Itllll! - Adalet Bakanlığı

•Jil
®£
Itllll!
Dr. Zahir KlZbAAZ
ORİON
İÇİNDEKİLER
ONSOZ
GİRİŞ
I
BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM
I. KURAMSAL PERSPEKTİFLER
1.1. Bazı Bireyler Niçin Suç İşler? Geleneksel Sosyolojik
Suç Perspektifleri Açısından Suç ve Suçluluk
1.2. Bazı Bireyler Niçin Suç İşlemeye Devam Eder? Suç
Davranışının Tekrarlanması ve Gelişimsel Perspek­
tifler
1.2.1. Sosyal Gelişim Modeli
1.2.2. Kriminal Kariyer Yaklaşımı
1.2.3. Yaşam Seyri Teorisi
29
34
37
47
İKİNCİ BÖLÜM
H. ARAŞTIRMANIN METODOLOJİSİ
2.1. Araştırmanın Konusu ve Amaeı
2.2. Araştırmanın Varsayımları ve Hipotezleri
2.3. Araştırmanın Yöntemi ve Tekniği
2.4. Araştırmanın Evren ve Örneklemi
2.5. Şartlı Salıverme İle İlgili Genel Bazı Bilgiler
53
56
59
60
71
73
ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM
III. SUÇLULARIN GENEL PROFİLLERİ:
ARAŞTIRMANIN BULGULARI VE
DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
3.1. Araştırma Grubunda Yer Alan Suçluların Bazı
Sosyo - Demografik Özellikleri
3.2. Suçluların Geçmişine İlişkin Bazı Bulgular
3.2.1. Suç İşlemeye Başlama ve İlk Tutuklanma Yaşı
11
11
77
77
79
79
3.2.2. Önceki Suçluluk veya Kriminat Yoğunluk
Düzeyi
3.2.3. İşlenen Suçların Türü
3.2.4. İlk Tutukluluk Süresi
3.3. Çocukluk Dönemindeki Suçluluğun OngöriJcij Fak­
törleri
3.4. Aile Değişkenleri ve Suçluluk: Suçluların Aile Geç­
mişleri
3.4.1. Aile Bireylerinin Suçluluk Durumu
3.4.2. Ebeveynlerin Madde Kullanmaları
3.4.3. Aile Parçalanması
3.4.4. Aile İçi Fiziksel Şiddet ve Kötü Muamele
3.4.5. Evden Kaçma Sıklıklaıı
3.4.6. Suçluların Ailelerine Yönelik 15azı Değerlen­
dirmeleri
3.5. Arkadaş/Akran Etkisi ve Suçluluk
3.6. Mükerrer Suçluluğun Güçlü Bir Göstergesi: Madde
Kullanma
3.7. Sosyal Başarı Göstergeleri Açısından Mükcrrir Suç­
lular
3.7.1. Öğrenim Düzeyi ve Okul Değişkenleri Açı­
sından Suçluların Görünümleri
3.7.2. Suçluların Sosyo-Ekonomik Statüleri ve Ekonomik Faaliyetleri
3.7.2.1. İşsizlik - yoksulluk vo suç
3.8. Davranış Bozukluğu ve Klinik Faktörler
DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM
IV. SUÇLULUĞUN GELİŞİMİ VE SUÇLULARIN
SUÇLULUK KARİYERLERİ
4.1 Kriminal Kariyer Yönelimi ve Bazı Örnek Olaylar
4.2. Bireylerin Suç İşlemeye Başlamalarında ve Devam
Etmelerinde Etkili Olan Bazı Faktörler
4.2.1, Suç işlemenin Cazibesi ve Hayatı Parti Ta­
dında Yaşamak
88
90
92
94
105
108
112
lîö
118
123
127
131
141
150
150
165
172
176
187
187
216
221
BEŞINCI BOLUM
5. C E Z A , CEZAEVİ VE SUÇLULAR
5.1. Cezanın İşlevleri ve Suçtaki Caydırıcı Hlkisi
5,1. 1. Cezalandırma Davranış Değişikliği Yaratır
mı?
5. 2. Cezaevi ve Mükerrer Suçluluk
5.2.1. Cezaevleri: Suç Okulları veya Suç Üniversite­
leri mi?
5. 3. Rehabilitasyon ve Mükerrer Suçluluk: Suçlular Ce­
zaevinde Rehabilitc Edilebilirler mi?
ALTINCI BÖLÜM
6. CEZAEVİ SONRASI KOŞULLAR VE SUÇLULUK
6.]. Mahkûmlar Cezaevinden Çıktıktan Sonra Neden
Tekrar Suç İşlemektedirler?
6.1.1. Suçlunun Aile Bireylerine Olan Bağlılık Dü­
zeyi ve Evlenmenin Suçu Terk Etmedeki
Caydırıcı Etkisi
6.1.2. İstikrarlı Bir İşe Sahip Olmanın Suçtaki Cay­
dırıcı Ltkisi
6.1.3. Suçlu Arkadaş Çevresi ile Olan ilişkilerin
Devam Etmesi
6.1.4. Toplumun Cezaevinden Tahliye Olan Mah­
kûmlara Yönelik Reaksiyonu
6.1.5. Suçluların Suçun Sonlandınlmasına İlişkin
Görüşleri
233
234
242
266
270
289
305
310
315
317
320
322
324
YEDİNCİ BÖLÜM
7. SONUÇ VE DEĞERLENDİRME
329
SEKİZİNCİ BÖLÜM
8. BAZI ÖNERİLER
9. EK: TABLOLAR LİSTESİ
KAYNAKÇA
349
360
377
KAYNAKÇA
Adîer, Freda, Gerhard O.W, Mueİler v.d (1995), Criminology. USA;
McGraw-Hi!l
Agnt;w, Robert (1985), "Sosyai Control Theory and Delinquency: A
Longitudinal Test", Criminology, 23: 47-61
Agnew, Robert (1992), "Foundation for a General Strain Theory of
Grime and De!inquency", Criminology, 3ü; 47-87
Akers, Ronald (1985)^ Dcviant Behavİor; A Social Learning Approach.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Akers, Ronald, Marvin Krohn, L. Lanza- Kaducc ve M. Radasovich
(1979). "Sociaî Learning and Devİant Behaviorı A Speclfic Test
of a General Theory", American Sociological Review 44; 636-55
Altıntaş, Betüi (2003), Mendile, Sİiîiite, Boyaya, Çöpe. Ankara Sokakiarmda Çalışan Çocuklar, İstanbul: İletişim Yay.
Amir, Menachem (1971), Patterns of Forcible Kape. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press,
Andenaes, John (1974), Punishment and Deterrence, Ann
Arbor:
University of Michigan Press
Anderson, Dennis B., Randal) E. Schumacher ve Sara L, Anderson
(1991), "Relcase Characteristics and Parole Success", Journal of
Offendeı- Rehabilitation, 17, 133-145
Andrevvs, Don A. (1989), "Recidivism is Predictahle and Can be
Influenced: Using Risk Assessments to Reduce Recİdivi.sm",
Forum on Correcüons Research, 1; J]-18.
Andrevvs, Don A., James Bonta ve Robert D. Hoge (1990).
"Classification for Effective Rehabilitation; Rediscovering
Psychology". Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17; 19-52.
Andrews, Don A. ve James Bonta (1998), The Psychology of Criminal
Conduct (2nd ed.)- Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Pubİishİng.
378
Andrevv.s, Don A., Lvan Zingler, Robert D. Hoge, James Bonta, Paul
Gcndreau ve Francis T. Cullen (1990). "Does Correctional
Treatnifnt VVork? A Ciinically-Relevant and PöychologicaiiyInfurniL'd Meta - Analysis", Criminology, 28, 369-404
Armslrong, K.G. (1971), ' T h e Ketributivist Hits Back", İç. The Theories
of Punishment (ed. Stanley E, Grupp), S. 19-41, BlüOjnington;
Indiana Univ. Press
Aîasoy, Sevil (2005), Hürriyet Gazetesine yaptığı bir röportajdan, Pazar
Hürriyet, 11.09.2005,5.14).
Bailey, Waiter C. (1966), Correctional Outcome: An Evolution of 1000
Report", Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Poliçe
Science 57:153-160
Bandura, Albert (1977), Social Learning Thcory, Englewood Ciiffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall
Barak. Cregg (1998), İntegrating Criminologies, USA: AUyn and Bacon
Barlovı/, Hugİı (1993), Introduction to Criminology, USA: Harper
Colüns
Barnett, A., Alfred Btumstein
"Probalistic Models of
ve David
Youthful
P. Farrington (1987),
Criminal
Offendcrs",
Criminology, 25/1:83-103
Bartusch, Dawn R./., Donald R. Lynam, Terrie E. Moffitt ve Phil A.
Silva (1997), "Is Age Inıportant? Testing A General Versus a
Dovelopment Theory of Antİsocia! Bohavior", Criminology
35:13-48
Bauıncr, Eric (1997), "Levels and Predictons of Recidivism: The Malta
Experience", Criminology, 35:4,601-628
Beccaria, Cesare (2004), Suçlar ve Cezalar Hakkında (tere., Sami Sel;;uk), Ankara: İmge Yay
Becker, Gary (1968), Grime and Punishment: An Economic Approach,
Journal of PoliticaLEconomy 76: 2 189-217
Becker, Howard S. (1963), Outsiders: Studies in ihe Sociology of
Deviance, Nevv York: Free Press of Glencoe
Beki, Cem, Kees ZeeJengberg ve Kees V. Montfort (1999) "An Analysis
of The Crime Rate in The Netherlands:l950-1993", British
Journal of Criminoloy, 39 (3): 401- 415
379
Benda, Brent B,, Robert FLynn Cürwyn ve Nancy J. Toombs (2001), "
Predicting "Survial" in the Community Among Persistent and
Serİous Juvenile Ofenders: A 12-Münth Follow-up Sludy",
Journal of Oftender rebabilitation, 32, 79-108
Blackburn, R., ve D. Favvcett (1995). "Tbc Antisocial Personalily
Qucstionnaire; an Inventory for Assessing l^ersonality Dcviatİon
in Offender Populations". European Contcrcnce on Law and
Psychology, Budapcst, 1-Jungary.
