Venomous Spiders and Ecology of the Southeastern Anatolia
Transkript
Venomous Spiders and Ecology of the Southeastern Anatolia
Digital Proceeding Of THE ICOEST’2013 - , Cappadocia C.Ozdemir, S. Şahinkaya, E. Kalıpcı, M.K. Oden (editors) Nevsehir, Turkey, June 18 – 21, 2013 Venomous Spiders and Ecology of the Southeastern Anatolia Region (Turkey) İsmail Varol, Adile Akpınar, Fulya Kapu Gaziantep University, Science and Art Faculty, Department of Biology 27310, Gaziantep, Turkey Abstract Spiders are found worldwide on every content except for Antarctica. There are most than 40.000 species of spiders, most of which are harmless to humans, but 200 species from 20 genera of spiders worldwide can cause severe human envenoming with neurotic, necrotic and maybe death. The specimens were collected by using aspiratory, manual and pitfall trap methods from different habitats and localities of southeast Anatoloia region. In research area, 13 species belonging to 12 genera, Loxosceles rufescens, Cheiracanthium mildei, Eresus cinnabarinus, Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, Steatoda grossa, S. paykulliana, Nomisia aussereri, Agelena labyrinthica, Thomisus onostus, Thanatus striatus, Argiope lobata, Araneus diadematus, Larinioides cornutus are described as venomous and dangerous for humans. Key words: Spider, venom, ecology, South East Anatolia Region, Turkey. Introduction All spiders posses a pair of posion glands except for the family of Uloboridae. Preys of spiders are especially insects, other arthropods on invertebrates, and from vertebrates small fishes, frog, lizards, birds and even mammalians such as mice. Among spiders, nearly 100 species can affect human being and big mammalians with their venom (Bayram et all, 2007). Spiders belong to the achively poisonous animals they use their poison offensively to paralyze or to kill their prey. Their poison glands located in the prosoma. Each poison gland consist of a long cylindrical part and an adjoining duct, which terminates at the tip of the cheliceral fang (Foelix, 1996). Chemically, spider venom is heterogeneous in that it may contain many different substances. It is a mixture mostly of large, neurotoxic polypeptides (moleculer weight 5.000 - 13.000) and smaller biogenic amines and amino acids; proteolytic enzymes may also be present (Kaiser and Raab, 1967; Habermehl, 1975; Bachmann, 1976). Spider venom are mainly in two characters; neurotoxic and necrotoxic. Necrotoxins form ulcer and heavy destruction in the issue. Also,the venom damages the muscle system and blood cells. Neurotoxic venom acts on the nervous system and brain. 867 The aim of this stuyd is to explain the venomous spiders and their ecology in Southeast Anatolia Region. Material and Methods The specimens were collected from different habitats and localities in southeast Anatolia Region in the period of 1998 - 2009. Specimen collection was mostly performed in summary mounths and daylight hours, sometimes collected in spring and fall. Aspiratory and manuel was used in collection procedure. Specimen were collected from surface of earth and rocks, under the rocks, holes of trees and surface of web with aspirator. All specimens preseved in 70% ethyl alcohol and were identification under the stereo microscope in laboratory. The keys of Heımer, Nentwıg (1991), Nenwig et all (2011), Platnick (2012) and Roberts (1995) were used for identifications. They deposited in Gaziantep University Zoology Museum. Results 99 specimens were collected from area as a result of studies at April- October periods from 1998 to 2009. 13 species belong to 9 family were found. These species are: Sicariidae: Loxosceles rufescens; Miturgidae: Cheiracanthium mildei; Eresidae: Eresus cinnabarinus; Theridiidae: Latrodectus tredecimguttatus, Steatoda grossa, S. paykulliana; Gnaphosidae: Nomisia aussereria; Agelenidae: Agelena labyrinthica; Philodromidae: Thanatus striatus; Thomisidae: Thomisus onustus; Araneidae: Argiope lobata, Araneus diadematus, Larinioides cornutus. Loxosceles rufescens (Dufour, 1820) This species live in dry habitats, under stones, rock crevices, around houses and buildings. The bite of spiders of the Loxosceles can cause dermal necrosis. The best