İSTİHDAMIN ARTIRILMASINDA AKTİF İȘGÜCÜ POLİTİKALARININ

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İSTİHDAMIN ARTIRILMASINDA
AKTİF İȘGÜCÜ POLİTİKALARININ
ROLÜ
(Uzmanlık Tezi)
Sinem ÇAPAR DİRİÖZ
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ÖZET
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iv
ABSTRACT
Planning Expertise Thesis
THE ROLE OF ACTIVE LABOUR MARKET POLICIES IN
INCREASING EMPLOYMENT
Sinem ÇAPAR
The problems with regard to unemployment and employment did not occupy a
significant place in world before 1970s. However, as a result of changes experienced after this
date, the unemployment and employment issues have gained gradually more importance. This
situation has increased the efforts of developing tools for combatting unemployment which
causes multiple economic, social and personal negativities, especially during 1990s. Within this
scope, as a solution Active Labour Market Policies (ALMP) has gained importance. ALMP can
be defined generally as matching labour demand and supply. The general aim of these policies is
to decrease unemployment and to increase employment oppurtunities and income. ALMP, which
has been used since 1960s in OECD countries, were given important roles in combatting
unemployment and increasing employment.
Since significant expenditures has been made for ALMP in OECD countries, the issue of
whether these policies display the expected impacts on unemployment and employment or not
has come up. In this context, the impact evaluation of ALMP has become important.
In this study on the effect of ALMP’s on the increasing employment, it has been aimed
to set the role of these policies on increasing the employment, which has been used as an
important tool in combating unemployment and content by taking ALMP’s impact evaluations
and make suggestions for Turkey.
In this study, literature review has been conducted while examining ALMP’s and their
effects, and it is benefited from national and international studies, that reveal the effect of
ALMP’s, has been used. Besides, an impact evaluation has been made in this scope of this study
aiming for evaluating the effect of four smal sized ALMP’s on the employment. The study done
through quasi-experimental technique, has been modelized by logistic regression method.
It was declared that ALMP’s had theoretically crucial effects on decreasing
unemployment and increasing employment in a macroeconomic level and although the limited
surveys conducted about impact evaluation also supported that result, these effects are not too
strong and there exists researches exhibiting the opposite results. Moreover, serious
methodological problems and not being decomposed in which proportions of the changes
resulted from the effect of ALMP’s in unemployment and employment make difficult to reach a
clear conclusion about the A,P’s macroeconomical effects. The macroeconomical impact
evaluation examining ALMP’s microeconomical effects on individuals exhibits the effects of
ALMP’s are changing depending on various variables. On the other hand, it has been concluded
the ALMP’s which are ectresponsing to the needs of the labour market, making appropriate
targeting, well-designed, taking the needs of the partcipants into consideration and having certain
goals are so effective and beneficial.
Today, decreasing unemployment and increasing employment have become such a
complex issue that it could not be possible to achieve it by ALMP or other policy tools alone.
This issue has to be evaluated within the framework of a policy set in which economic and social
policies are handled together. ALMP must be considered as a sub-component of this policy set
and an equipment that contributes to solution. In order to maximize this contribution, it is very
significant to introduce the required measures. Therefore, the integrated application of these
ALMP’s, requires to make more ALMP impact evaluations and to design ALMPs’ by way of
minimizing deadweight losses, substitution and displacement effects and tightly targeting. It is
significant to improve ALMPs’ and increase resources, to develop the capacity of ALMP
providers, to draw the attention of private sector and NGOs’ to ALMP.
Key Words
Active Labour Market Policies, Passive Labour Market Policies, Evaluation Techniques, ,mpact
Evaluation.
v
ÇNDEKLER
Sayfa No
TE9EKKÜR
............................................................................................................ iii
ÖZET
............................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT
............................................................................................................. v
,Ç,NDEK,LER ........................................................................................................... vi
TABLOLAR ............................................................................................................. x
9EK,LLER
............................................................................................................ xi
KUTULAR
........................................................................................................... xii
KISALTMALAR ...................................................................................................... xiii
G,R,9
............................................................................................................. 1
1. ,9S,ZL,K, ,ST,HDAM VE ,9GÜCÜ POL,T,KALARI ......................................... 6
1.1. Genel Olarak ,sizlik ve ,stihdam ..................................................................... 6
1.2. Türkiye’de ,sizlik ve ,stihdam ...................................................................... 14
1.3. ,
........................................................................................... 16
1.3.1. Pasif ,
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1.3.2. Aktif ,
.......................................................................... 19
2.
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vi
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viii
KAYNAKLAR ........................................................................................................ 208
EKLER
......................................................................................................... 213
ix
TABLOLAR
Sayfa No
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EKLLER
Sayfa No
9ekil 1.1.
Philips Erisi…………………………………………………………6
9ekil 2.1.
Layard-Nickell Modeli………………………………………………28
9ekil 2.2.
Beveridge Erisi……………………………………………………..29
9ekil 2.3.
Deitirilmi Layard-Nickell Modeli…………………………….....30
9ekil 2.4.
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9ekil 3.5.
A,P’nin Ücretler ve Düzenli ,stihdam Üzerindeki Çeitli Etkileri….33
9ekil 3.1. Aktif , 8
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KUTULAR
Sayfa No
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5
1. SZLK, STHDAM VE GÜCÜ POLTKALARI
1.1. Genel Olarak sizlik ve stihdam
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10
süreçte iletmeler “daha az igücü ile daha çok üretim”i gerçekletirmeye
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hala devam ettii ve Yunanistan, Portekiz, B3@J3G7talya gibi ülkelerdeki henüz
çözümlenememi 5;66; 7=A@A?;= ACF@3C 9QKQ@@7 3@6@63 #7:?3@ "C;K; ;7
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12
Tablo 1.1: OECD Ülkelerinde ;K;=&C3@3CD Ya)
(Yüzde )
Avusturya
Belçika
Kanada
ili
Çek Cumhuriyeti
Danimarka
Estonya
Finlandiya
Fransa
Almanya
Yunanistan
Macaristan
zlanda
rlanda
srail
talya
Japonya
Kore
Lüksemburg
Meksika
Hollanda
Yeni Zellanda
Norveç
Polonya
Portekiz
Slovakya
Slovenya
spanya
sveç
sviçre
Türkiye
ngiltere
ABD
OECD Ortalama
1990
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
3,2
8,9
8,1
..
0,8
8,4
0,7
3,2
8,0
4,8
7,0
..
1,8
13,0
..

2,1
2,4
1,1
2,7
7,7
8,0

4,6
..
..
16,3
1,8

8,0
6,9

3,6
7,0
6,8
9,2
8,9
4,6
13,6
9,8

7,8
11,2

2,3

8,8
10,7
4,7
4,4
1,9
2,6
2,7
6,2

16,1
4,0
18,8
6,9
13,9

4,0

8,4
6,8
8,0
8,0

8,0
8,4
8,8
11,2
9,6
7,3
2,6
4,7
9,0
7,8
4,4
3,7
3,1

4,7
3,8
4,6
17,7
7,7
16,2

9,2
7,8
4,2
10,6
4,7

4,8
8,2
6,3
7,7
7,2
4,1

7,7
8,7
10,3
8,8

2,9
4,6
8,4
6,9
4,1

3,1
3,2
3,9
3,8

13,8
7,7
13,3

7,1
3,8
10,2

4,6
4,4

6,0
7,1

4,0
4,7
6,9
7,9
8,7
8,1
7,4
2,3
4,7
7,3
6,2
3,9
3,2
3,0
3,4
3,2
3,7

9,6
8,0
11,0
4,8
8,3
6,2
3,4
10,3

4,6
3,8
7,0
6,1
7,8
4,4
3,4

6,4
7,4
7,6
7,2
7,9
3,0

6,1
6,8
4,0
3,2
3,1

2,8
4,2
2,6
7,1
7,6
9,6
4,4
11,4
6,2
3,2
11,0

4,8
7,9
8,3
9,7
6,7
6,1
13,8
8,3
9,2
7,8
8,9
10,1
7,2
12,0

7,9

3,6
4,0

3,4
6,2
3,2
8,2

12,1

18,1
8,3
4,1
14,0
7,7
9,3
4,4
8,3
8,0
8,1
7,3
7,6
17,0
8,4
..
7,1
11,8
11,2
7,6
13,7
6,6

3,7
..

3,6
9,6
10,8
14,4
7,3
20,1
8,4
..
11,9
7,8
9,6
..
6,1
6,6
6,1

8,2
..
Kaynak: OECD Annual Labour Force Statistics.
http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LMPEXP.
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bitti;@67 4F J3C6? 33@34;?7=76;C F J3C6?3C @3=; A34;757; 9;4; 3J@;
J3C6?7=;@6767A34;;C;@3@?3@=3J@3PAu zaman yine i;K;=;9AC3@@
finanse edildi; 8A@6FC F FJ9F3?3@@ 3?35 ;7 ;;K7C7 4;C 393C; 97P;?
3@63C633@?36C
+*-8 ',8,&' L33@3C@ ;yerinde i 9G7@57;@;@ 33@?3@ J3@;
iG7C7@7C;@ ;P;7C; ;7@ =A3J53 P=3C3?3?33C@ 7?;@ 7?7J7 P3an bir
11
,3CP@
&#73CJG73C=
13
;P7C;
12
18
sistemdir.
"67? 3K?;@3 97@767 ;;K;= ;9AC3@3 37C@3;8 A3C3=
FJ9F3@?3=36C ;K;= ;9AC3@@ A6FF PAF =767 =67? 3K?;@3
FJ9F3@?3?3=36C
iv. Erken Emeklilik: 4F?33@PA=3K33@G7J37?7=;A?36FCF?F@634;C
i;K;@ ;7 J7C7;C;?7;@; =A3J3C353= A3@ J33C@ 3? G7J3 =?; 7C=7@
7?7=;;;@;??=@=3@764;C6;C14
& =77C;@;@ ''7 J3B=3C :3C53?33C J@63 )/@@
JK67DB3@J3FG7JK67
D
;;F3C3@6367i?7=76;C
1.3.2. Aktif 2#$##%!&",!,
A'7?7A3C3=;;K;;3K3?3J;;:63?G797;C;3CC?3J3?3P3J3@
BA;;=33C6C '' ;;K;= G7J3 ; 3C3?3 C7;@57 97;C =3J4@@ 738;; ;7 ;9;;
;=7@ ' ;95 B;J33@3 7@79C3JA@3 ;9;;6;C 7@; 3@3?63 '' AJ3
C3@87C7 =3C= 97?7=76;C F@3 =3C A3C3= ' 97@7;=7 ;95 B;J33@3
7@79C3JA@63KACF=3C3=3C33@97@P7CJ33C=36@3CG7QKC7C9;4;QK7
9CFB3C :7678 3C ' 97;C =3J4 738;; BA;;=33C@@ P3?3J 53J6C5
A34;757; 77;C;;@7 57G3B A3C3= 9Q7C;?7=76;C15 @53= ' G7 '' 4;C4;C;@7
37C@3;8 A3C3= 6@?7?7; G7 :7C ;=;; 4;C 3C363 77 3@3C3= ;;K;;@
3K3?3@3 G7 ;;:63?@ 3CC?3@3 =3=63 4FF@?33C@ 33J353= 4;P;?67
FJ9F3@?36C3C
)A@ J3C63 'J7 G7C;7@ Q@7?;@ 3C?3 4F BA;;=33C3 A3@ ;9;J; 67
3CC?CF=3B3?63'3=;B767@4Q?7C67673JA3C3=;@577@757=;C
14
15

