ\D÷ÕLoLQNXOODQÕODQ¨.¨(GH÷HUL
65
¨. .m-
K m4 K m 4
2
Kaynaklar
AOCS Methods (Ch 5-91)
6DEXQODúPD6D\ÕVÕ
1. øONH
Deneyin prensibi, 1 g \D÷ÕQ VDEXQODúPDVÕ LoLQ JHUHNOL .2+ µLQ PJ RODUDN D÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ RODQ
VDEXQODúPDVD\ÕVÕQÕWHVSLWHWPHNtir. %HOLUOLELUPLNWDU\D÷QXPXQHVL EHOLUOLPLNWDUGDYHD\DUOÕ
ELU DONROO .2+ LOH ND\QDWÕODUDN VDEXQODúWÕUÕOÕU 6DEXQODúPD VRQXQGD .2+ LQ ID]ODVÕ \LQH
ayarOÕELUDVLWo|]HOWLVLLOHWLWUHHGLOHUHNVDEXQODúPDGDNXOODQÕODQ.2+PLNWDUÕEHOLUOHQLU
2. Kimyasallar
Fenol ftalein (% 1 lik Etanolde)  0.1(WDQROO.2+d|]HOWLVL  0.1+&Od|]HOWLVL
3. *HUHoOHU
Hassas laboratuvar terazisi  *HULVR÷XWXFX
4. øúOHP
<DNODúÕNJ|UQHN.JGX\DUOÕOÕNODEDORQDWDUWÕOÕUh]HULQHELUSLSHWOHWDPP/.5 N
HWDQROOX .2+ d|]HOWLVL LODYH HGLOLU *HUL VR÷XWXFX G]HQLQH ED÷ODQÕU YH ]DPDQ ]DPDQ
NDUÕúWÕUÕOPDNVXUHWLLOH\DYDúoDND\QDWÕOÕUVDDWJHULVR÷XWXFXGDND\QDWÕOÕUVDEXQODúPDVÕJo
RODQ ED]Õ \D÷ODU LoLQ EX VUH X]DWÕODELOLU. %DORQ JHUL VR÷XWXFX G]HQH÷LQGHQ DOÕQÕS VÕFDN
KDOGHNLVDEXQo|]HOWLVLQH-5 damla fenol ftalein ilave edilerek 0.5 N HCl ile fenol ftaleinin
NÕUPÕ]Õ UHQJL WDPDPHQ ND\ERODQD NDGDU WLWUH HGLOLU P/ HWDQROO .2+ LOH ELU GH 7DQÕN
GHQH\\DSÕOÕU
5. Hesaplama YHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
6DEXQODúPD6D\ÕVÕ 9k - V) x N x 56.1 / m
Vk 7DQÕNGHQH\GHKDUFDQDQ+&OPLNWDUÕP/
9 gUQHNLoLQKDUFDQDQHCl PLNWDUÕ, mL
P gUQHNPLNWDUÕJ
N = +&O¶LQQRUPDOLWHVL
Kaynaklar
AOCS Methods (Cd 3-25)
66
C4. Sterol Analizi
øONH
øQWHUQDO VWDQGDUWRODUDN NROHVWHUROHNOHQHQ \D÷ HWDQROO SRWDV\XP KLGURNVLWOHVDEXQODúWÕUÕOÕU
VDEXQODúPD\DQ PDGGH GLHWLO HWHUOH HNVWUDNWH HGLOLU 6WHUROOHU VDEXQODúPD\DQ PDGGHGHQ LQFH
WDEDND NURPDWRJUDIL\OH D\UÕOÕS WULPHWLOVLOLO HVWHUOHULQH G|QúWUOS JD] NURPDWRJUDILGH
analiz edilir.
2. Kimyasallar
øQWHUQDO VWDQGDUW NROHVWHURO  1 HWDQROO .2+ J .2+ P/¶OLN GHVWLOH VXGD
o|]OUVR÷XGXNWDQsonra etanolle /¶\HWDPDPODQÕU  Dietil eter  Etanol  Sodyum
VOIDWDQKLGUDW  1HWDQROO.2+J.2+P/¶OLNGHVWLOHVXGDo|]OUHWDQROOH
/¶\H WDPDPODQÕU  Hekzan  Aseton  Kloroform  2,7-dichlorofluoresceinin
¶OLN HWDQROO o|]HOWLVL 
Piridin
 BSTFA (bistrimethylsilyl trifluor
acetamide+%1trimethyl chlorosilane)  5HIHUDQVo|]HOWLȕ-VLWRVWHUROQNORURIRUPGDNL
¶OLNo|]HOWLVL
3. GerHoOHU
PO¶OLNFDPEDORQ  *HULVR÷XWXFX  ,VÕWÕFÕ  $\ÕUPDKXQLVL  Erlen (250 mL) 
7XUQXVROND÷ÕGÕ  Cam balon (250 mL)  0LNURúÕUÕQJD  6SDWO  UV lamba 
1oH HUOHQL  Filtre  :KDWVRQ ILOWUH ND÷ÕGÕ  P/¶OLN URWDU\ EDORQX  Filtre
ND÷ÕGÕ  Vial  9DNXPSRPSDVÕ  øQFHWDEDNDSODNDODUÕîFPPPVLOLND
MHOOH NDSODQPÕú SODNDODU 1 HWDQROOX .2+ o|]HOWLVLQH GDOGÕUÕOÕS VQ EHNOHWLOLU oHNHU
RFDNWDVDDWEHNOHWLOGLNWHQVRQUDƒ&¶OLNHWYGHVDDWNXUXWXOXU
4. øúOHP
DúDPD: 6DEXQODúPD\DQPDGGHQLQD\UÕOPDVÕ
Vakum pomSDVÕQDED÷OÕQoHHUOHQLQHILOWUHWDNÕOÕU\D÷|UQH÷LLoLQGHNLQHPLX]DNODúWÕUPDN
DPDFÕ\ODVXVX]VRG\XPVOIDWWDQJHoLULOLU
Ļ
)LWUHHGLOPLú\DNODúÕNJ|UQHNP/¶OLNEDORQDDOÕQÕU
Ļ
50 mL HWDQROO.2+LODYHHGLOLU
Ļ
4.5-5 mg kolesterol ilave edilir
Ļ
*HULVR÷XWXFX\DWDNÕODUDNVDEXQODúPDJHUoHNOHúLQFH\HNDGDUo|]HOWLEHUUDNODúÕUEHNOHQLU
Ļ
6DEXQODúPDGNGDKDVUGUOU
Ļ
*HULVR÷XWXFX\DP/VXYHULOHUHNEDORQVR÷XWXFXGDQoÕNDUÕOÕU
Ļ
%DORQƒ&¶\HVR÷XWXOXU
Ļ
67
%DORQXQLoHUL÷LP/¶OLND\ÕUPDKXQLVLQHDOÕQÕU
Ļ
%DORQELUNDoGHIDGHVWLOHVX\ODoDONDODQÕUVXD\ÕUPDKXQLVLQHLODYHHGLOLU
Ļ
$\ÕUPDKXQLVLQHP/GLHWLOHWHUHNOHQLUKDILIoHoDONDODQÕUD\ÕUPDEHNOHQLU
Ļ
$OWID]LNLQFLELUD\ÕUPDKXQLVLQHDOÕQÕU-70 mL dietil eter eNOHQLUWHNUDUoDONDODQÕUD\ÕUPD
beklenir
Ļ
$OWID]oQF ELUD\ÕUPDKXQLVLQHDOÕQÕU-P/GLHWLOHWHUHNOHQLUWHNUDUoDONDODQÕU
D\ÕUPDEHNOHQLU
Ļ
$OWID]X]DNODúWÕUÕOÕUVWID]RODUDND\UÕODQVDEXQODúPD\DQPDGGHOHUWHNELUD\ÕUPDKXQLVLQGH
toplanÕU
Ļ
6DEXQODúPD\DQPDGGHGHVWLOHVX\ODQ|WUUHDNVL\RQYHUHQHNDGDU\ÕNDQÕU
Ļ
<ÕNDPDVX\XX]DNODúWÕ÷ÕQGDVDEXQODúPD\DQPDGGHELUHUOHQHDOÕQÕUD\ÕUPDKXQLVLELUNDoNHUH
HWHUOHoDONDODQÕUYHHUOHQHHNOHQLU
Ļ
(UOHQHVRG\XPVOIDWHNOHQLU
Ļ
6RG\XPVOIDWELUILOWUHND÷ÕGÕ\ODILOWUHHGLOLUVDEXQODúPD\DQPDGGHGDUDVÕDOÕQPÕú 250
P/¶OLNEDORQDDOÕQÕU
Ļ
gUQHNWHNLGLHWLOHWHUURWDU\HYRSRUDW|UGHXoXUXOXU|UQHND]RWWDQJHoLULOLU
Ļ
gUQHNƒ&¶GHNLHWYGHGNNXUXWXOXU
Ļ
gUQHNGHVLNDW|UHDOÕQDUDNVR÷XWXOXU
DúDPD: 6WHURO)UDNVL\RQXQXQ$\UÕOPDVÕ
'HVLNDW|UHDOÕQDQEDORQGDNLVDEXQODúPD\DQPDGGHPLNWDUÕWHVSLWHGLOLU
Ļ
6DEXQODúPD\DQPDGGHQLQNORURIRUPGD¶OLNo|]HOWLVLKD]ÕUODQÕU
Ļ
(OGHHGLOHQo|]HOWLPLNURúÕUÕQJDLOHLQFHWDEDNDSODNDVÕQDRODELOGL÷LQFHLQFH VUOU
Ļ
6UPH\DSÕODQo|]HOWLQLQoL]JLQLQVROXQDD\QÕKL]DGDUHIHUDQVVWHUROo|]HOWLVLȕ-sitosterol)
GDPODWÕOÕU
Ļ
3ODNDGHYHORSHWDQNÕQDDOÕQÕU'HYHORSHo|]HOWLVLRUDQÕQGDNLP/¶OLNKHN]DQGLHWLO
HWHUNDUÕúÕPÕQGDQROXúXUSODNDWDQNDDOÕQPDGDQHQD]\DUÕPVDDW|QFHo|]HOWLILOWUHND÷ÕGÕ\OD
ELUOLNWHWDQNDNRQXOPDOÕGÕU
Ļ
d|]HOWLSODNDQÕQVWNÕVPÕQÕQFP\DNÕQÕQDJHOGL÷L]DPDQSODNDWDQNWDQoÕNDUÕOÕU
68
Ļ
3ODNDoHNHURFDNWDELUVUHEHNOHWLOLU
Ļ
Plakaya 2,7-GLFKORURIOXRUHVFHLQo|]HOWLVLVSUHylenir
Ļ
89ODPEDDOWÕQGDUHIHUDQVo|]HOWLVL\OHD\QÕKL]DGDEXOXQDQEDQWLúDUHWOHQLU
Ļ
øúDUHWOHQHQE|OJHGHNLVLOLNDMHOND]ÕQDUDN]HULQGHIÕOWUHEXOXQDQYDNXPSRPSDVÕQDED÷OÕ
QoHHUOHQLQHDOÕQÕU
Ļ
6LOLNDMHOYDNXPDOWÕQGD|QFHP/NORURIRUPVRQUD P/GLHWLOHWHUOH\ÕNDQÕU
Ļ
(OGHHGLOHQo|]HOWLP/¶OLNURWDU\EDORQXQDDOÕQÕU
Ļ
d|]HOWL-P/NDODQDNDGDUURWDU\¶GHEXKDUODúWÕUÕOÕU
Ļ
d|]HOWLGDUDVÕDOÕQPÕúYLDOHDOÕQÕU
Ļ
d|]HOWLD]RWWDQJHoLULOLU
Ļ
%LUNDoGDPODDVHWRQHNOHQHUHNWHNUDUD]RWWDQJHoLULOLU
Ļ
9LDOHWYGHƒ&¶GHGNEHNOHWLOLU
Ļ
'HVLNDW|UHDOÕQDUDNVR÷XWXOXU
DúDPD: Trimetilsililleme
Vialdeki VWHUROPLNWDUÕKHVDSODQÕU
Ļ
+HUPJVWHUROLoLQ—O%67)$SLULGLQNDUÕúÕPÕRUDQÕQGDKD]ÕUODQPÕúHNOHQLU
Ļ
Steroller o|]QQFH\HNDGDUoDONDODQÕU
Ļ
15 dk beklenir
Ļ
%LUNDoGNVDQWULIMHGLOLU
Ļ
d|]HOWLNURPDWRJUDILNDQDOL]HYHULOLU
Kaynaklar
Anonymous. 2001. Determination of the composition and content of sterols by capillary
coloumn
gas
chromatography,
international
olive
oil
council,
COI/T.201DOC.no.10.
69
'(77(.12/2-ø6ø
'D(WYH(WhUQOHULQGHS+$QDOL]L
1. Genel Bilgi
S+ GH÷HUL JHUHN WD]H HW JHUHNVH HW UQOHULQGH |QHPOL ELU NULWHUGLU S+ GH÷HUL NDVWD -7,4
FLYDUÕQGD\NHQ NHVLP VRQUDVÕ PH\GDQD JHOHQ HQ]LPDWLN ROD\ODU VRQXFXQGD EX GH÷HU KÕ]OD
GúHU.HVLPGHQVDDWVRQUDS+WHNUDU\NVHOPH\HEDúODUS+¶QÕQVDDWVRQXQGDXODúDFD÷Õ
GH÷HU HWLQ ROJXQODúPD \XPXúDNOÕN VX ED÷ODPD NDSDVLWHVL úLúPH |]HOOL÷L UHQN WXWPD UHQN
ROXúXPXYHGD\DQÕNOÕOÕNJLELWHNQRORMLN|]HOOLNOHULQL\DNÕQGDQLOJLOHQGLULU
2. øONH
(WYHHWUQQGHNL+L\RQODUÕQÕQVXLoHULVLQGHo|]QPHVLYHNRQVDQWUDV\RQXQXQS+PHWUHLOH
EHOLUOHQPHVLGLU S+ PHWUH LOH |OoP o|]HOWL LOH FDP HOHNWURWXQ LQFH \]H\L DUDVÕQGDNL
SRWDQVL\HOIDUNÕQ|OoOPHVLHVDVÕQD GD\DQÕU
3. Kimyasallar
S+YHWDPSRQo|]HOWLOHUL
4. *HUHoOHU
pH-metre ² 0DQ\HWLNNDUÕúWÕUÕFÕ² 0DQ\HWLNEDOÕN² Beher, 150 mL
5. øúOHP
gUQHNWHS+|OoP\DSÕOPDGDQ|QFHS+-PHWUHQLQS+YHS+WDPSRQEXIIHUo|]HOWLOHUL
LOHNDOLEUHHGLOPHVLJHUHNLU+RPRMHQHW|UQH÷LQGHQJP/¶OLNEHKHUHWDUWÕOÕUh]HULQH
P/GHVWLOHVXLODYHHGLOLU0DQ\HWLNNDUÕúWÕUÕFՁ]HULQH\HUOHúWLULOLU YHLoHULVLQHPDQ\HWLN
EDOÕNNRQXU.DUÕúWÕUPDVÕUDVÕQGDS+HOHNWURGXEHKHUHGDOGÕUÕOÕUYHS+PHWUHJ|VWHUJHVLQGHQ
|UQH÷LQS+GH÷HULRNXQXUYHND\GHGLOLU
Kaynak
AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists,
Washington, DC.
70
'E(WYH(WhUQOHULQGH7LWUDV\RQ$VLWOL÷L$QDOL]L
1. Genel Bilgi
)HUPHQWHHWUQOHULQGHS+¶QÕQGúUOPHVLGROD\ÕVÕ\OD \DSÕROXúXPXYHWDW-NRNXJHOLúLPL
HWWH PHYFXW YH LODYH HGLOHQ NDUERQKLGUDWODUÕQ PHWDEROL]PDVÕ VRQXFX ODNWLN DVLW ROXúXPXQD
ED÷OÕGÕU/DNWLNDVLWROXúXPXVWDUWHUNOWUúHNHUPLNWDUÕYHFLQVLWX]RUDQÕEDKDUDWYHHWLQ
EDúODQJÕoWDNLODNWLNDVLWPLNWDUÕQDED÷OÕRODUDNGH÷LúLU
2. øONH
(WYHHWUQOHULQLQELUED]DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ\ODWLWUHHGLOHELOLUDVLWPLNWDUÕQÕQHWWHHQoRNEXOXQDQDVLW
olan laktik asit cinsinden ifadesidir.
3. Kimyasallar
1D\DUOÕVRG\XPKLGURNVLWo|]HOWLVL1D2+² )HQROILWDOHLQLQGLNDW|U¶OLN
4. *HUHoOHU
%UHWP/² Balon joje, 250 mL ² Erlenmayer, 250 ve 500 mL ² Huni ² Kaba filtre
kk÷ÕGÕ
5. øúOHP
+RPRMHQ HW |UQH÷LQGHQ J KDVVDV RODUDN WDUWÕOÕU YH P/ GHVWLOH VX LoHULVLQGH
o|]QGUOU øoHULN P/¶OLN EDORQ MRMH\H GLNNDWOLFH DNWDUÕOÕU YH oL]JLVLQH WDPDPODQÕU
$UGÕQGDQHUOHQPD\HUHILOWUHHGLOLU
)LOWUDWWDQP/DOÕQDUDNP/¶OLNELUHUOHQPD\HUHDNWDUÕOÕUh]HULQHP/GHVWLOHVXLODYH
HGLOLU)HQROILWDOHLQLQGLNDW|UQGHQ-GDPODGDPODWÕOÕUYHNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU$\DUOÕ11D2+
o|]HOWLVLLOHWLWUHHGLOLUùDKLW|UQHNLoLQP/GHVWLOHVX\DP/GDKDGHVWLOHVXLODYHHGLOir
YHIHQROILWDOHLQHúOL÷LQGH11D2+o|]HOWLVLLOHWLWUHHGLOLU
6. +HVDSODPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
7LWUHHGLOHELOLUDVLWPLNWDUÕODNWLNDVLWFLQVLQGHQRODUDNDúD÷ÕGDNLIRUPOOHKHVDSODQÕU
% asitlik = V x N x 90
M
V : 7LWUDV\RQGDKDUFDQDQ1D2+PLNWDUÕP/
N : 1D2+o|]HOWLVLQLQNHVLQQRUPDOLWHVL
M: gUQHNPLNWDUÕJ
90: /DNWLNDVLWLQPROHNOD÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ
Kaynaklar
AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists,
Washington, DC.