Blumstein, Alfrod ve E. Grady (1982), "Prcvalence and Recldivsm in
the Index Arrest: A Feedback Model", Law and Socicty Review.
16: 265-290
BİLimstein, Alfred vo ]acqueline Cohen
(1979), "Eslimation of
individual Crimo Rates from Arrest Records", Journal of
Crimİnal Lavv and Criminology, 70; 561- 585
Blumslein, Alfred ve Paul Hsieh (1982), Tiıe Duration of Adult
Criminai Careers, Washington, DC: National institute of Jıısticc
Blumstoin, Alfrod, David P. Farrington vo Soumyo Moitra (1985),
"Do]inquoncy Careers: Innocenîs, Dosistcrs and Persisters" iç,
M. Tonry vo N. MorriH (ed.) Crimo and Justico: An Annual
RoviGvv of Research, Vol. 7, 5.187- 219, Chicago; Univcrsity ot'
Chicago Press
Blumstoin, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen ve David P. Farrington (1988),
"Crimİnal Career Research : Us Valııe for Criminology",
Criminology 26:1-35
Blumstein, Alfrod, Jacqueline Cohen, Jeffrey A. Roth ve Christy A.
Visher (1986), Criminai Careers and Career Criminals, Was­
hington, D.C: National Academy i'ress
Blumstoin, A. Cohen, J. ve Nagin Daniel (1978), Doterrcnce and
lacapacitation: Estiraating The Fifecls of Criminai Sanctions on
Crimo Rates, VVashington, DC: National Acad. of Sciences
Bohm, Robert M, (1997), A Perimer on Crimo and Delinquoncv, USA;
Wadsvvorth Pub.
Bovenkerk, Frank ve Yücel Yeşilgoz (2000), l'ürkiye'nin Mafyası
(Çev.Nurten Aykanal- Haluk Tuna), İstanbul: İletişim Yay.
Bradley, Gerard V. (2003), "Retribution: The Central Aim of
Punishment", Harvvard Journal ()f Law and l-'ubiic l'olicy, 27„ 1,
19-31
380
Braithwaite, John, (1989), Crime, SVıame and Reintegration, Cambridge
Univ. Pres,USA
Briime, Roberl, E.P. Mulvey ve A.R. Piquerü (2001), "On the
Development of Dİfferent kinds of Criminal Aclivify",
Sociological Mclhods and Research, 29: 319-341
Bramt\ Kobert, Raymond Paternostcr ve Shawn D. Bushway (2004),
"Criminal Offending Frequency and Offense Svvitchİng",
Journal of Contomporary Criminal juslicc, 20 (2): 201-214
Brevvslor, Dennis R. ve Susan F, Sharp (2D02) "Educatîona! Programs
and Recidİvİsm in Oklahoma: Another Loük", The Prison
Juarnal, 82 (3): 3U-334
Brill, Chester L. (1992), "Constancy and Change in the U.S. Age
Distributİon of Crime: A Test of the "İnvariance Hypolhesis,"
Journalof OuantitaliveCriıiîinology, 8 (2): 175 --187
Burgess, Robert L. ve Ronald L. Akers (1966), "A
Associtîtion-Reinforcemcnl Theory of Criminal
Social Problems 14:128-147
Üiffercntiai
Behavior",
Burnelt, Ros ve Shadd Maruna (2004), "So Prison VVorks", Does it? The
Criminal Careers of 130 Men Reloased From FrJson Under
H o m e Sccretary, Michael Hovvard", The l"Iov\'ard Journa), 43 (4):
390 - 404
Capaldi, Deborah
Offenders
Prediction
Research m
M. ve Gerald R. Patterson (1996), "Can Violent
be Dislİnguisbed From Frequent
Offenders:
From Childhood lo Adolescence", Joumal of
Crime and DeHnquency, 33 : 206-231
Carcach, Carlos (1999), "Recidivism And The Juvenilc Offender",
hltp://w\v\v,aic.gov.au/conferences/children/carcach,pdf
Catalano, Richard F. ve J. David Hawkins (1996), "The Social
Development Model: A Theory of Antİsocial Behavior", S, 148198, ]. David Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency aûâ Crime, USA:
Cambridge Universily Pres
Cernkovich, Stcphcn A ve Peggy C. Ciordano (1992), "fichool Bonding,
Race, and Delinqüency", Criminology, 30: 261-29]
Chambllss, William ]. (1971), "The Deterrent Influence of Punishınenl"
İç.Theories üi Punishment (ed. Sfanley E. Grup), S. 196-205,
Bioominglon: Indiana Univ. Pres
381
Chambliss, William J. (1996), "Tovvard a Folitical Econoi'ny of Crime",
İç. Criminological Perspectives, (Ed: John Muncie ve diğerleri),
London: Sage Pub.
Chu, Mayling M, (20Ü2), "Incarcerated Chinese Men: Their Life
Experienccs and Criminal Onset", The British journa! of
Criminology, 42 (2): 250-266
Chung, Ick-Joong, J, Davİd Hawkins, Levvayned D. Gilchrist, Kari G,
Hill ve Danİei S. Nagin (2002a), "Identifying and Predİcting
Offending Trajectories Aınong Poor Children", Socia! Service
Review, 76 (4): 663 - 685
Chung, Ick'Joong, Kari G. Hill, J. David Hawkins, Levvayned D.
Gilchrist ve Daniel S. Nagin (2002b), "Childhood Predictors of
Offense Trajectories", Journal of Research in Crime and
Delinqueacy, 39(1): 60-90
Clarke Stevens.H.,
C r u m L. (1.985), Keturns to Frison in North
Carolina, NC: Ins . Gov. Univ. Norlh Carolina
Clemmer, Donald (1958), The Prİson Community, Nevv' York: HoU,
Kinehart ve VVinston
Clemmer, Donald (1970), "Prisonization", The Sociology of Punsihment
and Correction (Ed. N o r m a n Johnstun v.d), Nevv York: John
VViIey and Sons, Inc
Cleckley, H. (1941), The Mask of Sanity, St. Louis: C. V. Mosby.
Clovvard, Richard A. ve Lloyd E.Ohîin (1960), Delinquency
and
Oppurtinity. Nevv York: Free Press
Cohen, Albert K. (1955), Delinquent Boys, Nevv York: Frce PrL=ss,
Cohcn, Jacquelİne. (1986), "Research on Crimina! Careers: İndividuaî
Frcquency Rates and Offense Seriousness", İç.Crimİnal Careers
and Career Criminals, S. 292-418 (Ed. A, Blumsteşn, ]. Cohen
v.d.), Natioanl Academy Pres, VVashington DC.
Cohen, Lavvrence ve Kenneth Land (1987), "Age Strncture and Crime:
Symmetry Versus Asymmetry and The Projecfion of Crime
Rafes Tlırough the 1990.s", American Sociological Revievv , 52
(2): 170^183
Conger, Riind D, (1976), "Social Control and Social Lcarning Models of
Delinqucnt Behaviour; A Synthesis", Criminology, 14: 17-40
Conklin, John J. (1989), Criminolügy, Nevv York: Macmiüan Pub.
382
Cottle, Cindy C, Ria J.Lec VG Kirk Heilbrun (2001), "The Prcdiction of
Criminal recidivism in Juvcniles", Criminal Justice and
Behav'iür, 28 (3): 367-374
Croall, Hazel (1998)
Crime and Society in Britain, Longınan Pub,,
London
Cuiien, Francis.T. (2002), "l^chabililation and Trcatment Programs'", İç.
Crime: Public Policies for Crime And Contnjl (Ed. }.Q VVilson. J.
Pelersilia), S. 253-290, Oakland, CA: Inst. Contemp. Stud,
Cullen, Francis.T, (2005), "Twelve Pcople Who Saved Rehabilitation:
How The Science of Criminology Made A Differcnce: l l ı e
American Society of Criminolohy 2004 Presidential Address",
Criminolohy, 43(1): 1-42
Cullen, PrLincis.T,, John B. Cullon ve John F. Wo?.niak (1988), " Is
Rfc'hflbiiifatîon Dead? Tlıe Myth uf TJıe Punitive Public", Jounm!
of Criminal Justice 16:303-31.7
Curan, Daniel ]. ve Claire M. Ren?,etti (1994), Thcories of Crime, Bos­
ton: Allyn and [iacon
L>a)y, Martin, Margo VViJsoJi ve Shavvn, Vasdew (20(11)^ "Income
hnequality and Homicide Raics in Canada and United
States",Canadian Journal of Criminology, 43 (2): 219-236
DcFina, Robert Fi, ve Thomas M. Arvanitcs (2002), "The VVeak Eft^ct ot
İmprisonment on Crime: 1971-1998", Social Science Quar[erly.
83 (3): 635-653
DeKeseredy,
VValter
ve
N4artin
Schvvartz
(1996),
Contı^mpornry
Crimiriülügv, USA: VVadsvvorth Pub.
DeFisl, Matt (2001), "Hxtreme Cartjer Criminals", American Journal of
Criminal Justice, 25 (2): 239-252
Denıbn, Richard ve James Sclımeidler (2003), "A Classification oi' liigh
Ris-k Youths", Crime nnâ Delinquency, 49 (2): 201-230
Dcmbo, Richard, James Schmeidler, B. Nini, Gougb, C,C Suc, Polly
Borden ve Darrell Manning (1998), "Predictors of Recidivism to
a Juvenile Assesment Centen A Three-Ycar Study", Journal üf
Clıild and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 7: 57-77
L^embo, Richard, Finda VViUiams, James Schmeidler, Alan Getreu ve
Estrellita 1-ierry (1991), "Recidivism Among Fiİgh Risk Youths: a
383
2 1/2-Year Follow-up of a Cohort of Juvcnile
Dctainecs,
Internationiil Journal of the Addictions, 26; 1197-1221
Dembo, Richard., G. Turner, Camile Cbin Sue, James ScbmeJdler, Polly
Bordon ve Darrell Manning (1995). "Predictors of Recidi\'ism to
a Juvenile Asessment Center". International Journal of the
Addictions, 3Ü; 1425-1452.