#&
19
2. AKTF GÜCÜ POLTKALARI
2.1. Aktif 2#$##%!&",!,/-!8;',8!,8,<-!-<!-
2.1.1. Aktif 2#$##%!&",!,/-!imi
AP’nin temeli i ve iP; 4F?3J3 3C35= 3@3?@63 PA= 63:3 Q@577C7
63J3@?3=3 4;C;=7 3 A3C3= 7C67 G7P7 AC3J3 P= QJ7@74;;C F
=767;953CK;7374;@;7G;=7?7=G74F;=;;3C3@63=;7le?7J;33?3=
3?35J3 ; ve iP; 4F?3 3C35= :;K?77C; ;;:63? 4G3@;JA@3C G7 ;gücü
eitimi gibi BCA9C3?3CJC?C
A'67=; 3=;8 7C;?; G7P7 7C67 5C7 =3?33C 7?7;@67
AFFCF3@ BA;;=33C3 =3C A3C3= C7;7@ BA;;=33C63@ 3@?C 7C67@
Q@5767;95B;J33=3B3?@634;CPA=?77=;7itim ve i yar3?3BCA9C3?
yürütülmü A3 63 4F BA;;=33C 3=;8 ;95 B;J33 BA;;=33C A3C3=
;;?7@6;C;?7?;7C6;C'67;=;7@6;=37=A@A?;;Q3(7:@G7(F6A8
$7;6@7C 3C38@63@ 3? ;;:63? 3?35@ 97CP7=7;C;C=7@ 7@83JA@F =A@CA
3@63 F3@ AJ3 67?A=C3 4;C C37<; A3C3= 3@?3@?C &@3C3 9QC7 P
6= 7@83JA@ G7 3? ;;:63? 4;C 3C363 33?3= ;P;@ 33C3@3@ 4;C BA;;=3
=3C?3@63=; 97C7=; 4;C 4;77@6;C F ;=; 7=A@A?; 3@; 7@83JA@; 37B
JQ@7;?;BA;;=3@@6=G7C;?;;=;7=QC7C67;;K;7JA3P353@63@7@6;e
etmi7CG74F@63@=3P@?3=;P;@;95B;J33@63J7@;67@7;;?;G7:3C7=7;;i
33J3@ 764;C7C; Q@7C?;7C6;C QJ757 6= G7C;?;;=; 7=QC7C67 ;;K;=
7:6;6; 3@63 A3@ P33@3C J=7= G7C;?;;=; 7=QC7C7 C3@87C A34;757=;C
@J3 )3G3 A@C3@63 G7P7=; ' 4F @767@7 3 A3C3= ;gücü
:3C7=7;;;@; 3CC?3J3 A63=3@?C @53= -
6Q@7?;@67 GFC9F
=367?7; A3C3= ? ;;K;= C7C;@;@ Q@7@?7;@7 JQ@7?;;C JC53 97@7;=7
377C
;P7C;
;P7C;
20
durgunluk dönemlerinde isizlii dü= F?3= 3?35 63 Q@7? =3K3@?C 7@7
3@3?633P=;sizlii dü=F?33?35;7
3C63:3=;?A?Ftur
A'@;@ ;gücünün düük verimlilikteki sektörlerden yüksek verimlilikli
7=QC7C7 J7@;67@ 3:;;@; 3layabilme i7G; J3C63 67 67 4F
BA;;=33C@47@;?7@?7;@;@7?7@767@;6;C
& G7P7=; 4F BA;;=33C3 ;9; 9Q7C?; ve üye ülkelerini bu
BA;;=33C3 QK7@6;C?7= ;P;@ 67 95 G7 )AJ3 )ACF@3C "A?;7;@;
kurmuFC21
G7
7C67=;7=A@A?;=J3B63=;G74F@343A3C3=;95B;J33
=AF3C@63=; 67i;?7C J7@; BA;;=3 97C7=;;=7C;@; 9@67?7 97;C?;;C F
6Q@7?67 A63= J3G3 büyüme ve i;K;=7=; 3C e;;?; ACF@3C@3 P7GC;?;;C
Sürekli artan i;K;= AC3@3C ;95 3CK G7 374; 3C3@63=; FJF?FKF=3C3 G7
gere;@67@83K3A3@;;K;=Q67?77C;@763J3@6C?C22 yaratma gibi tedbirler
JAFJ3 37B 3C38@3 G7 7C=7@ 7?7=;;= 9;4; 764;C7C JAFJa i95 3CK@
3K3?3J3GFC9F3CJ3B?G74F@3C97P;5;A6Fu düünülen i;K;=BCA47?;;P;@
=3 6Q@7?; 764;C7C A3C3= AC3J3 =A@?FFC @53= & 7=A@A?;7C;@;@
7C67=; 97@;7?7 6Q@7?7C;@67 63:; ;95 B;J33 KACF=3CJ3 C7=;
biçimde kar3?33C J=7= ;sizlik ve dier i95 B;J33 BCA47?7C;@;@
3C=3@63J3B3KACF=3C@J7C36@3P3P=3C?C
sizli;@ =3 6Q@7?; 4;C ACF@ A?36@@ 3@3?3 K7C;@7 &
3C38@63@63:3Q@5797;tirilen igücü piya3BA;;=33C;P;@4;CP7CP7G7P;K;?7;
kararlaC?C F@F@ K7C;@7 & J7 =77C; P3?3 43=3@3C &53=
67=;AB3@3C@63'=3GC3?@363J34;C7J7?B3@=34F7?;;C23 F
7J7? B3@@63J3B3ACF@3C@ Q@57;=7;gücü p;J33@@3CK3C38@63A6Fu
ve i95B;J33@@FJF?F@F=A3J3C?3J3?3P3J3@AC3G7FKF@6Q@7?;4;C
;P7C;
F=F:;?3
21
;P7C;
22
7G3A
23
7G3A
21
stratejinin gereklilii ortaya konmutur. Bu kapsamdaki öneri, i95 B;J33
:3C53?33C@@;953CK@@:3C7=7;;ini salayan, igücünün niteliini gelitiren
ve i95 B;J33@63 ; arama sürecini güçlendiren aktif tedbirlere doru
=3J6C?36C
J@63 & 3C38@63@ :3KC3@3@ 7C L3?3 D!A4 )F6JF P
BCA9C3?3C@ ;95 B;J33@@ :3C7=7;;;@; G7 FJF?F@F 3Crarak igücü
B;J33@@ ;leyiinin geli;C;?7;@; P33@3C@ J7@;67@ ;e yerletirilmesini
kolaylaC?3J1£23?3P3J3@G74F@37=A3C3=6ük nitelikli i3C3J3@3C@G7
uzun dönemli isizlerin beklentilerini iyile;C?7= ;P;@ FJ9F3@3@ 3C3P3r olarak
3P=3?3=36C 7C L3?3@@ Q@7C;7C;@67@ 4;C; 'J7 J3B3@ GFC9F@F@
güçlendirilmesi ve etkinliklerinin peki;C;?7;6;C24
' QK7;=7 3C63 & G7 97P; ülkelerinde isizlikle mücadelede
7?7 4;C 3C3P A3C3= Q@7? =3K3@?C 67 67 ' GCFB3 stihdam
)C37<;;@;@ D)F 3C=3@63=; 3@3:3C =3GC3? A?FFC GCFB3 "A?;JA@F
P’yi 1997’de oluFCF3@ )@;@ Q@7?; 4;C BA;;=3 3C35 :3;@7 97;C?;tir.
$A67C@'4;P;?7C;Au Bloku ülkelerinde mevcut deilken, piyasa ekonomisine
geçi C75;@67 4F BA;;=33C 5;66; 4;P;?67 =F3@?3J3 433@?C LAu geçi
=7;@67 P ve P' 3C 4AJF@53 3@? ve igücünün uyumunun
sa3@?3;P;@J3J9@A3C3==F3@?C
Geli?7=7 A3@ =77C67 ;7 P çok nadire@ =3=@?3 C37<;7C;@;@ 4;C
B3CP3A?FFCF=77C677=A@A?;=C7<;?7C;@67G7A63=4;CJ3B63@B;J33
A63= 4;C J3BJ3 97P; C75;@67 P uygulanmaya ba3?C 3=3 P bu
ülkelerin çoundas henüz i95 B;J33@@ =35 4;C B3CP3 A3?3?C F
=77C67 '7C =C;K7C;@ G7 J3B3 67iimlerin i95 B;J33 K7C;@67=;
AF?FK7=;7C;@;3K3?3=3?35J3FJ9F3@?3=36C
24
&
22
2.1.2. Aktif 2#$##%!&",!,',8!,8,
Politika ve program t7C;?7C; 83C= =3GC3?3C 7?; 7?7=76;C 'A;;=3
7C;?;:=?7;@B7;8;=7=A@A?;==A@F3C:3==@633?3=;76;i geni yönelimi
7?; 767@ 97@7 4;C =3GC3?6C MC@7in hükümet P'; =F3@?3=3@3 P’yi
=F3@?3J 7C5;: 7674;;C G7J3 ;95 B;J33@@ 7@7=;;@; 3CC?3J3 =3C3C
G7C74;;C 'CA9C3?3C ;7 5C7 4G3@;JA@3C G7 @8 7;;?; 9;4; 4F BA;;=33C@
JC?7; ;P;@ 3@3@ B7;8;= 764;C7C6;C25 A3JJ3 ' =3?3 43K
6FCF?3C633=;8;95BCA9C3?3C@@J7C;@767=F3@?3=36C
'6@J363=;:7?7@:7C=7674FF@?3=34;C;=7BCA9C3?3C@4AJF3C
33C3@?3 G7 FJ9F3@?3 43=?@63@ 4J= 83C==3C 3CK 7?7=76;C F
@767@7 '@;@ 4;C PA= 83C= 3@? G3C6C MC@7;@ F3C3C3 L3?3 MC9
(ILO) ' J; 3? C7=7@ G7 QK9C57 7P;?; ;;:63? 33?3J3 P3an
BA;;=333@3C@63@367574;C;;A3C3=3@?3?3=36C26 &@;@3@?@39QC7
;7 ' J3C3C3@53C@@ ; 4F?3@ =A3J3C?3J G7J3 =3K3@P =3B3;77C;@;
3CC?3J3?3P3J3n temel e;;?6@63=;:3C53?33C;P7C7@BA;;=33C6C27
7@7 A3C3= P; i95 3CK G7 374;@; FJF?3C?3 BA;;=33C A3C3=
3@?3@3@G7; arayanlar ile iG7C7@7C;6ACF63@7le;C?7J;;95@@@;7;ini
3CC3@ ;95 7;;?;@; D3CK JQ@F =3?F J3C3C@3 P3?3 ; =FC?3 G7 ;;:63?
4G3@;JA@3C =3B3?@63 ; J3C3?3J D37B JQ@F ;P7C7@ BA;;=33C@ ?@7
4;C67@G7C;7@;;?6;CF=3B3?63'P3@343=3@63773@34;;C"3?F
;;:63?:;K?77C;;3C3?3677;;95ü eitimi ve iJ3C3?3
25
';7CC7
F7CG73C=
27
&3ACJA8)3;;53*7C?
26
23
Kutu: 2.1. AP -8,
AP
Kamu stihdam
Hizmetleri/
Arama Destei
gücü Eitimi
Yaratma
Sübvansiyon
Kurma
TYÇP
2.1.2.1. Kamu stihdam Hizmetleri/ Arama Destei
stihdam hizmetleri, iler ile i 3C3J3@3C@ 7letirilmesi, bir baka deyile
3C35= ;levinin yerine getirilmesidir. F :;K?77C 4;C PA= 83C= ;B7=;
faaliyetlerden olu?3=36C
e yerletirme: çilerin niteliklerine ve beklentilerine uygun ii, iverenlerin
67 ;:;J3P 6FJ6F=3C QK7;=7C7 3:;B ;P;J; 4F?33C@ 33J3@ 3C35=
hizmetidir. Kamu istihdam kurF?3C@@7@7?79QC7G;67; yerletirmedir.
Mesleklerin gerektirdii nitelikler ve
ki;7C;@ 3:;B A6F=3C QK7;=7C;@ =3C3C?3 G7 4;C7J;@ J77@7= G7
;7=7C;@7 9QC7 JQ@7@6;C;?7; 4F =3B3?63 4;C7J;@ Jararlanabilecei
eitim ve di7CA3@3=3C=A@FF@63JA9Q7C;?7;6;C
bulmada zorluklarla kar3an kiiler için
younlaC? 63@?3@= 4;P;?;@; 33@ :;K?77C6;C F@3C63@ 7@
bilineni i bulmada en fazla zorlanan isizleC;@67@7J;?7C;@;47;3C3=3C3
24
AB3@3C3= 4;C4;C7C;@7 3=3C6=3C G7 4;C 63@?3@@ 9QK7;?;@67 ;
3C36=3C; kulüpleridir.
95 B;J33 4;9; ;7?;@;@ ;J;
i7?7;@; 33J353= 4;9;7C; 7?;@ 7?7= FC7;J7 ;95 B;J33@@
6K7@7@?7;@7 =3=63 4FF@?3=C ';J3363=; ;7C G7 97C7=; @;7;=7C
:3==@63;3C3J3@3C4;9;7@6;C?7J;G797C7=;Q@7?7C;3?3J;P7C;C
Co
95374;@;@A6FF4;C4Q97G7J37=Qre
i;K7C;@JQ@7@6;C;?7;G797C7=;C7A4Q97G7J37=QC79;?77C;;P;@4F
kiilere ta@?39;67C7C;:3CP=9;4;677=7C;@G7C;?7;6;C
2.1.2.2. gücü E&8#%2,8!,
95 3CK G7 374;@;@ @;7;= ACF@F @767@;J7 7leemedii durumlarda