VXUDO+YHg]WDQ$(WYHHWUQOHULNDOLWHNRQWUROODERUDWXYDUÕX\JXODPDNÕODYX]X
+DFHWWHSHhQLY0K)DN<D\ÕQODUÕ1R$QNDUD
71
'D6R÷XN(NVWUDNVL\RQOD<D÷(OGHVL
1. Genel Bilgi
<D÷ODURUJDQL]PDGDGHSR\D÷ODUKFUHLoL\D÷ODUYHKFUHGÕúÕ\D÷ODUROPDN]HUHoúHNLOGH
EXOXQXU(W\D÷ÕGR÷DGDEXOXQDQVHUW\D÷ODUGDQVD\ÕOPDNWDYHEDOÕNYH\DELWNLVHO\D÷ODUDJ|UH
GDKDID]ODGR\PXú\D÷DVLGLLoHUPHNWHGLU9FXW\D÷ÕKD\YDQÕQFLQVLQHYHNDUNDVE|OJHVLQH
J|UHIDNOÕOÕNJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
2. øONH
(WYHHWUQQGHNL\D÷ÕQRUJDQLNDVLWNXOODQÕODUDNHNVWUDNWHHGLOPHVLGLU
3. Kimyasallar
Kloroform/metanol (2/1) ² 6XVX]VRG\XPVOIDW1D624)
4. *HUHoOHU
5RWDU\HYDSRUDW|U² $\ÕUPDKXQLVL² Erlenmayer, 500 mL ² +XQLYHNDEDILOWUHND÷ÕGÕ
² Waring blender ya da Ultraturrax ² Rotary balonu
5. øúOHP
+RPRMHQHW |UQH÷LQGHQJEHKHUHWDUWÕOÕU]HULQHVSDWOVXVX]VRG\XP VOIDW P/
NORURIRUP YH P/ PHWDQRO LODYH HGLOHUHN GDNLND VUH LOH KRPRMHQL]H HGLOLU øoHULN
HUOHQPD\HULoHULVLQHILOWUHHGLOLU6]OPHWDPDPODQGÕNWDQVRQUDILOWUHND÷ÕGÕQGDNDODQNDOÕQWÕ
WHNUDU EHKHUH DNWDUÕOÕU YH D\QÕ LúOHP NHUH GDKD X\JXODQÕU øúOHP VRQXQGD ILOWUDW D\ÕUPD
KXQLVLQHDOÕQÕU
$\ÕUPD KXQLOHUL GúN VÕFDNOÕNWD o& EHNOHWLOHUHN NORURIRUP YH PHWDQRO ID]ÕQÕQ D\UÕPÕ
VD÷ODQÕUhVWWHNDODQPHWDQROID]ÕEHUUDNELUJ|UQPDOGÕ÷ÕQGDEHNOHPHLúOHPLQHVRQYHULOLU
YH DOWWD WRSODQDQ NORURIRUP ID]Õ 5RWDU\ EDORQXQD DOÕQÕU 5RWDU\ HYDSRUDW|UGH NORURIRUP
XoXUXODUDN WRSOD\ÕFÕ WRSODQÕU YH 5RWDU\ EDORQX LoHULVLQGH NDODQ \D÷ NDKYHUHQNOL ELU úLúH\H
DNWDUÕODUDNDQDOL]OHUGHNXOODQÕOPDN]HUHGRQGXUXOXU
(OGHHGLOHQEX\D÷GDQVHUEHVW\D÷DVLWOL÷LNROHVWHUROYHSHURNVLWDQDOL]L\DSÕODELOGL÷LJLEL\D÷
HVWHUOHúWLULOHUHN\D÷DVLWOHULGD÷ÕOÕPÕGDLQFHOHQHELOLU
72
'E6HUEHVW<D÷$VLWOL÷L$QDOL]L
1. Genel Bilgi
<D÷ODUGDEXOXQDQVHUEHVW\D÷DVLWOHULDVLWVD\ÕVÕRODUDNEHOLUWLOGL÷LJLEL\D÷ÕQWLSLQHJ|UHROHLN
DVLWSDOPLWLNDVLWODXULNDVLWPLNWDUÕRODUDNGDYHULOHELOPHNWHGLr.
2. øONH
1XPXQHQLQQ|WUDOL]HHWLODONROLOHPXDPHOHVLYHVRQUDVÕQGDIHQROILWDOHLQLQGLNDW|UHúOL÷LQGH
1D2+LOHWLWUDV\RQXHVDVÕQDGD\DQÕU
3. Kimyasallar
1 D\DUOÕ VRG\XP KLGURNVLW 1D2+ o|]HOWLVL ² 1|WUDOL]H HWLO DONRO o|]HOWLVL ² Fenol
ILWDOHLQLQGLNDW|U¶OLN
4. *HUHoOHU
Erlenmayer, 250 mL ² %UHWP/² 0H]UP/
øúOHP
J \D÷ |UQH÷L HUOHQH DNWDUÕOÕU NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU ÕOÕWÕOÕU YH VÕYÕ IRUPGD WXWXOXU h]HULQH P/
Q|WUDOL]HHGLOPLúHWLODONRONDWÕOÕU)HQROILWDOHLQLQGLNDW|UHúOL÷LQGH11D2+LOHSHPEH
UHQNJ|UOHQHNDGDUWLWUDV\RQDWDELWXWXOXU7LWUDV\RQVÕUDVÕQGDLoHULNúLGGHWOHoDONDODQPDOÕGÕU
+HVDSODPDYH'H÷HUOHQGLUPH
% SYA (Oleik asit) = V x N x 28,2
M
V : +DUFDQDQVRG\XPKLGURNVLWPLNWDUÕP/
N : Sodyum hidroksitin normalitesi
M : <D÷PLNWDUÕJ
28,2 : 2OHLNDVLWLQPLOLHNLYDODQD÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ
Kaynaklar
AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists,
Washington, DC.
9XUDO+YHg]WDQ$(WYHHWUQOHULNDOLWHNRQWUROODERUDWXYDUÕX\JXODPDNÕODYX]X
+DFHWWHSHhQLY0K)DN<D\ÕQODUÕ1R$QNDUDV
73
D2c. (WYH(WhUQOHULQGHTiyobarbiturik Asit (TBARS6D\ÕVÕ$QDOL]L
1. Genel Bilgi
7L\REDUELWXULNDVLW7%$VD\ÕVÕHWYHHWUQOHULQGHNL\D÷ODUGDRWRRNVLGDV\RQVRQXFXROXúDQ
DFÕODúPDQÕQEHOLUOHQPHVLQGHNXOODQÕODQELUNULWHUGLU(WYHHWUQOHULQLQELOHúLPLQGHEXOXQDQ
\D÷ODU VR÷XNWD PXKDID]D \D GD GRQPXú GHSRODPD HVQDVÕQGD RNVLGDWLI UHDNVL\RQODUD PDUX]
NDOPDNWDGÕUODU2NVLGDWLIUHDNVL\RQODUGDEDúOÕFDVXEVWUDWGR\PDPÕú\D÷DVLWOHULYHRNVLMHQGLU
2NVLGDV\RQ UHDNVL\RQODUÕ EDúOÕFD o DúDPDGD JHUoHNOHúPHNWH YH EX UHDNVL\RQODUOD
hidroSHURNVLWOHU SHURNVLWOHU DOGHKLWOHU YH NHWRQODU JLEL RNVLGDV\RQ UQOHUL ROXúPDNWDGÕU
/LSLGRNVLGDV\RQX VRQXFX PH\GDQD JHOHQ DOGHKLWOHUGHQ ELUL PDORQDOGHKLW 0$¶WLU 0$¶LQ
UQGHELULNPHVLRNVLGDV\RQG]H\LQLEHOLUOHPHGH|QHPOLELUNULWHUGLU(WYHHWUQOHULQGH
OLSLW RNVLGDV\RQXQXQ G]H\LQL EHOLUOHPHGH HQ \D\JÕQ NXOODQÕODQ \|QWHP 0$ PLNWDUÕQÕQ
EHOLUOHQPHVLQH GD\DQDQ 7%$ VD\ÕVÕ DQDOL]LGLU 7%$ DQDOL]L LOH PLNWDUÕ EHOLUOHQHQ 0$ o
NDUERQOXELUDOGHKLWWUHYLROXSEXELOHúL÷LQRUWDPGDEXOXQPDG]H\LHWLQRNVLGDV\RQG]H\L
LOHGR÷UXRUDQWÕOÕGÕU
2. øONH
<|QWHP|UQHNWHEXOXQDQPDORQDOGHKLWLQ¶OXN7&$o|]HOWLVLLOHD\UÕOPDVÕ7%$D\ÕUDFÕ
LOH UHDNVL\RQD VRNXODUDN LQNEDV\RQD EÕUDNÕOPDVÕ YH ROXúDQ UHQJLQ \R÷XQOX÷XQXQ
VSHNWURIRWRPHWUHGH|OoOPHVLHVDVÕQD GD\DQÕU
3. Kimyasallar
¶OXN7&$o|]HOWLVL ² PRO/7%$o|]HOWLVL² 1+&Oo|]HOWLVL
¶OXN7&$o|]HOWLVL J7&$WDUWÕOÕUPOVDIVXLoHULVLQGHo|]QGUOUYHo|]HOWL
PO¶OLNEDORQMRMH\HDNWDUÕODUDNVHYL\HVLQHWDPDPODQÕU
0,02 mol/L TBA (2-WKLREDUELWXULFDFLGo|]HOWLVL J7%$PO1+&OLoHULVLQGH
o|]QGUOU YH o|]HOWL PO¶OLN EDORQ MRMH\H DNWDUÕODUDN VHYL\HVLQH 1 +&O LOH
WDPDPODQÕU
1+&Oo|]HOWLVL PO¶OLN+&O¶GHQSLSHWOHDOÕQÕUPO¶OLNEDORQMRMH\HDNWDUÕOÕU
YHVHYL\HVLQHVDIVXLOHWDPDPODQÕU
*HUHoOHU
Whatman No:40 filtre Nk÷ÕGÕ ² Beher, 100 mL ² 9LGDOÕNDSDNOÕFDPWHVWWS
øúOHP
x
x
x
x
JHW|UQH÷LPO¶OXNWULNORUDVHWLNDVLW7&$o|]HOWLVLQGHKRPRMHQL]HHGLOLU
:KDWPDQ 1R NXOODQÕODUDN KRPRMHQL]DW V]OU 6]PH LúOHPLQL NROD\ODúWÕUPDN LoLQ
KRPRMHQL]DWUSP¶GHGDNER\XQFDVDQWULIMHGLOHELOLU
6]QWGHQ PO YLGDOÕ NDSDNOÕ FDP WHVW WSOHULQH DOÕQÕU h]HULQH PO PRO/
GHULúLPLQGHNL 7%$ o|]HOWLVLQGHQ LODYH HGLOLU .|U RODUDN PO VDI VX YH PO 7%$
o|]HOWLVLNXOODQÕOÕU
.DUÕúÕPYRUWH[OHQLUYHGDNER\XQFD&¶GHNLVXEDQ\RVXQGDEHNOHWLOLU
74
x
6UHVRQXQGDWSOHUVR÷XNVXEDQ\RVXQGDKÕ]ODVR÷XWXOXUYHQP¶GHN|UHNDUúÕRNXPD
\DSÕOÕU
6. HesaplaPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
6SHNWURIRWRPHWUHGHQ RNXQDQ DEVRUEDQV GH÷HUL 1,3,3-WHWUDHWK\R[\SURSDQH 7(3 D\ÕUDFÕ
NXOODQÕODUDN oL]LOHQ NXUYH \DUGÕPÕ LOH EHOLUOHQHQ IRUPOGH \HULQH NRQXODUDN HW |UQH÷LQGHNL
PDORQDOGHKLWPLNWDUÕPJPDORQGLDOGHK\GH0$NJ|UQHNRODUDNKHVDSODQÕU %XGH÷HU7%$
VD\ÕVÕRODUDNLIDGHHGLOPHNWHGLU
C= (ABS - 0,007) / 0,702
TBARS (mg MA/kg et) = (60*C) / M
$EVVSHNWURGDQHOGHHGLOHQDEVRUEDQVGH÷HUL
6H\UHOWPHIDNW|U
&7(3NXUYHVLQGHQEXOXQDQ0$PLNWDU՗JPO
0$QDOL]HDOÕQDQ|UQHNPLNWDUÕ
Kaynak
Mielnik M.B., Olsen E., Vogt G., Adeline D. andSkrede G. 2006. Grape seed extract as
antioxidant in cooked cold stored turkey meat. LWT, Food Science and Technolgy,
39; 191-198.
75
D3a. (WYH(WhUQOHULQGH%D÷'RNX0LNWDUÕ(Hidroksiprolin-HP) Analizi
1. Genel Bilgi
(WWHYH\DHWUQQGHEXOXQDQSURWHLQLQGH÷HULELOHúLPLQHJLUHQDPLQRDVLWOHULQPLNWDUÕQDYH
oHúLGLQH ED÷OÕGÕU )DNDW SURWHLQ PLNWDUÕ SURWHLQ NDOLWHVLQLQ EHOLUOHQPHVL LoLQ \HWHUOL GH÷LOGLU
%D÷ GRNX NRQQHNWLI GRNX YFXGXQ oHúLWOL NÕVÕPODUÕQÕ ELUELULQH ED÷OD\DQ YFXGX NLWOH
KDOLQGHWXWDQGRNXGXU(WYHHWUQOHULLoHULVLQGHEXOXQDQED÷GRNXND\QDNOÕSURWHLQRUDQÕQÕQ
EHOLUOHQPHVL HW WHNQRORMLVLQGH NDOLWH YH WHNQRORMLN DoÕODUGDQ |QHPOLGLU $\UÕFD ED÷ GRNX
proteinOHULYFXWWDUDIÕQGDQVLQGLULOHPHGL÷LLoLQEL\R\DUDUOÕOÕNODUÕGúNWUYHUQQEHVLQVHO
NDOLWHVLQLQEHOLUOHQPHVLEDNÕPÕQGDQGD|QHPWDúÕU
.ROODJHQ ED÷ GRNX\X ROXúWXUDQ WHPHO \DSÕ PDGGHVLGLU %X SURWHLQL ROXúWXUDQ DPLQRDVLWOHU
LoHULVLQGH KLGURNVLSUROLQ VDGHFH ED÷ GRNX\D |]J ELU DPLQRDVLWWLU .ROODJHQ SURWHLQLQGH
KLGURNVLSUROLQ RUDQÕ VDELWWLU YH RUDQÕ ¶GLU %X VD\HGH ELU HWWH YH\D HW UQQGH
KLGURNVLSUROLQ PLNWDUÕ EHOLUOHQHUHN KDP SURWHLQGHNL NROODJHQ ED÷ GRNX PLNWDUÕ EHOLUOHQHELOLU
ve etin proteiQNDOLWHVLGH÷HUOHQGLULOHELOLU
2. øONH
gUQHNWHEXOXQDQDPLQRDVLWOHULQ6Q&O2 ve H2SO4 HúOL÷LQGHoC'de 16 saat hidrolize edilerek
VÕYÕ ID]D JHoLULOPHVL GDKD VRQUD S+ GH DONDOL EDNÕU VOIDWOÕ RUWDPGD KLGURNVLSUROLQ
aminoasidinin H2O2 ile oksitlenmesLRNVLWOHQPHUQQQS-dimetilaminobenzaldehit ile sulu
VOILULNDVLWOLRUWDPGDYHUGL÷LSHPEHUHQJLQRSWLN\R÷XQOX÷XQXQ|OoOPHVLGLU
3. Kimyasallar
Saf kalay-II-NORUU 6Q&O2)  6 N 6OIULN DVLW o|]HOWLVL +2SO4)  3 N 6OIULN DVLW
o|]HOWLVL +2SO4)  0,05 M %DNÕU VOIDW o|]HOWLVL &X624.5H2O)  ¶OÕN Hidroperoksit
o|]HOWLVL+2O2)  3,5 N 6RG\XPKLGURNVLWo|]HOWLVL1D2+ ¶ONSodyum hidroksit
o|]HOWLVL 1D2+  'R\PXú 6RG\XP ELNDUERQDW o|]HOWLVL 1D+&23) ø]RSURSLO DONROGH
KD]ÕUODQPÕú¶OLN p-GLPHWLODPLQREHQ]DOGHKLWo|]HOWLVLø]RSURSLODONRO
*HUHoOHU
Spektrofotometre.XUXWPD GRODEÕ (WY 7HUPRVWDWOÕ VX EDQ\RVX Erlenmayer, 250
mLgOoOEDORQODUÕYHP/¶OLNPipetler .DEDILOWUHNk÷ÕGÕ
øúOHP
x
x
x
x
x
x
.Õ\PD oHNLOHUHN KRPRMHQ KDOH JHWLULOHQ |UQHNWHQ P/¶OLN HUOHQPD\HU LoHULVLQH J
WDUWÕOÕUh]HULQHJUDP6Q&O2 ve 35 mL 6 N H2SO4 ilave edilir.