Demirbaş, Timur (2001), Kriminoloji, Ankara; Seçkin Yayıncılık
Deutsch, ]. Deutsclı, Uriel Spicgel ve Templeman Joseph (1992) "Grime
and Income Incquality: An Economic Approach", Atlantic
Economic Journal, 20 (4): 46-55
Devine, Joel, Joseph Sheley ve M, Dvvayne Smith, (1998),
Macroeconomic and Social Control Policy Influences on Grime
Rate Changes: 1948-1985", American Sociological Review , 53
(3): 407-420
Dieîz, P. E. (1985), "Criteria for Prodiction of Criminalily". İç.
Üangerousness, Probability, Frediction, Psychiatry and l'-'ublic
Policy, ( Ed: G, D, VVebster, M. H, Ben-Aron ve S. j . Mucker ),
Nevv York: Gambridge Üniv, Press.
Docker, Scolt, ve Carol. VV. Kohfeid, (1990), "Certainty, Severily and
tiıe Probability of Crlme: a Logistic Analysis", Policy Siudies
Journal, 19(1): 2-21
Dovvden, Craig vo D. A, Andrevvs (1999), "VVhat VVorks in Young
offender Treatment: A Meta - Analysis", From on Correclional
Research, 11:21-24
I".5ovvden, Craig ve D. A. Andrews (20Ü0), "Effective Correctional
Treatment and Violent Reoffending: A Meta- Analysis",
CanadJan Journal of Criminology, 42 (4): 449-467
Dönmezer, Sulhi (1994), Kriminoloji, İstanbukBela Basım Yayjm
Dönmezer, Sulhi ve Erman (1985), Nazari ve Tatbiki Ceza Hukuku, (10
baskı). Cilt 3, İstanbul: Beta Yay,
Duncan, Renae D., Kennedy VVallace A„ Patrick Cjıristophcr J. (1995),
"Four- Factor Model of Recidivism in Male Juvenile Offenders",
Jornal oi Clinical Chiid Psychology, 24 (3); 251-256
Eggleston, Elainc ve John H. Laub (2002), "The Onset of Adult
Offending: A Neglccted Dimension of tlıe Criminal Careı;r",
Journal of Criminal Justicc, 30; 603-622
384
Ehlirch, Isaac (1975), "Tho Düterrcnt Effect of Capital PunishmenL: A
Qustion of Life or Death", Amyrican Economic Revievv 65, 397
Eido, ErÜng (1994), Economics of Crime: Delerrence and Rational
Offender. Amesterdam: North Molland
Einat, Tomer ve Eîaim Einat (2000), "Inmate Argot As An Expressiün of
Prison Subculture: Tfıe Israeli Case", The Prison Journal, 8ü (3):
309-325
Elder, Glonn H. (1985), Piîrspectives on the Life Course, Life Course
ü y n a m i c (ed.Glenn H.Elder), Itbaca, N.Y.: Cornell Unİversity
Press.
Elliott, Delbert . S vo H. Voss (1974), Delinquency and
Dropout,
Lexington, MA; D.C, Heath
Ellioit, Delbert S, D. Huizinga ve Suzanne S, Ageton (1985), Explaining
Deİinquencv and Drug Use, Beverly Hills, CA: Scıge f\ıb.
Klliott, Delbert S, D. Huizinga ve Scott Menard (1989), MuUiple Prob­
lem Youth: Delinqııency Drug Use,
Problems. New York: Springer- Verlag
and
Mental
Health
ElJiott, Delberl S, ve Scott Menard (1996), Delinquent Friends and
Delinquent Behavior: Temporal and Developmental Patterns",
İç. Dclinquency and Grime: Current Theorİes (edit: J. David
Hawkins), Camhridge, Mass: Cambridge Universİty Press
Ellis,
Lee,
Anthony
Walsh(2000),Criminology:
Perspective,USA:Anyn and Bacon
A
Global
Ellis, Desmond (1987), An Introduction to The Sociologİcal Study of
Oeviance: The VVrong Stuff, Canada: Collier Macmillan İne.
Parabee, David, Yıh-ıng 1-Iser, M. Douglas Anglın ve David Huang
(2004), "Kecİdİvism Among An Early Cohort of California's
Proposition 36 Offenders", Criminology & Public Policy, 3 (4):
563-583
Farrington, David P, (1983). "Offending from 10 to 25 Years of Age", İç.
Prospective Sludies of Crime and Delinquency (cd. K. T. Van
Düsen ve S. A. Mednick), S. 17- 37, Boston: Kluvver-Nijhoff.
Farrington, David F, (1986), "Age and Crime", İç. Crime and Justice:
An Annııal Keview of Research Vol. 7 (Edit. M. Tonry ve N.
Morris), S. 189- 250, Chicago: Chicago Unİversity Press.
385
Farrington, David P. (1987), "Prudictİng Individual Crime Kales", İç.
Prediction and Classification (Ed. D,M. Gottfredson ve M, Tonry
), S, 53-101, Chicago: University of Clıİcago Pruss
l-arrington, David P. (1991), "Childhood Aggression and Adult
Violence: Early Precıırsors and Later Life Outcomes", İç.The
Development and Treatmeant of Childhood Aggression, (Ed.
D.J.Pepler ve K.H. Rubins), S. 5-29, Hillsdate, NJ:"nar]baum
Farrington, Davİd P. (1992), "Criminal Caroer Research in the United
Kingdom", British Journal of Crîminology, 32: 521 -536
Farrington, David P. (1995). "The ]2th Jack Tizard Memorial Lecture:
The Development of Offending and Antisocial Bohavior from
Clıildhood: Kev Findings from tJıe Cambridge Sludy in
Delinquent Development". Journal of ChiJd Psychology and
Psychiatry, 360: 929-964.
Farrington, David P. (1996), "The Expianation and l^revenlion ot
Youthul Offending", İç. Delinquency and Crime: Currenl
Theories, (Ed.: J. David Havvtdns), S. 68-148, Cambridge'.
Cambridge Univ. Press
Farrington, David P. (1997), "Human Development and Criminal
Careers", İç.The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (ed. Mike
Maguire, Rod Morgan ve Robert Reiner), s. 361-409, Nev\' York:
Oxford Universily Press
Farrington, David P. (2003), "Developmental and
Life-Coıırse
Criminology: Key The Theoretical and Empirical fssııos-The
2Ü02 Sııtherland Avvard Address", Criminology, 41 ( 2): 221-255
İ-arrington, David P, ve Davİd Hawkins (1991), "Predlcling
Participation, Early onset and Later Persistence in Ofticially
Recorded Offending", Criminal Behaviour and Men[al 1 lealth,
1:1-33
Farrington, David P. ve Hovvard. N. Snyder ve Terence A. Finnegan
(1988), "Specialization in Juvenüc Court Careers, Criminology,
26:461-487
Farrington, David P ve D. J. VVest (1993), "Criminal, Pena! and Life
Histories of Chronİc Offenders: Risk and Prolective Factors and
Early Identification", Criminal Behaviour and Mental İTealth, 3:
492-523
386
Farringlon, David P. ve Per-Olof H. VVikstom, (1994),
"Criminal
Carecrs in London and Stockholm: A Cross- National
Comparative Study", İç. Cross-National Longitudinal Research
on Mvıman Development and Criminol Behabivor, {Edited:
Blmac G. M. VVeitckamp and Hans-Jürgon Kerncr), S. 65- 89,
Nctherland; Kluwer Acadomic Pub.
Parringlon, David P., Darrick JoUiffe, j . David Havvkins, Richard F.
Catalano, Knrl G. Hill ve Rick Koşturman (20Ü3), "Comparising
DeUnqueney Careers in Courl Kecurds And Self-Ropuıis",
Criminülogy, 41 (3): 933-958
Varringion^ David 1'., Rolf Loebcr, Delbert S. Elliott, J. David Hawkins;
Denişe Kandel, Malcolm Klein, Joan VlcCord, David C. Rowe ve
Richai'd li. Trembley (1990), "Advancing Knovvledge About thc
Onset of Delint]uency and Crİme", Advances in Clinical and
Chiid Psychology içinde, (cd. D.D. Lahey ve A.R Ka/dın), 13:
283-342, New York-. Pltnum
Faninglon, David ve Barbara Maughan (1999), "Crimiııal Careerjî of
Two kondon Cohorls", Criminal Behaviour and Mcnta! Mealth,
9 ( ! ) : 91d06
Parringlon David P., Darrick Jolliffe, Rolf Loeber, Magda StoutlıamerLoeber ve Larry M. ' Kalb (2001), "Tlıe Concentration of
Offenders in Families, and Family Criminalily in the Prediction
of Boys' Delinquency". Journal of Adolescencc, 24: 579-596
l'OLicauU, Michei (2003), İktidarın Gözü, İstanbul: Ayrıntı yayınlan
Fry, Lincoln J. (1985), "Drug Abuse and Crİme in a Sv.'edish Birlh
Cohort", British Journal of Criminology, 25: 225-274
Cîanzüi', Victor ]. ve Irvvin G. Sarason (1973), "Variables A.s.sociated
vvitlı Rccidivism Among Juvenilc Delinquent", Journal of
Consulingand CÜnical Psychology, 40: 1-5
Ge,
Xıaojia, M. Brent Dunnellan ve Ernst Wenk (2001), "The
Development of Persistent Criminal Offending in Males",
Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28 (6): 73h755
Gendreau, Paul, Francis T, Cullen ve James Bonta (1994), "Intensive
Rehabilitation Supervision; the Next GencraUon in Community
Correctiony?" Federal Probation 58: 72-78
387
Gendreau, PauJ, Tracy Little ve Claire Goggİn (1996). "A Meta-Analysis
of the Predictors of Adult Offcnder Recidivism: VVhat Works!".