therapy may be the conservative use of simple first aid and local wound care. These spiders are dangerous and venomous for humans. Material examined: Mardin, Mazıdağı, Çamlık, 1240 m, 06.06.2000, 2 ♀♀; Siirt, Baykan, Ziyaret, 1480 m, 09.06.2000, 1♀; Nusaybin distinct, Çağlar Dam, 800 m, 28.05.2000, 3♀♀, 1 ♂; Mardin; Kızıltepe-Viranşehir road, 70. km, 760 m, 2♀♀; Midyat distinct, center, 1090 m, 05.07.1999, 1♀. Corrosponding author: Adile AkpınarTel: 0342 317 19 35 e-mail: [email protected] 868 Cheiracanthium mildei L. Koch, 1864 Miturgidae spiders are nocturnal, they live on the ground and cryptic what means; tending to conceal or camouplage. The bite of Cheiracanthium spiders can be painful and discomfort can last up to ten days. The bite is no medical importance. Material examined: Mardin; Bağlar 1080 m, 29.05.1998, 1♀; Güzelsu, center, 1940 m, 27.06.1998, 1♀, 1 ♂; Mardin,Yeşilli, center, 1060 m, 30.05.1998, 1♀; Midyat distinct, center, 1090 m, 05.07.1999, 1♀; Nusaybin-Cizre road 25. km, 740 m, 03.07.1999 , 1♀; Deyru, Zafaran, center, 980 m, 04.07.1999, 1♀; Batman, Raman 5 km, 1220 m, 20.05.2000, 1 ♂; Hasankeyf, center, 1210 m, 21.05.2000, 1♀. Nomisia aussereria (L. Koch, 1872) Species live in dry meadows, active during the day, specialized to capture ants that are paralyzed by a bite in the antenna, threads are attached to the prey with the long and movable spinnerets at the same time. These spiders of Gnaphosidae family are dangerous. Material examined: Gaziantep, Karkamış distinct, center, 483 m, 13.04.2002, 2 ♀. Eresus kollari Rossi, 1846 Species live under stones, on the webs and in webs. Specimens are not aggressive but dangerous. Material examined: Gaziantep, Oğuzeli distinct, Direkli village, 807 m, 28.04.2002, 3 ♀♀; Karkamış distinct, Eceler village, 615 m, 23.06.2002, 2♀♀; Nizip distinct, İkizce village, 526 m, 12.04.2003, 1♀; Nizip distinct, center, 506 m, 13.06.2002, 1 ♂; Karkamış distinct, Eceler village, 615 m, 23.06.2002, 1♂; Nizip distinct, Çanakçı village, 738 m, 20.04.2002, 2♀♀. Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) This spider built its web on huts, coops, stacks of woods and stones. LD50 value is 0.013 mg/mice (13-17 g), 0.032 mg/rat (50-60 g). The bit of Latrodectus can be very painful for several days. The spiders are not aggressive but avoid. Material examined: Gaziantep,University of Gaziantep, campus area, 899 m, 08.28.2002, 1♀. Steatoda grossa (C. L. Koch, 1838) This species lives under stones, in caves, on webs. It is dangerous and venomous. Material examined: Gaziantep, Nizip distinct, center, 485 m, 24.05.2003, 1♀. Steatoda paykulliana (Walckenaer, 1805) Corrosponding author: Adile AkpınarTel: 0342 317 19 35 e-mail: [email protected] 869 Species lives in dry or semi-dry habitats, dry grasslands, dunes, heathlands, calcareous hill, calcareous quarries, rock crevices, rarely in fallow orchards and meadows. Steatoda pakulliana’s venom is neurotoxic. It can be seen in many places in Turkey. Material examined: Mardin, Nusaybin- Çizre road, 25. km, 740 m, 03.07.1999, 1 ♂; Yeşilli, center, 1060 m, 30.05.1998, 1♀; Başuran village, center, 1370 m, 10.07.2000, , 1♀; Reşadiye distinct, center, 1800 m, 22.05.1998, 1♀; Ömerli center, 1070 m, 30.05.1998, 1 ♂; Nusaybin distinct, center, 790 m, 02.07.1999, 1♀; Edremit, center, 1725 m, 14.06.1999, 1♀; Midyat distinct, center, 1090 m, 05.07.1999, 1♀; Gerçüş distinct, center, 1070 m, 07.07.1999, 1 ♂. Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck, 1757) This species live in large webs near the ground in dense vegetation. Agelena labyrinthica is dangerous and venomous for humans. Material examined: Mardin, Nusaybin distinct, Çağlar Dam, 800 m, 02.07.1999, 3 ♀♀; Siirt, center, 1210 m, 07.07.2000, 2 ♀♀, 1♂; Midyat distinct, center, 1090 m, 05.07.1999, 1♀, 1 ♂; Midyat distinct, Bağlar, 1080 m, Güzelsu, center, 1940 m, 27.06.2001, 1♀, 2 ♂♂; Ömerli distinct, center, 1070 m, 07.07.2001, 2 ♂♂; Mazıdağı, center, 1260 m, 05.06.2000, 2 ♀♀, 2 ♂ ♂; Nusaybin- Çizre road, 25. km, 760 m, 03.07.1999, 1♀; Batman, Kozluk, center, 1380 m, 20.07.2001, 1♀, 2 ♂♂; 09.07.2001, 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂; Gerçüş distinct, center, 1070 m, 01.06.1998, 1♀. Thomisus onostus