(UOHQLQD÷]ÕVDDWFDPÕ\ODNDSDWÕODUDNo&
GHNXUXWPDGRODEÕQGDVDDWKLGUROL]HGLOLU
2GD VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQD NDGDU VR÷XWXOGXNWDQ VRQUD ON 1D2+ YH GR\PXú 1D+&23
o|]HOWLOHULNXOODQÕODUDNS+
HD\DUODQÕU
+LGUROL]DWP/¶OLNELU|OoEDORQXQDDNWDUÕOÕUYHVDIVXLOHoL]JLVLQHWDPDPODQÕU(QD]
GDNLNDHQoRNJQo&VÕFDNOÕNWDEHNOHWLOLU
øoHULN ELUHUOHQLoHULVLQHNDEDILOWUHND÷ÕGÕQGDQILOWUHHGLOLU
%XV]QWGHQYH\D¶OLNVH\UHOWPHOHU\DSÕOÕU6]QWGHQP/DOÕQDUDNGHVWLOH
VXLOHP/¶\HVH\UHOWLOLU
76
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
+HU VH\UHOWLGHQ P/ DOÕQDUDN D\UÕ D\UÕ P/
OLN |Oo EDORQODUÕQD SLSHWOHQLU $\UÕFD
úDKLW GHQH\ LoLQ P/ GHVWLOH VX P/
OLN |Oo EDORQODUÕQD SLSHWOHQLU %X DúDPDGDQ
VRQUDDúD÷ÕGDNLLúOHPOHUVÕUDVÕ\ODX\JXODQÕU
gUQHN YH GHVWLOH VX LoHUHQ |OoO EDORQODUD P/ 0 &X624 o|]HOWLVL HNOHQHUHN
NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
h]HULQHP/11D2+o|]HOWLVLLODYHHGLOHUHNNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
h]HULQH P/ OÕN +2O2 o|]HOWLVL LODYH HGLOHUHN NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU N|SUPH\L YH WDúPD\Õ
|QOHPHNLoLQ+2O2 o|]HOWLVL\DYDúoDLODYHHGLOPHOLGLU
.|SUPH ELWLQFH EDORQODUÕQ NDSDNODUÕ VÕNÕFD NDSDWÕODUDN oC deki su banyosunda 10
GDNLNDEHNOHWLOLUNDSDNODUDUDVÕUDDoÕODUDNELULNPLúJD]oÕNDUÕOPDOÕGÕU6XEDQ\RVXQGDQ
oÕNDUÕODUDNPXVOXNVX\XDOWÕQGDVR÷XWXOXU
h]HULQHP/1+2SO4 LODYHHGLOLUYHUHQNEHUUDNODúÕQFD\DNDGDUNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
h]HULQHP/¶OLNSara-GLPHWLODPLQREHQ]DOGHKLWo|]HOWLVLLODYHHGLOLUL\LFHNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
ve balonlar 75 o&
GHNL VX EDQ\RVXQGD GDNLND EHNOHWLOLU 6UH VRQXQGD PXVOXN VX\X
DOWÕQGDVR÷XWXOXU(NVLOPHOHUYDUVDQ-SURSLODONROOHP/¶\HWDPDPODQÕUYHNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
d|]HOWLOHULQ DEVRUEDQVODUÕ QP GDOJD ER\XQGD úDKLGH NDUúÕ VÕIÕUODQDQ
VSHNWURIRWRPHWUHGH RNXQXU gUQHNWHNL KLGURNVLSUROLQ PLNWDUÕ VWDQGDUW NXUYHGHQ
KHVDSODQÕU
5.1. 6WDQGDUWNXUYHQLQKD]ÕUODQPDVÕ
x
x
x
gQFHGHQ o&
GH VDDW NXUXWXODQ VDI KLGURNVLSUROLQGHQ PJ GX\DUOÕ ELU úHNLOGH
WDUWÕODUDN P/¶OLN |Oo EDORQXQD DNWDUÕOÕU YH GHVWLOH VX LOH oL]JLVLQH WDPDPODQÕU %X
o|]HOWLP/
VLQGHPJKLGURNVLSUROLQLoHUPHNWHGLU
+DFPLP/RODQDGHW|OoOEDORQDVÕUDVÕ\OD\XNDUÕGDNLo|]HOWLGHQ
ve 10 m/ SLSHWOHQLU +HU ELUL GHVWLOH VX LOH P/¶\H WDPDPODQÕU %X o|]HOWLOHU P/
GH VÕUDVÕ\OD YH PJ KLGURNVLSUROLQ
LoHUPHNWHGLUOHU
+DFPL P/ RODQ DGHW |OoO EDORQD \XNDUÕGDNL VH\UHOWLOHUGHQ VÕUDVÕ\OD mL
SLSHWOHQLU0DGGHYHVÕUDVÕ\ODX\JXODQÕU(OGHHGLOHQDEVRUEDQVODU
YHo|]HOWLOHULQNRQVDQWUDV\RQODUÕNXOODQÕODUDNVWDQGDUWNXUYHKD]ÕUODQÕU
6. +HVDSODPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
gUQHNPLNWDUÕJVH\UHOWPHRUDQÕLVH
1. HP PJJ >[6WDQGDUWNXUYHGHQEXOXQDQ+3PLNWDUÕPJPO@
2. % HP (g/100 g) = [(HP, mg/100 g) / 1000]
3. Ham proteindeki HP %'si = [(% HP x 100) / % Ham protein]
+DPSURWHLQGHNLNROODJHQED÷GRNX
VL +DPSURWHLQGHNL+3
VL[
Kaynaklar
$QRQLP6DODPVWDQGDUGÕ767UN6WDQGDUWODUÕ(QVWLWV$QNDUD
$QRQLP6RVLVVWDQGDUGÕ767UN6WDQGDUWODUÕ(QVWLWV$QNDUD
$QRQLP7UNVXFX÷XVWDQGDUGÕ767UN6WDQGDUWODUÕ(QVWLWV$QNDUD
*|NDOS+<.D\D07OHN<YH=RUEDg(WYHHWUQOHULQGHNDOLWHNRQWUROYH
ODERUDWXYDUX\JXODPDNODYX]X$WDWUNhQLY<D\ÕQODUÕ1R$WDWUNhQLY=LUDDW
)DNOWHVL2IVHW7HVLVL(U]XUXPV
9XUDO + g]WDQ $ (W YH hUQOHUL .DOLWH .RQWURO /DERUDWXYDUÕ 8\JXODPD .ÕODYX]X
+DFHWWHSHhQLY0K)DN<D\ÕQODUÕ1R$QNDUDV
77
'E(WYH(WhUQOHULQGH6X7XWPD.DSDVLWHVL$QDOL]L
1. Genel Bilgi
6XHWWHHQoRNEXOXQDQELOHúHQGLU(WWHEXOXQDQVXHWLQJHYUHNOLNNXUXOXNUHQNWDWYHNRNX
|]HOOLNOHULQL HWNLOHPHNWHGLU 6X WXWPD NDSDVLWHVL LVH HW X\JXODQDQ NHVPH NÕ\PD SUHVOHPH
YH\D ÕVÕO LúOHP JLEL X\JXODPDODU VUHVLQFH HW WDUDIÕQGDQ WXWXODELOHQ VX PLNWDUÕGÕU .DV
GRNXQXQ VX WXWPD NDSDVLWHVL QH NDGDU D] LVH VDNODPD VUHVLQFH \]H\GHQ R NDGDU ID]OD VX
EXKDUODúÕUYHD÷ÕUOÕNND\EÕID]ODROXU
<|QWHPLQøONHVL
$QDOL]LQ LONHVL D] PLNWDUGDNL HW |UQH÷LQLQ EHOLUOL NRúXOODUGD VDQWULIMOHQPHVL YH LON D÷ÕUOÕ÷D
J|UHRUDQÕQEHOLUOHQPHVLGLU
*HUHoOHU
6DQWULIM± 6DQWULIMWS± Pamuk ± Hassas terazi
øúOHP
(WOHUNSúHNOLQGHîîPPER\XWODUÕQGDNHVLOLUYHƒ&GHGNUFI¶GHVDQWULIM
edilir (Hashizawa et al., 2013).
.
+HVDSODPDYHGH÷HUOHQGLUPH
Su tutma kapasitesi (STK) \DSÕGDQD\UÕODQVXPLNWDUՁ]HULQGHQEHOLUOHQLUYHDúD÷ÕGDNLúHNLOGH
KHVDSODQÕU
67. PPî
P HWLQLOND÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ
P HWLQVDQWULIMVRQUDVÕD÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ
Kaynak
Hashizawa Y., Kubota M., Kadowaki M., Fujimura S. 2013. Effect of dietary vitamin E on
broiler meat qualities, color, water-holding capacity and shear force value, under heat
stress conditions. Animal Science Journal 84:732-736. DOI: 10.1111/asj.12079.
78
'D (W YH (W hUQOHULQGH 5HQN gOoP YH .U 3LJPHQW
1LWUR]RP\RJORELQ0LNWDUÕ$QDOL]L
1. Genel Bilgi
(WYHHWUQOHULQGHUHQN|OoP+XQWHUUHQNVLVWHPLQLWHPHODODQ0LQROWDFLKD]ÕNXOODQÕODUDN
\DSÕODELOLU%XDPDoODG]JQELUNHVLW\]H\LRODFDNúHNLOGHKD]ÕUODQDQHW|UQHNOHULQLQHQD]
IDUNOÕQRNWDVÕQGDQ|OoP\DSÕOÕU(OGHHGLOHQL* GH÷HULDoÕNOÕN-koyuluk, a* GH÷HULNÕUPÕ]ÕOÕN
ve b* GH÷HULLVHVDUÕOÕ÷ÕQJ|VWHUJHVLGLU(WWHNUOHPHSURVHVLQLQWDPRODUDNDQODúÕODELOPHVLLoLQ
GHHWSLJPHQWOHULQLQYHNUOHPHVÕUDVÕQGDROXúDQUHDNVL\RQODUÕQELOLQPHVLJHUHkmektedir. En
JHQHOLIDGHLOHQLWURVRP\RJORELQNUOHQPLúHWUQOHULQLQUHQNSLJPHQWLROXSQLWULNRNVLWLOH
P\RJORELQLQELUOHúPHVLVRQXFXROXúXU
2. øONH
Nitrosomyoglobinin aseton-VX NDUúÕPÕQGD o|]QGUOPHVL YH UHQN \R÷XQOX÷XQX
VSHNWURIRWRPHWULNRODUDN|OoOPHVLGLU
3. Kimyasal
Aseton
4. *HUHoOHU
.DKYHUHQNOLFDPúLúH² Erlenmayer, 100 mL ² Filtre Nk÷ÕGÕ ² Huni ² Spektrofotometre
5. øúOHP
10 g HW|UQH÷LWDUWÕODUDNNDKYHUHQNOLFDPúLúH\HDNWDUÕOÕUh]HULQHP/DVHWRQYHP/VDI
VXLODYHHGLOHUHNGDNLNDVUHLOHKÕ]ODoDONDODQÕUYHVRQUDVÕQGDV]OU6]QWQP¶GH
N|UHNDUúÕP/DVHWRQYHP/VDIVXLoHUHQRNXQXU
6. Hesaplama ve GH÷HUOHQGLUPH
(OGH HGLOHQ DEVRUEDQV GH÷HUOHUL NDWVD\ÕVÕ LOH oDUSÕODUDN QLWRURVRP\RJORELQ PLNWDUÕ SSP
FLQVLQGHQKHVDSODQÕU
Kaynak
9XUDO+YHg]WDQ$(WYHHWUQOHULNDOLWHNRQWUROODERUDWXYDUÕX\JXODPDNÕODYX]X
+DFHWWHSHhQLY0K)DN<D\ÕQODUÕ1R$QNDUD
79
'E(WhUQOHULQGH.DOÕQWÕ1LWULW$QDOL]L
1. Genel Bilgi
(WUQOHULQGHNDOÕFÕHWUHQJLQLQROXúWXUXODELOPHVLLoLQNUOHPHSURVHVLQGHQLWULWYHQLWUDWODUÕQ
VRG\XP YH SRWDV\XP WX]ODUÕ NXOODQÕOÕU 1LWUDW UQH LODYH edildikten sonra nitrat indirgeyen
EDNWHULOHUWDUDIÕQGDQQLWULWHLQGLUJHQLU1LWULWLVHHQ]LPDWLNYHNLP\DVDO \ROODSDUoDODQDUDNHW
UQOHULQGHDU]XHGLOHQUHQJLQROXúPDVÕQÕVD÷ODUùHNLO
Potasyum nitrat (KNO3ĺPLNURRUJDQL]PDODUWDUDIÕQGDQLQGLUJHQPHĺQLWULW.122)
ļ+122 + K+
KNO2 + H+
ļ12O3 + H2O
2HNO2
N2O3
ļ12122
12PL\RJORELQĺ12-miyoglobin
ùHNLO .UOHQPLúHWUQOHULQGHQLWUDWÕQLQGLUJHQPHPHNDQL]PDVÕ+RQLNHO
1LWULW LQVDQODU WDUDIÕQGDQ WNHWLOPHVLQH L]LQ YHULOHQ WHN WRNVLN PDGGH ROGX÷X LoLQ NXOODQÕPÕ
NDWÕ NXUDOODUD ED÷ODQPÕúWÕU YH \DVDO G]HQOHPHOHU JHWLULOPLúWLU <DVDO G]HQOHPHOHU NDOÕQWÕ
QLWULW NDYUDPÕQÕ RUWD\D oÕNDUPÕúWÕU .DOÕQWÕ QLWULW UQH ID]OD PLNWDUGD LODYH HGLOHQ QLWULWLQ
HQ]LPDWLNRODUDNSDUoDODQPDGDQUQGHNDODQPLNWDUÕRODUDNWDQÕPODQÕU
øONH
1XPXQH VÕFDN VX LOH HNVWUDNWH HGLOLU SURWHLQOHU o|NWUOU YH V]OU gUQHNWHNL QLWULW
V]QW\H LODYH HGLOHQ VOIDQLODPLG YH 1- QDIWLOHWLOHQGLDPLQ GLKLGURNORUU LOH NÕUPÕ]Õ UHQN
ROXúWXUXUYHEXUHQJLQ\R÷XQOX÷XQPGDOJDER\XQGDVSHNWURIRWRPHWULNRODUDN|OoOU
3. Kimyasallar
$\ÕUDo ,: %LU PLNWDU VXGD J SRWDV\XP IHUURVL\DQU WULKLGUDW .4Fe(CN)63H2O)
o|]QGUOUYHVXLOH/
\HWDPDPODQÕU
$\ÕUDo,,%LUPLNWDUVXGDJoLQNR DVHWDWGLKLGUDW=Q&+3COO)22H2O) 30 mL glasiyel
DVHWLNDVLWOHo|]QGUOUYHVXLOH/
\HWDPDPODQÕU
'R\PXúERUDNVo|]HOWLVL: Disodyum tetraborat dekahidrat (Na2B4O710H22
WDQJWDUWÕOÕUYH
/ÕOÕNVXLoHULVLQGHo|]QGUOURGDVÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQDVR÷XWXOXU
6RG\XPQLWULWVWDQGDUWo|]HOWLOHUL
Stok 1: Sodyum nitrit (NaNO2
WHQ J WDUWÕODUDN P/
OLN |Oo EDORQXQD DNWDUÕOÕU <HWHUL
NDGDUVXLOHo|]QGUOUYHoL]JLVLQH WDPDPODQÕU
Stok 2 6WRN o|]HOWLVLQGHQ P/ DOÕQÕU YH /
OLN |Oo EDORQXQD DNWDUÕOÕU VX LOH oL]JLVLQH
WDPDPODQÕU
6WRN o|]HOWLVLQGHQ SLSHWOH DOÕQDQ P/ P/ P/ P/ YH P/
OLN NÕVÕPODU P/
OLN|OoEDORQODUÕQDDNWDUÕOÕUYHVXLOHoL]JLOHULQHWDPDPODQÕU%XVWDQGDUWo|]HOWLOHUP/
GH
VÕUDVÕ\OD—J—J—J—JYH—JVRG\XP QLWULWLoHULU6WDQGDUWo|]HOWLOHUYH
EXQODUÕQ KD]ÕUODQPDVÕQGD NXOODQÕODQ VWRN VRG\XP QLWULW o|]HOWLVL JO NXOODQÕODFDNODUÕ
JQGHWD]HRODUDNKD]ÕUODQPDOÕGÕU
80
5HQNROXúXPXLoLQJHUHNOLNLP\DVDOODU
d|]HOWL ,: Sulfanilamid (NH2C6H4SO2NH2
GHQ J WDUWÕOÕU YH P/ VXGD VX EDQ\RVXQGD
ÕVÕWÕODUDN o|]OU VR÷XWXOXU *HUHNL\RUVD V]OU ]HULQH P/ KLGURNORULN DVLW +&O
d20=1,19) ilave edilir ve VXLOH/
\HWDPDPODQÕU
d|]HOWL ,,: N-1-QDIWLOHWLOHQGLDPLQ GLKLGURNORUU &10H7NHCH2CH2NH22HCl)'den 0,25 g
WDUWÕOÕU YH P/
OLN |Oo EDORQXQD DNWDUÕOÕU 6X LOH o|]QGUOHUHN oL]JLVLQH WDPDPODQÕU
d|]HOWL D÷]Õ VÕNÕFD NDSDWÕODELOHQ NR\X UHQNOL ELU úLúHGH VDNODQÕU %X o|]HOWL EX]GRODEÕQGD HQ
oRNELUKDIWDGHSRODQDELOLU
d|]HOWL ,,,: 'HULúLN KLGURNORULN DVLW +&O G20 WHQ P/ DOÕQÕU YH VX LOH /
\H
WDPDPODQÕU
*HUHoOHU
.Õ\PDPDNLQHVLYH\DURERW  Analitik terazi  gOoEDORQODUÕ 100 mL, 200 mL ve 1000
mL'lik  Spektrofotometre  Pipetler  Kaynar su banyosu  .DED ILOWUH ND÷ÕGÕ (nitrit
LoHUPH\HQ Erlen, 300 mL'lik
øúOHP
gUQHNKD]ÕUODPD
<DNODúÕN J |UQHN KRPRMHQ KDOH JHWLULOLU YH EHNOHWLOPHGHQ DQDOL]H DOÕQÕU +D]ÕUODQDQ
|UQHNWHQJGX\DUOÕOÕNWDJWDUWÕOÕUYHP/
OLNHUOHQHDNWDUÕOÕU
3URWHLQOHULQX]DNODúWÕUÕOPDVÕ
x
x
x
x
(UOHQHDOÕQDQ|UQHN]HULQHVÕUDVÕ\ODP/GR\PXúERUDNVo|]HOWLVLYH P/VÕFDNVX
VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕHQD]o&NDWÕOÕU
(UOHQND\QDUVXEDQ\RVX]HULQGHEHOLUOLDUDOÕNODUODoDONDODQDUDNGDNLNDÕVÕWÕOÕU
(UOHQYHLoHUL÷LNHQGLKDOLQGHEÕUDNÕODUDNRGDVÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQDVR÷XWXOXUYH]HULQHVÕUDVÕ\OD
P/ $\ÕUDo , YH P/ $\ÕUDo ,, NDWÕOÕU +HU D\ÕUDo NDWÕOPDVÕQGDQ VRQUD o|]HOWL L\LFH
NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
(UOHQ YH LoHUL÷L P/
OLN |Oo EDORQXQD DNWDUÕOÕU 6X LOH oL]JLVLQH WDPDPODQÕU 2GD
VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD GDNLND EHNOHWLOLU gOo EDORQXQXQ VW NÕVPÕQGD NDODQ VÕYÕ ID]Õ GLNNDWOH
ILOWUHND÷ÕGÕQGDQV]HUHNEHUUDNELUo|]HOWLHOGHHGLOLU
6SHNWURIRWRPHWULN|OoP
x
x
x
x
6]QWGHQ P/ SLSHWOH DOÕQÕU P/
GHQ oRN ROPDPDOÕGÕU YH P/
OLN |Oo
EDORQXQDDNWDUÕOÕU<DNODúÕNP/KDFLPHOGHHWPHN]HUHVXNDWÕOÕU
h]HULQH VÕUDVÕ\OD P/ d|]HOWL , YH \DNODúÕN P/ d|]HOWL ,,, NDWÕOÕU YH NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
.DUÕúÕPNDUDQOÕNELU\HUGHYHRGDVÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGDGDNLNDNHQGLKDOLQGHEHNOHWLOLU
P/ o|]HOWL ,, NDWÕOÕU NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU YH NDUDQOÕNWD RGD VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD -10 dakika bekletilir.