Criminology, 34: 401-433.
Gendreau, Paul. Ve Claire Goggin (1994), The Effuct of Prison
Sentcnces on Recidivisnı, Ottavva, Canada: DL'p.Solicil. Gen.
Gerber, Jıırg ve Briç J. Fritsch (1995), "Adult Academic and Vocational
Correctional Education Programs; A Revievv of Recent
Research", Journal of affender Rehabiiitation, 32: 199-242
GhigÜeri, Michael F.(2002), Erkeğin Karanlık Yüzü, (çev.Ülgen Yıldız),
Ankara: Phoenix Yay.
Giardano, Peggy C , Stt;phen A. Ccrnkovich \'e Meredifh D.Pugh
(1986), "Friendships and De]inquency", American Journat of
Sociülogy, 5:1170-1202
Gibbons, Don C. (1987), Society, Grime, And Criminal
Dehavior,
Englewoods Cliffs: Prcntictv Halî
Gibbö, -Jack P. (1975), Grime, Punishment, and Deterrence, Social
Science Quarterly, 48: 87: 130
Giddens, Anfhony (2000), Sosyoloji, Ankara: Ayraç yay.
Gluock, Sheldon
ve Eleanor Glueck (1950), Unraveling Juvcnile
Deİinqucncy, New York: The Commonwealth Fund
Gottfredson, Michac! K. ve Travis Hirschi (1986), "The True Value of
Lambda Would Appear to Be Zero: An Essay on Careei"
Criminals, Griminal Gareers, Selecüve Incapacition, Gohorl
Studies and Relatcd Topics," Criminology, 24: 213-234
Gottfredson, Miclıae! R. ve Travis Hirschi (1990), A General Tlıcory or
Crİme. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ, Press
Goltfredson, Michael R. ve Travis Mirschi (1996) "Criminality and Low
Self-Control", iç. Nevv Perspectives in Criminology (Ed,: John E.
Conklin), S.39-50, USA ; Allyn and Bacon
Grann,
Martin, Niklas Langström ve Gunnar Kullgren (1999).
"Psychopathy (PCL-R) Predicts Violent Rccidivism Among
Criminal Otfenders wilh Personality Disorders in Sweden" Law
and H u m a n Behavior, 23; 205-217
Greenberg, David (1977), Delinquency and the Age Structure of
Society", Contemporary Crises 1: 66-86
388
Grettüu, Hoather M., Michelle McBride, Robert D. Hare ve Roy, O.G.
Kumka (2001), "Psychopathy and Rccidİvism in Adolescent Sex
Oftenders", Criminal Jııstice and Behavior, 28 (4): 427-449
Grupp, Stanley E. (1971), The Theories of Punishment (od. Stanley E,
Grupp), Blüomington: Indiana Univ. Press
Gümşığı Gazetesi (2tX)la), "Af Uslandırmadı", 18 Ocak 2001, Elazjğ
Cünışığı Gazetesi (20Ülb), "Geldiği Yere Geri Gitti", 22 Ocak 2001,
Elazığ
Hagan, Frank E. (1991) Introduction to Criminolugy, Chicago: NelsonHall
Hagan, John ve Bili McCarthy, (1997), Mcan Streets: Youth Crime and
Homclessness, Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hagan, John, (1985), Modern Criminology: Crime, Criminal Behavior,
And Us Controi, USA: McGraw-Hill Pub.
Hagan, John, R. Dinovitzer (1999), "Collateral Consequences of
İmprisonmont for Children, Communities and Prisoners"
lı^.Prisons (Ed. M. Tonry, J. Petersilia), S. 121-162, Chicago: Chi­
cago Press.
Halrston Creasie. 1^. (1988), "Eamily Tİes During Imprisonment. Do
They Influence Future Criminal Activity ?" Fed. Probat. 52 (1),:
48-52
Hanson, Cindy. L., Scott VV.Henggeler, VVilUam Haefele wa DougUıs }.
Rodick (1984). "Demographic, Indivİdual, and
Family
Relationship Correlales of Scrious and Repeatcd Crime among
Adolescents and their Siblings". Journal of Consulting and
Clinicai Psychology, (52): 528-538. düzelt
Hanson, R, Kari ve Monique T.Bussiere (1998), "Predicting Relapse: A
Meta- Analysis of Sexual Offender Rccidİvism Studies", Journal
of Consulting and Clinicai Psycology, 66: 348-362
Hare, Robert D. (1998). Psychopaths and Their Nature. Implicatİons for
the Mental Health and Criminal Justice Systems". T. Millon, E.
Simonson, M. Burket- Smith, & R. Davis (Ed.), Psychopathy:
Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior, S 188-212,. New
Yoık: Guilford
Hare, Robert D., Danny Clark, Martin Grann ve David Thornton (2Ü00),
"Psychopathy and Predictive Validity of the PCL-R: A
389
International Perspective" Behavıoral Sciences and Ihe Law, İS;
623-645
Harr, David. (1999), "A Ploa Prom Behİad Bars; Take a Change on
Education" Sücial Policy, 3ü, 50
Harris, Grant T., Tracey A. Skilling ve M a m i e E. Rice (2001), ' T h e
Construct of Psychopathy. İç. ( Ed. M. Tonry ), Crime and
Justİce: An Annual Revİew of Research, S. 197-264, Chicago:
UniversUy of Chicago Press,
Hay,
Carter (2001), " An Exploratory Test of Braithwaite's
Reintegrative Shaming Theory", Journal of Research in Crime
and Delinquency 38: 132-153
Hawkins, ]. David ve Josepb G. VVeis (1985), "The Social development
Model: An Integrated Approach to Delinquency Prevention",
Journal of Primary Prevention, 6: 73-97
HeUman, D., ve N. Blackman (1966). "Enuresis, Piresetting, and Cruelty
to Animals; a Triad Predictive of Adull Crime", American
Journal of Psychiatry, 122:1431-1435,
Hindelang, Michacl
.J. (1971), "Age, SGX and
the Versatilit)' of
Deiinquent Involvements", Social Problems, 18: 522-535
Hindelang, Michaei J. (1973), "Caııses of Deiint]Liency : A Partia!
Replication and Extcnâion", Social Problems", 2ü: 47P487
Hirschi, Tarvis ve M. ]. Hindelang, (1977), Intelligence and
Delinquency: a Revisionist Revievv", American Socilogical
Review, 42: 571-587
Hirschi, Travis ve Michaei Gottfcdson (1988), ' T o w a r d s A General
ITıeory Of Crime", jç. Explaining Criminal Behaviour:
İnterdisciplinary Approaches (Ed: VVouter Buıkhtııseıı ve
Sarnoff A. Mednıck ), S. S-27, Nelherlands: Library of Congress
Cataloging-in- Pubİication
Hirschi, Travis, (1969), Causes of De!inquency, Berkeley: University of
CaÜforuia Press,
Hofer, Paul (1988), "Prisonization and Recidİvİsm: A Psychological
Perspective", International Journal of Offender llıerapy and
Comparative Criminology. 95-İÜ6
390
Izzü,
Rhena L. Ve Robcrt R. Ross (1990), "Meta-Analysis of
Rehabilitation Programs Fur Juvenile Dclinquents: A Brief
Report", Criminal Justice And Behavior, 17(1): 134-142
İ(;h, Tülin (1992 ), Türkiye'de Suçlular: Sosyal, Kültürel ve Ekonomik
Öztüllikleri, Ankara: Bizim Büro Basmıcvi
İçil, Tülin (1998), Kriminoloji, Ankara; Bizim Büro Basımevi
İçli, Tülin G, ve Aslıhan Öğün (1999), Türkiye'de Cezaevlerindeki
Rehabilitasyon Faaliyetleriyle İlgili Sosyolojik Bir Analiz, Anka­
ra: Ankara Açık Cezaevi Yay,
Jancic, İVİ. (1998), "Does Correctional Education Hnve an Hlfect on
Recidivism ?", Journal of Correctional Education, 49(4): 152-161
Justiccv B., R. Justice, i'e J. Craft (1974). "Early VVarning Signs of
Vioîence: Is a Triad Enough?" American Journal of Psychiatry,
131:457^59,
Katsiyannis, Antonis, Dalun Zhang, David E, Barrett ve İVacy Maska
(2004) "Background and Fsychosocial Variables Associated
VVİth Kccidivism Among AdüJescent Males: A 3 Year
Inve.stigation", Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,
12(1): 23-29
Kazdin, Alan E. (1995), Conduct Disorders
Adolesccnce, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage
Kdly,
Morgan
(ZOÜÜ) "Ineqüality
and
in
Childhood
Crime",
and
Keview
of
Economics&Staüstic, 82 (4): 530-539
Kempf- Leonard, Paul E, Tracy ve James C, HoweI (2001), "Serious
Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders: The Relationship of
I^Jelinijuency Career Typcs to Adult Criminality", Justice
Quartcrly, 18 (3): 449 ^ 478
Kempf, Kimberly L, (1987), "Specİalization and the Criminal Career",
Criminology, 25:399-420
Kızılçelik, Sezgin (1996), Sosyoloji Teorileri-S, İzmir: Saray Kitapevleri
Kızmaz, Zahir (2003), "Ekonomik Yapı ve Suç: Bazı Araştırma Bulgula­
rı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme", f irat Univ. Sosyal Bilimler Der­
gisi, 13 (2): 279-304
Kızmaz, Zahir (2005), "Sosyolojik Suç Kuramlarının Suç Olgusunu
Açıklama Potansiyelleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme" C, Ü. Sos­