i95@@ @;7;= G7 4757C; 6K7J;@; J3@; ;;63? 76;74;;C;;@; 3CC3C3= ;;K;in
3K3?3@3?3P3J3@BCA9C3?3C6CFBCA9C3?3C7;;??7C=7K7C;@67G7G7J3
i7?77C67G7C;7@G7;95B;J33@6397P7C;4;C?77;A?3J3@;;K7C;;;K
=3?3C;=;A3@P33@3CDABF;7@P=3C353==;;7C9;4;FA=F63@;J33?@3
97P7?7J7@ G7J3 A=FF 4;;C?7J7@ 97@P7C; QKC7C; G7 6;7C 67K3G3@3< =;ileri
:76787J7@BCA9C3?3C6C
FBCA9C3?3C=3B3?@63=3?F;;:63?A8;7C; i7?77C7QK77itim
=FCF?3C G7 ;G; ABF? QC97C;J7 ;birli; J3B3C3= ;;K7C;@ 43K3C@@ ;ba
e;;?67@ 97P;C;?77C;@; G7 7;;? A@C3@63 ;7?77C;@ ;:;J3P 6FJ6Fu kiileri
;;:63?7?77C;@;33?3=36C
2.1.2.3. Yaratma Pr%2,8!,
953CK@@4FF@6FFG7;J;4;C7le;C?7@;@G3CA6Fu durumlarda bile
i95 374;@67=; J77C;K;= ACF@ A34;?7=76;C F BCA9C3?3C J7@; ;ler
J3C3?3@ G7J3 ?7G5F ;7C;@ =ACF@?3@@ 677=7@?7;@; 3?3P3?3=36C
;:63? ;?=3@3C@@ PA= @C A6FF 6FCF?3C63 QK7;=7 67 97;mekte olan
=77C67:7?7C?3J74;C;=;?;@;:K3@6C?3=:7?67;;:63?3CC?3=3?35J3
25
i J3C3?3 BCA9C3?3C JC?7=76;C28 F =379AC; 3@63 97@7 A3C3= P C
BCA9C3?J7C3?3=36C
2.1.2.3. '%>!?8 *,,, @,!8, #%2,8!,Q%?*, +,8?
&X*,8
;:63? ;?=3@3C@@ @C A6FF 6FCF?3C63 =3?F 7=QC@67 G7J3 =3C
3?35 9?7J7@ =FCFF3C63 ;;K7C7 97P;5; ;;:63? ;?=3@ G7 97;C 33J3@ G7
=3?F3C38@63@8;@3@776;7@6=5C7;BCA9C3?3C6CFBCA9C3?3C63:3PA=
=3?F33J3B:;K?77C;P7GC76K7@7?77C;=3?F4;@33C@@A@3C?G743=?
9;4; 33@3C63 =;;7C;@ 47; 4;C C7 ;;:63? 76;?7;@; =3B3C *ABF? J3C3C@3
P3?3 BCA9C3?3C 97@7;=7 ;g5 B;J33@63 7@ =Q 6FCF?63 A3@ ; 4F?3
;:;?3;7@6==;;7C;:76787C
FBCA9C3?3C@3?35=;;7C;@@;7;=7C;@;@3@?3@@Q@7@?7;;95
B;J33 ;7 7?3 :3;@67 =3?33C@@ 33@?3 G7 J33? ;:;J3P3C@@ 47; 4;C
C767A3=3C3@?36C
2.1.2.3.
[$-&Q&X*,8&#\<,]%!,
G7C7@7C;J7@;;P;3?3J3G7J3677=7@?76;;@67;7?767@=3J@3=3@3@
@767@7C7 ;7@ P=3C?3 ;:;?3; A3@ P33@3C =ACF?3J3 7G;= 767@
4G3@;JA@3C6C F@3C :7? P33@3C3 :7? 67 ;G7C7@7C7 6ACF63@ 5C7
4G3@;JA@3C G7J3 AJ3 9G7@;= Q67?77C; =3C 4;P;?7C;@; 334;;C29 Bu
BCA9C3?3C97@7;=797@P7C;G7FKF@C7;;;K7C;:76787?7=76;C
2.1.2.3.3. +?8,<-/-!&8-#%2,8!,
Bu programlar mi=CA=P= ;7?7=FC?3=7@6;;;@;=FC?3G797;;C?7
9;4; 4;C PA= ;;? 334;?7=76;C *7=@;= J3C6? =C76; G7 6;7C 677=7C;@
sa3@?3 JAFJ3 =P= QP7=; ;7?77C;@ =FCF?3 G7G7J3 97;;C;?7; ;7
28
29
,3CP@
75:7C?3@G73C=
-
26
isizlerin kendi i;@; =FC?33C@3 J3C6?5 A?3J ;P7C;C F BCA9C3?3C 97@7;=7
i95B;J33@@6@63=;B;J333C63=;3=3==3C@9;67C;?7;@;:76787C30
;@3@3 3J3B PA= 83K3 97;memi =77C67 QK7 43@=33C =7@6; ;ini
=FC?3= ;7J7@ ;;K7C7 =C76; F@?3= ;P;@ 97C7=; =3B3? C;= 67erlendirmesini
JC757= =3B3;767 67;6;C F BCA9C3?3C QK =A@FF 3=3=@ @767@ A6Fu
A@FP3C@AC363@=36C?3@3=3=634FF@34;?7=76;C31
2.1.3. Aktif 2#$##%!&",!,levleri
AP’7C;@ =767@ =7J7 G7 :33 4Q9767@ 4Q97J7 67i74;7@ PA= P7itli
3?3P3C A34;;C MC@7;@ =C77 7=A@A?;J7 7@ 3P= =77C =C777?7 G7
7=@AA<;= 67i;?7C;@ 43K AF?FK ;;:63? 7=;7C;@67@ ;P;7C;@; =ACF?3=
3?35J3 'J; FJ9F3?3=36C32 A' 97;?7=7 A3@ G7 97P; =77C;@67 ;7
7=A@A?;= J7@;67@ J3B3@?3@@ AF?FK 7=;76;i iP;7C;@ J7@;67@ ;;:63?
76;?7;@; 677=7?7 @;J7;@67 A3@ ;95 BA;;=33C@@ 4;C 4;77@; A3C3=
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A' 7=A@A?;= 63C4A3K3C JF?Fat?3= J3B3 67@97;K;=7C; 9;67C?7=
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A3C3=3a63=;*34A67@9QC?7=??=@6C33
30
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75:7C?3@G73C=
-
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Program
Ekonomik darbo3K3C@
yumu3?3
/3B3 67@97izliklerin
9;67C;?7;
95 B;J33@@ 97@7
ileyi;@;@97;;C;?7;
757C; G7 G7C;?;;in
97;;C;?7;
7K3G3@3<G7J3C;=
3@63=;P33@3C@
677=7@?7;
Dorudan i yaratma
5C74G3@;JA@3C
Eitim
Kendi i;@;=FC?3677i
;:63?:;K?77C;
Eitim
5C74G3@;JA@3C
;:63?:;K?77C;
E;;?DPC3==A=F63@;797P;9;4;F
E;;?G7J7@;67@7itim
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Eitim
5C74G3@;JA@3C
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7K3G3@3< 9CFB3C 97C; =3?
4Q97G77=QC7C
/3=@ 4Q977C 7=QC7C G7J3
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P33@=379AC;7C;
(;= 3@63=; G7J3 67K3G3@3<
P33@=379Arileri
"3J@3=75:7C?3@3C#F;@C33@6&93H3D
F
A';95B;J33@@=3J@3=3:;;;leyi;@;@3CC?3@D; arayanlarla
ilerin ele;C;?7; 9;4;F ;95 B;J33@@ 4Q? A@FP3C@3 ;aret etmeyi
(kamu i7C; BCA9C3?3C@63 JA=F3C@ :76787@?7; 6FCF?63 A6FF 9;4;F G7J3
i95 3CK G7 374; 3C3@63=; @;7;= 3P@ 9;67C?7J; DJ7@;67@ 7itim ile iten
P=3C3@P33@3C@6;er iler için rekabet yetene;@;@3CC?3@33J34;?7;
9;4;F G7 43K B;J33 3=3==3C@@ 6K7;?7;@; DQC@7;@ ?;=CA-9;C;imler ile
B;J3363=;4;C=C76;ACF@F@3;3C77?7=7F3?3P3?3=36C
)A@ J3C63 QK7;=7 J3 @8FF 3C3@ 97;mi =77C67 ' 9;;=P7
i;K7C;@ ;95 B;J33@63@ 3JC?3@ Q@7?7@;@ 4;C JAF A3C3= 9QC?7J7
ba3@?C;C43ka deyile A'AB3?;953CK@@=ACF@?3@3JQ@7?;;C34
A' G38K ;çileri eitti;@67 G7 6= G7C;?;;=; 7=QC7C67@ J=7=
G7C;?;;=; 7=QC7C7 6Aru i95@@ :3C7=7;;;@; 3CC6@63 AB3? ;;K;i
azaltma eilimindeki dorudan bir i95-yerle;C?77=;;@73:;B;C35 Bu durumda
8C;=;JA@7D97P;5;FG7J3B3;;K;;@C7;@;@3K3?3@3=3=634FF@34;;C
LA= 83C= 3?3P3C A34;7@ '@;@ 3?35 63C 3@3?63 ;95 3CK G7
talebini eletirerek i;K;;@ 3K3?3 ;;:63? ;?=3@3C@@ G7 97;C;@
3CC?36C7@; anlamda A'@;@3?3P3C;7;@3@=3J@3=3C@@97;;C;?7;
34
35
F=F:;?3
F=F:;?3
28
ve istihdam edilebilirli;@ 3CC?3 ;95@@ J3B3 67iimlere uyumunun
kolaylaC?367K3G3@3<9CFB3C@;95B;J33;77?3:3;@67=3?3@@
sa3@?3 G7 A@3C ;P;@ 7; 8C33C@ 3CC?3 ;95 374;@;@ = A6Fu
6FCF?3C63 ;;:63?@ 7G;= 76;?7; ;gücünün dei;= 3 B;J333C 3C3@63
yeniden da?@@ 3la@?3 ;95 B;J33 3=3==3C@@ 9;67C;?7; ;lerin
kalite ve verimlili;@;@3CC?3 G7AJ3J3C6?3C343?@3K3?36C
A' 97@7;=7 =3?F 8A@3C@63@ G7 ;;:63? K7C;@67@ 3@3@ G7C9;7C67@
8;@3@776;?7=76;C
2.1.4. Aktif 2#$##%!&",!,*,&%?8!?"&_!-
A' 97@7;=7 =3?F ;;:63? =FCF?3C@@ ACF?FFF@636C @53=
QK7;=7A@6Q@7?67A?3=K7C7=3?F;;:63?=FCF?3C@3?3?3J53@3?63
QK7 ;;:63? 4CA3C 63 ;;:63? :;K?77C; F@?3=36C 7@7;=e hemen her
=767 =3?F ;;:63? =FCF?3C ?7G5FFC F =FCF?3C JKJ@ 433C@63@
itibaren kurulmaya ba3@?CF=FCF?3C=76K7J;@67=FCF?33?3C6C
ÇoF =767 =3?F ;;:63? =FCF?3C ?7C=7K67@ JQ@7;?7=7 ;=7@ 7P;=3 G7
9;4;43K=77C67J7C76K7J67JQ@7;?7=76;CF=FCF?3C@AC3J3P=
3?3P3C 97@7;=7 ; arayanlarla iverenleri ele;C?7= J3@; ;e yerletirme
:;K?77C;F@?3=C@53=67ien koF3C4F=FCF?3C@6;er A'F@?3@63
97C7=; =? ve K3?3@3 4F =FCF?3C P’nin temel sorumlusu olmuFC "3?F
;;:63? =FCF?3C G7 QK7 ;;:63? 4CA3C@@ J3@ C3 ;G; ABF? QC97C;
J7C7 JQ@7;?7C ?77= QC97C; P7itli kamu kurum ve kurulu3C 63 P
FJ9F3?33CJC?7=76;C
2.2. Akif 2#$##%!&",!,'-8-!'-%",!
A'@;@?3=CA7=A@A?;=6K7J67=;7?7;#3J3C6- %;5=7$A67;@67@Q@57
enflasyon ve i;K;=3C3@634;C;=3?7;;kisi olduF@F9Q7C7@G7P3?3@@;=
bölümünde de deinilen Philips EC;; P7CP7G7;@67 6üünülmüC36 AP teorik
3@3;K; ':;;B C;;@67@ C7;7@ #3J3C6- Nickell Modeli ile önemli bir boyut
36
$3:3?O=;
29
=3K3@?C 3?8AC ;7 4F $A67; =F3@3C3= '@;@ 7AC;= 3@3;K;@;
97@;7?;;C
F P3?363 #3J3C6 G7 3C=3633C@@ 97;;C6;; G7 3?8AC 3C38@63@
67;;C;7@7AC;=P7CP7G767@J3C3C3@353=C
' 3@3;K;@;@ 433@9P @A=3 A3C3= #3J3C6-%;5=7 $A67; 3@353=C
F $A6767 J33J 7=7@67 ;;:63? AC3@ G7 6;=7J 7=7@67 C77 5C7 J7C
3?3=36Ca6ACF7;?;stihdam Erisi ;95@@C775C774;CAC3@A3C3=
QP7@ ;;:63? J3@; 5C77 ;;=;; A3C3= ;95@@ @7 =363C@@ ;;:63?
76;6;;@; 9Q7C;C F 7C;@;@ ;95 37B 7C;;@7 7; A6FF G3C3JC /F=3C
