Abstract - Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal

International Educational E-Journal, {Quarterly}, ISSN 2277-2456, Volume-II, Issue-IV, Oct-Nov-Dec 2013
Plyometric Exercises’ Effect on Some Particular Physical and
Physiological Parameters in Volleyball Players
a
Ismail Gokhan, aYakup Aktas
a
Physical Education and Sport, Harran University, Sanliurfa-Turkey
Abstract
Aim: The purpose of this research is to search the effect of pliometric exercises on
some circulation and motoric features in volleyball players and to develop proposals
in accordance with the data obtained as a result.
Material and Method: Male volleyball players (n=10) of Sanliurfa Tedas Sports
Club playing at volleyball local league participated in the research as the experimental
group. Male volleyball players (n=10) of Gaziantep Erdem College playing at local
volleyball league were involved in the research as the control group. The
experimental and control groups involved in the research had volleyball training in the
preparatory period 3 days in a week and 2 hours in a day for 10 weeks in total.
Different from the control group, the experimental group was given regulated
pliometric exercise in each training. Physical and physiological measurements of the
experimental and control groups were made 2 times one being before study pre-test
and the other being after study post-test.
Findings: The average age of the experimental group, volleyball players 25,50±2,27
(year) average height 179,80±2,20 (cm) The average body weight (BW) 79,80±4,89
(kg) The average Body Mass Index (BMI) 24,68±1,51 (kg/m2) was found to be. The
average age of the control group volleyball players 24,90±3,44 (year) average Height
178,80±2,78 (cm) average body weight 79,00±6,09 (kg) average BMI 24,70±1,36
(kg/m2) was found to be. In the experimental group Flexibility, Sprint, Horizontal
jump, Vertical jump, RHR, SBP and DBP values significant difference were observed
between pre and post tests(p<0,05, p<0,01).
Result: It was observed that pliometric exercises had constructive impact on motoric
features in volleyball players like sprint with anaerobic features, horizontal jump and
vertical jump. In addition, pliometric exercises together with volleyball trainings had
positive impact on circulation, flexibility, resting heart rate (RHR) and blood pressure.
Regarding that speed and jumping is important for volleyball, it will be quite helpful
to involve pliometric exercises in training programs.
KEYWORDS: Pliometric; Training; Volleyball; Motoric; Circulation
INTRODUCTION
in recent years plyometric trainings added as a new one to the quick strength exercises
methods. However, due to the lack of scientific evidence to be ignored, and these
methods are incorrectly applied. This can cause mainly a result of sports injuries and
physiological deficiencies [7]. Plyometric training type involves rapid stretching of
the muscle (eccentric) and shortly after contraction of the same muscle or concentric
act [6]. Plyometric trainings are a program that develops maximal strength, speed,
explosive and anaerobic power and it is especially useful for athletics, volleyball,
basketball, football, handball [11, 12]. Special ability of the jump in volleyball is
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International Educational E-Journal, {Quarterly}, ISSN 2277-2456, Volume-II, Issue-IV, Oct-Nov-Dec 2013
defined as horizontally (long) or vertically (high) jumping as much as possible and
athletes jump so many times in a match. In the game to be successful and to
outmaneuver the athletes must have a very high average values with their jump skills.
Therefore, coaches and athletes know that jump skills affect the success and as an
undisputed necessity [16]. spike and block behavior which usually a key to win a
game of volleyball are also contains explosive strength [8].
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of plyometric exercises on some of
the movement and motor parameters and to develop recommendations on the result.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Male volleyball players (n=10) of Sanliurfa Tedaş Sports Club playing at volleyball
local league with mean age 25,50±2,27 (years), mean height 179,80±2,20 cm, mean
body weight 79,80±4,89 kg participated in the research as the experimental group.
Male volleyball players (n=10) of Gaziantep Erdem College playing at local
volleyball league with mean age 24,90±3,44 (years), mean height 178,80±2,78 cm,
mean body weight 79,00±6,09 were involved in the research as the control group. The
experimental and control groups involved in the research had volleyball training in the
preparatory period 3 days in a week and 2 hours in a day for 10 weeks in total.
Different from the control group, the experimental group was given regulated
pliometric exercise in each training.
Measurements:
Physical and physiological measurements of the experimental and control groups
were made 2 times one being before study pre-test and the other being after study
post-test. For the participants’ height measurement, digital height meter; for body
weight (BW), a scale branded Tanita; for body mass index (BMI) calculation, the
formula “kg/m2” was used. In order to measure resting heart rate (RHR), pulse was
counted for 15 seconds, then multiplied by 4 (heart rate/min) and the results were
recorded. Blood pressure was measured through tension gauges stethoscope and
sphygmomanometer (Erka Perfect Aneroid /Germany). In order to measure flexibility,
standart sit and reach test was used. For vertical jump, jump board and for sprint tests,
photocell was used. Through explaining the purpose of the research and the
importance of it for them, the participants were supported to have an increased level
of motivation and eagerness. During the measurements and tests, participants used
their maximal capacity.