yal Bilimler Dergisi, 29 (2): 149-174
391
Kızmaz, Zahir (2005), "Gasp Suçunu İşleyenler Üzerine Sosyolojik Bir
Araştırma: Elazığ E Tipi Cezaevi Örneği", Ege Üniversiiesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yay., 14:133-175
Kifer, Misty, Craig H e m m e n s ve Mary K. Stohr (2003), "The Goals oi
Correclions: Perspectives From Tlıe Eine", Criminat justice
Revievv, 28(1): 47-69
Kloin, Malcolm (1984), "Offense Specıalizalion and Versalility anıong
Juveniles", British Journal of Criminology, 24:1S5-194
Krohn Marvin D., Terence F. Thomberry, Craig Rivera ve March Lc
Blanc (2001), "Later Delinquency Careers", İç. Child
Delinquents: Development, Intervention, and Service Needs
(Ed. R. Loeber ve D.P, Farrington), S. 67- 93, Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage
Kury, Helmut, Theodore N, Ferdinand ve Joachim Obergiell-FLichs
(2003), "Does Severe Punishment Mean Less Criminality?",
International Criminal Justice Revievv, 13: l l ü - 1 4 7
Kyvsgaard,
Britta
(20t)3),
The
Criminal
Career:
The
Danish
Longitudinal Study, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Langstrom, N ve M. Garnn (2002), "Psychopath and Violenl Recidivisnı
Anıong Young Criminal Ol^fenders", Açta Psychiîıtr Scjnd, J06;
86-92
Laub, John H. (2004), "The Life Course of Criminology in The United
States: The American Society of Criminology 2003 Pi'esidenlial
Address", Criminology, 42 (1): 1-26
Laub, John H. Ve Robert Sampson J. (1991), "'ihe Sutherland- Glueck
Dcbate: On llıe Socioigy of Criminological Kno\vledge",
American Journal of Sociology, 96:1402-1440
Laub, John M, ve Robert Sampson J. (1993), "Turning Points in the Life
Course: VVhy Change Mallor to the Study of CVime",
Criminology, 31: 3Ü1-326
Laub, John H. ve Robert Sampson J. ve Leana C, Ailen (2001),
"Explaining Crime Över the Life Course; Toward a Theory of
Age-Contr()l Craded Informel Social Control", iç. Explaining
CriminaJs and Crime, S. 97-112 (Fxi. Ra)'mond Patternosler ve
Ronet Bachman), Koxbury pub,
Laub, Jühn H., Daniel S. Nagiıı ve Roberl J. Sampson (1998),
"Traj'ectories of Change in Crinıinai Offcnding; Good Marriages
392
and The Desİstance Process", American Sociological Rovifw, 63
(2): 225- 23R
LiiDlanc, Marc Lc ve Marcel Frochctte (1989), Male Crimİnal Activily
From
Chikihood
Through
Youth;
Mıılü-level
and
Developmcntal Perspectives. Nevv York: Springer-Verlag
LcBlanc, >4iiriiı Le ve Rolf Loeber (1998), Developmental CriminoJogy
Lipdated, Ctime and Justice: A Revievv of Resonrch içinde (Ld.
M.Tonry), (Vol 23 115-198), Chicago: University of Chicago
Lemcrt, Kdwin M. ("1951), Sücial Pathology, New York: McCraw-HilI
Leuketeld, C, C , T.K, Logan, R.R. Claylon, C. Martın, R. Zimmerman,
A. Cattarello, R. Milich ve D, Lynmam (1998), "Adolescent Drug
Use, Delinquency, and Other Behavior, İç. Delmquent Violent
Youth: Theory and Interventions (Ed. Thomas P. GulloUa v.d),
S, 98-129 ThoLisond Oak: Sage Pub,
Lilly,
J.Roberf, Francis T.CuUen ve Kichard
A.Ball (1995),
Criminological Theory: Context and Consequences,
Sage
Pub,,Londün
Lipsey, Mark W. (1992i\ ), Jııvenile DeTinquency Treatment: A MelaAnalytic Inquiry inlo Ihc VariabİUty oi Effects. Meta-Analysis
For F,xplana[iün: A Casebook içinde (Ed. T.D.Cook), S. 83-128.,
New York: Russell Sage.
Lipsey, Mark W. (1992b ), "The Effect of Treaiment on juvenile
DeUnquents: RcsıılU From Meta-Analysi.s", İç. P.sychülogy and
Law (Ed. Friedrich Lösei v.d.), S. 131- 143 Berlin, Nevv York:
VValter de Gruyter
Lipsey, Mark W. (1995) "VVhat do We Learn From 400 Researclı Studies
on [he Effectiveness of Treafınent VVith juvenile Delinquenls",
İç. VVhat Work,s: Reducing Reoffending-Guidclines From
Ri_>search and Practice, (Ed. J. McGuire), S. 63-78, John VVİİcy
&Sons
Liplon,
Douglas, Robert Martinson ve judith VVilks (1975), '!'hc
Effecliveness of Correctional 'iYeatmenl: A Survey of Trealmenl
EvaİLiation Studies, Nevv York; Prager
Liska, Ailen E. (19H7), Perspectives on Deviance, USA; Prentice- Llall
393
Liu, Jianhong, Steven P. Mossner ve Ailen E. Liska (1997), "Chronic
Offenders in China", Inlernjttitmal Criminal /u.sticc Revit'w, 7:
31-45
Livingston, |iiy, (1996), Crimeiind Cıiminology, USA: P r o n t i c c - H a i l
l..ot=ber, Rolf ve Magda Stoutharnor-Locber (1996), "Tho Deveiopnıent
of Offonding", Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23 (1), 12-24
l.opbec, Rolf Vf Marc LeBlanc (199ü), "Toward a Developmental
Criminolügy". tç.Crime And Justice; Voi, 12 (Ed Michael Tonry
ve Norva! Morri.s), S. 375-437, Chicago: University of Chicago
Press
Loeber, Rolf, ve Magda Stouthıımer-Loeber (1986), "Familv Factors as
Corrtilates and Predictors of JuveniJe Conducl Problems and
Delincjuency", tç. Crime and Justice VIl, (Ed. M. Tonry ve
N.MoiTİs), S, 29-149, Chicago 111: University of Chicago Press
Loeber, Rolf, ve T. Dishion,
(•1983), "Early
Prediclors of
MaJe
Delinquency; a Review", Psychoîogical BuUetin, 94: 68-99.
Loeber, Rolf, ve Magda Stoutharner-Loeber,Welmoet B. Van Kammen
ve Da\'id I'. Parrrington (1991), "initialion, Escalalion, and
Desistance in Jnveniie Offending and Their Correiates'", ]o(.!(nal
of Crimina! Law and Criıninology 82: 36 - 82
Lotz, Koy; Lcona Lee (1999), "Sociabilİfy,
Schooî Experience
and
Delinqucncy", Youth & Society, 31 (2): 199 - 223
Lüza, VVagdy (2003)^ Predicting Violent and Nonviülcnl Rccidivism of
Incarcerafed Male Offendcr.s, Aggression and Violent Behavior,
8:175-203
Lynch
jamea.V., Wiİliam.J. Sabol (2001), "Prisoner Reentry in
Perspective", IJrbaıı Ins. Crime Policy Rep., Urban în.st. VVashington, DC.
MacKenzic,
Doris
Layton
(2000),
"Evidcnce-i^as'ed
Corrections:
Jdenlifying VVhat VVorks", Crime &DeIinquency, 46 (4): 457-471
MacKenzie, Doris Layton (2001), "Correction.s and Scntencing in ihe
21sl CenSury: Evidence-Based Corrections and Scntencing" Tlıe
Prison Journal ,81 (3): 299-312
Marshol!, Cordon (1999), Sosyoloji Sözlüğü (çev: Osman Aknıhay ve
Derj'a Kömürcü), Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat yay,
394
Mcirtinson, Robert; Lipton R, ve J. Wilks (1974), "What Works?
Queslions and Answer About Prison Reform", Tlıe Public
Intcrest, 35: 22-54
MatsLieda, Koss L. ve KalhJcfn Anderson (1998), "The üynanıics ot
ÜL'linquent Pers and Deiinquent Behavior", Crinıinology 36
(21): 269-299
Malza, David ve G,M. Sykes (1962), "Techniqucs of Delinquency" İç.
l'he Süciology of Crime and Delinquency, (Ed. M. E. VV'oUgang
v.d,), Nuvv York: John VVilcy and Sons, Inc.
ıVlay, Chris (1999), "Explaining Reconviction Follovving a Community
5eıılencc: The Role of Social Factors", London: London ITomo
Office Research Study
Mazerolle, Paul (2000), "UndcrsLandtng llJlcit Drug Use: Lessons Früiıı
Developmental Theory" Tı^-. Of Crime and Criminality: The Use
Of Theory in Everday Life (editör: Sally S. Simpsün), S. 179-205,
USA: Fine Forge Press
Mazerolle, Paul, Branıe Robert, Roymond Paternosttır, Alex I'iquerü ve
Charle.s Dean (2000), "Onset Age, Persistence, and Üffending
Versatility: Comparisons Across Gcndcr", Criminology, 38 (4);
1143-1172
McCaghy, Charles H, (1985), Deviant Behavior: Crime, Conflict and
hıtorest Groups, New York: Macmillan Pub.
McCord, joan (1977), "A Comparative Study of Tvvo Cenerations of
Native Americans", İç. Theory in Criminology, ( Ed. F. Meler ),
S. 83-92, Bcverly FIills, CA: Siige
McCord, Joiin (1979), "Some Child-Kearing Anteeedents of Criminal
BehavioLir in Aduit Men", Journal o\' personality and Social
Psychology, 37: 1477-İ4Ö6
McCord, Joan (1996), "Family Relationship^ Juvenile DelinqLiency, and
Adult Criminality". Cnminology, 29: 397-417.