6ACF7;?;Ücret Belirleme Erisi ;763:3J=7=AB3?;;:63?:35?;@;@63:3
J=7=C775C77@3JA3P@9Q7C7@7C;6;C37 F;=;7C;@;@=7;;?@A=3
;7 ;;:63? G7 5C7 67@97;@; 9Q7C;C )36757 6A3 ;;K;;@ A6FF 6FCF?F
9Q7C7@ Tam stihdam Erisi ;7 6;=7J 4;C 7C;6;C 7@97 @A=3 A3@ ;7 3?
;;:63?7C;;3C3@63=;83C=DF0F;7=;;7C3P@63@;C36;A?3J3@;;K;=;C
F ?A677 3P= ;7C ;7 ;;K7C 3C3@63=; 77?7 C75;@;@ 7=;@;;@;
9Q7C7@7G7C;697C;;7=7@7C7='7=;7C;;@577@74;;C
ekil 2.1: Layard-Nickell Modeli
Reel Ücret
Tam stihdam Erisi
Ücret Belirleme Erisi
A
stihdam Erisi
&X*,8",
F0
37
$3:3?O=;
30
ekil 2.2: Beveridge Erisi
^"",
A
!"",
F0
Beveridge EC;; 3P= ;ler ile i;K7C 3C3@63=; 67@97 ;;=;;@; 9Q7C7@
eridir. 7=; 67=; @A=3 ekil 2.1’deki ücC7 47;C7?7 G7 ;;:63?
eC;7C;@;@=7;;;67@97@A=3;73J@6CG7
7=;67J7C33@F0 ise ekil
2.2’deki i;K;= AC3@6C ;C 43=3 67J;7 #3J3C6-%;5=7 $A67;@67 47;C7@7@
i;K;= AC3@ 7G7C;697 C;;@;@ A6FF 6;J39C3?63 3P= iler
ile
ili=;7@6;C;?7=76;C
Beveridge EC;;@;@ 4Q?7C; 3P= ;7C;@ 3J@@ J=7= G7 ;sizlik
AC3@@@ 6= A6FF 4;C 4;7;?; 9Q7C6;;@67@ 4F 4Q?7C;@ 7=A@A?;@;@
97@;7?7 6Q@7?7C;@67=; 6FCF?F ;3C7 7;; 3 4Q?7C;@;@ ;7 3? 7C; J3@;
63C3?36Q@7?7C;@;9Q7C6;i dü@?7=76;C38
A'J7 =33@3C ;7 6K7@; DC79F3CF ;;:63? J3@; BCA9C3?3C3
=3?3J3@3C3C3@634;C3JC?J3B?3=G7'7=;7C;@;@7AC;=6K7J6763:3;J;
9QC74;?7;@; 33?3= 3?35J3 #3J3C6-N;5=7 $A67; 3?8AC 3C38@63@
dei;C;?;;C
38
Biçerli, 2004: 49.
31
ekil 2.3: Deitirilmi Layard-Nickell Modeli
Reel
Ücret
RR
FE
qr
A
Düzenli stihdam Erisi
u
ua
r0
Düzenli stihdam
",
F ?A6767 6;=7J 7=7@67=; C77 5C7 3J@ =3?3=3 J33J 7=7@67=;
;;:63? AC3@ 6K7@; ;;:63? AC3@ J3@; P’ye ka?3J3@3C@ ;;:63? AC3@
ile yer deitirmektedir. Bu durumda da ücret belirleme eC;;3J@=3C=7@;;:63?
eC;;6K7@;;;:63?7C;;36@3?3=36C
Eitim ve iJ3C3?39;4;'BCA9C3?3C@3=33@3C@AC3@3?;;:63?
erisi FE v7 BCA9C3?3C3 =3?3J3@ ;95 AC3@@ 9Q7C7@ 6;=7J P;K9; ((
3C3@63=;J33JFK3==C0 ;7QPC7@97@A=3A3@;95@@4;CJK67;
A3C3= 6K7@; ;;:63? J3@; BCA9C3?3C3 =3?363@ P33@3C G7 C77 5C7
6K7J;@; 9Q7C;C F 6FCF?63 67@97 @A=3 ;7 (( 7C;; 3C3@63=; FK3== Fa
3P=;;K;=AC3@@G7C;C39 Bu diyagramdaki ua ile r0 4;C;=7JF=3C63=;?A6767F0
;7QP7@G73?;;:63?7C;;;767@97@A=33C3@63=33@;;K;=AC3@@
9Q7C?7=76;C FC363 83C= A3C3= F0 3C3 'J7 =33@3C G7 =3?3J3@3C
3C3@63;=;J74Q@?tür.
39
Calm8AC
32
Calmfors, Layard-Nickell Modelinde dei;=;= J3B?3 7G7C;697
erisinde de deiikli; 97C7=;C6;; ;P;@ J7@; 4;C 7G7C;697 7C;;@; AC3J3
koymuFC
ekil 2.4: Deitirilmi Beveridge Erisi
^"",
A
!"",;gücü
#%2,8!,,
+,&!,!,",
F ?A6767 J33J 7=7@ 3C= 3P= ;;K;= AC3@@ G7 ;95 BCA9C3?3C@3
=33@3C@ AC3@@ 9Q7C?7=76;C ;=7J 7=7@ ;7 6K7@; 3P= ;leri
9Q7C?7=76;C F ?A67;@ 97C;;@67 ;=; G3C3J? J3?3=36C ;C;@5;; 6K7@;
3P=;7C:7?3P=;;KA=F@63@:7?67BCA9C3?=3?53CA=F@63@=;ilerle
6A6FCF34;;C kincisi
ise,
A' P7CP7G7;@67 7le?7 C75; 6K7@; ;
B;J33@63=;@67@ 63:3 =A3J6C ;95 B;J33 AAC;77C; 97@767 3P= ;leri ilan
7?7= KACF@63 67ildirler,
yerle;C74;;C7C
ancak
isizleri
çe;; BCA9C3?3C3 6Arudan
40
A'J7 =3?@ 3CC?3 7=; 7 J7C 33@ (( 7C;;@;@ A3 =3J?3
DBCA9C3?=3?C=363C3C3CF;79Q7C;;C;er herey sa4;=7@D577C;B3C;4FF
A'@;@ 7=;; ;sizliin C ?;=3C63 3K3?3 A353=C /3@; ;sizlik u0’dan u’e
97C;7J757=;CF7=;BCA9C3?@4F7=;6797@;7?7;@;@93JC;38;7=;;A3C3=
363@6C34;;C@53=@77=;@;@76776;74;?7;;P;@43K6A3J7=;7C;@679QK
40
3?8AC
33
Q@@73@?397C7=?7=76;CF@F@;P;@5C747;C7?76K7@;;95374;G7
;953CK;P;@7G;=7C;@@37=;7@757;@;@3@3;K76;?7;97C7=;C
E;;? BCA9C3?3C@3 6ACF63@ ; J3C3?3 G7 4G3@;JA@F ;;:63?
BCA9C3?3C@3 =3?@ 3CC?3@@ 3P=P3 9QC7@ 7=;; 3P= ;;K;;@
3K3?36CF3@3;KA@F5F@636ACF63@7=;J3@;4C7=;4FF@?FFC&J3
A'@;@@77=;;@;@4FF@?397C7=?7=76;C%77=;@;@4FF@34;?7;;P;@63
7=;7C;@ 4C 7=;67@ P=3C?3 97C7=?7=76;C 3 7=;7C7 6A3J 7=;7C 67
67@;74;;C '@;@ 83C= C7C; G33J3 6K7@; ;;:63? 7=;7J74;7@ 4;C PA=
JAG3C6C3?8ACF@97;;C6;;?A67P7CP7G7;@673a636A3J7=;7C=353
;@577@757=;C41
i. Eleme Süreci Üzerindeki Etkiler
A'@;@ 977@7=7 97C7=P77C;@67@ 4;C; ;95 B;J33@63=; 7le?7@;@
33@?36C F P7;; ?7=3@;K?33C JAFJ3 A34;;C 83C= 3 B;J333C
3C3@63=; 7le7?7?7 ; 3C3J3@3C@ @;7;=7C;@;@ 3747 63:3 ;J; 4;P;?67
FJF?3C?3 QP@67 9;67C;74;;C ; 3C3J3@3C@ 4;C =? ;P;@ 63:3 3=;8 ;
3C3?3 63GC3@3C 97;;C;74;;C ; 3C3J3@3C :3==@63 ;G7C7@7C;@ 9G7@;K;;@;@
3K3?3@63';76K7@;;67@7J;?7C;33@34;;C
A'@;@ 7le?7 K7C;@67=; 7=;; 67@9767 47;C; 3J63 3P= ; G3C=7@ ;
3C3J3@3C@ 3J@@ 3K3?3 J3@; 7G7C;697 C;;@;@ A3 =3J?3 ;7
9Q7C;74;;CF3J@K3?3@635C747;C7?7G7;;:63?7C;7C;@;677=;7J7C7=
97@7 67@97 6K7J;@; 67;;C74;?7=76;C P= ;7C ' 3J7;@67 63:3 P34F=
6A6FF ;P;@ 3P= ;7C;@ 8;C?33C3 ?3;J7; 3K3?3=3 G7 63:3 83K3 3P= ;
3P?3=36C F 6FCF? ;;:63? 7C;;@;@ 33 6ACF =3J?3@3 J3@; ;;:63?
6K7J;@;@3C?3@3@767@AFC
F@3;3G7A3C3=;7C;6FJFC?3G79QC7;J=7=5C7F@?34;C4;C;J7C;@7
;=3?7 76;74;;C JQ@7?7C6;C P= ;7C; :K3 6A6FC?3= ;P;@ ;G7C7@7C ;P;7C7
63:3 J=7= 5C7 Q@7C757= J3 63 4A ;7C; 6FJFC353=C =; 6FCF?63 63 5C7
41
3?8AC- 34
belirleme erisi saa k3J353=C =; =3J?363 63 6K7@; ;;:63? AC3@ 3C353=C
3@53=C775C77=;;47;C;K6;C
ekil 2.5: AP’nin Ücretler ve Düzenli stihdam Üzerindeki Çeitli Etkileri
Reel
Ücret
Düzenli stihdam Erisi
Normal &X*,8",
Youn i arama yöntemleri eleme üzerinde olumlu etkilerde bulunurken
di7C 43K 7=;7C 67 AC3J3 P=34;?7=76;C MC@7in sübvansiyonlu istihdam
BCA9C3?3C JAun i arama faaliyetini frenleyebilece;@67@ BCA9C3?3 =3? 4F
faaliyetin etkinli;@; 3K334;?7=76;C lemenin net etkisinin elde edilme; ;P;@
BCA9C3?3?3?3@6=3@A@C3=;BAK;;87=;67@BCA9C3?3=3?C7;@574;C7J7C
üzerindeki olumsuz i 3C3?3?3 7=;;@;@ P=3C?3 97C7=?7=76;C F ; arama
etkinlii üzerindeki ters etkiyi mikroekonomik de7C7@6;C?77C J3=33J3?3K3C
7; 9CFB3C@ ; 3@3C@@ @3 7=;7@757ini araC3@ ?;=CA P3malar da
ele;C?7K7C;@67=;AB3?7=;:3==@63PA=3K4;9;G7C74;;C7C
ii. gücü Üzerindeki Etki
sizliin özelikle de uzun dönemli isizliin olumsuz etkilerinden biri de
igü5 3CK@ 3K3?36C bulma ümidini kaybeden isizler i95 B;J33@63@
P7=;?7 7ilimi ta?3=36C3C F 6FCF? B;J33J3 J7@; 9;C757= A3@3C@ 63
?;6;@;@=C?3@3@767@A34;?7=76;CP i95@7=3?=ACFJ34;;Cgücü
3C@63 ;gü5@@ 63:3 3K 4;C =? ;;:63? 76;?; A353= J3@; :7C 5C7
6K7J;@67 6K7@; ;;:63? AC3@ 3K3353=C L@= B3J63 J3@; ;95 3C?C
35
F@63@6A3JP’nin pozitif bir i953CK7=;;6;7C3C3CG7C;;=7@;;:63?
7C;;@;@A3=3J?33@3?@397;C*37479QC7@;B;A3C3=63:3J=7=4;C3CK
?7G5F;7C;P;@63:383K3C7=347;97;C;CG74F635C77C;3aP7=7CG767@97
aa=3J3C5C7;@6?7;63:383K3;;:63?33J34;;C
iii. “çeridekiler” çin Rekabet Etkileri
P7C;67=;7C 7C;?; 4FC363 ;;:63? 76;7@7C G7 =3 6Q@7?; ;;K7C;
63C63=;7C7C;?;;7FKF@6Q@7?;;;K7CG7J36;7C?3C<;@3D97@P7C=36@3C
9QP?7@7C GF 9CFB3C ;8367 7?7=76;C 3C63=;7C ;95 B;J33@3
9;C6;=7C;@67 ;gücü arz 3C? A353= G7 :7? 5C77C K7C;@67 6ü 43=
J3C3353= :7? 67 ?7G5F ;7C ;P;@ ;P7C;67=;7C G7 63C63=;7C 3C3@63 C7=347
ba3J353=C 3C63=;7C;@ C7=347 7674;;C A?3 ' ;7 33@34;;C F
6FCF?63 5C7 47;C7?7 7C;; 33 =3J353=C F 6FCF? 67@97@;@ 63:3 6=
5C77C G7 63:3 J=7= ;;:63?@ A6FF @A=363 A?3 3@3?@3 97757=;C
*7?767 ? ' ;;:63? 8C33C@@ J7@;67@ 63?@3 =3=63 4FF@?3=36C
(7=3477674;;C;;3CC?37@?F:7?7A3@BCA9C3?@;3C3?3677i olduu
dü@?7=76;C
iv. w-&+,]>{-,*|-2X&}%~<-kame Etkileri
F ;=; 7=; ; J3C3?3 BCA9C3?3C@63 97@767 AC3J3 P=3C?3=36C 3K
9CFB3C ;P;@ 33C3@3@ BCA9C3?3C 6;7C =7;?7C;@ ;;:63?3C@@ 3K3?3 ;7