6RQUDVXLOHoL]JLVine seyreltilir.
d|]HOWLQLQRSWLN\R÷XQOX÷XFPRSWLN\ROOXVSHNWURNYHWLNXOODQÕODUDNQP
\HD\DUOÕ
VSHNWURIRWRPHWUHGH|OoOU
Not: 'HQH\ |UQH÷LQGHQ HOGH HGLOHQ o|]HOWLQLQ DEVRUEDQVÕ HQ \NVHN NRQVDQWUDV\RQD VDKLS
VWDQGDUWo|]HOWLQLQDEVRUEDQVÕQGDQ\NVHNLVHSLSHWOHDOÕQDQV]QWKDFPLD]DOWÕODUDNLúOHP
tekrar edilmelidir.
81
6WDQGDUWNXUYHQLQKD]ÕUODQPDVÕ
x
x
x
$OWÕDGHWP/
OLN|OoEDORQXQDSLSHWOH
DUP/VXYHEHúD\UÕVWDQGDUWVRG\XPQLWULW
o|]HOWLVLQGHQ P/
GH —J —J —J —J —J YH —J QLWULW LoHUHQ DU P/
konur.
gOo EDORQODUÕQD \DNODúÕN P/ VX LODYH HGLOLU YH UHQN |OoP DúDPDVÕQGDNL YH QROXLúOHPOHUVÕUDVÕ\ODX\JXODQÕU%XVWDQGDUWo|]HOWLOHUP/
GHVÕUDVÕ\OD—J—J
—J—J—JYH—JQLWULWLoHULU
2NXPDGH÷HUOHULYHNRQVDQWUDV\RQODUJUDIL÷HDNWDUÕODUDNVWDQGDUWNXUYHoL]LOLU
6. +HVDSODPDYH'H÷HUOHQGLUPH
1XPXQHGHNL QLWULW PLNWDUÕ % NLORJUDPGD PJ VRG\XP QLWULW RODUDN DúD÷ÕGDNL IRUPOOH
KHVDSODQÕU
B= [( c x 20000 / (m x V)]
B: 1XPXQHGHNLQLWULWPLNWDUÕPJNJ
P'HQH\QXPXQHVLPLNWDUÕJ
96SHNWURIRWRPHWULN|OoPLoLQDOÕQDQ|UQHNV]QWKDFPLP/
F 'HQH\ QXPXQHVLQGHQ KD]ÕUODQDQ o|]HOWLQLQ DEVRUEDQV GH÷HULQL NDUúÕOD\DQ YH NDOLEUDV\RQ
H÷ULVLQGHQEXOXQDQVRG\XPQLWULWPLNWDU՗JP/RODUDN
Kaynaklar
$QRQLP6DODPVWDQGDUGÕ767UN6WDQGDUWODUÕ(QVWLWV$QNDUD
$QRQLP6RVLVVWDQGDUGÕ767UN6WDQGDUWODUÕ(QVWLWV$QNDUD
$QRQLP7UNVXFX÷XVWDQGDUGÕ767UN6WDQGDUWODUÕ(QVWLWV$QNDUD
Honikel, K.O. 2008. The use and control of nitrate and nitrite for the processing of meat
products. Meat Science, 78, 68-76.
*|NDOS+.D\D0=RUEDg(WhUQOHULøúOHPH0KHQGLVOL÷L$WDWUNhQLYHUVLWHVL
=LUDDW)DNOWHVL2IVHW7HVLVL(U]XUXPV
g]WDQ$(W%LOLPLYH7HNQRORMLVL7002%*ÕGD0KHQGLVOHUL2GDVÕ.LWDSODU6HULVL
No:1. Ankara, 495 s.
6D÷ODPg)7UN*ÕGD0HY]XDWÕdHYUHYH6D÷OÕN+L]PHWOHUL6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW/WG
ùWL Ankara, 716 s.
9XUDO + g]WDQ $ (W YH hUQOHUL .DOLWH .RQWURO /DERUDWXYDUÕ 8\JXODPD .ÕODYX]X
+DFHWWHSHhQLY0K)DN<D\ÕQODUÕ1R$QNDUDV
82
E. )(50$17$6<217(.12/2-ø6ø
(7XUúXhUHWLPLYHø]OHQPHVL
1. Genel Bilgi
1.1. 7DQÕPYH Kapsam
"*ÕGD 7]÷" ve "7UN 6WDQGDUWODUÕ (QVWLWV¶ QQ LOJLOL VWDQGDUWODUÕQGDNL WDQÕPODUÕQGD
WXUúX"6LUNHYH\DVDODPXUDWX]OXVXLoLQGHNLODNWLNDVLWIHUPDQWDV\RQXLOHYH\DVXODQGÕUÕOPÕú
DVHWLN DVLW LoLQGH ROXúDQ UQOHUGLU" úHNOLQGH WDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU %X WDQÕPODPDGD VHE]H YH
PH\YHOHULQVDODPXUDLoLQGHYH\DVLUNHOLVDODPXUDGDYH\DVXODQGÕUÕOPÕúDVHWLNDVLWOLVDODPXUD
LoLQGH ODNWLN DVLW IHUPDQWDV\RQX V|] NRQXVXGXU 6RQ \ÕOODUGD |]HOOLNOH ¶OL \ÕOODUGDQ
itibaren artan bir hÕ]OD WXUúX UHWLPL GR÷UXGDQ WD]H UQGHQ VLUNHOL-VDODPXUDOÕ RODUDN YH
IHUPDQWDV\RQ \DSÕOPDNVÕ]ÕQ GD KD]ÕUODQDELOPHNWHGLU .RUQLúRQ WLSL KÕ\DU WXUúXVX UHWLPLQGH
EX \|QWHP oRN \D\JÕQODúPÕúWÕU 'L÷HU ONHOHUGH KÕ\DU WXUúXVX UHWLPLQLQ E\N E|OP EX
úHNLOGH WD]H KÕ\DUODUGDQ UHWLOPHNWHGLU )HUPDQWDV\RQ LOH UHWLOHQ KÕ\DU WXUúXVX PLNWDUÕ
D]DOPÕúWÕUhONHPL]GH|]HOOLNOHLKUDFDWD\|QHOLNUHWLPGDKDoRNWD]HUQGHQROPDNWDGÕU
1.2. 7XUúXhUHWLPLQGH.XOODQÕODQ0H\YHYH6HE]HOHU
7XUúXUHWLPGHNXOODQÕODQEDúOÕFDVHE]HYHPH\YHOHULQOLVWHVLdL]HOJH¶GHYHULOPLúWLU
Sebzeler
Meyveler
+Õ\DU%LEHU/DKDQD
(ULNùHIWDOL.D\ÕVÕ
+DYXo<HúLOGRPDWHV7D]HIDVXO\H
h]P.LUD]%DGHP
Kereviz, Karnabahar, Bamya
$UPXW9LúQH.Õ]ÕOFÕN
7XUúXhUHWLPLQGH.XOODQÕODQ <DUGÕPFÕ0DGGHOHU
7XUúX UHWLPLQGH HQGVWUL\HO RODUDN NXOODQÕODQ \DUGÕPFÕ PDGGHOHUL WX] VX DQWLRNVLGDQ
PDGGHOHU DQWLPLNUREL\HO PDGGHOHU UHQN VWDELOL]DW|UOHUL DURPDWLN ELWNL WRKXPODUÕ RODUDN
VÕUDOD\DELOLUL]
1.4. 7XUúXhUHWLP7HNQLNOHUL
7XUúXUHWLPLDúD÷ÕGDNLúHNLOOHUGHRODELOPHNWHGLU
1) 6DODPXUDOÕIHUPDQWDV\RQLOHUHWLP
2) Asitli-VDODPXUDOÕIHUPDQWDV\RQLOHUHWLP
3) .XUXWX]ODPDLOHUHWLP
4) )HUPDQWDV\RQ\DSÕOPDGDQUHWLP
7XUúXODUGD DU]XODQDQ |]HOOLNOHULQ VD÷ODQPDVÕQGD HQ |QHPOL URO laktik asit bakterileri
R\QDPDNWDGÕU 0H\YH YH VHE]HOHU X\JXQ NRQVDQWUDV\RQGD WX] LoHUHQ VDODPXUD\D
NRQXOGXNODUÕQGD \]H\OHULQGH EXOXQDQ GR÷DO PLNURIORUD LOH IHUPHQWH ROXUODU 7X]
NRQVDQWUDV\RQXIHUPDQWDV\RQXQJLGLúL\|QOHQGLUHQYHVRQUQNDOLWHVLQLHWNLOH\HQHQ|QHPOL
IDNW|UOHUGHQELULVLGLU'úNWX]NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUÕQGD5±IHUPDQWDV\RQKÕ]OÕ\ksek tuz
NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUÕQGDYH]HUL\DYDúRODUDNVH\UHGHUYH\DKLoJHUoHNOHúPH]
83
7XUúXIHUPDQWDV\RQXQGDEDúODQJÕoYHELULQFLODúDPDVÕQGDJHOLúHUHNRUWDPDKDNLPRODQODNWLN
DVLW EDNWHULOHUL EDúOÕFD Enterecoccus faecalis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus
brevis, Pediococcus pentosaceus ve Lactobacillus plantarum WUOHULQGHQ ROXúPDNWDGÕU %X
EDNWHULOHUGHQ LON LNLVL \NVHN WX] YH DVLW NRQVDQWUDV\RQODUÕQD GL÷HUOHUL NDGDU GD\DQÕNOÕ
GH÷LOGLU%XQXQGÕúÕQGDWXUúXIHUPDQWDV\RQXQGDPD\DODUYHNIOHUGHUROR\QDPDNWDGÕU
7XUúXhUHWLPL
7XUúXUHWLPLQLQYHIHUPDQWDV\RQXQXQL]OHQPHVLDPDFÕ\ODG|QHPVHOVHE]HOHUGHQELULKÕ\DU
ODKDQD YE NXOODQÕODUDN KDPPDGGH \ÕNDPD YH D\ÕNODPD LúOHPOHULQGHQ JHoLULOLS ±8 tuz,
% VLUNH LoHUHQ VDODPXUD LoHULVLQH NRQDUDN ODNWLN DVLW IHUPDQWDV\RQXQD EÕUDNÕODFDNWÕU
)HUPDQWDV\RQXQ EHOOL DúDPDODUÕQGD YH VRQXQGD |UQHNOHU DOÕQDUDN NLP\DVDO S+ WLWUDV\RQ
DVLWOL÷LWX]DQDOL]OHULOHL]OHQHFHNWLU6RQUQNDOLWHVL76+Õ\DU7XUúXVX6WDQGDUGÕ
GHEHOLUWLOHQNLP\DVDOYHGX\XVDO\|QWHPOHUGLNNDWHDOÕQDUDNEHOLUOHQHFHNWLU
2.1. Kimyasal Analizler
2.1.1. Tuz tayini
øONH
%HOOL KDFLPGHNL VDODPXUD |UQHNOHULQLQ D\DUOÕ JPú QLWUDW 1 o|]HOWLVL LOH SRWDV\XP
NURPDW LQGLNDW|U HúOL÷LQGH NLUHPLW NÕUPÕ]ÕVÕ UHQN ROXúXPXQD NDGDU WLWUH HGLOHUHN WX]
PLNWDUÕQÕQKHVDSODQPDVÕLONHVLQHGD\DQPDNWDGÕU
Kimyasallar
AgNO3 (0.1 N)  K2CrO4 (%5)  NaOH (1 N)  0HWLORUDQMLQGLNDW|U
*HUHoOHU
Erlenmayer  EUHW pipet  GDPODOÕN
øúOHP
¾ 3LSHWLOHP/VDODPXUD|UQH÷LHUOHQHDOÕQÕU
¾ øoHULVLQH ± GDPOD PHWLO RUDQM LQGLNDW|U GDPODWÕOÕU YH 1 1D2+ o|]HOWLVL LOH VDUÕ
UHQNROXúDQDNDGDUWLWUHHGLOLU
¾ TitrH HGLOHQ |UQHN LoHULVLQH P/ ¶ OLN .2CrO4 ilave edilir ve 0.1 N AgNO3 ile
NLUHPLW NÕUPÕ]ÕVÕ UHQJH NDGDU WLWUH edilir. Titrasyonda harcanan 0.1 N AgNO3 hacmi
kaydedilir.
¾ ùDKiWDQDOL]LoLQGHP/VDIVX1 N AgNO3 ile titre edilir.
Hesaplama
100 x (A1 ± A2) x 0.00585 x F
% Tuz (g /100 mL) = ±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±
B
84
Burada;
A1 :gUQHNLoLQ1$J123 VDUIL\DWÕmL
A2 :ùDKLWDQDOL]LoLQ1$J123 VDUIL\DWÕ, mL
B :gUQHNPLNWDUÕP/
F :0,1 N AgNO3 o|]HOWLVLQLQIDNW|UF
2.1.2. Toplam asitlik tayini
øONH
%HOOLKDFLPGHNLVDODPXUDQÕQD\DUOÕ1D2+o|]HOWLVLLOHIHQROIWDOHLQLQGLNDW|U HúOL÷LQGHKDILI
SHPEH UHQN ROXúXPXQD NDGDU WLWUH HGLOHUHN WRSODP DVLW PLNWDUÕQÕQ ODNWLN DVLW FLQVLQGHQ
KHVDSODQPDVÕLONHVLQHGD\DQÕU
Kimyasallar
NaOH (1 N)  fenolftalein (% 1)
*HUHoOHU
Erlenmayer  EUHW pipet  GDPODOÕN
øúOHP
¾ 6DODPXUDVX\XQGDQSLSHWLOHP/|UQHNHUOHQmayerHDOÕQÕU
¾ øoHULVLQH±2 damla fenolftaOHLQLQGLNDW|UGDPODWÕOÕUYH11D2+o|]HOWLVLLOHVDELW
hafif pembe renge kadar titre edilir
Hesaplama
100 x A x 0.009 x F
% Asitlik (g/100 mL) = ±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±±
B
Burada;
A:grnek ioLQ11D2+VDUIL\DWÕmL
B:gUQHNPLNWDUÕP/
F:0.11D2+o|]HOWLVLQLQIDNW|UF
6DODPXUDS+¶VÕQÕQEHOLUOHQPHVL
+RPRMHQ RODUDN DOÕQDQ |UQHN VDODPXUDODUÕQÕQ S+¶ VÕ NDOLEUH HGLOPLú GLMLWDO S+ PHWUH LOH
belirlenecektir.
85
Kaynaklar
$NWDQ1<FHO8.DONDQ+7XUúX7HNQRORMLVL(JHhQLYHUVLWHVL%DVÕPHYLø]PLU
$QRQLP+Õ\DU7XUúXVX767UN6WDQGDUWODUÕ(QVWLWV$QNDUD
7UNHUø$VLW)HUPDQWDV\RQODUÕ6LUNH7XUúX6RIUDOÕN=H\WLQYH%R]D7HNQRORMLOHUL
$QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL=LUDDW)DNOWHVL<D\ÕQODUÕ:'HUV.LWDEÕ:194, Ankara.
86
(ùDUDS$QDOL]i YH7*.