McCord, Joan. (1980). "Patterns of Deviance". İç, Fluman Functionİng
in
LoDgitudinal
Perspective:
Studies
üf
Normal
and
Psychopalhic Populations (Ed. S. B. Selis, R.CrandaU, ıM. Roff, J.
S. Straujss, ve W. Pollin), Ballimore:VVilliams and Wi!kins Press.
McfJonald, Ci., ve J. IJygott (1977). Impact of beverage Alcohol on the
Criminal Justice Sysfem: a l^ılot Study. Canada, Turoııto:
Secretariat for Justice.
395
McLaughlin, Eugene ve John Muncie (2001), The Sagc Drctionary of
Criminology, Sage Publications, London
Megargee, E, I. (1966). "Uncontrolled and Overcontrolled Püi'sonality
Types in Extreme Antisocial Aggression", Psychoiogical
MüHOgraphs, 80, (Whole No. 611)
Mendclzys, N. (1979). "Correlates of Offense Severity and RecidivİHm
Probability in a Canadion Sample". Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 35: 897-907.
Mendes, Silvia M. (2001), "Certainty, Si-'verity, and Their Relative
Deterrent Effects: Questianing the Impiications of the Role of
Risk in Crimİnal Detorrence Policy", The Policy Studies Journal,
Malden: Biackvvell Pub. 32 (1): 59-74
Merrill, Jeffrey, Arthur Alterman, John Catrciola ve Megan Rutherford
(1998), "Prior Treatment History and Its Tmpact on Crimİnal
Recidivism", Journal of Substance Abuse Tre.ıtmcnt, 17 (4); 313319
Merfon, Robert K. (1968) Social Theory and Social Structure, (genişle­
tilmiş yeni baskısı) New York; Free Presy
Miller Walter B. (1958), "kower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of
a Gang Delincjuency", Journal of Social Issues 14: 5 -19
Moffitt, Terrie E. (1993), "Adolcscence-Limited and Life Course Persistent Antisocial Behavior:A Developmental Taxonomoy",
Psychoiogical Review 100: 674 - 701
Mulvey, E. P.ve C, Lidz (1984), "CJinical Considerations in the
Predictİon of Dangcrousness in Mental Patients", Clinical
Psychology Review, 4: 379-401
Muncie, John (1999), Youth And Crime: A Critical
London: Sage Pub.
Introduction,
Myner, Julye, Santman, Jennifer, Gordan G. Cappelletty, Perimutter
F.Ban-y, (1998), "Varİables Related to Recidivism A m o n g
Juvenile Offenders", International Journal of Offender Therapy
and Comparative Criminology, 42 (1): 65-80
Nagin
Daniel.S ve Greg Pogarsky (2001), "Integrating Celerity,
İmpuLsivity and Extralegal Sanction Threats into a Model of Ge­
neral Deterrence: Theory and Evidence, Criminniogy, 39: 404430
396
Nagin, Daniel S, vo David P. Farrington P, (1992), "The Onset and
Persistence of Offending", Criminolagy, 30: 501-523
Nagin, Daniol S. ve Raymond Pat(?moster (1994), " Pcrsonal Capital
and Sücial Control: Tlıe Delerronco Implications of a Theory ot
İndividiai Diffcrences in Criminal Offending", Criminology, 32:
581-606
NetlİLT, Gvvynn (1984 ), Explaining Crimc, USA: McCraw-Hi[l Book
Nilsson, Anderson (2003), "Livİng Conditions, Sücial Exdusion and
Recİdivism Among Prison İnmates", Journal of Scandinavion
Studies in Crimînology and Crimo Prcvention, 4: 57-83
O'CannL'l, Danicl J. (2003), "Investigating Latcınt Trait and Lite Coursc
Thoorics A.S Prediclors of Recidivism Among An Ot'tender
Samplo", Journal Of Criminal Jusiicc, 31: 455-467
Othmani, Ahmed (2003), Hapishaneden Çıkış: Dünyadaki Cezaevi
sİsLümlerinde Reform Mücadelesi, (çcv, İşık Hrgüden), İstanbul:
Metis Yay.
Patevno,ster, Ray. (1987), "The Deterrent Effcct of Perceived Certainty
and Severity of Punlshment: A Revicvv of the Hvidcnce and
Issııe", Jusüce Quarteriy, 4 (2)-. 173-217
Patterson, Gareld R. ve T. J. Dishison, (1985), "Contrubition of Families
and Peers to Delinquency", Criminology, 23: 63-79
l'aiterson, Gerald K., B. D. DeBaryshti ve P. Ramsey (1989), "A
DeveJopmental Perspectİve on Antisodal Behıavior" American
Psychologist, 44: 329-335,
Pa[lerson, C^erald K., D. Capaldi ve L, Bank (1991), "An Parly Stnrter
Model tor Predicting Delinquency", İı^:,The Developmenl and
"i'reatmenl of Childhood Aggre,s,şion, (ed. D,J, Pepler ve K.H.
Kubin), litUsdale, N.J: Erlbaıım
Pattenson, Gerald K., L, Crosby ve S. Vuchinich (1992), "f^rediding Risk
for Eariy Poliçe Arrest" Journal of Quaııtitative Criminolügy, 8 :
335-355,
Paller-îün, Gerald R,, M. S, Forgatch , Karen L,Yoerger ve M, Stooimiller
(1998) "Variabies that İnitiate and Maintain an Farly-onset
Trajectorv
for juvenile Offending".
Devclopment
and
Psydıopathology, 10: 531-547,
397
Patterson, Gerald. R. (1996), "Some Chariicteristics of d Üevelopmentai
Theory For Eariy-Onset Delinquency ", Fronteries of
Developmontal Psychopatology içinde, (ed. M.F. Lenzcnvvegvve
ve J,J. Haugaard) , S. Öİ-İ24, Nevv York: Oxford University
Press
Fnuiucci, E. O., C. Vio!aU> vy M.A. Schofield (1998), "Case Need ü o main; Marital and Family", Foıum on Correclions Research, 10
(3): 20-23
Pevnanen, K. (İ979). "Experiencc of Violenco and Thcir A.ssociation
vvith Alcohol Use in the General Populalion of a Community".
Annual Meeting American Socİety of Crjminologv, Philadelphi
PiquGre, Alex R. ve S.Tibbcts (1996), "Specifying Ihe Direnci and İndirecl
Hffects of Low Self'Control and SituaUonai Factors in Offender.s
Decision Making: Tovvard a More Coınplete Model of Criminal
Offending" Justice Quarterly !3; 481-510
Piquero, Alex (2000), "Frcquency, Spcciali^ation, And Violence in
Offending Careers", Journal of Research İn Grime And
Delinquency, 37(1):392-41H
Piquero, Alex R., Uavid P, Harrington vo Alfred Biuniblein (2003), ' T h e
Criminal Career Paradigm", İç. Grime And Justİce: A Rcvievv of
Research, (Ed. Michael Tonty),
S. 359-506, Chicago: Th^
Univcrsily of Chicago Press
Pİtjuero, Alex R., Robert Brane ve Donald Lynanı (2004), "Sludying
Criminal Career Length Through Early AduUUoud Among
Serious offenders", Grime and Delintjııency, 50 (3); 412-435
l'iqı,ıero, Alex, Raymond Paternoster, I'aul N4a/,orolle
v.d (19'-'9),
"Ünset Age and Offense Specializalion", Jounıal ol" Kese.ıi'ch in
Grime and rJelinquency 36: 275-299
Pogarsky, Greg ve Alex R, Piquero (2003), "Can Punislımenl luıconrage
Offending? İJi\'esfigating Tiıe "Rcsetting" Sİffect", jüiırnal of
Research in Grime and Delinquency, 40 (i): 95- 120
Poole,
Eric D, Ve Robert İVİ. Regoli (1979), "Parental Supporl',
Delinquent: l'riends, and [)cUııquency; A "lest iı^lerfiction
Effects", Journal of Criminal Lavv and Criminology, 70: İ^i8-193
Quinney, Richard (1977), Class, State, and Grime, Nevv YorkıDavid
Mckey
I'^eid, ^Lie Tilııs (1982), Grime and Crinıinokmv (3. baskı), McGrruv-Hill
398
Rice, MarnİL' E,, ve Grant.T. Harris (1997), "Cross- Validation and
Extensiün of thc Violence Risk Apprai.sal Guide for Child
Mülcsters and Rapists", Law and Human Behavior, 21: 231-241
Ritzer,
Georgı? (Ed,) (2004), Handbook of Sodal Problems: A
Codiparativc înlernational Perspective, Thousand Oaks: Sage
Pub,
Robins, Lco (1979), "Sturdy Childhood Predictors of Adult Antisocial
Bchavior: Repljcations From Longiludinal SlııdİL's", İç. Stress
and Montal Disordor, (Ed. J. E. Barrelt, R, M, Rose ve G.L.
Klerman), s. 219-235, N e w York: Raven Press
Robison,
james
ve
Gerald
Smith
(1971), "The effectiveness
of
Correctional Programs", Crime and Delinquency, 17: 67-80
Rogers, S. (1981), Factors Related to Recidivism Among Adull:
Proahoners in Ontario, Toronto; Ontario Ministry of
Correctional Services
Rojek, Dean G. ve Maynard L. Frikson (1982), "Delinquent Careers; A
Test of The Delintjuent Escalation Model", Criminokjgy, 2Ü : 528
RowQ, Alan R, ve Charles R, Tittle (1977), "Life Cycle Changes and
Criminal Propensity", Sociological Quarterly 18: 223-236
Roy, Sudiplo. (1995). "Juvenile Reslitution and
Recidivism in a
Midvvestern County", Federal Probation, 59: 55-62.