A@FP3@34;?7=76;C %7 "3JB =;; ' 6K7@7@?7?; A3J6 63 BCA9C3?
=3?53C@@ ;;:63? 76;6;; 6FCF?63 AC3J3 P=3@ 7=;6;C =3?7 7=;; ;7 ;
3C3J3@3C@47;4;C4Q?;P;@J3C33@;7C;@4F@3C@5C7?3;J77C;67itii
;P;@ 6;7C =379AC;67=;7C;@ J7C;@7 J7C7;C;?7; A3C3= 3@?3@?3=36C F@3C
;;:63? 7C;;@;@ A3 =3J?3 ;7 9Q7C;74;;C F 6FCF?63 6K7@; ;;:63?
3K3?3 7;;?;@7 9;C?7=7 G7 3P= ;;K;=7=; 3K3?3J 7=;;K7;C?7=76;C F@F
?;@;?;K7 7?7= ;P;@ 43K =;?77C;@ ;;:63?@ 3CC353= ;7C;@ 7= ; A?3 3C
97;C;74;;C
36
v. lama (Crowding- Out) Etkisi
A'@;@7=;;43K6FCF?3C636K7@;;;:63?63?3=4;P;?;@67A34;;C
F6FCF?/7C7i;C?7=;;D;B357?7@8875F67@;7@7=;@;@97@77@?7;
A3C3=;836776;74;;C5C74G3@;JA@F@63@J3C3C3@3@8;C?33CC@B;J33@63
=3C3C?3 @= 767 7674;;C G7 6;7C 8;C?33C@ ;P;7C;@; ;7@ P=3C?3=
KACF@63=3?3B3:3@3B;J3363=;B3J3C@3CC34;;C7CF7=;J7J7C67i;C?7
7=;; 36 G7C;7?7=76;C42 Ba=3 4;C 67J;7 4F 7=; QK7;=7 QK7 7=QC67=;
4G3@;JA@F ;7C67 AC3J3 P=3@ G7 C@ B;J333C@63=; C7=347 @767@;J7
7=A@A?;@;@43=333@3C@63=;;7C;@3K3?36C'=3B3?@63=;;7C4G3@7
76;?7J7@ ;7C;@ J7C;@7 ;=3?7 A6FF@63 77C ;;:63? 7C;; 4G3@;JA@3
J3C33@ ;7C;@ ?;=3C G33J3 33 =3J3C3 5C7 47;C7?7 7C;; 5C7 3C
=363CA3=3J353=CF6FCF?63;;:63?@3K3?3A3G3C6C
vi. Verimlilik Etkileri
;K;= =;;@;@ @;7;=7C;@;@ G7 3=3@=3C@@ 3@?3 @767@;J7
G7C;?;;;@;AF?FK7=;J74;;C';;K;@G7C;?;;;@;=ACFJ3C3=G7J33CC3C3=
4F7=;J;3K334;;C;;?G7C;?;;;3CC353=C'=3?53C@@G7C;?;;ini
3CC3C3=63:3J=7=;;:63?3=3=634FF@?3=36C
,7C;?;;;@ 3CC?3@@ ;=; =3C 7=;; A34;;C ;C?33C@ 7= P3an
;;:63? 767C7= P=3C@ 97@;7?7;@; 7G;= 767C @53= 8;C?33C 3J@ P=J
C7?7= ;P;@ 63:3 3K ;P;J7 ;:;J3P 6FJ353=3C@63@ ;95 37B7C;@; 3K334;;C
F@3 7= A3C3= ;;K;=7=; 3C@ 4;C =?@@ G7C;?;;=7=; J3G33?3J3 G7
5C77C;@ J3G3 FJF?F@F@ 7=;=;ine ba A6FF 6@C7 ;;K;= 3K334;;C
F BCA9C3?3C 6= G7C;?;;=; 7=QC7C67@ D3CK 83K3 A3@F J=7= G7C;?;;=;
A3@3C3 D37B 83K3F 97P?77C; ;P;@ 4;C JA A3C3= 6@74;;C 3K P3?33C
ki;7C G7C;?;K 7=QC7C67@ G7C;?; 7=QC7C7 97P;=7C;@67 ;;:63? AC3@@@
J=76;;@; 9Q7C?7=76;C @53= 4F 3C9?3@@ 97@7 ;95 3CK 83K3
6FCF?F@6397P7C;A34;?7;:;?3;6=C43
42
43
';7CC7-
';7CC7-
37
<@,!ma Testi Etkileri
;K;= ;9AC3@63@ J3C3C3@3@3C@ 97CP7=7@ ; 3C3JB 3C3?36=3C@
3@3?3= KAC A34;;C sizli;@ J=7= A6FF@63 ;;:63? =FCF?3C@@ =;?;@
97CP7=7@ P3B =;?;@ J3C6?3C63@ 83J633@?3= ;76;;@; 7 7?7; ??=@
67;6;C F 6FCF?63 ' =;?;@ P3?3J3 ;7=; A6FF@F =;;@;@ BCA9C3?3
=3?3G7J3=3?3?3J377674;;C@53=4F7=;@;@A9F@3?3@3JQ@7;=
B7=4;C7J4;;@?7?7=76;C
viii. Vergi Etkileri
'@;@G7C9;K7C;@67=;7=;7C;@;3@3;K7?7=;P;@C77=7;?5C7;DG7C9;
A@C3C775C7FG7C77C@5C7;D;;:63?G7C9;7C;@;;P7C7@C775C7?3;J7;F
3C3@634;C3JC?J3B?3=97C7=;6;C,7C9;343@@3CC?3J=7=6K7@;;;:63?
sa3?3 ;;K;= Q67?77C; G7 BCA9C3?3C@ ?3;J77C;@;@ AB3?@ 3K3?3
7;;?;@676;C7CC775C77C;@J7C;@76;J39C3?63C77=7;?5C7;@;=AJ3C3=
63:36=G7C9;AC3@3C;;:63?7C;;@;33=3J6C353=CL@=C77C@5C7;
:7C C77 =7;? 5C7; 6@7 7;= 76757=;C @53= BCA9C3?3C ;sizlik
Q67?77C;@67@63:3B3:3A34;;CF6FCF?63G7C9;AC3@3C3C34;;CG74F63C@
5C77C;@; 3CCC G7 6A3JJ3 6K7@; ;;:63? 3K3C F@3 47@K7C 4;C 6FCF?
BCA9C3?=3?53C@@;;K;=Q67?7;33@3C63@83K3A?36FCF?F@63AC3J3
P=34;;C
' 3JC53 G7C9; J3@?33C@3 @767@ A34;;C ;;:63? 3CC3C3= G7C9;
343@ 97@;7;;C G7 4QJ757 BCA9C3?3C@ ;;K;= ;9AC3 Q67?77C;@;@ AB3?
?3;J77C; 3K3C F 6FCF? G7C9; AC3@3C@63 4;C 3K3?3J3 @767@ AFC ;C?33C
5C7G7C9;7C;@67@A@C3:7C6K7J6763:383K3;P;P3C353=CL@=8;C?33C
63:3 6= 4;C G7C9; Q@57; 5C7 Q67J757=7C6;C 7C 4F 7=; ;;:63?@ :7C
6K7J;@67=; P33@3C 3C38@63@ 37B 76;7@ C77 5C77 4;C 3C3 3?3?7@ 738;
76;?7K7 AB3? ;;:63? 3C353=C ' 43K7@ ;;K;= Q67?77C;@67@ 63:3
?3;J7; A34;;C F 6FCF?63 G7C9; AC3@ 3C?3 7;;?;@67 A353= G7 ;;:63?
3K3353=C44
44
';7CC7-
38
Tüm bunlar bize AP’nin hem igücü talebi hem de ücret belirleme
63GC3@3C JAFJ3 AB3? ;;:63? P7;; =3@33C3 7=;7?7 ;:;?3; A6Funu
9Q7C?7=76;C 7@7;=7 7=;7C BCA9C3? ;B7C;@7 G7 33C3@?33C@3 9QC7
dei?7=76;C%7P 7=;;@;@4FF@?34C7=;67@6A3J7=;7C;@6?7;
;7 9QC74;757=;C @53= 6A3J 7=;7C;@ :73B3@?3 PAF K3?3@ BC3;=7
??=@A?3?3=36C
2.3. Aktif 2#$##%!&",!,--!-*8-'-""!-
A' J3C63@ 4F J3@3 & =77C;@67 J3J9@ A3C3=
FJ9F3@?3=36C @53= 4F BCA9C3?3C@ 7=;@;; =A@FF@63 83C= 6ünceler
?7G5FFC'J3@A3@3C4FBA;;=33C@=36Q@7?67;;K;;@3K3?3G7
P33@3C@=ACF@?3@637=P3C7A6FF@FQJ7C=7@P kar3CA'J;=3?F
=3J@3=3C@@J=7=8C3?3;J77C;J74A3:3C53@?3A3C3=9QC?7=76;C7CF
=FFB3?3@@ @767@; 4F BCA9C3?3C@ 3? A3C3= 67erlendirilmemi ve ;?6;J7
kadar de7C7@6;C?77C67@ P=3@ A@FP3C@ ;7?3;= 4;P;?67 P3?3?
A?36C45
AP ve P'7 ;:;J3P AFB A?36 =A@FF@63=; 7AC;= 6K7J67=;
3C?33C@ C?7; 7=A@A?;7C 3C38@63@ =34F 76;7@ 677C G7 G3C3J?3C3
baA3C3=KACF@F6FCF@3C3?7@4;CPA==74FBCA9C3?3CFJ9F3?3=36C
F @767@7 4F BCA9C3?3C@ 677C7@6;C;?7;@67@ 767 76;757= 3?B;C;= =3@3C3
;:;J3P6FJF?3=36C46
AP de7C7@6;C?7;@;@J3B?34F3P63@Q@7?3CK767C=7@4F=A@F63=;
3@37=@;=7C97@7A3C3=3a63QK77@?7=76;CFC363Q@57;=743K7=@;=7C7
=353 67inil757=;C 3:3 A@C3 6;7C 7=@;=7C67@ PA= 63:3 J3J9@ =F3@?3
3@3;K7C;@ PAF@F@ 4F 7=@;=7 J3B? A?3 G7 4F P3?3 =3B3?@63 J3B3@
deerlendirmenin de bu tekni7 63J3@?3 @767@;J7 7=; 677C7@6;C?7; 7=@;i
K7C;@6763:33JC@6FCF353=C
45
46
3CG7*K3@@3AM@QK
3CG7*K3@@3AMK7
39
2.3.1. Performans zleme
Bu de7C7@6;C?7JQ@7?;4;C;7?G7J3BCA9C3?@@3;ledii ve belirli
BCA9C3?3?3P3C@@:3@9;QP6797CP7=7tirilebildi;=A@FF@634;9;3layan bir
yöntemdir. A' B7C8AC?3@ 9Q7C977C;@7 QC@7= A3C3= BCA9C3? =3?53C@63@
;;:63? 76;7@7C;@ AC3@ BCA9C3? =3?53C@@ 3J= 97;C7C; BCA9C3?@
?3;J7;
G7C;74;;C
)A@FP3C
BCA9C3?
B7C8AC?3@@@
G7
433C@@
de7C7@6;C;?7;;P;@BA;;=3C7;5;7C3C38@63@=F3@?3=36C
2.3.2. Maliyet ve Maliyet-Fayda Deerlendirmesi
Bu de7C7@6;C?7 C BCA9C3? ?3;J77C; 3J@ =3J@3=3C@ 37C@3;8
=F3@?3C;7;9;;7C5;:7C;G7BCA9C3?3C38@63@C7;7@J3C3C3C@@77CA6Fu
=A@FF@3;aret eder.
;C BCA9C3?@ 7=;7C; B3C33 A3C3= 47;C;7?;JAC G7 ?3;J7 A3C3= ;8367
76;7?;JAC3 BA;;=3 J3B53C A BCA9C3?@ 7=;@;;@; 3@3?3= ;P;@ 97C7=; ?
4;9;7C73:;BA?3J353=C;CBCA9C3?=3?53C;P;@J3C3C33?3=A@FF@63
7=;@A34;;C=7@7er maliyetler yararlardan 83K3J34FBCA9C3?7=;@A3?3K;C
BCA9C3?@?3;J7;@;@B3C33?;=3CA3C3=47;C7@?7;=3C?3=G7KAC6FC*;B;=
bir AP deerlendirmesinin ba53 ?3;J7 4;;7@7C; BCA9C3?@ ;63C; ?3C383C
:;K?7 F@F?F@3 3; ?3C383C G7 =3?53C@ 8C3 ?3;J77C;@; ;P7C?7=76;C
@53= PAF =7K ?3;J7 83J63 3@3;K; JQ@7? ;7 ;9;; @C=3C3
J3B?3?3=36C47
2.3.3. Süreç Deerlendirmesi
;C BCA9C3?@ @3 ;ledi; :;K?7 63?@63 JC7@ BCA76C7C;@ G7
faaliyetlerin neler olduF=A@FF@63=;ACF3CJ3@3J3@677C7@6;C?7C6CF
de7C7@6;C?7:;K?7G7C;?7;C75;@67=3C33@ACF@3C@3@?3@?3@3G7
4FBCA47?7C;@7;@67@97757=C37<;7C;@47;C7@?7;@7J3C6?5A?3=36C
47
75:7C?3@G73C=
40
2.3.4. Makroekonomik Deerlendirme
Bu tip bir analiz eer araC?353C7=A@A?;@;@97@7;K7C;@67BCA9C3?3C@
7=;7C;@; 67 ;P7C?7= ;7C7C7 =F3@34;757= 37C@3;8 4;C JA6FC C3C?353C
7=A@A?;67 @7 AFB 4;;;@; G7 ' 7=;7C;@; 3:?;@ 7?7= ;P;@ ?3=CA7=A@A?;=
?A67G7J3G7C;=F3@C3C F3@3;K;@33G3@3<;95B;J33BA;;=33C@@
@7 7=;7C;@; G7C?7;6;C 7@7;=7 J7C 67i;C?7 G7 ;=3?7 7=;7C;@;@ 4AJF3C@3
ili=;@ 673J 4;9; G7C?77 67 :76787@7@ 9CFB K7C;@67=; 7=;7C;
3@?3J34;?7=76;C48
'@;@ AB3? 7=;7C;@;@ J3@; 97@7 67@97 K7C;@67=; 7=;7C;@;@
677C7@6;C;?7;@7?3=CA7=A@A?;=677C7@6;C?736G7C;?7=76;C
'@;@733?35AB3?;;K;;3K3?3=;;:63?G797;C7C;3CC?3=