QH8\JXQOX÷X
1. Genel Bilgi
ùDUDSWD]H]P úÕUDVÕQÕQIHUPDQWDV\RQXLOHHOGHHGLOHQDONROO ELULoNLGLUùDUDSODUÕQ JHUHN
XOXVDO JHUHNVHXOXVODUDUDVÕ SD]DUODUGDWLFDULRODUDNGH÷HUND]DQDELOPHVLLoLQEHOOL NULWHUOHUH
X\JXQ RODUDN UHWLOPHVL YH DQDOLWLN YHULOHULQLQ XOXVODU DUDVÕ WDQÕQPÕú DQDOL] \|QWHPOHULQH
uygun olarak analiz edilmesi gerekir.
ùDUDSODULoLQ7*.7UN*ÕGD.RGHNVL
QLQ$%LOHX\XPODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ$%LOH\UWOHQ7DUÕP
P]DNHUHOHULLoLQGH\HUDOPDNWDGÕU\ÕOÕLoLQGHNRQX7DUÕP%DNDQOÕ÷ÕNRPLV\RQXQFDHOH
DOÕQDUDN X\XP oDOÕúPDODUÕ oHUoHYHVLQGH LOJLOL 7*. \HQLGHQ G]HQOHQHUHN J|UúH DoÕOPÕúWÕU
%XQHGHQOHNRQXJQFHOOLNND]DQPÕúWÕU
8\JXODPDQÕQ DPDFÕ SL\DVDGDQ IDUNOÕ UHWLFLOHUGHQ VD÷ODQDFDN úDUDSODUÕQ WHPHO DQDOL]OHU
EDNÕPÕQGDQ7*.
QHX\JXQOX÷XQXQDUDúWÕUÕOPDVÕGÕr
2. Materyal
dDOÕúPDPDWHU\DOLRODUDNNXOODQÕODFDNúDUDSODUDPDoNÕVPÕQGDGDEHOLUWLOGL÷L JLELSL\DVDGDQ
IDUNOÕ UHWLFLOHUGHQ WHVDGIL |UQHNOHPH LOH VD÷ODQDFDNWÕU gUQHNOHPHGH EH\D] NÕUPÕ]Õ YH
SHPEH YH WDWOÕ ROPDN HUH G|UW úDUDS WLSL HOH DOÕQDFDNWÕU 5XWLQ DQDOL]OHU RODQ DONRO WRSODP
DVLWOLNS+XoXFXDVLWOLNVHUEHVWYHWRSODP622 YGDQDOL]GH÷HUOHUL|OoOHFHNWLUdDOÕúPDGD
*ÕGD 0KHQGLVOL÷L ODERUDWXYDUODUÕQGD EXOXQDQ EXKDUOÕ GDPÕWPD VLVWHPL DONRO GLVWLODV\RQ
FLKD]Õ S+
PHWUH 89-VIS spektroIRWRPHWUH YH LOJLOL DQDOL]OHU LoLQ JHUHNOL NLP\DVDO YH FDP
PDO]HPHGHQ\DUDUODQÕODFDNWÕU
<|QWHP
ùDUDSDQDOL]OHULQGH2,9WDUDIÕQGDQGDNDEXOHGLOPLúNRGHNVoDOÕúPDODUÕQGD\HUDODQVWDQGDUW
XOXVODUDVÕ WLWULPHWULN YH VSHNWURIRWRPHWULN \|QWHPOHU X\JXODQDFDNWÕU .LP\DVDOODUÕQ
GHULúLPOHULQLQ KD]ÕUODQPDVÕ YH DQDOL] YHULOHULQLQ GH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL YH \RUXPODQPDVÕ
|÷UHQFLOHUWDUDIÕQGDQ\DSÕODFDNWÕU
3.1. Analizler
ùDUDSWDDVLWOLNWD\LQL
ùDUDEÕQLoLQGHNL&µLXoXUPDNDPDFÕ\ODP/úDUDSELUEHKHUGHND\QDPD\DEDúOD\ÕQFD\D
NDGDU ÕVÕWÕOÕU - GDPOD EURPWLPRO PDYLVL HNOHQHUHN EUWHWWHNL D\DUOÕ 1 NaOH ile titre
edilir.
Harcanan her 1 mL 0.1 N NaOH 0.JWDUWDULNDVLGHHúGH÷HUGLU
%A = (V x 0.0225 x 100) / m
0.3 N 1D2+LOHWLWUHHGLOGL÷LLoLQ[GH÷HULNXOODQÕOÕU
87
Burada;
V :Harcanan 0.3 N sodyXPKLGURNVLWo|]HOWLVLQLQKDFPLmL
m :gUQH÷LQD÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕJ
7LWULPHWULN\|QWHPOHNNUWGLRNVLWWD\LQL
%1¶OLN IRUPDOGHKLW o|]HOWLVL : ¶OLN IRUPDOGHKLW o|]HOWLVLQGHQ 0HUFN P/
DOÕQDUDN P/¶OLN |Oo EDORQXQD konulur YH KDFLP oL]JLVLQH NDGDU GDPÕWÕN su ile
WDPDPODQÕU.
WDQHD\UÕHUOHQmayer LoHULVLQHJKRPRMHQKDOHJHWLULOPLúQXPXQHGHQWDUWÕODUDNDOÕQÕU+HU
iki erlenmayerH GH 1 VRG\XP KLGURNVLW o|]HOWLVL HNOHQHUHN D÷Õ]ODUÕ NDSDWÕOÕU YH GDNLND
VUH\OH EHNOHWLOLU %X VUHQLQ VRQXQGD LNL HUOHQmayere de 3 M KLGURNORULN DVLW o|]HOWLVL
eklenir. ErleQOHUGHQ ELULQLQ LoHULVLQH ¶OLN IRUPDOGHKLW o|]HOWLVLQGHQ P/ HNOHQHUHN
oDONDODQÕU YH D÷]Õ NDSDWÕODUDN NDUDQOÕN ELU \HUGH GDNLND EHNOHWLOLU %X VUHQLQ VRQXQGD
o|]HOWLQLQLoHULVLQHP/QLúDVWDo|]HOWLVLHNOHQHUHND\DUOÕ1L\RWo|]HOWLVLLOHPDYLUHQN
30 saniye NDOÕFÕNDODQDNDGDUWLWUHHGLOLU91).
øNLQFLHUOHQmayerHIRUPDOGHKLWNDWÕOPDNVÕ]ÕQ\XNDUÕGDNLLúOHPOHUD\QHQX\JXODQÕU92)
Hesaplamalar:
.NUW dioksit (mg/kg) = (3200 x N ) / [( V1 / m1 ) ± ( V2 / m2 )]
Burada
V1: )RUPDOGHKLWHNOHQHUHN\DSÕODQWLWUDV\RQGDKDUFDQDQL\RWo|]HOWLVLQLQKDFPLP/
V2: )RUPDOGHKLWHNOHQPHGHQ\DSÕODQWLWUDV\RQGDKDUFDQDQL\RWo|]HOWLVLQLQKDFPL, mL
N: $\DUOÕL\RWo|]HOWLVLQLQkonsantrasyonu, N
m1: Formaldehit eklHQHUHN\DSÕODQWLWUDV\RQGDDOÕQDQ|UQHNPLNWDUÕ, g
m2: )RUPDOGHKLWHNOHQPHGHQ\DSÕODQWLWUDV\RQGDDOÕQDQ|UQHNPLNWDUÕ, g
3.1.38oXFXPDGGHOHUWD\LQL
øoHULVLQGH ± J LQFH NXP YH ELU EDJHW LOH ELUOLNWH VDELW WDUWÕPD JHWLULOHQ SHWUL NXWXODUÕ YH\D
nikel NXUXWPD NDSODUÕQÕQ LoHULVLQH ± J KRPRMHQ KDOH JHWLULOPLú |UQHNWHQ WDUWÕODUDN DOÕQÕU
(M1.XUXWPDNDEÕHWYH\HUOHúWLULOLU(WYQVÕFDNOÕ÷Õ\DYDú\DYDúƒ“ƒ&¶DJHWLULOLU.DWÕ
ELU NWOH ROXúWX÷X ]DPDQ NXUXWPD NDEÕ GÕúDUÕ DOÕQDUDN EDJHW \DUGÕPÕ LOH WRz hale getirilir.
%DJHW LOH ELUOLNOH NXUXWPD NDEÕ WHNUDU HWYH \HUOHúWLULOLU ± VDDW VRQXQGD NXUXWPD NDSODUÕ
GHVLNDW|UHDOÕQÕUYHVR÷XPDVÕEHNOHQLU7DUWÕPDOÕQÕU02)
8oXFXPDGGH0LNWDUÕ >(M1 ± M2) / m] x 100
Burada;
M1: $OÕQDQ|UQHNVDELWWDUWÕPDJHWLULOHQNXUXWPDNDEÕNXPEDJHWD÷ÕUOÕ÷Õg
M2: .XUXWXOPXú|UQHNVDELWWDUWÕPDJHWLULOHQNXUXWPDNDEÕ NXPEDJHWD÷ÕUOÕ÷Õ, g
m: $OÕQDQ|UQH÷LQD÷ÕUOÕ÷ÕJ
88
3.1.4ùDUDSWDS+WD\LQL
3.1.5'LVWLODV\RQ\|QWHPL\OHDONROWD\LQL
g÷UHQFLLoLQELOJLOHQGLUPH
ùDUDS DQDOL]OHULQGH GH÷LúLN \|QWHPOHU X\JXODQDELOLU WLWULPHWULN VSHNWURIRWRPHWULN YG
%XQXQOD ELUOLNWH ED]Õ \|QWHPOHU XOXVODU DUDVÕ \|QWHPOHU RODUDN NDEXO J|UPúOHUGLU %X
\|QWHPOHULQ GÕúÕQGDNL \|QWHPOHU X\JXOD\ÕFÕODU WDUDIÕQGDQ NXOODQÕOVDODU GD UHVPL DQDOL]OHUGH
JHoHUOLOLNND]DQPD]ODU
"7UN*ÕGD.RGHNVL" KHUONHQLQ\HUHONRGHNVOHULQGHROGX÷XJLELJHUHNONHLoLQGHUHWLOHQ
JHUHNVH LWKDO HGLOHQ JÕGDODU LoLQ UQOHULQ UHWLP \|QWHPOHULQL NLP\DVDO YH IL]LNVHO
|]HOOLNOHULQL DQDOLWLN GH÷HUOHULQL WDQÕPODU 8\JXQOXN LOH LOJLOL GHQHWLPL YH L]QL ONHPL]GH
"TaUÕP%DNDQOÕ÷Õ"GL÷HUONHOHUGHGHLOJLOLNXUXPODUJHUoHNOHúWLULU
gQFHGHQELOLQPHVLJHUHNHQNRQXODU
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
ùDUDSNLP\DVÕNRQXVXQGDJHQHOELOJL
/DERUDWXYDUoDOÕúPDVÕYHJYHQOL÷LNRQXVXQGDJHQHOELOJL
ùDUDSNRGHNVLQLQDQODPÕYHDPDFÕHQGVWULLWKDODWYHLKUDFDWLoLQ|QHPL
76(ùDUDS6WDQGDUGÕ
$%LOHX\XPoDOÕúPDVÕ\ÕOÕQGDWDPDPODQDQ7UNùDUDS.RGHNVL
6RQXoODUNRGHNVoHUoHYHVLQGHGH÷HUOHQGLULOHFHNYH\RUXPODQDUDNUDSRUODQGÕUÕODFDNWÕU
Kaynaklar
76(ùDUDS6WDQGDUGÕ
7UNùDUDS.RGHNVL8\XP
89
(6LUNH$QDOL]LYH7*.
QH8\JXQOX÷X
1. Genel Bilgi
6LUNHQLQ7DQÕPÕ
6LUNH ]PQ YH EQ\HVLQGH úHNHU EXOXQDQ GL÷HU \Dú YH\D NXUXWXOPXú PH\YHOHULQ \DKXW
QLúDVWDOÕ YH úHNHUOL PDGGHOHUH oHúLWOL |Q LúOHPOHU X\JXODQDUDN HOGH ROXQDQ úÕUDODUÕQ |QFH HWLO
DONRO VRQUD DVHWLN DVLW IHUPDQWDV\RQXQD X÷UDPDVÕ sonucu \DKXW úDUDSODUGDQ Dsetik asit
IHUPDQWDV\RQX\ROX\ODHOGHHGLOHQPDPXOGU
1.2. Asetik asit fermantasyonu
ùHNHULoHUHQUQOHUGHQVLUNHROXúXPXHWLODONROIHUPDQWDV\RQXYHDVHWLNDVLWIHUPDQWDV\RQX
ROPDN]HUHELUELULQLWDNLSHGHQDúDPDOÕELUVUHoWLU$VHWLNDVLWIHUPDQtasyonu oksidatif bir
IHUPDQWDV\RQGXU (WLO DONRO¶XQ VH\UHOWLOPLú KDOGH KDYD RNVLMHQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQGD Acetobacter spp.
WDUDIÕQGDQ VLUNH DVLGLQH YH VX\D RNVLGH ROPDVÕGÕU 6LUNH ROXúXP PHNDQL]PDVÕ ùHNLO ¶GH
YHULOPLúWLU
$úDPD$ONROIHUPDQWDV\RQX
Anaerobik
C6H12O6 ĺ&2H5OH + 2CO2 + 28,2 Kcal
(180g)
(92g)
(88g)
)HUPHQWHRODELOLUúHNHUĺHWLODONRONDUERQGLRNVLW
$úDPD$VHWLNDVLWIHUPDQWDV\RQX
Aerobik
C2H5OH + O2 ĺ&+3COOH + H2O + 115,2 Kcal
(46g)
(60g)
(18g)
Etil alkol
asetik asit
su
ùHNLO )HUPHQWHRODELOHQúHNHUOHULQLNLDúDPDOÕRNVLGDV\RQX
1.3. Sirkenin kalitesini etkile\HQIDNW|UOHU
6LUNHGHNDOLWH|QFHOLNOHKDPPDGGH\HED÷OÕGÕU+DPPDGGHQLQELOHúLPLVLUNHELOHúLPL]HULQGH
GR÷UXGDQ HWNLOLGLU +DPPDGGHQLQ ELOHúLPL LVH oHúLW LNOLP WRSUDN NRúXOODUÕ YH \HWLúWLUPH
WHNQLNOHULJLELHWNHQOHUHED÷OÕRODUDNGH÷LúLNOLNJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
6LUNHHWLODONROGHQDVHWLNDVLWIHUPDQWDV\RQXVRQXFXHOGHHGLOGL÷LQHJ|UHDONROHOGHHGLOHELOHQ
úHNHUOLUQOHUGHQúHNHUHG|QúHELOHQKXEXEDWJLELQLúDVWDOÕKDPPDGGHOHUGHQYH\DLVSLUWRGDQ
VLUNH\DSÕODELOPHNWHGLUhONHPL]GH\UUONWHRODQVWDQGDUGDJ|UHVLUNHoHúLWOHULUHWLPLQGH
NXOODQÕODQKDPPDGGHOHUHJ|UHúDUDSVLUNHVLPH\YHVLUNHVLPH\YHúDUDEÕVLUNHVLHOPDúDUDEÕ
VLUNHVL DONRO VLUNHVL WDKÕO VLUNHVL PDOW VLUNHVL DURPDOÕ VLUNH YH GL÷HU VLUNHOHU RODUDN
verilmektedir. Bunlardan úDUDS ]P VLUNHVL "biyolojik yolla asetik asit fermantasyonu ile
90
VDGHFH úDUDSWDQ VDGHFH WD]H ]PGHQ HOGH HGLOHQ úDUDS HOGH HGLOHQ VLUNH" úHNOLQGH
WDQÕPODQPDNWDGÕU
6LUNHQLQ NDOLWHVLQL EHOLUOH\HQ LNLQFL IDNW|U LVH UHWLP \|QWHPLGLU 6LUNH UHWLPLQGH
VLUNHOHúPH\H HWNL HGHQ IDNW|UOHU VÕFDNOÕN DONRO KDYD RNVLMHQ YDUOÕ÷Õ YH NXOODQÕODQ
PLNURRUJDQL]PD oHúLGL ROPDN ]HUH EDúOÕN DOWÕQGD YHULOHELOLU *HQHO RODUDN SUDWLNWH VLUNH
bakterilerin RSWLPXPoDOÕúPDVÕFDNOÕNODUՃ±ƒ&DUDOÕ÷ÕQGDGÕUVLUNHEDNterilerinin faaliyeti
ƒ&¶GHQ DúD÷Õ\D GúOGNoH JLGHUHN \DYDúODU ƒ&¶QLQ VWQGHNL VÕFDNOÕNODU LVH VLUNH
EDNWHULOHUL LoLQ WHKOLNHOL VD\ÕOÕU 6LUNH EDNWHULOHUL HQ oRN ¶ON DONROH GD\DQÕUODU GDKD
\NVHN RUDQODUGD DONRO LoHUHQ RUWDPODUGD oDOÕúPD]ODU VLUNHOHúHFHN úDUDSWDNL DONRO RUDQÕ
\NVHN LVH HQ X\JXQ RODUDN DONRO RUDQÕ RODFDN úHNLOGH VX LODYH HGLOLU 'L÷HU WDUDIWDQ
RUWDPGDDONRONDOPD\ÕQFDVLUNHEDNWHULOHULLKWL\DoODUÕRODQHQHUML\LVD÷OD\DELOPHNLoLQDVHWLN
DVLGL SDUoDODPD\D EDúODUODU EXQD "st oksidasyon" GHQLU hVW RNVLGDV\RQXQ |QQH JHoPHN
LoLQVLUNHOHúWLULOHQVÕYÕGDNLDONRORUDQÕ¶HGúW÷QGHVLUNHOHúPH\HVRQYHULOLU
$VHWLN DVLW IHUPDQWDV\RQX DVOÕQGD ELU RNVLGDV\RQ ROGX÷XQGDQ VLUNOHúPHGH PXWODND KDYD\D
LKWL\Do YDUGÕU 6LUNHOHúHFHN VÕYÕQÕQ \]H\L QH NDGDU JHQLú ROXUVD VLUNH EDNWHULOHUL R RUDQGD
KÕ]OÕoR÷DOÕUYHVLUNHOHúPHKÕ]OÕROXU
6LUNHUHWLP\|QWHPOHUL
6LUNHUHWLP\|QWHPOHUL\DYDú\|QWHPoDEXN\|QWHPYHGHULQNOWU\|QWHPLROPDN]HUH
DQDEDúOÕNDOWÕQGDWRSODQDELOLr.