Statistical Analyses:
SPSS packaged software was used to process the data obtained from the
measurements. For the comparison of the experimental and control groups,
independent samples t-test was used. For the comparison of groups with themselves,
paired samples t-test was used. Levels of p<0,05 and p<0,01 were found significant.
FINDINGS
The average age of the experimental group, volleyball players 25,50±2,27 (year)
average height 179,80±2,20 (cm) The average body weight 79,80±4,89 (kg) The
average BMI 24,68±1,51 (kg/m2) was found to be. The average age of the control
group volleyball players 24,90±3,44 (year) average Height 178,80±2,78 (cm) average
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International Educational E-Journal, {Quarterly}, ISSN 2277-2456, Volume-II, Issue-IV, Oct-Nov-Dec 2013
body weight 79,00±6,09 (kg) average BMI 24,70±1,36 (kg/m2) was found to be. BW
values between the two groups no statistically significant difference was observed.
BW values in the experimental group pre-test: 79,80±4,89 (kg) post test values:
78,10±4,95 (kg) statistically significant difference was observed between (p<0,05).
control group of BW pre-test values: 79,00±6,09 (kg) post test values: 77,50±5,72
(kg), BMI values pre test: 24,70±1,36 (kg/m2), post test values: 24,20±1,25 (kg/m2)
statistically significant difference was observed between (p<0,01). Volleyball players
in the experimental group and control group, no statistically significant difference was
observed between the values of circulatory and motoric. Flexibility in the
experimental group pre-test: 31,50±2,32 (cm) post test: 33,90±2,13 (cm), Sprint pretest values: 4,32±0,06 (sc) post test values: 4,24±0,05 (sc), horizontal jump pre test:
219,80±7,16 (cm) post test: 225,60±5,01 (cm), vertical jump pre test: 59,40±2,75
(cm) post test: 61,80±2,61 (cm), RHR values pre test: 81,30±5,35 (vol/mn) post test
values: 77,80±3,76 (vol/mn), SBP values pre test: 125,40±6,09 (mmhg) post test
values: 120,20±3,99 (mmhg), ve DBP values pre test: 76,50±7,63 (mmhg) post test:
72,80±7,48 (mmhg) statistically significant difference was observed between (p<0,05,
p<0,01). Flexibility volleyball players in the control group pre-test values: 30,50±2,63
(cm) post test values: 33,10±2,51 (cm), RHR values pre test: 77,80±4,23 (vol/mn)
post test values: 74,90±2,33 (vol/mn) and DBP values pre test: 77,00±6,84 (mmhg)
post test values: 73,60±4,24 (mmhg) statistically significant difference was observed
between (p<0,05). Sprint, horitontal-vertical jump and SBP pre test-post test no
statistically significant difference was observed between (p>0,05).
Table 1: Comparison of Physical Characteristics of Experimental and Control
Group
Experimental
Control Grub
t
P
Parameters Measurements Grub (xx/ss)
(xx/ss)
Pre test
25,50±2,27
24,90±3,44
Age (year)
179,80±2,20
178,80±2,78
Height (cm) Pre test
Pre test
79,80±4,89
79,00±6,09
0,324
0,750
Body
Weight (kg) Post test
78,10±4,95
77,50±5,72
0,251
0,805
P**
0,045**
0,002**
2
24,68±1,51
24,70±1,36
-0,031
0,976
BMI (kg/m ) Pre test
Post test
24,15±1,38
24,20±1,25
-0,085
0,933
P**
0,051
0,002**
*
P: Measuring differences before and after exercise, **P: Differences in the
experimental and control groups
BW= Body Weight
BMI= Body Mass Index
Figure 2: Comparison of Experimental And Control Group’s Circulatively And
Motoric Features As Pre-Post Tests
Parameters
Felexibilty
(cm)
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Experimental Control
Measurements Grub (xx/ss) Grub
(xx/ss)
Pre test
31,50±2,32
30,50±2,63
Post test
33,90±2,13
33,10±2,51
Impact Factor 1.958
t
P
0,900
0,767
0,380
0,453
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International Educational E-Journal, {Quarterly}, ISSN 2277-2456, Volume-II, Issue-IV, Oct-Nov-Dec 2013
P**
30 m. Sprint Pre test
(sc)
Post test
P**
Pre test
Horizontal
Jump (cm)
Post test
P**
Pre test
Vertical
Jump (cm)
Post test
P**
Pre test
RHR
(beats/min.) Post test
P**
Pre test
SBP
(mmhg)
Post test
P**
Pre test
DBP
(mmhg)
Post test
P**
*
P: Measuring the differences
experimental and control groups
0,017**
0,001**
4,32±0,06
4,27±0,12
4,24±0,05
4,24±0,09
0,151
0,000**
219,80±7,16
219,90±7,65
225,60±5,01
220,20±6,76
0,790
0,002**
59,40±2,75
58,20±4,13
61,80±2,61
59,40±3,92
0,081
0,000**
81,30±5,35
77,80±4,23
77,80±3,76
74,90±2,33
0,039**
0,034**
125,40±6,09
118,80±9,28
120,20±3,99
116,00±6,79
0,104
0,024**
76,50±7,63
77,00±6,84
72,80±7,48
73,60±4,24
0,004**
0,045**
before and after exercise, **P:
1,156
0,084
0,263
0,934
0,030
2,028
0,976
0,058
0,764
1,610
0,455
0,125
1,621
2,071
0,122
0,053
1879
1,684
0,076
0,109
-0,154
-0,294
0,879
0,772
Differences in the
RHR= Resting Heart Rate
SBP= Systolic Blood Pressure
DBP= Diastolic Blood Pressure
DISCUSSION
The mean age of the experimental group, volleyball players 25,50±2,27 (year)
average height 179,80±2,20 (cm) The average body weight 79,80±4,89 (kg) The
average BMI 24,68±1,51 (kg/m2) was found to be. The mean age of the control group
volleyball players 24,90±3,44 (year) mean Height 178,80±2,78 (cm) mean body
weight 79,00±6,09 (kg) mean BMİ 24,70±1,36 (kg/m2) was found to be. BW values
between the two groups no statistically significant difference was observed. There
was statistically significant difference observed between pre-test post test values of
BW in experimental group(p<0,05). There was statistically significant difference
observed between pre-test post test values of BW and BMI in control group (p<0,01).