A6FF@63@ ;;K;= AC3@ C77 5C77C 9;4; 3@3:3C ?3=CA7=A@A?;= AB3?3C
3C3@63=; 9P 7=A@A?7C;= ;;=;J; =FC?3= ;P;@ 4F@3C@ 7=;7C;@;@
677C7@6;C;?7; J3=3? 47@;?7@?7=76;C G7 4F =A@F63 63 PA= @C 3@53=
9;67C7=3C3@4;C3?B;C;=;7C3CG3C6C 49
@53=?3=CA7=A@A?;=67i=7@7C;7=;7J7@4;CPA=@767@A34;757i ve
4F 3C@ @7 =363C@@ '@;@ 7=;;J7 97;ti;@; 3JCC?3@@ ;?=3@K
A6FF@F@3@@P;K;?7;97C7=?7=76;C
2.3.5. Etki Deerlendirmesi
F 677C7@6;C?7 @767@7;= ACF3C K7C;@67 A63=3@C 'CA9C3?
=7@6;@67@ 47=7@7@ A@FP3C ? G7C?;;C =;7C;@ A9F@FF @7 A?Ftur?
'CA9C3? @;J7 76;?7J7@ A@FP3C ? G7C?;;C 9;4; ACF3C J3@3J3@
677C7@6;C?7 C6C F 677C7@6;C?7 ;J; J3B6@63 BCA9C3? A?36@63
?7J63@3 9774;757= A@FP3C@ BCA9C3?@ A6FF 6FCF?63=; A@FP3C ;7
=J33@?3;P;@=F3@34;;C
48
49
';7CC7-
Mart;@
41
'CA9C3?3C@ ?3=CA7=A@A?;= 7=;7C;@;@ QP?7; G7 JACF?3@?3@3
;;=;@ Q@7?; KACF=3C @767@;J7 6;==37C ?;=CA7=A@A?;= 677C7@6;C?77C7
JQ@7?;;C F 677C7@6;C?7 7=@;; '@;@ 4;C7J7C K7C;@67=; 7=;7C;@;
;@577?7=76;C F 7=@;=7C;@ 3@3 7K; BCA9C3?3 =33@3C3 ;;=;@ AC33?3
A@FP3C@ =3?3J3@3C@ A@FP3CJ3 =3C3C?36C )A@FP3C 97@7;=7
97757=7=;;;:63?G7=3K3@P3C63@AFma=36C
'CA9C3?3C3C38@63@J3C33@;3JABCA9C3?@4C7=;;6;C@53=4;C
BCA9C3?4;C7J76K7J67AF?F7=;J73:;B=7@ABFF=6K7J;@674F7=;;83C=
A34;;C$3=CA7=A@A?;=P3?33C97@7;=7'@;@AB3?;;:63?G7=3K3@P3C
K7C;@67=; 7=;7C;@; ;@577C=7@ ?;=CA7=A@A?;= 7=; P3?33C@@ Q@57;=; 3?35
4;C7J7CK7C;@67=;7=;7C;@;;@577?7=;C
;CBCA9C3?@@7;;:63?7=;;F7=;67:73B3@34;;C 50
%77=;C7=;- @7=3JB-;=3?77=;;- J7C67;;C?77=;;
@53= 4F@3C@ 6@63 43=3 @767@7C67@ =3J@3=3@3@ 63=3C A34;;C
MC@7;@ ' FP3C63 G7 3= :3C53?33C@63 3K3?3J3 @767@ A34;;C ;C
BCA9C3?@AJ3?3;J7G7=3K3@P3C@@3?4;C677C7@6;C?7;@;J3B?3=6;7C
63=3C63@ =3J@3=3@3@C783:67;?77C;@;677C7@6;C?7=;P;@B3C333@3?63
=3B3? 4;C ?3;J7 =3K3@P 3@3;K;@; 97C7=;C?7=76;C @53= 4;9; 7=;=;;
@767@;J74;CPA=6FCF?634F@FJ3B?3=;?=3@K6C51
50
51
3J
3J
42
Kutu 2.2: AP De-!-*8-}&-,&##*-+?!!,!,',8!,
w-& +,]> {-,*|-2X& }%~' 'CA9C3?@ ;;:63? =3K3@P 9;4; A@FP3C@@ 4F BCA9C3?@
6K7@7@?7?;A?36FCF?F@63=;A@FP3C63@83C=A?3?36C/3J9@4;CQC@7=4;C;;K;@4;C
8;C?363 ;7 J7C7;C;?7; ;P;@ 5C7 4G3@;JA@F 33@?3 3@53= 4F 4G3@;JA@ 33@?3?
A3 4;7 A ;;K;@ 3J@ 8;C?363 ;7 3@353= A?3 6FCF?F6FC F 7=;J7 3:; 7=;@;K;;@;@ 4;C
QP6767@;74;;C
/3C6?A?363@J7@;67@;;:63?76;74;757=A3@=;;7C733@3@:;K?77C7J3B;3@:3C53?33C
BCA9C3? K7C;@67=; 4;C @7 =3JBC F ?3;J7; 3P=3?3= ;P;@ @7 BCA9C3? 7=; 3:?;@7C;@;@
:73B3@?3@3 ;:;J3P G3C6C %7 7=; :73B3?3 BCA9C3?3 =33@3C ;7 =3?3J3@3C@
=3C3C?3 ;7 J3BC MC@7;@ 77C 4;C =P= ;7?7 677= BCA9C3?@@ A@F@63
=3?53C@ JK67 97;C 97;C7@ 4;C ;7 ;;:63? 76;?;7 =3?5 A?3J3@ G7 47@K7C
QK7;=7C7 3:;B 9CF4F@ ;7 JK67 ;;:63? 76;?;7 @7 =3JB JK67 G7 @7 7=; JK67
6;C
",8- &" {&?\&&?&% 11-$&~' ;C 8;C?3 3C38@63@ 4G3@;JA@F 4;C ;7 3@3@ 4;C ;;K;@
;;:63?76;757=A3@G7J376;7@4G3@;JA@FK;P;@;@J7C;@7;=3?776;?7;6;CF@767@767
;;:63?K7C;@67=;@7=36Q@7?7=;8C6C
Yer Dei&8- &" {>!,$-8-& 11-$&~' C@ B;J33@63=; J7C 67;;C?7J; ;8367 767C
)4G3@;JA@F ;P; P3C3@ 4;C 8;C?3 P=J 3CCC 3@53= 4G3@;JA@F ;P;; A?3J3@ 8;C?33C
P=J 3K3C L@= 4G3@;JA@ 33@ 8;C?3 ?3;J7;@; 6C7C7= B3K3C B3J@ 3CC=7@ 6;7C
8;C?33C@B3K3CB3J3K3CG7;P;P=3C?3=6FCF?F@63=334;;C7C
&-^8- *,!! {&-!-$&% ,~' ;C 677C7@6;C?7 P3?3@63 BCA9C3? A@FP3C
677C7@6;C?767 =A@CA 76;?7J7@ 83C= 76;?7?; 83=QC7C 3C38@63@ 7=;7@6;;@67 7P?7
3B?3 G3C6C MC@7;@ J3@= 4;C7J7 ?A;G3JA@63 83C= 76;?7J7@ =;;7 83C==3C@ 4;C
A@F5FA34;;C4;C7J7J77@7=P3?3;7;9;4;
'-,*#1&,>8,{%,*%8,&%,~'*73687@33?367@7J7C;@67=;3B?3J;8367767CJ@
K3?3@63 3H:AC@7 =;; 67 G3C6C 67@7J67=; 4;C7J7C 63GC3@ 9CF4F@F@ 4;C B3CP3 A6F=3C@
4;;C7CG74F@39QC783C=63GC3@C3CF6FCF?AC3J3P=3@A@FP3C@83C=A?3@3@767@AFC
Net &X*,8&{**&%,!&]~'/3C33@;7C67=;@73C;8367767C/3@;@7=3JB;=3?7
G7J7C67;;C?77=;7C;P==3@A@C3=33@AB3?4G3@;JA@F677=;;3J6C
"3J@3=3J=*34AC7H7G73C=
A3JJ34;CPA=677C7@6;C?77?767BCA9C3?@4;C7JK7C;@673:?;@
76;7@7=;7C;@;@@77CA6FF@FQP?7J7A63=3@?C
43
2.3.5.1. Mikroekonomik Etki Deerlendirme Teknikleri
Etki de7C7@6;C?7 7=@;=7C;@; 3P=3?3= ;P;@ 3C G7 *K3@@3AF@ J@63 J3B=3C P3madan52 J3C3C3@353=C F P3?3 QK =A@FF eknikleri
;7?3;=G763:33@3C4;C4;P;?67F@?3=36CFP7CP7G7J;677=7?7=;P;@
di7C43KP3?33C63@63=3=33@353=C
95 BCA9C3?3C@@ 7=;@;=7C;@; 677C7@6;C?7 7=@;=7C; 4;;?7 G7J3
4;;?7 A?3J3@ 7=@;=7C A3C3= ;=;J7 3JC34;;C ;;?7 67erlendirmeler de
=7@6; ;P;@67 67@7J7 G7 J3C 67@7J7 7=@;=7C A3C3= ;=;J7 3JC34;;C 7@7J7
de7C7@6;C?77C :7? =A@CA :7? 67 63GC3@ 9CFB3C@@- BCA9C3?3 =33@ G7J3
=3?3J3@– ?63:3767@Q@577P;?7;@;97C7=;Cer geni4;C9CFB63GC3@G7
=A@CA 9CFB3C@3 33@C3 ;=; 9CF4F@ AC33?3 QK7;=7C; Q@7?; 4;P;?67
83C=3?3?36C /3C 67@7J7 P3?33C ;7 =A@CA G7 63GC3@ 9CFB3C@@
?63:3767@A@C37P;?7;@;97C7=;C?7=76;C
;;?7 A?3J3@ 7=@;=7C ?63:37@;@ 7=;7C;@;@ 677C7@6;C?7;@67
=A@CA 9CF4F =F3@?3K 4F@F@ J7C;@7 BCA9C3? JQ@7;5;7C;@;@ 67C76;i
;3;;=7C7 63J3@C F 677C7@6;C?7 BCA9C3? =3?53C@@ 63:3 ;J;;@; J3BB
J3B?3J353=3C@3 =3C3C G7C?767 @36;C =F3@C ;C =A@CA 9CF4F A?363@
=3?53C@ 433C G7J3 433CK@ ?63:37J7 387?7= KAC6FC L@= 4F
83=QC7CP33@3C@QK763GC3@3C9;4;6;7C83=QC7C574AKF34;;C@53=43K
6FCF?3C63 4;;?7 A?3J3@ 67erlendirmeler (iG7C7@7C G7 ;P;7C7 9QCmeler
9;4;F @7 =3JB ;=3?7 G7 J7C 67i;C?7 7=;7C; =A@F3C@63 43K 4;9;7C
33J34;;C/;@767A@FP3C@3=A6FF@3=3C3CG7C?7=KAC6FCG7A@FP3C
PAF 6FCF?63 QC@7=7?;@ @3 7P;6;;@7 G7 G7C;7@ 57G3B3C3 436C F
P3?3634;;?77=@;=7C;@577@757=;C
2.3.5.1.1. Deneysel Teknikler
'J7 =33@3C G7 =3?3J3@3C 3P@63@ ;;:63? G7 97;C 9;4; A@FP3C
3C3@63=; 83C=@ BCA9C3?@ @7 7=;;@; G7C?7; 47=7@;C )7P;?7 =C;7C7C;@;
52
3CG7*K3@@3A
44
taJ3@=;;7C7P;;CG7A@C34F=;;7C;@43K3C7368;A3C3=BCA9C3?3=3?5
A3C3=7P;;C)7P;7@4F=;;7CBCA9C3?3C3=3C3C6;7C7C;;7=3?3K=;@;@
677C7@6;C;?7; ;P;@ =F3@353= A3@ G7C;7C ;63C; =FCF?3C63@ G7J3
9QC?77C67@76776;;C53
F 7=@;;@ P7=;5;;; 677C7@6;C;7@ A@FP3C@ 43;;;@67 J3?3=36C
'CA9C3? 7=;7C; BCA9C3? =3?53C G7 =A@CA 9CF4F J77C; QC@7=7?7C;@;@
3C3@63=;43;83C=C
F BCA9C3?3C@ 6ACF J3B6@63 J3C 67@7J7 7=; 677C7@6;C?7;@67
=3C33@ J3@=3C PQK?7; 47=7@;C @53= 67@7J7 7=@;=7C 97@7;=7 4F
J3@=3C PQK7?7K7C G7 =7@6; ;P7C;@67 67 ACF@3C G3C6C C3C?3 G7 =A@CA
9CF4F@3 7368; 33?33C@ 433CK A?3 D363? =3JC?35= G7J3 63:3 ;J;
A@FP3C@3@?3;P;@J=7=C;=9CFB3C@@63@?39;4;F9CFB3C333@?3@@
QC7@;?7; 6FCF?F@63 9CFB3=;7C;@ 63GC3@3C@@ 67;?7; DQK7 BCA9C3?3C3
=3? ; 3C3?3@@ JAF@3C?3 9;4;F 4J= QC@7=7?7 43 A3C3= J=7=
?3;J77C G7 43K =;;7C;@ ?63:377C67@ 63@?3 =A@FF@63 7;= ACF@3C@
AC3J3P=?34F7=@;;@3=@533C6C
7@7J7 7=@;=7 67@7J;@ 3@?3 97C7=; A6FF@63@ 7368; 7P?7
3B?33H:AC@7=;;G74AKF5F7=;9;4;PA=P7;;3B?33CAC3J3P=34;;C
*7368; 7P?7 3B?3 7=;; 67@7J;@ 6FJFCF?3@@ =FCF?F@ 63GC3@
K7C;@67=; 7=;;J7 ;;=;;6;C )7P;7@ =;;7C BCA9C3?3 =3?3?3J 7C5;:
7674;;C7C QJ7 4;C 7=; 43GFC3@ 9CF4F@ =A?BAK;JA@F@63 Q@7?; 4;C 67;?7
J3C334;;C C3C?3 9CF4F 43GFC3@3C 3? A3C3= 7?; 7?7J74;;C 4F @767@7
67 677C7@6;C?7@;@ A@FP3C 97@77@7?7K 3H:AC@7 7=;; ;7 =3?53C@
63GC3@3CJ3 ;9;;6;C 67@7J 9CF4F K7C7C;@67 677C7@6;C?7 J3B6@
3@36=3C@63=3?53C63:383K3P334;;CG7A@FP3C67;;C74;;C7CAKF5F
7=;;74FC677C7@6;C?77C;@3:3=;=?J3;9;;6;C/3@;JQ@7;5;7CA4<7=;8
53
';7CC7
45
davranmayabilirler. Örnein program için özellikle uygun kiiler seçilebilir bu
@767@7=3?@433CAC3@J3B3JA3C3=J=7=AFC54