<DYDú \|QWHPGH \]H\ NOWU \|QWHPL VLUNHOHúPH DONROO VÕYÕQÕQ IÕoÕ IHUPDQWDV\RQ LoLQ
X\JXQ ELU WDQN YE E\N ELU NDS LoLQGH X]XQ VUH WXWXOPDVÕ LOH JHUoHNOHúWLULOLU
6LUNHOHúWLULOHFHNúDUDSLoLQHELUPLNWDUSDVW|UL]HHGLOPHPLúL\LFHNHVNLQELUVLrke konulduktan
VRQUD VÕFDN ELU DODQGD DVHWLN DVLW IHUPDQWDV\RQXQD WHUN HGLOLU 6LUNHOHúPHQLQ ELWWL÷L DONRO YH
DVLW PLNWDUÕQÕQ WD\LQL LOH DQODúÕODELOHFH÷L JLEL DVHWLN DVLW EDNWHULOHULQLQ VÕYÕQÕQ \]H\LQGH
ROXúWXUGXNODUÕ ]DUÕQ GLEH o|NPHVL GH VLUNHOHúPHQLQ WDPDPODQGÕ÷Õ NRQXVXQGD ILNLU YHUHELOLU
%X\|QWHPOHVLUNHUHWLPL-KDIWDLoLQGHWDPDPODQPDNWDGÕU
+Õ]OÕ \|QWHP ONHPL]GH VLUNH UHWHQ LúOHWPHOHUGH NXOODQÕODQ ELU \|QWHP ROXS EX \|QWHPH
)ULQJV \|QWHPL GH GHQLOPHNWHGLU %X \|QWHP VLUNHOHúPHQLQ JHUoHNOHúHFH÷L \]H\ DODQÕQÕ
DVHWLN DVLW EDNWHULVLQLQ WXWXQDFD÷Õ WDúÕ\ÕFÕ ELU PDWHU\DOOH JHQLúOHWHUHN VLUNHOHúPH VUHVLQL
NÕVDOWPD\Õ KHGHI DOPDNWDGÕU 6LUNHOHúPH LoLQ KDYD VLUNODV\RQXQX VD÷OD\DFDN ELU G]HQHNOH
GRQDWÕOPÕú WDKWD \D GD oHOLN WDQNODU NXOODQÕOÕU øGHDO IHUPDQWDV\RQ VÕFDNOÕ÷Õ ƒ±ƒ&
FLYDUÕQGDGÕU +Õ]OÕ \|QWHP VLUNH NDSODUÕQD MHQHUDW|U DGÕ YHULOLU KÕ]OÕ \|QWHPOH VLUNH UHWLPL
\DNODúÕN±JQVUHU
'HULQ NOWU \|QWHPLQGH VXEPHUV \|QWHPL GROJX PDWHU\DOL ROPDNVÕ]ÕQ oDOÕúDQ YH \]H\GH
GH÷LOPD\úH LoLQGHoR÷DODQEDNWHULOHULOHVLUNHUHWLPL\DSÕOÕU%X\|QWHPOHVLUNHUHWLPLQGH
NXOODQÕODQ UHWLP NDSODUÕQD "DVHWDW|U" DGÕ YHULOLU 6XEPHUV \|QWHPLQGH NXOODQÕODQ DVHWDW|UOHU
¶OL \ÕOODUGD JHOLúWLULOPLú YH EX \|QWHP LON RODUDN EX \ÕOODUGD NXOODQÕOPD\D EDúODQPÕúWÕU
%X\|QWHPOHVLUNHUHWLPLQGHVLUNHEDNWHULVLLOHDúÕODQPÕúúDUDSYH\DVLUNHOHúHFHNDONROOVÕYÕ
LoHUVLQH PD\D UHWLPLQGH ROGX÷X JLEL oRN LQFH NDEDUFÕNODU KDOLQGH KDYD YHULOLU %|\OHOLNOH
VLUNHEDNWHULOHULKDYD\ÕVÕYÕLoLQGHEXOXUODUYHoDOÕúÕUODU<DSÕODQoDOÕúPDODUDJ|UHD\QÕPLNWDU
DONROQVLUNHOHúPHVLGL÷HUHQGVWUL\HO\|QWHPOHUHRUDQODEX\|QWHPGH\DNODúÕNNDWGDKD
oDEXNROPDNWDGÕU
91
6LUNHGH<DSÕODQ$QDOL]OHU
2.1. Kuru Madde Tayini
P/ VLUNH |UQH÷L GDUDVÕ DOÕQPÕú SRUVHOHQ NDSVO NUR]H LoHULVLQGH YH ND\QDU VX EDQ\RVX
]HULQGH DNÕúNDQOÕ÷ÕQÕ ND\EHGHQH NDGDU NXUXWXOXU q&¶GHNL NXUXWPD GRODEÕQGD sabit
D÷ÕUOÕ÷DJHOHQHNDGDU VDDWWXWXOGXNWDQVRQUDGHVLNDW|UGHVR÷XWXOXSWDUWÕOÕU6RQXoODUJ/
olarak belirtilir.
gUQHN:
Dara: 14.1362 g
Dara + kuru madde: 14.2734 g
P/¶GHNLNXUXPDGGH: 14.2734 ± 14.1362 = 0.1472 g
Litrede:0.1472 x 100 = 14.72 g/L
ùHNHUVL].XUX0DGGH7D\LQL
gUQH÷LQNXUXPDGGHPLNWDUÕQGDQúHNHUPLNWDUÕoÕNDUWÕODUDNEXOXQXU
.O7D\LQL
.XUX PDGGH WD\LQL \DSÕODQ SRUVHOHQ NDSVOOHU NO IÕUÕQÕQD NRQXU 6ÕFDNOÕN \DYDú \DYDú q&¶\H NDGDU \NVHOWLOHUHN \DNÕOÕU <DNPD LúOHPL WDPDPODQGÕNWDQ VRQUD NO IÕUÕQÕ NDSD÷Õ
DoÕOPDNVÕ]ÕQ q&¶\H NDGDU VR÷XWXOXS NDSVOOHU GHVLNDW|UH DOÕQÕU 7DUÕP VRQXcu saptanan
NOPLNWDUÕJ/RODUDNEHOLUWLOLU
2.4. Alkol Tayini
P/VLUNH|UQH÷LGDPÕWPDEDORQXQGDGHULúLNa11D2+LOHQ|WUOHúWLULOLU<DNODúÕN
P/ GDPÕWÕN WRSODQDQD NDGDU GDPÕWÕOÕU 'DPÕWPD UQ P/¶\H WDPDPODQÕS L\LFH
NDUÕúWÕUÕOGÕNWDQ VRQUDDONROLPHWUHLOHDONROPLNWDUÕVDSWDQÕU
2. 5. Toplam Asitlik
P/VLUNH|UQH÷L\DNODúÕNP/VDIVXLOHVH\UHOWLOLU)HQROILWDOHLQLQGLNDW|UNXOODQÕODUDN
N NaOH ile pembe renge kadar titre edilir. Harcanan 1 N 1D2+¶LQ P/¶VL IDNW|U LOH
oDUSÕODUDN|UQHNWHNLDVHWLNDVLWPLNWDUÕJP/RODUDNEXOXQXU
)DNW|UQEXOXQPDVÕ
1 L, 1 N NaOH 60 g DVHWLNDVLGLQ|WUOHúWLULU
1 mL, 1 N NaOH 0.06 g DVHWLNDVLGLQ|WUOHúWLULU
P/|UQHNWHNLDVHWLNDVLWPLNWDUÕQÕP/¶GHEHOLUWPHNLoLQ
0.06 x 10 = 0.6
92
2.6. Asetil Metil Karbinol Testi
6LUNHQLQ GR÷DO ROXS ROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕQWHVSLWLQGHDVHWLOPHWLONDUELQROWHVWLQGHQ \DUDUODQÕOÕU$VHWLO
PHWLONDUELQROWHVWLVLUNH|UQHNOHULQGH&X22WRUWXVXROXúXSROXúPDGÕ÷ÕQÕQWDNLELQH\|QHOLNELU
testtir. Analiz VRQXFXQGD WRUWX ROXúXPX J|]OHQPHVL |UQH÷LQ GR÷DO VLUNH ROGX÷XQX KHUKDQJL
ELUWRUWXROXúXPXJ|]OHQPHPHVLLVHVLUNHQLQGR÷DOROPDGÕ÷ÕQÕJ|VWHULU
P/ VLUNH 1D2+ LOH Q|WUOHúWLULOGLNWHQ VRQUD GDPÕWÕOÕU P/ GDPÕWPD UQ DOÕQDUDN
NDSDNOÕFDPVLOLQGLUHNRQXOXUh]HULQHHúLWRUDQODUGDNDUÕúWÕUÕOPÕú)HKOLQJ,YH,,o|]HOWLVLQGHQ
P/NDWÕOÕU%LUVUHEHNOHWLOLUHQoRNVDDWNÕUPÕ]ÕELUWRUWX&X22ROXúXUVDVLUNHQLQ
GR÷DO ROGX÷X \DQL IHUPDQWDV\RQOD ROXúWX÷X DQODúÕOÕU øVSLUWR VLUNHVL YH\D \DSD\ VLUkede bu
NÕUPÕ]ÕWRUWXROXúPD]
+HVDSODPDYH'H÷HUOHQGLUPH
¾ \ÕOÕQGDoÕNDQVWDQGDUWWD76]PVLUNHVLQGHNXUXPDGGHPLNWDUÕQÕQúHNHU
KDULoHQD]J/ROPDVÕJHUHNWL÷LEHOLUWLOPLúWLU
¾ \ÕOÕQGDoÕNDQVWDQGDUWWD76]PVLUNHVLQGHNOPLNWDUÕQÕQHQD]J/
ROPDVÕJHUHNWL÷LEHOLUWLOPLúWLU
¾ 76 (1 ¶H J|UH NDOÕQWÕ DONRO RUDQÕ úDUDS VLUNHOHUL GÕúÕQGDNL VLUNHOHUGH
KDFLPFH¶GHQúDUDSVLUNHOHULQGHLVHKDFLPFH¶GHQID]ODROPDPDOÕGÕU
¾ 76 (1 VLUNH VWDQGDUGÕQD J|UH ONHPL]GH UHWLOHQ VLUNHOHULQ WRSODP DVLW
LoHUL÷LVXGDVHUEHVWDVHWLNDVLWFLQVLQGHQOLWUHGHJ
GDQD]ROPDPDOÕGÕU
Kaynaklar
$NWDQ 1 .DONDQ + 6LUNH 7HNQRORMLVL <DUGÕPFÕ 'HUV .LWDEÕ (JH hQLYHUVLWesi
%DVÕPHYLø]PLU
Anonim. 1988. 6LUNH767UN6WDQGDUWODUÕ(QVWLWV$QNDUD
7UNHUø$VLW)HUPDQWDV\RQODUÕ6LUNH7XUúX6RIUDOÕN=H\WLQYH%R]D7HNQRORMLOHUL
$QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL=LUDDW)DNOWHVL<D\ÕQODUÕ:'HUV.LWDEÕ:194, Ankara.
93
E4. 6HOOD](nzim Aktivitesinin Belirlenmesi
1. Genel Bilgi
Enzim
.LP\DVDO UHDNVL\RQODUÕQ KÕ]ODUÕQÕ DUWWÕUDQ PDGGHOHU NDWDOL]|U RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕOÕUODU
.DWDOL]|UOHU UHDNVL\RQ VÕUDVÕQGD IL]LNVHO GH÷LúLNOLNOHU JHoLULUOHUVH GH UHDNVL\RQ
WDPDPODQGÕ÷ÕQGDWHNUDUNHQGLRULMLQDOKDOOHULQHG|QHUOHUEnzimler EL\RORMLNNDWDOL]|URODUDN
WDQÕPODQDELOLUOHU (Q]LPOHU FDQOÕ KFUHOHU WDUDIÕQGDQ ROXúWXUXODQ YH NLP\DVDO UHDNVL\RQODUÕ
VSHVLILN RODUDN NDWDOL]OHPH \HWHQH÷LQGH RODQ SURWHLQ \DSÕVÕQGDNL PDGGHOHUGLU %LWNL KDY\DQ
YHPLNURRUJDQL]PDODUÕQFDQOÕKFUHOHULWDUDIÕQGDQROXúWXUXODQHQ]LPOHUKFUHGHNLLúOHYOHULQLQ
\DQÕVÕUDLQYLYRKFUHGÕúÕQGD GD\DQLLQYLWURNRúXOODUGDGDDNWLYLWHJ|VWHUPHNWHGLUOHU%LU
FDQOÕGDNLSDUoDODQPDYH\DSÕPVHQWH]UHDNVL\RQODUÕQÕQWPHQ]LPOHULQNDWDOLWLNDNWLYLWHOHUL
LOHJHUoHNOHúWLULOPHNWHGLU%XQHGHQOHHQ]LPOHUFDQOÕOÕ÷ÕQROXúXPXYHGHYDPÕLoLQHO]HPRODQ
madGHOHUGLU &DQOÕ GÕúÕQGD GD DNWLYLWHOHULQL J|VWHUPHOHUL HQ]LPOHULQ |QHPLQL ELU NDW GDKD
DUWWÕUPDNWDGÕU %XJQ HQ]LPOHUGHQ JÕGD LODo YH NLP\D HQGVWULVLQGH GHULFLOLN ER\D YH
WHPL]OLNPDGGHOHULUHWLPLJLEL|]HONRQXODUGDEL\RORMLYHEL\RWHNQRORMLELOLPGDOODUÕQGDWÕS
WDUÕPYHYHWHULQHUOLNDODQODUÕQGD\D\JÕQRODUDN\DUDUODQÕOPDNWDGÕU
(Q]LPOHULQ HWNL HWWL÷L ELOHúL÷H substrat GHQLU YH KHU HQ]LPLQ |]JQ ELU VXEVWUDWÕ YH\D ED]Õ
HQ]LPOHULQ|]JQYH\DVSHVLILNVXEVWUDWODUÕYDUGÕU<DQLED]ÕHQ]LPOHUVDGHFHEir tip substrata
HWNL HGHELOLUNHQ ED]Õ HQ]LPOHULQ HWNLOHGL÷L VXEVWUDW WLSL ELUGHQ ID]OD RODELOPHNWHGLU RNA
\DSÕVÕQGDRODQELUNDoHQ]LPPROHNOELOLQPHNOHELUOLNWHHQ]LPOHULQE\NELUNÕVPÕSURWHLQ
\DSÕVÕQGDGÕU %D]Õ HQ]LPOHU NRIDNW|U GHQLOHQ SURWHLQ ROPD\DQ NÕVÕPODU GD LoHUHELOLUOHU NL
EXQODU ROPDGDQ DNWLYLWH J|VWHUHPH]OHU %|\OH HQ]LPOHUGH HQ]LPLQ LQDNWLI KDOGHNL SURWHLQ
NÕVPÕQD apoenzim YH NRIDNW|U LoHUHQ DNWLI HQ]LPH LVH haloenzim denir. Haloenzimlerde
HQ]LPLQ VSHVLILNOL÷LQGHQ DSRHQ]LP NDWDOLWLN DNWLYLWHGHQ LVH NRIDNW|U VRUXPOXGXU
.RIDNW|UOHU NRHQ]LPOHU SURVWHWLN JUXSODU YH LQRUJDQLN RODUDN JUXSODQGÕUÕODELOPHNWHGLU
.RIDNW|U RUJDQLN ELU ELOHúLN LVH EXQD koenzim GHQLOLU (÷HU NRIDNW|U HQ]LP SURWHLQLQH VÕNÕ
ED÷OÕ LVH YH HQ]LP SURWHLQLQH ]DUDU YHUPHGHQ D\UÕODPÕ\RUVD YH\D HQ]LP SURWHLQLQGHQ EDVLW
GL\DOL]\|QWHPOHULLOHD\UÕODPÕ\RUVDEXQDprostetik grup denilir.
$SRHQ]LP.RIDNW|U +DORHQ]LP
2UJDQLNøQRUJDQLN
NRHQ]LPPHWDOL\RQODUÕ
.DWDOL]|U J|UHYL \DSDQ ELUoRN RUJDQLN YH LQRUJDQLN PROHNO EXOXQPDNWDGÕU %X QHGHQOH
HQ]LPOHU LOH GL÷HU NDWDOL]|UOHU DUDVÕQGDNL IDUNOÕOÕN YH EHQ]HUOLNOHUL EHOLUWPHNWH \DUDU YDUGÕU
%WQNDWDOL]|UOHUDúD÷ÕGDNLRUWDN|]HOOLNOHUHVDKLSWLUOHU
1. .DWDOL]|UOHU UHDNVL\RQKÕ]ÕQÕDUWWÕUDQPDGGHOHUGLU
2. .DWDOL]|UOHUUHDNVL\RQVRQXQGDND\EROPD]ODU
3. .DWDOL]|UOHUHVDGHFHoRNNoNPLNWDUODUGDLKWL\DoGX\XOXU
4. .DWDOL]|UOHU UHDNVL\RQXQ GHQJH QRNWDVÕQÕ GH÷LúWLUPH]OHU VDGHFH GHQJH\H XODúPDN LoLQ
JHUHNOLRODQVUH\LNÕVDOWÕUODU
%X RUWDN |]HOOLNOHULQ \DQÕ VÕUD HQ]LPOHU NHQGLOHULQL GL÷HU NDWDOL|UOHUGHQ D\ÕUDQ ED]Õ
IDUNOÕOÕNODUD GD VDKLSWLUOHU (Q]LPOHUH |]J |]HOOLNOHU EXQODUÕQ HWNLQOL÷L VSHVLILNOL÷L YH
kontrolleriyle ilgilidir.