Rütter, Michael, Hcnri Güler, and Ann Hagell (1998), Antisocial
Behavior by Young Peoplc. Camhridge, UK; Cambridge
O'niversity Pross.
Sampson, Robert J. (2002), "Tlıe Community", İç, Crime; Public Policies
for Crime Confrol içinde (Ed:J.Q. Wilson, J. Petcrsilia), S. 225252, Oakland, CA:1CS Press
Sampson, Robert J. ve John H. Laub (1990) "Crime and Devianco Över
The Lite Course: The Saiience of Aduit Social Bonds", American
Sociological Revievv 55: 609-627
Sampson, Robert ]. ve John H. Laub (1992) "Crime and Deviance in The
Life Counse", Annual Revievv of Sociolgy, 18: 63-84
Sampson, Robert J. ve John H, Laub (1993), Crime in The Making
['athvvays and Turning Poİnts Through Life,Cambridge;
Harward Univ. Press
399
Sampson, Robert J. ve W. Byron Groves (1989), "Community Structure
and Crime: Testing Social Disorganizalion Theory", American
Journal of Sociolügy, 94: 774- 802
Sandors, Barry (1999), Öküzün A'sı, İstanbul: Aynnfı Yay.
Scully, Diana (1990), Understanding Sexüal Violence: A Sludy of
Convicted Rapists, London: HarperCollins Academic Press
Seddon, Toby (2000), F.>;plaining the Drııg- Crime Link: Theorelical,
Policy and Research tssues, Jonl. Soc, !'ol.29, 1, 95-107, United
Kingdom, Cambridge Univ. Press.
Seitet, Richard P, Ve Karen R. K a d e h (2003), Frisoner Reentry. VVhat
VVorks, VVhat Does Not, and VVhat iy Promising", Crime &
Delinquency, 49 (3): 360^388
Scto, Michael C. ve Howard E Barbaree (1999), "P.sychopathy,
Treatment Behavior, and Sex Offender Recidivism", Journal of
Interpürsonal Violence, 14:1235-1248
Shavit, Yossİ ve Arye Rattner (1988), "Age, Crime, and the Early Li[e
Cüurse", American Journal of Sociology, 93 (6): 1457 - 1471
Shaw, Clifford R. (1930), The Jackrollcr, Clıicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Shaw, Clifford R. (1931), The Natural History of a Delinquent Cnreer,
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Shaw, Clifford R. ve Henry McKay (1942, 1969), Juvenile Delinquency
and Urban Areas, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Shoemaker, Donald J. (1990), Theorİes of Delinquency: An Pxamination
of Explanations of Delinquent Behavior, USA; Oxford
University Press
Shovor, Neal and Belinda Henderson (1995), "Repressive Crime
Control and Male Persistent Thieves". içinde Crİme Control
and Male Persistent Thieves: Putting Theory to Work. Hugh D.
Barlovv (Ed.), Boulder, CO: VVestvievı/.
Sİegel, Larry J. (1989), Criminology, St.Paul: West Pub. Company
Siegel, Larry J. (2001), Criminology: Theories, Patterns, and Typologies,
USA: Wadsworlh Thomson Learning (seventh edition),
Silberg, Judy L., Michael Rutter, Joanne Meyer, Hermene Maes, John K.
Hev^'itt, Emily Simonoff, Andrew Pickles, Rolf Loeber, and
Lindon J. Eaves. (1996) "Genetic and Environmental influences
40ü
on the Covariation Betvveen Hyperactivity and Conduci
DisturbancG in Juvenile Tvvins." Journal of Clıild Psyclıology
and P.sychiatry and Allied Disdplines 37 : 803-16.
Simcha-Fagan O, Schv/artz J. (1986), Neighborhood and Delinqucncy:
an Assessniünt of ContGxtual Effeclö", Criminoiogy 24: 667-7Ü4
Simon, Ronald L., Chy-ln Wu, Rand D, Conger ve Fred O.Loronz
(1994), "Twü Routt's tû Delinquency: Differences Betvveen Early
and Late Startes in The İmpact of Parenting and Deviant Peers",
Cıiminolügy 32 : 247-275
SimoLird, Liııda ve Don A. Andre\vs (1994), "Correiates
Delini.]ucncy: A Lcok at Gönder Differenrcs". Forum
CorrectionB Researchs, 6: 26-31
of
on
Skroban, Stacy B., Utenise C, Gotttredson ve Gary D. Gottfredson
(1999)
"A
School-Based
Competcncy
Promotion
Dcrnonstration", Evaktation Revievv, 23: 3-27,
Smith, D. Randall ve VViIliam R. Smith (1984), "Patlenıs of Delinquent
Careers; An Assesmcnt of Three Perspeclives", Social Science
Research, 13:129-158
Smith, Douglas A, ve Patrick R. Gartin (19Ö9), "Spccilying Specific
Deterrence: The Influencc of Arrest on Future Grimi nal
Activity", American Sociologicûl Review, 54(1): 94-105
Smith, üouglas A., Christya A, Visher ve G.Rogcr Jarjoura (1991)
"Oiu"\ensi(.ıns uf Dolinquet\cy. Expleıring The Correlates of
Parlicipation, Fi'equency, And
Persistence of Delinquent
Behavıor", Jüurnal of Research in Grime and DeUnqucncy, 28
(I): 6-32
SüuLh, Scott J. ve Steven F. Mes.sner (2000), ''Crime and Demographyı
Mııltiple linkciges, Keciprucal Relations", AnnLial Reviınv of
Süciolgy, 26:83-JÜ6
Spohn, Ciissia ve Hoileran, David (2002), "The l:ffect o( hııpriyonmenl
ün i\ecidivism Ratcs Üİ Felony üffenders: A Focus un Drug
Offenders", Criminoiogy, 40 (2): 329-357
Stan/., i'İobert ve Kiclıard Tevvksbury (2000), "Predictors of Success and
Recidivisnı in A Home Incarceration Program", The Prison
Journal, 80 (3): 326-344
4U1
Stallin, Hakan ve D. Magnussün (1991). "Stability nnd Clıange in
Criminal Bchavior up lo Age 30",
Drilish Journa! oi
Criminology, 31; 327-346.
Stattın,
Hakan ve David Magnıısson (1995), "Onset oî Offidal
Delinquency: Itö Co-Occurence in Time with Educational,
Bthaviouriil, and Interpersonal İ'roblems", British Journal of
Criminology, 35 (3}: 417- 449
Stattın, Hakan, Davİd tvlagnut^son ve Hovvard Reichel (1989), Criminal
Activity al Different Ages: A Study Based on a Svvedislı
Longiludinal Rcsesrch Population", Brilish Journal of
Criminology 2 9 : 368-385
Slctfen&meier, Darrell J., Emilie Andersen Allan, Miles D. Harer ve
Cathy Strcilel (1989), "Age and [iıe Distribution of Grime",
American Journal of Sociology, 94: 803-831
Stevens, Dennis J. (1998), "The Impact of Time - Served and ineğime on
Prisoners' Anticipation of Crimc: Female Prisonisation Effecls",
The Howard Journal, 37 (2): 188-205
Stoolmiller, Mike ve lîleine A. Bicchman (2005), "SLibslance Use a
RobuHt Predictors of Adolescent Rccidivism", Criminal jusfice
and ik'havior, 32 (3): 302-328
Suçlu Öyküler (2003), kolektif, İstanbul: Okyanus Yaymian
Suthcrland,
Edwin
H.
(1937), The
i'rofessional
Thief,
Chicago:
University of Chicago Press
Sutherland, Edvvin H. ve Donaid, R. Cressey
Philadelphia: Lippincotl
(1978), Criminology,
Suthcrland, Edvvin. H. (1947), Principles of CriminologV/ Philadelpiıia:
J.B. Eippincolt
Sydlilz, Rıılh ve Pamela Jcnkins, (1998), "The influence of Faınilles,
Erierds, Schools, and Community on Delinquent bchavior",
ic;.Delinquent Violent Youth: Thcory and Interventions, (ed.
T"homas P. Gullotta v.d.), Thousand Oak.s: Sage J'ub.
Sykes, Gre.siıam (1970), "Tlıe Pains ot İmprisonmeni", The Sociolgy of
Punishment and Correclion (Ed, Norman Johnstün v.d), S, 447455, New York: John Wilcy and Sons
Tarling, Roger (1993), Analysing Otfendiug-.
Interprations, London: HMSO.
Data,
Models
and
402
Thornberry, Terence P. (2002), "Tovvard An Interactional Theory of
Delinquency", İç. Criminological Thoorios: Building The Past To
The Future, (Ed. Suzettc Cote), S. 335-354, Thousands O a K
London: Sage Publications
Tiftle, Charles R, (1969), "Crime Rates and Legal Sanctions", Social
Prüblems, 16: 408-423
Tilile, Charles R. (1980), "Deterrence or LabelUng" Soda) Forces, 53 (3):
399-410
Tittle, Charles R. (1988), "Tvvo f^planatory Rogularities (maybe) in
Search of an HxpIanafion: Commentary on the Age/Crime
Debatc", Criminology, 26: 75-85
TiUle, Charles R,ve Harold G. Graamick (1997), "Criminal Behavior and
Age: A Test of Three Pi'ovocative Hypotheses", Journal ot
Criminal Lavv &Criminûlogy, 88 (1): 309-343
Toby,
Jackson (1971), "Is Punishment Necessary", Theories of
Punishment (ed. Stanley E. Grupp), 5,102-115, Bloomington:
Indiana University Press
Tûlan, Patrick H. ("1987), 'Tmplicatİons of Age Onset Tor DeUnquency
Risk", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15 : 47-65
Tracy,
Paul
E.ve
K.
Kempf-Leonard
(1996),
Contınuity
and
Discontinuity in Criminal Careers, New York: Plenum Press.