*,-Deneysel Teknikler
Bu teknikte gruplar programdan sonra seçilir ve etkiler programdan sonra
de7C7@6;C;;C;C=A@CA9CF4F?7G5FA?36@63@67iik kaynaklardan veriler
=F3@3C3= 4;C 9CFB J3C3?3 97C7=?7=76;C "3C3C?3 9CF4F 9QK7@7@
63GC3@ QK7;=7C;@7 ??=@ A6FF@53 J3=@ =;ilerin tespit edilmesiyle
47;C7@;C F C 67erlendirmelerin temel problemi gözlenemeyen özelliklerdeki
83C==3C6C55 F BCA9C3?@ P7=;5;;i ise nisB77@ 6= ?3;J77C67 G7 4F
?63:377C;@:7CK3?3@J3B34;?7;@67J33C/3C67@7J77=;67erlendirmesi
tekni;@67=; 3=@53 ;3;;=7 A3C3= =3C?3= A@FP3C G7C?7;6;C ki grubun
4;C7J7C;@;@ QK7;=7C; 83C=6C 5;@;J7 J3 7itim ve bölge gibi gözlenebilen
QK7;=7C67=; 83C==3C FJF?3C?3 7=@;=7C; @;B77@ 43;;C 3@53= 47;C7?7
:333C@3 436C $A;G3JA@ 3;7 433@3C 9;4; 9QK7@7?7J7@ QK7;=7C;@;@
6K7;?7;97C7=74;;C
2.3.5.2. Tekniklerin Göreli Güç!#<-,]1*_!-
A'@;@7=;7C;@;@3:?;@76;?7;@6767@7J7JQ@7?7AC;=A3C3=7@;J;
7=@;=;=7@BC3;=7J3C67@7J77=@;=7C63:3@A34;;C
7@7J7 7=@;=7C;@ K3J8 =A@CA 9CF4F@63=; 4;C7J7C;@ 63GC3@3C@@
deneyi olumsuz yönde etkileyecek biçimde deitirmemelerini sa3?3@@ PA= KAC
A?36C =;@5; K3J8 J3@ ;7 33?3@@ 6ACF J3B?3@@ KAC A34;?7;6;C
Örne;@ =3?53C 3P@63@ =3JC?35= J3B34;;C P@5 ACF@ ;7 ;@3@3C3
birer deney öesi olarak davC3@?3;7;9;;7;=ACF@6FC7@7J77=@;=7C63:3
83K3K3?3@97C7=;C?7=7G7?3;J77C;9QC757J=7=A?3=36C
/3C 67@7J7 7=@;;@ 7C5;: 76;?7;@;@ @767@7C;@67@ 4;C;; 3:?;@7C;@
i7G7 4;P;?;@;@ 63:3 3K Q@7?; A?36C ;C 6;er sebep program
54
55
';7CC7
3J
46
de7C7@6;C?7;@;@ =A@CA G7 63GC3@ 9CFB3C 3C3@63=; 5C7 G7 J7@;67@ ;e
9;C?7 A3@3=3C 9;4; 767 76;7@ 67i=7@7C;@ 43; 83C=3C A?3 @767@;J7
;3;;=P;7C3C38@63@63:3=A3JJACF?3@?33C6C
7@7J7 G7 67@7J7 A?3J3@ 677C7@6;C?77C;@ AC3= K3J8 7itim
BCA9C3?3C@@J7C67i;C?77=;7C;@;6;==373?3?36C
2.3.5.3. De-!-*8-+8',,1*,*_-&!8-!
AP de7C7@6;C?77C; ;P;@ 5;66; FK?3@3 ;:;J3P G3C6C =?7
araC?353C 67erlendir?767 3?3?7@ A4<7=;8 A?3J34;;C )A@FP3C@ AF?F
P=?3;P;@J3B3@BA;;=43=4F@3JA3P34;;C=?77C4F43=J3K3?3=
;P;@ 43?K 4;C;?7C AFFC34;?7=76;C ;C PA= & =7; @;57
de7C7@6;C?77C;@ J3B?3 ;P;@ 97C7=; =3B3itenin geli;C;?7; 3?35J3 QK7
7=QC@ 7G;= 76;?7;@;@ 63:3 F5FK A6FF@F 83C= 7?;7C6;C F
de7C7@6;C?77C;@ :=?7 6@63=; 4;C;?7C57 J3B?3 67erlendirmelerin
3C38KG7=3?F3C38@63@=34F9QC?7;3P@63@Q@7?3?3=36C
Geli?7=7 A3@ =77C;@ P etkilerinin de7C7@6;C?7;@67 Q@7? G7C?7;
97C7=7@43K:FF3CG3C6C 56
;677C7@6;C?7JQ@7?7C;G7J3=3?3C=A@FF@637;;?
;;677C7@6;C?73@63C3C@@97;;C;?7;
;;; BCA9C3? P=3C 9;C6;7C; G7 A@FP3C =A@FF@63=; G7C;7C ;P;@ ;K7?7
;7?7C;@;@9P7@6;C;?7;
De7C7@6;C?7@;@433CA?3;P;@=C;;==A@F3C;73a636C
; QC@7=7? 7P;?; =3?53C G7 =A@CA 9CF4F J77C; 47@K7C ;95
B;J336FCF?F@3G7BCA9C3?3=3?;P;@FJ9F@8C33C33:;BA?36C
;; QC@7=7? :35?; QC@7=7? 3? 4;C 3:?;@7 ;K;@ G7C757= =363C 97@;
A?36C 3:3 97@; QC@7=7? :35;?7C; BA;;=3 J3B53C@@ ;9;7@74;757i alt
9CFBBCA9C3?7=;7C;@;@4FF@?3@3;K;@G7C74;;C57
56
@J33@=3
-7
47
Hangi JQ@7?;@ =F3@353 =A@FF@3 =7;@ 4;C 57G3B JA=FC )7P;?
BCA9C3? 3?3P3C@3 G7 677C7@6;C?7 3?3P3C@3 ?3;J7 @C=3C@3 436C
/F=3C63 67;@;7@ ? 7=@;=7C 83C= 3?3P3C 3?3=3 4;C;=7 :7B;@;@ 97@7
3?35 '@;@ 7=;7C;@;@ AC3J3 =A@?36C A3JJ3 4F JQ@7?7C; 4;C4;C;@;@
37C@3;8; A3C3= 393?3= J7C;@7 4;C4;C;@;@ 3?3?3J5 A3C3= 6@?7= P
7=;7C;@;@63:36ACFA3C3=AC3J3=A@F?3@33J34;757=;C
57
@J33@=3
48
3.
AKTF
GÜCÜ
POLTKALARININ
ETKLERNN
NCELENMES VE BU POLTKALARA AYRILAN KAYNAKLAR
L3?3@@4F@63@Q@57=;4Q?7C;@67'@;@3@?3?3597;;?;P
G7 '' 3C3@63=; 83C= '@;@ 7AC;= 3@3;K; G7 7=;7C;@;@ 677C7@6;C;?7;@67
J3C3C3@3@ JQ@7?7C ;@577@?;;C L3?3@@ 4F 4Q?@67 ;7 '@;@
3?3P3C@3F3?363=;433C3C773@353=CF@F@J3@C34F4Q?67&
=77C;@67':3C53?33C@@6K7J7C;;@577@757=;C
3.1. Aktif gücü Politikala&"!-$-!-8-
' J3C63@ 4F J3@3 FJ9F3@?3=3 G7 4F BA;;=33C@ Q@7?;
QK7;=7 & =77C;@67 A@ K3?3@3C63 9;67C7= 3C?3=36C F BA;;=33C3
:=?77C ;95 B;J33@3 ?63:37 7?7=7 G7 4F BA;;=33C3 5;66; =3J@3=3C
3:; 7?7=76;C F 43=?63@ QK =A@FF =3J@3=3C@ 4A3 :3C53@?3@@
Q@7@?7; BCA9C3?3C@ =7@6;7C;@67@ 47=7@7@7C; AC3J3 =AJFB =AJ?36@@
47;C7@?7; BCA9C3?3C@ 7=;@ FJ9F3@?3 G7 97757=7 6K7@7@757=
BA;;=33C@ 63:3 7=;; A?3 ;P;@ 4F BCA9C3?3C@ 7=;7C;@;@ 677C7@6;C;?7;
97C7=?7=76;C
'677C7@6;C?77C;;?6;J7=363C;7?3;=4;C4;P;?67773@?3?C
QC7; A3C3= 'J7 63:3 3K B3C3 :3C53J3@ PA= 63:3 83K3 4;C 4;P;?67 4F
BCA9C3?3C@677C7@6;C?7;@;J3B3C=7@9QC7;A3C3=63:383K3B3C3:3C53J3@
=77C;@67 63:3 3K :33 @C 3J63 677C7@6;C?7 P3?33C J3B?C
MK7;=7G7P4FBCA9C3?3C37@83K3B3C3:3C53J3@=77C67@4;C;J=7@4F=767
'677C7@6;C?7P3?33C@36;C7@J3B?3=36C58
F 4Q?67 Q@57;=7 ?3=CA7=A@A?;= ' 677C7@6;C?77C; 77 3@353=
3C6@63@?;=CA7=A@A?;=7=;3@3;K7C;673J4;P;?67;@577@757=;C
'@;@ ;;:63? G7 ;;K;= K7C;@67=; ?3=CA7=A@A?;= 7=;7C; =A@FF@63
PA=@C3?B;C;=3C3C?3?7G5FFC
58
';7CC7;C;
49
AP’nin makroekonomik etkilerinin analiz edilmesi için OECD’nin
oluturduu bir model, 1980-J3C3C3@63P=4J?7;@;@;;:63?K7C;@67
pozitif bir etkisi olduunu ortaya koymutur. A'J7J3B3@:3C53?33C@;;:63?
3CCB 3CC?36@@ 63 ;@577@6;; 4F ?A6767 ;;:63? 4J?7; ;7 :3C53?33C
=F3@? ve sonuç olarak A' :3C53?33C@@ ;;:63? 3C ;7 @793;8 ;;kili
olduu ortaya konmuFC F 6FCF? :=?77C;@ 7=A@A?;= 6FC9F@F=
6Q@7?7C;@67BCA9C3?:3C53?33C@3CC?3G797@;leme dönemlerinde de azaltma
e;;?;@67A6F=3C@9Q7C7@4;CB3C3?7C7A34;;C59 @53=;;:63?3C@@4;C
PA= @767@; A34;757; G7 4F 3C@ @7 =363C@@ '@;@ 7=;;J7 97CP7=7tiini
3JCC?3@@PA=KACA6FF@F@3@@P;K;?7;97C7=?7=76;C
#3J3C6 %;5=7 G7 !35=?3@ J@63 ' :3C53?33C@@ &
=7;@67 ;;K;= K7C;@67=; 7=;;@; 3:?;@ 7?7= ;P;@ 4;C P3?3 J3B?C
L3?3 A@F5F@63 ' :3C53?33C ;7 ;sizli;@ 3K3?3 3C3@63 BAK;;8 4;C etki
bulunmutur.
/;@7&@;@4;CP3?3@63P7;;G3C3J?3C3@63=FCF3@4;C?A67
A@F5F@3 9QC7 =77C;@ PAunluunda A' :3C53?33C 5C7 ?@