94
1. (Q]LP HWNLQOL÷L: (Q]LPOHU GL÷HU katali]|UOHUGHQ GDKD HWNLOLGLUOHU %X GXUXP KLGURMHQ
SHURNVLWLQ VX YH RNVLMHQH SDUoDODQPDVÕ LOH DoÕNODQDELOLU %X UHDNVL\RQX NDWDOL]OH\HQ
maddelerden birisi olan ferik iyonu (Fe+3UHDNVL\RQKÕ]ÕQÕNDWDUWWÕUÕU)HUULNL\RQODUÕ
EX UHDNVL\RQ LoLQ HWNLQ ELU NDWDOL]|U ROPDVÕQD NDUúÕQ NDWDOD] HQ]LPL NDGDU HWNLOL GH÷LOGLU
.DWDOD]HQ]LPLQLQYDUOÕ÷ÕQGDUHDNVL\RQ8 NDWGDKDKÕ]OÕJHUoHNOHúLU
2. (Q]LP VSHVLILNOL÷L: .DWDOL]|U RODUDN URO R\QD\DQ ELU PDGGH NDWDOLWLN HWNLQOL÷LQ VHoLFL
RODFD÷ÕQÕ JDUDQWL HWPH] .LP\D ODERUDWXDUODUÕQGD NDUúÕODúÕODQ RUJDQLN YH LQRUJDQLN
NDWDOL]|UOHU oRN VD\ÕGD IDUNOÕ VXEVWUDW ]HULQGH HWNLOLGLUOHU (Q]LPOHUL EX WU NDWDOL]|UOHUGHQ
D\ÕUDQ HQ |QHPOL |]HOOLN RQODUÕQ KHP VXEVWUDW \DSÕVÕ hem de reaksiyon tipi DoÕVÕQGDQ VRQ
GHUHFHVHoLFLROPDODUÕGÕU
3. (Q]LP NRQWURO: (Q]LPOHUL GL÷HU NDWDOL]|UOHUGHQ D\ÕUDQ ELU GL÷HU |]HOOLN HQ]LPOHULQ
NDWDOLWLN HWNLQOL÷LQLQ NRQWURO HGLOHELOLU ROPDVÕGÕU %LUoRN HQ]LPLQ DNWLYLWHVL DUWWÕUÕODELOLU
D]DOWÕODELOLUYHKDWWDWDPDPHQGXUGXUXODELOLU
Enzim aktivitesinin |OoOPHVL
(Q]LPOHULQ GRNX YH KFUHOHUGHNL NRQVDQWUDV\RQX VRQ GHUHFH D] ROGX÷XQGDQ PLNWDUODUÕQÕ
|OoPHN oRN JoWU (Q L\L |OoPH úHNOL HQ]LPLQ NDWDOLWLN DNWLYLWHVL |OoPHNWLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD
DNWLYLWH WD\LQOHULQGH \D ND\ERODQ VXEVWUDW PLNWDUÕ \D GD PH\GDQD JHOHQ UQ PLNWDUÕ WD\LQ
HGLOHUHN HQ]LPOHULQ DNWLYLWHOHUL |OoOU %L\RORMLN PDGGHOHUGH J|UHY DODQ ELUoRN HQ]LP
"(Q]LPhQLWHVL" ELULPLLOHLIDGHHGLOLU%XQDJ|UHGDNLNDLoHULVLQGHPLNURPROVXEVWUDWÕQ
EHOLUOL NRúXOODU DOWÕQGD UQH G|QúPQ VD÷OD\DQ HQ]LP PLNWDUÕ "ELU QLWH" olarak kabul
edilmektedir.
0DWHU\DOYH<|QWHP
6HOOD]HQ]LPDNWLYLWHVLVXEVWUDWRODUDNILOWUHND÷ÕGÕQÕQNXOODQÕOPDVÕLOH|OoOPúWU
Substrat: :KDWPDQ1RILOWUHND÷ÕGÕ[FP§50 mg)
Metod:
1. Hacmi en az 25 mL olan bir test WSQH P/ 0 1D-sitrat (pH 4,8)tamponu ilave
edilir.
2. 6LWUDWWDPSRQXQGDVH\UHOWLOPLúHQ]LPGHQP/HNOHQLU
3. Filtre Nk÷ÕGÕ úHULGL PHUGLYHQ úHNOLQGH ENOHUHN VÕYÕQÕQ LoHULVLQH DWÕOÕU )LOWUH ND÷ÕGÕ WDP
RODUDNVÕYÕQÕQLoHULVLQHEDWPD]VDFDPELUoXEXN \DUGÕPÕ\ODLWLOHELOLU
4. .DUÕúÕPƒ&¶GHGDNLNDLQNEHHGLOLU
5. øQNEDV\RQVRQUDVÕQGDWSOHUHP/'16LODYHHGLOLSNDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
6. 7SOHUND\QD\DQVXLoHULVLQGHGN6UH\OHND\QDWÕOÕU7P|UQHNOHUHQ]LPN|UOHULJOLNR]
VWDQGDUWODUÕ YH VSHNWUR VÕIÕU EHUDEHUFH ND\QDWÕOPDOÕGÕU .D\QDWPD VRQUDVÕQGD WSOHU VR÷XN VX
EDQ\RVXQDDNWDUÕOÕU
7. 7SOHU VR÷XWXOGXNWDQ VRQUD LoHULVLQH P/ VDI VX LODYH HGLOLU YH WS LoHUL÷L L\LFH
NDUÕúWÕUÕOÕU
8. 3XOS WDPDPHQ GLEH o|NW÷QGH HQ D] GN VQU ROXúDQ UHQN VSHNWUR VÕIÕUD NDUúÕ QP¶GHVSHNWURIRWRPHWUHGH|OoOU
Spektro 0
1,5 mL sitrat tamponu
3 mL DNS
5 dk kaynatma + 20 mL saf su
Filtre Nk÷ÕGÕ var
(Q]LPN|U
1 mL sitrat tamponu
P/VH\UHOWLOPLúHQ]LP
3 mL DNS
5 dk kaynatma + 20 mL saf su
Filtre Nk÷ÕGÕ yok
95
Standartlar
1 mL sitrat tamponu
0,5 mL standart
3 mL DNS
5 dk kaynatma + 20 mL saf su
Filtre Nk÷ÕGÕ var
Enzim
1 mL sitrat tamponu
P/VH\UHOWLOPLúHQ]LP
3 mL DNS
5 dk kaynatma + 20 mL saf su
Filtre Nk÷ÕGÕ var
*OLNR]6WDQGDUWODUÕQÕQ+D]ÕUODQPDVÕ
6WRNo|]HOWL:PJP/NRQVDQWUDV\RQGDJOLNR]o|]HOWLVL
'LOV\RQODU:
P/JOLNR]VWRNo|]P/WDPSRQ PJP/PJP/
P/JOLNR]VWRNo|]P/WDPSRQ PJP/PJP/
1 mL gOLNR]VWRNo|]P/WDPSRQ PJP/PJP/
P/JOLNR]VWRNo|]P/WDPSRQ PJP/PJP/
6RQXoODUÕQGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL
1. *OLNR]NRQVDQWUDV\RQXQDPJP/RODUDNNDUúÕQP¶GH|OoOHQDEVRUEDQVGH÷HUOHUL
DULWPHWLNJUDIL÷HLúOHQHUHNJOLNR]VWDQGDUWNXUYHVLoL]LOLU
2. 6WDQGDUW NXUYH NXOODQÕODUDN KHU ELU HQ]LP |UQHN WSQGHQ DoÕ÷D oÕNDQ JOLNR] PLNWDUÕ
KHVDSODQÕUHQ]LPN|UQQDEVRUEDQVÕoÕNDUÕOGÕNWDQVQU
3. 5HDNVL\RQVRQXQGDPJJOLNR]ROXúXPXQXVD÷OD\DFDNHQ]LPLQNRQVDQWUDV\RQXEHOLUOHQLU
Filtre Nk÷ÕGÕ VHOOD]DNWLYLWHVLQLKHVDSODPDNLoLQPJILOWUHND÷ÕGÕQGDQGN¶GDROXúDQ
PJLQGLUJHQúHNHUJOLNR]RODUDNGH÷HULHVDVDOÕQPÕúWÕUG|QúP$oÕ÷DoÕNDQLQGLUJHQ
úHNHULQ PLNWDUÕ DQDOL] NDUÕúÕPÕQGDNL HQ]LP PLNWDUÕQÕQ OLQHHU ELU IRQNVL\RQX ROPDGÕ÷Õ LoLQ
\DQL D\QÕ VUHGH HQ]LP PLNWDUÕ NDW DUWWÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD ROXúDQ LQGLUJHQ úHNHULQ PLNWDUÕ NDW
DUWPDGÕ÷ÕQGDQ RUDQGD G|QúP QRNWDVÕ HVDV DOÕQPÕúWÕU $QDOL] EX NRúXOODUGD
JHUoHNOHúWLULOGL÷LQGHKLGUROL]KÕ]ÕQÕQOLQHHUROGX÷XYHVRQUQLQKELV\RQXQGDQHWNLOHQPHGL÷L
YDUVD\ÕOPDNWDGÕU
Enzim konsantrasyonu 'LOV\RQ (Q]LPLQ GLOV\RQGDNL KDFPL 'LOV\RQXQ WRSODP
hacmi
4. )38UHDNVL\RQXQGDPJJOLNR]DoÕ÷DoÕNDUDQHQ]LPPLNWDUÕNULWLNHQ]LPNRQVDQWUDV\RQX
P/P/hQLWHLoHULU
଴ǡଷ଻
‫ ܷܲܨ‬ൌ ଶ௠௚௚௟௜௞௢௭௢௟௨ç௧௨௥௔௡௘௡௭௜௠௞௢௡௦௔௡௧௥௔௦௬௢௡௨U/mL
ி௉௎
௠௅
ൌ
ଶ௠௚௚௟௜௞௢௭
భಔ೘೚೗೒೗೔ೖ೚೥ భ
భ
బǡభఴ೘೒೒೗೔ೖ೚೥లబ೏ೖబǡఱ೘ಽ
భ
ವ೔೗òೞ೤೚೙
Kaynaklar
Ghose, T.K. 1987. Measurement of cellulase activities. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 59 (2),
257-268.
96
)*,'$0ø.52%ø<2/2-ø6ø
)*ÕGDODUGD7RSODPEnterobacteriaceae 6D\ÕPÕ
1. Genel Bilgi
*ÕGDODUÕQ PLNUREL\RORMLN DQDOL]LQGH "genel kalite indeksi" olarak analizi istenen toplam
Enterobacteriaceae IDPLO\DVÕ VD\ÕPÕQGD VWDQGDUW RODUDN 9LROHW 5HG %LOH 'H[WURVH 95%'
$JDU EHVL\HUL NXOODQÕOÕU %HVL\HUL ELOHúLPLQGH EXOXQDQ %X besiyerine standart yayma ve
37o&
GD VDDW LQNEDV\RQ VRQXQGD ROXúDQ WP NR\X NÕUPÕ]Õ NRORQLOHU "toplam
Enterobacteriaceae" RODUDNGH÷HUOHQGLULOLU
%HVL\HULELOHúLPLQGHEXOXQDQVDIUDWX]ODUÕYHNULVWDOYL\ROHEDúWD*UDPSR]LWLIOHUROPDN]HUH
UHIDNDWoL IORUDQÕQ JHOLúLPLQL LQKLEH HGHUNHQ JOLNR] SR]LWLI EDNWHULOHULQ YDUOÕ÷Õ S+ LQGLNDW|U
ile koloni renginin NÕUPÕ]Õ\D G|QúPHVL YH VDIUD DVLWOHULQLQ NRORQL HWUDIÕQGD o|NHOWL
ROXúWXUPDVÕ LOH EHOLUOHQLU 'ROD\ÕVÕ\OD ƒ±37 o&
GD VDDW VUHQ LQNEDV\RQGDQ VRQUD -2
PP oDSÕQGD NÕUPÕ]ÕPVÕ ELU SUHVLSLWDW ]RQX LOH oHYULOL NÕUPÕ]Õ NRORQLOHU Enterobacteriaceae
familyaVÕ \HOHUL RODUDN VD\ÕOÕU Aeromonas JLEL (QWHUREDFWHULDFHDH \HVL ROPD\DQ ED]Õ
UHIDNDWoL EDNWHULOHU GH EHQ]HU UHDNVL\RQ YHULU %XQD ED÷OÕ RODUDN UDVJHOH VHoLOPLú WLSLN
NRORQLQLQ RNVLGD] WHVWL LOH GR÷UXODQPDVÕ |QHULOLU Enterobacteriaceae IDPLO\DVÕ \HOHri
oksidaz negatiftirler.
+D]ÕUODQPDVÕ LoLQ GHKLGUH EHVL\HUL J/ RODFDN úHNLOGH GDPÕWÕN VX LoLQGH NDUÕúWÕUÕODUDN
ND\QDWÕOÕUYHND\QDPDEDúODGÕNWDQVRQUDHQoRNGDNLNDGDKDND\QDPDVÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGDWXWXOXS
45ı50 o&
DVR÷X\XQFDVWHULO3HWULNXWXODUÕQa 12.
HUP/G|NOU%XEHVL\HULRWRNODYODQPD]
6WHULOL]DV\RQ ND\QDU VX EDQ\RVXQGD EHVL\HULQL HULWLUNHQ \DSÕOPÕú ROXU 95%' $JDU
EHVL\HULQLQ DúÕUÕ ÕVÕWÕOPDVÕQGDQ NDoÕQÕOPDOÕGÕU $úÕUÕ ÕVÕWPD VHOHNWLYLWH\L D]DOWÕU .D\QDU VX
EDQ\RVXQGDNLÕVÕOLúOHPHWNLQOL÷LQLQVD÷ODQPDVÕLoLQEHVL\HULQLQP/
GHQID]ODKDFLPOHUGH
hazÕUODQPDPDVÕ |QHULOLU gQFHGHQ 5 L HUOHQ LoLQH P/ GDPÕWÕN VX NRQXOXS D÷]Õ
NDSDWÕODUDNRWRNODYGDVWHULOL]HHGLOPHVLYHEHVL\HULQLQEXHUOHQGHKD]ÕUODQÕSHULWLOPHVL|QHULOLU
+D]ÕUODQPÕúEHVL\HULSDUODNYHNR\XNÕUPÕ]Õ-NDKYHUHQNOLGLUS+
VÕ o&
GD“2'dir.