Walckenaer, 1805 Species live in grassland area and on plants. Thomisus onostus is dangerous and venomous. Material examined: Gaziantep, Nizip distinct, Orul village, 23.05.2003, 1♀, Samandöken village 3. km north, 30.05.2003, 1♀; Mardin, Yeşilli, center, 1060 m, 30.05.1998, 1 ♂; Siirt, center, 1210 m, 10.06.1998, 1♀; Deyru Zafaran, center, 980 m, 04.07.1999, 1♀. Thanatus striatus C. L. Koch, 1845 This species often relatively frequent in damp meadows, on sea coasts, in swamps. Thanatus striatus bite an be very painfull. Material examined: Mardin, Güzelsu, center, 1940 m, 17.06.1999, 1♀; Nusaybin distinct, center, 790 m, 27.05.2000, 1♀. Argiope lobata (Pallas, 1772) Corrosponding author: Adile AkpınarTel: 0342 317 19 35 e-mail: [email protected] 870 Species lives on grass. built vertical orb-webs between the branches of bushes and trees. Diameter of some webs is more than 1 meter. The spider is either in the central of the web or under a leave near to the web. This species is very dangerous. Material examined: Siirt, Baykan, center, 1440 m, 21.07.2001, 1♀; Siirt, center, 1210 m, 09.07.2000, 1♀; Batman, center, 1150 m, 08.06.2000, 1♀; Batman, Kozluk, center, 1380 m, 20.07.2001, 1♀; Gerçüş distinct, center, 1070 m, 06.07.2001, 1♀; Mardin, Güzelsu, center, 1940 m, 17.06.1999, 1♀. Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757 This species found near forest, grass area and on herbs. Araneus diadematus is dangerous. Material examined: Siirt, Baykan distinct, center, 1440 m, 14.06.1998, 1♀ , 1 ♂; Mardin, Yeşilli, center,1060 m, 30.05.1998, 1♀; Ömerli distinct, center, 1070 m, 30.05.1998, 1 ♂; Batman, Gerçüş, center, 1070 m, 23.05.2000, 1 ♀. Larinioides cornutus (Clerck, 1757) Species live edge forest and near water. Larinioides cornutus is dangerous for humans. Material examined: Mardin, Mazıdağı, center, 1260 m, 29.06.1999, 1 ♀; Nusaybin distinct, center, 790 m, 27.05.2000, 1♀; Ömerli distinct, center, 10700 m, 30.05.1998, 1 ♂;Batman, Gerçüş, center, 1070 m, 23.05.2000, 1 ♀; Güzelsu, center, 1940 m,, 17.06.1999, 1♀, 1 ♂; Derik, center, 1040 m, 16.07.2001, 1♀; Güzelsu, center, 1940 m, 27.06.1998, 1♀ , 1 ♂; Siirt, Kurtalan 20. km, 1290 m, 07.06.1998, 1♀. Siirt, center, 1210 m, 10.06.1998, 1♀; Yeşilli, center, 1060 m, 30.05.1998, 1♀; Baykan, center, 1440 m, 25.06.2001,1 ♂. References Bachmann, M. (1976). Das gift der ortognathen Spinne Pterinochilus spec. Isolierung and teilweise biochemische und biologische charakterisierung eines Neurotoxins und einer Hyaluronidase. Doctoral Thesis, University of Basel. Bayram, A., Yiğit, N., Danışman, T., Çorak, İ., Sancak, Z., Ulaşoğlu, D., (2007). Venomous Spiders Of Turkey ( Araneae), Journal of Applied Biological Sciences. 1 (3) :33- 36. Bayram, A., Kunt, K.B. and Danışman, T. 2013. The Checklist of the Spiders of Turkey. Version 2013, Online at http://www.spidersofturkey.com Corrosponding author: Adile AkpınarTel: 0342 317 19 35 e-mail: [email protected] 871 Bayram, A., Allahverdi, H., Varol, M.İ., (2002).The Spider Fauna of the Provinces Located in the Quadrangle of Van, Hakkari, Mardin and Bitlis (Arachnida:Araneae). TBAG- 1750 ( 198T142). Foelix R, F.(1996). Biology of spiders. Oxford University Press. George Thieme Verlag. Second Edition. 38-39. Habermmehl, G. (1975). Die biologische bedeutung tierischer gifte. Naturwissenschaften. 62:368. Kaiser, E., W. Raab. (1967). Collagenolytic activity of snakeand spider venoms. Toxicon. 4:251. Kesmezoğlu S., 2004. Fenology of Eresus cinnabarinus (Olivier, 1789) (Ordo: Araneae) Fenoloji. University of Gaziantep. Msc Thesis. 66s. Nentwıg, W., Blıck, T., Gloor, D., Hanggı, A., Kropf C. (2011). Araneae of Europe. Version 6. www.araneae.unibe.ch Platnıck N. I 2012. The World spider catalog, version 12.5. The American Museum of Natural History. http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html. Roberts, M. J. (1995). Spiders of Great Britain and Northern Europe. Collins, Harley Books. Cochester. 682 p. Özdemir A., (2004). Systematics and Ecology of the Spiders Nizip and Karkamış (Gaziantep).University of Gaziantep, Msc thesis. 151s. Corrosponding author: Adile AkpınarTel: 0342 317 19 35 e-mail: [email protected]
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