Tracy, Paul. E., Martin E. Woifgang ve Robert. M. Figlio (1990),
DeIinqLiency Careers in Two Birfh Cohorts, Nevv York: Plenum
Press,
Tremblay, Richard E., Robert O Pihl, Frank Vitaro ve Patrica L.Dobkin
(1994), "Predicting Early Onset of İVlale Antisocial Behaviüur
From Preschool Behaviovır", Archivos of General V^sychiairİ, 51 ;
732-739
TsLishima, Masahiro (1996), "Economic Structure and Crime: The Case
üfjapan", Journal of Socİo-Economics, 25 (4): 497-515
Turner, Suasan ve ]oan PelersiUa (1996), "VVork Release in Washington:
Effects on Recidivism and Corrections Costs", The Prison
Journal, 76 (2): 138-164
Uggen, Christopher (2000), "Work As A Tıırning Point in The Life
Courso of Criminals: A Duration Model of Age, Employment,
And Recidivism American Sociological Review, 67: 529-546
403
Vishcr, Christy A ve Jcremy "I'ravis (2003), "Transitions From to
Community: Understanding Individual Fathvvay.'i", Anııu, Rev.
Sociol, 29: 89-103
Vito, Gennaro F., Ronald M. Holmes (1994), Crimiııology, Thoory,
Research And Policy, Bclmont/ California : International
Thomson Pub.
VÜSS, H , , ve J. Hepburn ("L968). "Paüerns in Criminal Honıicide in
CİTİcago". Journal of Criminal Law, Crinıinology, and Poliçe
Science, 59; 499-508.
VValklate, Sandra
Theoretical
(1998), Understanding Criminology;
Dcbates,
Buckingham-Philadelphia;
Current
Öpen
University Press
Walters, Glenn D, (1992), Foundations of Criminal Science, Vol. 1,
Praeger pub. Novv York
Warr, Mark (2002), Companions in Crime: Tlıe Social Aspects of
Criminal Conduct, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
VVarr, Mark ve Mark C. Stafford (1991), "The İnfluence of Delinquent
Peers: VVhat Tlıey Think or What They Do?", Criıninology 29:
851^866
Vv'est, Donald j . (1982), Delinquency: İts Roots, Careers and Prospert.s,
l.ondon: Hcinemann Press
VVest, Donald
J. ve David
l^
Farrington
(1973), VVho Becomes
Delinqüent ? London: lîeinemann
VVestern Rrucc, Jcffrey R, KUng ve David F. VVeiman (2001), "The Labor
Market
Consequences
of
incarceration",
Crime
and
Delinquency, 47: 410427
VVhito, H.R., R. J. Pandina, R.L. LaGrang
(1987), "Longiludinal
Predictors of Serious Substance Üse and Delinquency",
Criminology, 25:715-740
VVhile, Jennİfer L., Terrie E, Moffitt, Fellon Earls, Lee Robins, and Phil
A. Silva (1990) "Flow Early Can vve Teli? Predictors of
Childhood Conduct Disorder and Adolesccnl Delinqüency".
Criminology, 28: 507-533.
VVhitehead, John T. Ve Stcven P. Lab (1989), "A Mcla Analysis of
Juvenile Correctional Treatmont", Journal of Research İn Crime
and Dclinquency, 26 (3): 276-295
404
VVierson, Michellu vu Rex Forehand, (1995). "Predıcting Rocidivism in
Jnvenile Delinquents: The Role of Mental Mealth DiagnosL's and
the QLialification of ConcIusionH by Race. Bchaviour Research
and Therapy, 33:63-67
VVİUiams IlI, Frank P. Ve Marilyn McShanc D. (1999), Criminological
Thcory,USA: PrenliceHall
VVİUiams, Ryan K ve Bruce L. Arnold (2002), "Offense Specialization
A m o n g Serious HabiUıal Juvenile Offenders in Canadian Cily
During l l ı e Harly Stages of Criminal Carecrs", International
Criminal Justice Rcvievv, 12: 1-21
VViLson D.ıvid B., Catherine A, Gallagher, Doris L. MacKenzie (2000),
"A Meta- Analysis of Corrections- Based Education, Vocation,
And VVork Programs For Adıılt Offenders" Journal Research of
Crime and DeHnquoncy, 37: 347-368
VViIson, James Q ve Rİchard J, Herrnstein (1985), Crime and H u m a n
Nature, New York: Simon and Schuster
VVinfree, L. Thomas, Greg Nevvbold ve S, Houston Tubb III (2002),
"Prisoner Perspectives on Inmate CuKure in New Mexico and
New Zeland: A Descriptive Case Study", The Prlson Journal, 82
(2): 213-233
VVolfgang, Marvin E. ve Franco Fcrracuti (1967), The SubcLilture of
Vioîence: Tovvards an Intcgrated Tlıeory in Criminology,
London: Tavistock Pub.
Woli"gang, Marvin E., Robert Figliü ve Thorsten Sellin (1972),
Delinqucncy in a BirUı Cohort, Chicago: UniverHİty of Chicago
Presfe
VVoIfgang, Marvin. E., T. P Thornberry ve Robert. M. Figlio (F.ds.).
(1987). From Boy to Man, From DeUnquency lo Crime. Chicago:
Uni\'er.sity of Chicago Pre.s.s.
Wong,
S. (1987), The Criminal and Institııtional
Psychopaths- Secretariat Prugrammes Branch
Solicitor General Canada.
Bchaviors of
User Report.
VVright, Bradley R,i:"ntaer, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E, Moffilt ve
Raymond Paternoster (2004), "Does The Perceived Risk of
I'unishmenl Deter Criminally Prone Individuals? Rational
Clıoice, Şelf- Control And Crime", Journal of Research in Crime
and Dellnquency, 41(2): 180-213
405
Wright, Wi!liam E, And Michacl C. Dixon (1977), "Community
Prevention and Treatment of Juvenile Delinquency", Joıırnnl of
Research in Criıue and Dcl)nquency, 14 (J): ,35-67
Yeni Türk Ceza Kanunu (2005), Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık
Yücel, Mustafa T. (1973), Suç ve Ceza Anatomisi, Ankara: Yarı Açık
Cezaevi Matbaası Yay,
Zhang, Lening, John W. VVelte ve VViIiiam F. VVieczorek (2002),
"Underlying Common
Factors of Adolescent Problem
Behaviors", Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29 (2): 161-182
Zimring, Franklin E. ve Gordon Hawkins (1973), Deterrence: The Legal
Threat in Crime Control, Chicago: Universily of Chicago
Zuckerman, Marvin. (1979). "Sensatiün Sceking and Risk Taking". İç.
Emotions in Personality and Psychopathology, (Ed. C. E.
lazard). S.163-197, New York: Plcnum Press.
1000 Mükerrir Suçlu Hakkında Kriminolojik Anket (1954), Ankara
Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, Ankara: Güzel Sanatlar
Matbaası
Adalet Bakanlığı, (2005) "Cezaevlerinden Tahliye Olanlara Ait Bilgi",
Adalet Bakanlığından elden alınan dokümanları içermektedir.
Suç, gelişmiş ülkelerde olduğu gibi, ülkemizde de giderek ciddi bir
toplumsal soruna dönüşme eğilimi göstermektedir. Suç olgusuna ilişkin
toplumda bir tehlike algılamasının giderek artma eğilimi göstermesi de
aslında toplumu tehdit eder hale gelen bir suç sorunsalının işaretleri
olarak görülebilir. Şimdi de toplum, dehşet duygusunu uyandıracak
şekilde çok acımasız bir biçimde suç işleyenlerin aramızdan nasıl olup
da çıktığı sorusunun yanıtını aramaktadır. Bu kitap bu anlamda bu
suçlulan anlama imkanı vermektedir.
"Cezaevinin Müdavimleri: İnatçı Suçlular" adlı çalışma, sıklıkla suç
işlemiş ve dolayısıyla birden çok kez cezaevine girmiş ve toplum
tarafından "suç makineleri", "kronik suçlular" ve "tehlikeli suçlular"
gibi isimlerle nitelendirilen suçluları ele alıyor. Bu araştırma, genel
olarak iki temel sorunsala odaklanmıştır: Birincisi, bazı bireylerin
niçin suç işlemeye eğilimli olduklannı veya suç işler duruma
geldiklerini açıklamaya çalışmak, ikincisi ise işledikleri suç eylemler­
inden dolayı özellikle ceza yaptırımı ile karşı karşıya gelen yeya hapis
cezasına çarptınlan bazı suçluların, cezaevinden salıverildikten
sonra niçin tekrar suç işlediklerini anlamaya teşebbüs etmektir.
Çalışma yer yer suçluların anlatımlan ile daha gerçekçi bir şekilde
suçlunun iç dünyasını yansıtmayı hedeflerken, aynı zamanda da
gelişmiş ülkelerde yapılmış çok sayıda araştırmanın zengin
bulgulannı da sunarak çalışmanın, kriminoloji disiplini içerisindeki
özgün yerini de ortaya koymuş olmaktadır.
Bu araştırma ülkemizde, kendi alanında bir ilk olma özelliğini taşıdığı
söylenebilir. Çalışma sadece doğrudan kriminoloji veya suç alanında
çalışan konunun uzmanları için değil, aynı zamanda suç ve suçlulan
anlamak konusunda belidi düzeyde merak duygusuna sahip olan
genel okur için de ilgi çekici. Suç araştırnialannın oldukça az ve
sınırlı olduğu ülkemizde "Cezaevinin Müdavimleri: İnatçı Suçlular"
adlı çalışma, suç literatürüne ciddi ve özgün bir katkı olarak
görülebilir.
"•-*•" Kiitiipliiiıif.si
ORION^AMMAİ
ItiiMfiıu Sok. No: 142
0*)0.'»0 KııvakİMİi'iv - \\K\ltA
TH: +m-M-I 4Uİ r,4 74
li'ıks: +*H):iV2 4Uİ7İİ7ti
200801146