*HQHO RODUDN HNLPGHQ VRQUD GDNLND RGD VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD NHQGL KDOLQGH EHNOHWLOHQ 3HWUL
NXWXODUÕQD LNLQFL NDW RODUDN \LQH 95%' EHVL\HULQGHQ ± P/ NDGDU G|NOS NDWÕODúWÕNWDQ
sonrDLQNEDV\RQ|QHULOPHNWHGLU
Toplam Enterobacteriaceae VD\ÕPÕ LoLQ VWDQGDUW RODUDN 95%' $JDU EHVL\HUL NXOODQÕOPDNOD
birlikte sanayide "VWDQGDUW GÕúÕ" ROPDN ND\GÕ LOH 95%/ $JDU
GD UHQNOL YH UHQNVL] WP
NRORQLOHULQVD\ÕPÕLOH95%/$JDU
DJ/GHNVWUR]HNOH\HUHNGHVD\ÕP\DSÕOPDNWDGÕU
*ÕGD LúOHWPHOHULQGH "koliform bakteri" VD\ÕPÕQGD NXOODQÕODQ 95%/ $JDU EHVL\HULQGH GH
teorik olarak toplam Enterobacteriaceae VD\ÕPÕ \DSÕODELOLU %XQD J|UH EHVL\HULQGH JHOLúHQ
UHQNOLYHUHQNVL]WPNRORQLOHUVD\ÕOGÕ÷ÕQGDWoplam Enterobacteriaceae VD\ÕOPÕúROXUøNLQFL
RODUDN 95%/ EHVL\HULQH J/ GHNVWUR] HNOHQGL÷LQGH HOGH HGLOHFHN PRGLIL\H EHVL\HULQGH
JHOLúHFHNWPUHQNOLNRORQLOHUWRSODPEnterobacteriaceae RODUDNGDGH÷HUOHQGLULOHELOLU
8\JXODPDQÕQDPDFÕGDKD|QFHGHn koliform bakteri ve koliform olmayan Enterobacteriaceae
LODYHHGLOPLúJÕGD|UQH÷LQGHEX\|QWHPOHVD\ÕPVRQXFXIDUNOÕ÷ÕQÕQLQFHOHQPHVLGLU
97
2. Analiz
Ankara hQLYersitesi*ÕGD0KHQGLVOL÷L%|OP*ÕGD0LNUREL\RORMLVLODERUDWXYDUÕWDUDIÕQGDQ
|QFHGHQ NRQWDPLQH HGLOHQ JÕGD |UQH÷LQGHQ KD]ÕUODQDQ ±1 ve 10±2 seyreltiler, ekim ve
LQNEDV\RQVWDQGDUW\|QWHPOH\DSÕODFDNWÕU
dDOÕúPDDOWJUXSKDOLQGH\UWOHFHNWLU*UXSODUD\QÕJÕGDGDQED÷ÕPVÕ]RODUDNVH\UHOWPH
IDUNOÕEHVL\HULQHHNLPYHVD\ÕP\DSDFDNODUGÕU%|\OHFHWHNHUUUOGHQHPHSODQÕNXUXOPXú
RODFDNWÕU7HNUDSRUYHULOHFHNWLU
'H÷HUOHQGLUPH
35ı37 o&
GD VDDW LQNEDV\RQ VRQXQGD NRORQLOHU VD\ÕODFDNWÕU *ÕGD |UQH÷LQGH EXOXQDQ
WRSODP(QWHUREDFWHULDFHDHVD\ÕVÕ
N= C / [V x (n1 + 0,1 x n2[G@IRUPOLOHKHVDSODQÕU
Burada;
N: *ÕGD|UQH÷LQLQJ\DGDP/
VLQGHPLNURRUJDQL]PDVD\ÕVÕ
C: 6D\ÕPÕ\DSÕODQWP3HWULNXWXODUÕQGDNLNRORQLVD\ÕVÕWRSODPÕ
V: 6D\ÕPÕ\DSÕODQ3HWULNXWXODUÕQDDNWDUÕODQKDFLPmL
n1: øONVH\UHOWLGHQ\DSÕODQVD\ÕPODUGDVD\ÕP\DSÕODQ3HWULNXWXVXDGHGL
n2: øNLQFLVH\UHOWLGHQ\DSÕODQVD\ÕPODUGDVD\ÕP\DSÕODQ3HWULNXWXVXDGHGL
d: 6D\ÕPÕQ\DSÕOGÕ÷ÕDUGÕúÕNVH\UHOWLGHQGDKDNRQVDQWUHRODQÕQVH\UHOWPHRUDQÕGÕU
3HWULNXWXODUÕQGD±DUDVÕQGDNLNRORQLVD\ÕODUÕGH÷HUOHQGLUPH\HDOÕQÕU
6RQXoODUÕQ9HULOPHVL
Gruplar
VRBD Agar
VRBL Agar
Mod. VRBL Agar
Grup 1
Grup 2
Grup 3
<XNDUÕGDNLoL]HOJHORJNREJRODUDNGROGXUXODFDNEDVLWYDU\DQVDQDOL]LLOHEHVL\HULDUDVÕQGD
IDUNROXSROPDGÕ÷Õ\RUXPODQDFDNWÕU
Kaynaklar
www.mikrobiyoloji.org sitesi
*ÕGD0LNUREL\RORMLVLYH8\JXODPDODUÕ$QNDUDhQLYersitesi <D\ÕQÕ
*ÕGD0LNUREL\RORMLVL(JHhQLYersitesi <D\ÕQÕ
98
)dL÷6WWH0HWLOHQ0DYLVLLOH+Õ]OÕ0LNUREL\RORMLN$QDOL]
1. Genel Bilgi
6W IDEULNDODUÕQD JHOHQ oL÷ VWQ KÕ]OÕ ELU úHNLOGH PLNUREL\RORMLN \NQQ EHOLUOHQPHVL
JHUHNOLGLU 'LUHN PLNURVNRELN VD\ÕP LOH EX DQDOL] \DSÕODELOLUVH GH FDQOÕ YH |O
PLNURRUJDQL]PD VD\ÕVÕ DQODúÕODPD] %DVLW RODUDN VWQ LoLQH LODYH HGLOHFHN PHWLOHQ PDYLVL
o|]HOWLVLQLQ UHQJL PLNUREL\HO DNWLYLWH VRQXQGD LQGLUJHQHUHN DoÕOÕU 6WWH FDQOÕ
PLNURRUJDQL]PDVD\ÕVÕQHNDGDU\NVHNLVHEXVUHR GHQOLNÕVDRODFDNWÕU
*ÕGDODUÕQ KÕ]OÕ \|QWHPOHUOH PLNUREL\RORMLN DQDOL]L ]HULQGH oRN \R÷XQ oDOÕúÕOPDNWDGÕU
0HWDEROL]PD\DGD\DOÕ \|QWHPOHU|]HOOLNOH \NVHNVD\ÕODUGDPLNURRUJDQL]PDYDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQNÕVD
VUHGHVDSWDQPDVÕLoLQNXOODQÕOPDNWDGÕU0LNURRUJDQL]PDIDDOL\HWLVRQXQGDoHúLWOLPHWDEROLN
UQOHU RUWDPD VDOÕQÕU %XQODUÕQ VDSWDQPD VUHVL QH NDGDU NÕVD LVH RUWDPGD R GHQOL \NVHN
VD\ÕGD PLNURRUJDQL]PD YDUGÕU 6W IDEULNDODUÕQGD PHWLOHQ PDYLVL YH UHVD]XULQ LQGLUJHPH
WHVWOHULLOHVWQPLNUREL\HO\NKDNNÕQGDNÕVDVUHGH±VDDWELOJLDOÕQDELOLU(PSHGDQVD
GD\DOÕDQDOL]OHUXOXVODUDUDVÕVWDQGDUWODUGD\HUDOPÕúWÕU&22 oÕNÕúÕQÕQL]OHQPHVL]HULQHNXUXOX
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6WIDEULNDODUÕQGDPHWLOHQPDYLVLYHUHVD]XULQLQGLUJHPHWHVWOHULNXOODQÕODUDN\DSÕODQDQDOL]GH
HQ E\N HQJHO VWQ DQWLEL\RWLN LoHUPHVLGLU $QWLEL\RWLN LoHUHQ VWWH PLNURRUJDQL]PD
JHOLúPHVLROPD\DFDN\DGDoRN\DYDúJHOLúPHVRQXQGDDVOÕQGD\NVHNVD\ÕGDPLNURRUJDQL]PD
LoHUHQVWKDWDOÕRODUDN"temiz" RODUDNGH÷HUOHQGLULOHFHNWLU
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2. Analiz YH'H÷HUOHQGLUPH
$QDOL]L \DSÕODFDN VWQ P/
VL VWHULO ELU WSH DOÕQÕS ]HULQH ILOWUH LOH VWHULOL]H HGLOPLú SSPPHWLOHQPDYLVLo|]HOWLVLQGHQP/LODYHHdilecek ve su banyosunda 37o&
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EÕUDNÕODFDNWÕU 6WWH EXOXQDQ EDNWHULOHULQ JHOLúPHVL VRQXQGD PDYL UHQNOL ER\D LQGLUJHQLS
VWQNHQGLUHQJLQLDOGÕ÷ÕVUHEHOLUOHQHFHNWLU
3DUDOHO RODUDN VWDQGDUW PLNUREL\RORMLN DQDOL] LOH oL÷ VWWH WRSODP EDNWHUL DQDOL]L GH
\DSÕODFDNWÕU 7RSODP EDNWHUL DQDOL]L LoLQ NXOODQÕODFDN EHVL\HUL 6NLP 0LON 3ODWH &RXQW
$JDUGÕU60 + 3&$YHLQNEDV\RQSDUDPHWUHVLƒ±30 oC; 48 saattir.
+HU X\JXODPDGD D\UÕ VW NXOODQÕODFDNWÕU 6WOHU $QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL *ÕGD 0KHQGLVOL÷L
%|OP *ÕGD 0LNUREL\RORMLVL ODERUDWXYDUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ |QFHGHQ D] RUWD YH oRN VD\ÕGD
PLNURRUJDQL]PD\NLoHUPHVLVD÷ODQDUDNNRQWDPLQHHGLOHFHNWLU
6RQXoODUÕQ9HULOPHVL
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LQGLUJHPH VUHVL GDNLND LOH VWWHNL EDNWHUL VD\ÕVÕQÕ ORJ NREPO WDEOR KDOLQH JHWLULS ([FHO
WDEORVXQD WDúÕ\DFDN YH RUWDODPDQÕQ GR÷UXVDO JUDIL÷L ]HULQGHQ "y = a + bx" HúLWOL÷LQGHQ
hesaplayarak tek rapor verecektir. SM + PCA EHVL\HULQGH HOGH HGLOHFHN NRORQL VD\ÕODUÕQD
J|UHVWWHNLEDNWHULVD\ÕVÕQÕQKHVDSODQPDIRUPO)*ÕGDODUGD7RSODPEnterobacteriaceae
6D\ÕPÕE|OPQGHYHULOPLúWLU
99
g51(.
Grup 1
Grup 2
Grup 3
$gUQH÷L6UHGN
8
15
6
$gUQH÷LVD\ÕORJNREPO
6,15
6,15
6,15
%gUQH÷L6UHGN
%gUQH÷LVD\ÕORJNREPO
&gUQH÷L6UHGN
&gUQH÷LVD\ÕORJNREPO
Kaynaklar
www.mikrobiyoloji.org sitesi
*ÕGD0LNUREL\RORMLVLYH8\JXODPDODUÕ$QNDUDhQLYersitesi <D\ÕQÕ
*ÕGD0LNUREL\RORMLVL(JHhQLYersitesi <D\ÕQÕ
100
) øoPH 6XODUÕQGD 0HPEUDQ )LOWUDV\RQ <|QWHPL LOH .ROLIRUP *UXbu
Bakteri Analizi
1. Genel Bilgi
AB uyXPoDOÕúPDODUÕoHUoHYHVLQGH7&6D÷OÕN%DNDQOÕ÷ÕWDUDIÕQGDQùXEDWWDULKYH
VD\ÕOÕ 5HVPv *D]HWHGH \D\ÕPODQDUDN \UUO÷H JLUHQ "øQVDQL 7NHWLP $PDoOÕ 6XODU
+DNNÕQGD<|QHWPHOLN" KNPOHULX\DUÕQFDVXODUÕQPLNUREL\RORMLNDQDOL]LPHPEUDQILOWUDV\RQ
0)\|QWHPLLOH\DSÕOPDNWDGÕU
$QDOL] HGLOHFHN PDWHU\DOGHNL EHNOHQHQ KHGHIOHQHQ PLNURRUJDQL]PD VD\ÕVÕQD J|UH VÕUDVÕ\OD
\D\PDNOWUHOHNLPG|NPHNOWUHOHNLP(06YHPDWHU\DOX\JXQLVHPHPEUDQILOWUDV\RQ
\|QWHPLNXOODQÕOÕUP/VX\XQPLNUREL\RORMLNDQDOL]LLoLQ0)HQJHoHUOL\|QWHPGLU
0)VÕYÕJÕGDODUÕQDQDOL]LQGHNXOODQÕOGÕ÷ÕJLELKDYDGDNLYHGL÷HUJD]ODUGDNLPLNURRUJDQL]PD
YDUOÕ÷ÕQÕQ EHOLUOHQPHVLQGH GH NXOODQÕOÕU 0LNURRUJDQL]PDODUÕQ JHoHPH\HFH÷L NDGDU NoN
J|]HQHNOHULRODQILOWUHGHQPDWHU\DOYDNXPLOHJHoLULOLU6RQUDILOWUHX\JXQELUEHVL\HUL]HULQH
\HUOHúWLULOHUHNLQNEDV\RQDEÕUDNÕOÕU
%XUDGD HQ |QHPOL KXVXV ILOWUHQLQ PLNURRUJDQL]PD RODQ \] GH÷LO GL÷HU \] EHVL\HULQH
\HUOHúWLULOLU 0LNURRUJDQL]PD JHOLúLUNHQ EHVL\HULQL DEVRUEH HGHU *ÕGD VX YH KDYD
analizOHULQGHJHQHORODUDN—PJ|]HQHNoDSÕQGDNL ILOWUHOHUNXOODQÕOÕU
8\JXODPDQÕQ DPDFÕ IDUNOÕ EHVL\HUOHUL NXOODQÕODUDN IDUNOÕ PLNURRUJDQL]PDODUÕQ DQDOL]OHULQLQ
\DSÕOPDVÕGÕU
$QDOL]YH'H÷HUOHQGLUPH
P/ LoPH VX\X 0) VLVWHPLQGHQ JHoLULOLS ILOWUH 7HUJLWRO 77& EHVL\HULQH \HUOHúWLULOHFHN
D\QÕVXWHNUDUILOWUHHGLOLSEXNH]ILOWUH(1'2EHVL\HULQH\HUOHúWLULOHFHNWLU'HQH\GHNXOODQÕODQ
VRQEHVL\HUL95%$JDURODFDNWÕU$\QÕoDOÕúPDP/VXLOHWHNUDUODQDFDNWÕU
ı37o&
GD VDDW \DSÕODFDN LQNEDV\RQGDQ VRQUD WLSLN NRORQLOHU VD\ÕODFDNWÕU 3HWUL
NXWXODUÕQGDQ\DNODúÕNNRORQLRODQODUVD\ÕPLoLQNXOODQÕODFDNWÕU%XQODULoLQGHE. coli olma
RODVÕOÕ÷ÕRODQODUGDNHVLQOHúWLUPHLoLQ08*HVDVOÕWHVWX\JXODQDFDNWÕU%XDPDoODNRORQLP/
NDGDU GDPÕWÕN VXda o|]OHFHN |]HO NYHWLQGH o&
GD VDDW LQNEH HGLOHFHNWLU %X VUH
VRQXQGD QP GDOJD ER\OX 89 ODPED LOH IORUHVDQ ÕúÕPD YHUHQOHU E. coli olarak
GH÷HUOHQGLULOHFHNWLU
6RQXoODUÕQYHULOPHVL
+HUGHQH\GHJUXSODUDOWJUXEDD\UÕODFDNJUXSODUÕQKHUELri bir besiyerinde analiz yapacak,
VRQXoWHNELURUWDNUDSRURODUDNYHULOHFHNWLU
Tergitol TTC ENDO
VRB Agar
10 mL
8
15
6
100 mL
6,15
6,15
6,15
101
Kaynaklar
www.sumikrobiyolojisi.org sitesi
www.mikrobiyoloji.org sitesi
*ÕGD0LNUREL\RORMLVLYH8\JXODPDODUÕ$QNDUDhQLYersitesi <D\ÕQÕ
102
)<]H\OHUGH+Õ]OÕ0LNUREL\RORMLN$QDOL]
1. Genel Bilgi
*ÕGDHQGVWULVLQGH LúOHPHWH]JkKODUÕQÕQPLNUREL\RORMLN\NoR÷XGHID|QHPOLGLU<]H\OHUGH
PLNURRUJDQL]PDVD\ÕPÕIDUNOÕ\|QWHPOHUOH\DSÕOÕU
<]H\OHUGH WLS KLM\HQ DQDOL]L \DSÕOÕU %XQODUGDQ ELULQFLVL oHúLWOL \|QWHPOHUOH GR÷UXGDQ
mikrobiyolojik analizlerdir. Bu analizleUJHQHORODUDNVDDWVUHU
øNLQFL WLS KLM\HQ DQDOL]L 1$' 1$'+ 1$'3 1$'3+ $73 JLEL KFUHVHO ELOHúLNOHULQ
EHOLUOHQPHVLHVDVÕQDGD\DQÕU%XWLSKLM\HQDQDOL]LFDQOÕPLNURRUJDQL]PDEHOLUOHPH\H\|QHOLN
GH÷LOGLU *HQHOOLNOH WHPL]OLN YH GH]HQIHNVL\RQ LúOHPLQGHQ KHPHQ VRQUD \D GD oDOÕúPD\D
EDúODPDGDQKHPHQ|QFHX\JXODQÕUYHJ|]OHIDUNHGLOHPH\HQRUJDQLNNLUOLOLNNDOÕSNDOPDGÕ÷Õ
NRQWURO HGLOLU $\QÕ VD\ÕGD FDQOÕ \D GD |O PLNURRUJDQL]PD YDUOÕ÷ÕQGD D\QÕ NLUOLOLN GH÷HULQH
HULúLOLU 6WHULO VW JLEL "FDQOÕ \D GD |O" ROPD\DQ PDWHU\DO GH WH]JkK ]HULQH EXODúPÕú LVH
\R÷XQNLUOLRODUDNVRQXoDOÕQÕU
8\JXODPDQÕQ DPDFÕ IDUNOÕ \|QWHPOHUOH \DSÕODQ PLNUREL\RORMLN DQDOL] SUDWL÷LQLQ
SHNLúWLULOPHVLGLU
'H]HQIHNVL\RQ|QFHVLYHVRQUDVÕODERUDWXYDUWH]JkKODUÕPDWHU\DORODUDNNXOODQÕODFDNWÕU
$QDOL]YH'H÷HUOHQGLUPH
<]H\GH PLNUREL\RORMLN DQDOL] LoLQ JHOLúWLULOPLú |]HO EHVL\HUL LOH WH]JDKWDQ |UQHN DOÕQDFDN
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cm2 ROGX÷X LoLQ VRQXoODU NDUúÕODúWÕUPDOÕ RODUDN ND\GD DOÕQDELOLU %X KLM\HQ SODQODUÕQGD
|QHPOLGLU
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¾ 6WULS DOPLQ\XP IRO\RVXQGDQ oÕNDUÕOÕU $OPLQ\XP IRO\R DQDOL]LQ LOHUOH\HQ
DúDPDVÕQGDNXOODQÕOPDN]HUHVDNODQÕU
¾ $ o|]HOWLVL GDPODWÕOÕU. dDOÕúÕODQ \]H\H YH\D VÕYÕ\D X\JXQ |UQHNOHPH \|QWHPL
X\JXODQÕU
¾ %o|]HOWLVLGDPODWÕOÕU
¾ &o|]HOWLVLGDPODWÕOÕU
¾ 6WULS DOPLQ\XP IRO\R\D JHUL NRQXS D÷]Õ NDSDWÕU 2GD VÕFDNOÕ÷ÕQGD -5 dakika
bekletilir.
5HQNQHNDGDUNR\XLVH\]H\RNDGDUNLUOLGLU
Kaynaklar
www.mikrobiyoloji.org sitesi
103
104
EK ± 5DSRUgUQH÷L
No:
$GÕ6R\DGÕ:
Uygulama Tarihi:
Konu:
$PDo
Materyal:
<|QWHP:
Bulgular:
6RQXFXQ\DSÕODQLúLQGH÷HUOHQGLULOPHVL\RUXPODQPDVÕ:
7DULKYHøP]D |÷UHQFL
105