There was no statistically significant difference observed between experimental and
control group in values of circulatory and motoric parameters. There was statistically
significant difference observed in values of experimental group’s Flexibility, Sprint,
horizontal jump, vertical jump, RHR, SBP, DBP between pre and post tests(p<0,05,
p<0,01). There was statistically significant difference observed in values of control
group’s Flexibility, RHR, DBP between pre and post tests (p<0,05). In values of
control grup’s Sprint, horitontal-vertical jump and SBP there was no observed
statistically significant difference between pre (p>0,05).
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International Educational E-Journal, {Quarterly}, ISSN 2277-2456, Volume-II, Issue-IV, Oct-Nov-Dec 2013
In values of experimental group’s RHR, SBP and DBP were statistical differences
observed between pre-test and post-test results (p<0,05, p<0,01). In values of control
group’s RHR and DBP were statistical differences observed between pre-test and
post-test results (p<0,05). There was no difference in values of SBP between pre and
post tests (p> 0,05).
Doing exercises continuously causes an increase in cardiac output with a high stroke
volume as well as a slow heart rate at rest and during exercise. This decreases the
need for energy and oxygen by improving cardio muscles to work more
economically (4). The results of the study, conducted by Ateş in order to search
physical and physiological effects of plyometric exercise program on football
players, in which they determined the İKAH values were statistically significant (5);
the results of the study, conducted by Erdoğan et. al. to compare circulatory
parameters in sportsmen and sedentary individuals, in which they determined a
significant decrease in resting pulse rate of the sportsmen when compared to control
group (10); the results of the study, conducted by Özitin et. al. to search the effects of
plyometric exercise on physical characteristics, in which they determined RHR
values of sportsmen were statistically significant (13) show similarities with the
research results we obtained. A decrease in blood pressure of the individuals is
observed through a particular exercise period. It is known that aerobic exercises are
more influential than strength exercises in reference to their effect on blood pressure
(17).
In our study, statistically significant differences (p<0,05, p<0,01) were observed
between experimental group’s pre-test and post-test values of Flexibility, Sprint,
Vertical-Horizontal Jump. While statistical differences (p<0,05) were observed
between Flexibility pre-test and post-test values of control group, no statistical
difference (p>0,05) was observed in pre-test and post-test values of Sprint and
Vertical-Horizontal Jump.
The results of the research, conducted by Açıkada et. al. (1996) in order to search the
effects of preparatory exercises on strength and endurance features of football
players, in which they found that the exercises including plyometric practices have
positive impacts on vertical jump values (1); the results of the research, conducted by
Samur on male volleyball players to search the effects of plyometric exercises on the
jumping strength, in which he stated the findings were statistically significant (14);
the results of the research, conducted by Diallo et. al in order to search the effects of
plyometric exercises on jumping performance, in which they determined significant
increases in jumping performance values of the experimental group as a result (9);
the results of the research, conducted by Akalın et. al. to search the jumping values
of volleyball players in plyometric exercises, in which they found the horizontal
jump values were statistically significant when compared to pre-exercise values (2);
the results of the research, conducted by Savucu in order to determine the effects of
specially-designed plyometric exercises on anaerobic strength of young basketball
players, in which they determined statistically significant differences in sprint values
of basketball players (15); the results of the research, conducted by Anıl in order to
assess the physical and physiological effects of plyometric exercises, in which he
stated plyometric exercises have a positive impact on 30 m. sprint values (3) show
similarities with the results we obtained in our research.
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International Educational E-Journal, {Quarterly}, ISSN 2277-2456, Volume-II, Issue-IV, Oct-Nov-Dec 2013
As a result, it was observed that plyometric exercises have an impact on volleyball
players, which can develop motor features like sprint, vertical jump and horizontal
jump. In addition, plyometric exercises with volleyball practices have positive
impacts on flexibility, RHR and blood pressure. Regarding the fact that jumping and
speed are important factors in volleyball, it will be quite helpful to involve
plyometric exercises in exercise programs.
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