kolaylaC3C3=J3B3;sizli;@3K3?3=A@FF@63BAK;;87=;9Q7C?;tir. 60 3K
=77C67 ' J3B3 ;sizlii azaltmada etkin iken, dierlerinde A' 7=;; 63:3
47;C;K6;C 'CA9C3?3 =33@ =;i ba@3 :3C53?3 ?;=3C 3@3:3C BA;;=3
deikenidir. Bu dei=7@ =3?5 43@3 AC33?3 G7 =3?5 43@3 JQ@7;?
:3C53?33C@;P7C?7=76;CF@39QC7J=7=4;CAC33?3:3C53?37G;J7;;sizlik
Q67?77C;@;@6K7J;@;@J=7=A6Fu durumlarda olumsuz makroekonomik etkilere
3:;B;C"3CA3C3==3?543@3J=7=4;C;63C;:3C53?36K7J;BCA9C3?3C@
kalite ve etkinliinin 97;;C;?7;@7J3C6?5A34;;C61
7?3@ G7 !35=?3@ 63 ;;K;= AC3@@@ 47;C7J;5;7C;@;@ J3@ C3
:3@9; '@;@ AB3? ;;:63? G7 ;;K;= K7C;@67 @3 7=;7C; A34;757ini
araC?3= ;P;@ 43K J3B3 7=A@A?;= 67i=7@7C K7C;@67=; BAitika etkilerini de
59
OECD, 1993: 39.
OECD, 1993: 49-50.
OECD, 1993: 53.
50
incelemi;CL3?33C@63-6Q@7?;4AJF@53&=7;@67P7itli
AP’nin i95 B;J33 67i=7@; K7C;@67=; 7=;7C;@; 3C3C?3C6C 7?3@ G7
!35=?3@P’nin (i;K43@367@:3C53?3A3C3=3P=3@3@F;;K;=AC3@FKF@
6Q@7?; ;;K7C;@ AC3@ ;;:63? 3C ;95@7 =3?3 AC3@ 5C7 63?
67i=7@7C; K7C;@67=; 7=;7C;@; 3:?;@ 7?7J7 P3?3C6C F P3?3@@
A@F5F@3 9QC7 '@;@ 3 GCFB363=; J=7= ;;K;=7 ?5367767 PA= 3K 4;C
AF?F7=;;G3C6C62
)53CB73 63 4F 3@3;K7 47@K7C 4;C 3@3;K A@F5F@63 P’nin i;K;=
K7C;@67=; 7=;;@;@ PA= =P= A6FF G7J3 43K 6FCF?3C63 ;3;;=7 A3C3=
3@3?KA@FP3C3F3?C
$3=CA7=A@A?;= 677C7@6;C?77C '@;@ 73 3?35 A3@ i;K;in
3K3?3;;:63?@97;C7C;@3CC?3G7;95B;J33B3C3?7C77C;@7;;=;@
Q@7?; 4;9;7C 33J34;?7=7 G7 '@;@ 7=A@A?; K7C;@67=; 7=;7C;@; AC3J3
=AJ34;?7=76;C @53= 4F 677C7@6;C?77C PA= 3K 3J636C G7 PAF K3?3@ 63
A@FP3C J77C;K G7 ?F3= =3?3=36C $3=CA7=A@A?;= 677C7@6;C?77C;@ 5;66;
@C=3CG7JQ@7?7ACF@3CA34;?7=76;CF677C7@6;C?77CJF=3C6363
47;C;6;; 9;4; ;;:63? G7 ;;K;; 7=;7J7@ 6;7C F@FC3C 9QK 3C6 767C7=
AP’@;@ 7=;7C;@; 343C 3:?;@ 7674;?7=76;C MC@7;@ 7G3AJ3 9QC7 &
633 =F3@3C3= J3B3@ P3malar AP’nin i95 B;J33 67i=7@7C;
K7C;@67=; 97CP7= 7=;;@; A6FF@63@ 83K3 3:?;@ 7674;?7=76;C F@F@ @767@;
BA;;=3 67i=7@;@; D;;K 43@3 6en A' :3C53?3F 3@?3?363 ;K7@7@ JAF@
3B?33C@@6K7;?7?7;6;C64
MK7;=7 @;B; A3C3= =P= G7 83C= J3B63=; BA;;=33C@ 7=;7C;@;@
QP?7;@;@ 5;66; QP67 KAC A?3 @767@;J7 ?3=CA7=A@A?;= 677C7@6;C?77C7
B:7; 43=?3=36C $3=CA7=A@A?;= 677C7@6;C?7 A@FP3C@3 ;;=;@ ACF@3C
aa63QK77@?7=76;C 65
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A' :3C53?33C )/@@ 4;C AC3@ A3C3= J= JK67 67@ 83K3 67;6;C G7
AC33?3 JK67 0,626;C ' :3C53?33C@63=; 67i;?;@ BA3@;J7 7=;; AB3?
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3.1.1. Kamu stihdam Hizmetleri/ Arama Destek Pro2,8!, <- ?
#%2,8!,--!-*!8-
Bu hizmetler iverenle i 3C3J3@3C@ 7le;C;?7;@; 3?3P3?3=36C
stihdam hizmetleri ülkeden ülkeye dei?7=76;CMC@7in Avustralya’da özgeçmi
yazma
ve
mülakat
teknikleri
hizmetleri
sunulurken,
Polonya’da
nitelik
deerlendirmesi ve i arama e;;?;:;K?77C;G7C;?7=76;CF:;K?77CJF=3C63
belirtildii gibi genel olarak i G7 ?77= 63@?3@ ;95 B;J33 :3==@63
bilgilendirme, i kulüpleri, ie yerle;C?7:;K?77C;9;4;83C=C67=; hizmetlerden
olu?3=36C
stihdam hizmetleri geleneksel anlamda kamu istihdam kurulu3C@53
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hizmetlerden genel olarak tüm isizler ve iini dei;C?7= ;7J7@ G38 =3K3@?3=
;7J7@4;C7J7CJ3C3C3@?3=36C
MK7;;:63?4CA3C97@767P33@G38G747J3KJ3=3=iilere hizmet
salarken,67 =3?F ;;:63? =FCF?3C@@ :;K?77C;@67@ QK7;=7 67K3G3@3<
6FCF?63A3@4;C7JG79CFB3CJ3C3C3@?3=36C
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4Q9767 3P= ; bulunduunu ve iG7C7@7C 67 3C36=3C @;7;=7C7 FJ9F@ 43ka
bölgelerde isizlerin olduF@F 4;7?7J74;?7=76;C F 7lemenin kendi kendine
gerçeklemesi zaman alabilir ve bu durum kiiler G7=FCF?3C;P;@?3;J7;A34;;C
Bu durum özellikle dü=@;7;=;G767K3G3@3<9CFB3C3P@63@4J=Q@7?3CK
7?7=76;C arayanlar ve bo i7C;@ 7=;@ G7 :K 4;C 4;P;?67 7lemelerinin
sa3@?37@3K@63@8C;=;JA@7;sizlii azaltabi?7=76;C
"3?F ;;:63? :;K?77C;@;@ 7=;7C; =A@FF@63 J3B3@ P3ma 1993’te
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67
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3:;B;C @53= ngiltere’de Yeniden Balama (Restart), New Jersey ;K;=
);9AC3 /7@;67@ ;:63? J9F3?3 67 &?@;4F F697 (75A@5;;3;A@
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i;K;= Q67?77C; G7J3 6;7C 97;C 677=7C; J3C3C3@53C ;P;@ 6K7@7@?; i
arama deste;@;@83J63A@FP3CC7;ini göstermitir. arama deste;@;@AJ3
J3C6? 353C 3P@63@ ;;:63? 97;C7C G7 AJ3 43?= K7C;@67 Q@7?;
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ihtiyaç duyduunu belirlemeye A63=3@?33C@3@767@A?FFCF@767@7=77C
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G7 67 9QC?7=76;C 'CA8;7?767 =;?7C;@ 63:3 JAF@ :;K?77C67@
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75:7C?3@ G7 3C=3633C@@ J@63 J3B=3C P3mada 9 yeni
de7C7@6;C?7 ?7G5FFC F 67erlendirmenin 7’si geçi ve gelimekte olan
=77C;P;@J3B?C
Kamu i;:63?:;K?77C;@;@7=;@;ine ili=;@J3B3@deerlendirmelerden
birisi de ngiltere’de uygulanan Genç ;K7C;P;@/7@;67@/3B3@?3D%7H738AC
:7/AF@9@7?BAJ76FBCA9C3?@3;;=;@6;CFBCA9C3?Q@7?;9QC6ünden,
BCA9C3?:3==@63673J 4;9;G7C;?7;J3C3C9QC?7=76;C
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lk aama GiriD37H3JF33?36CF33?37@83K36QC3J süren ve youn i
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57
Kutu 3.1: Bosna Hersek Acil Terhis ve Reentegrasyon Projesi
Bu proje 1996’da ba3?G7633?3?3@?C 'CA<7@;@3?357C:;76;?;3=7C7C;@G7
yerlerinden olmu içilerin i95@7 63:; 76;?7;@; 677=7?7= G7 '@;@ FJ9F3@?3@@
8;@3@?3@@33J3C3=7=A@A?;=G7C;?;;;3CC?3=CFBCA<7@;@6QC4;77@;G3C6C
1- 95 B;J33 4;9; G7C;343@ ,7C;343@@@ J7@;67@ =FCF?3@ @;7;;@;@ 3CC?3@ G7
yerel düzeyde geni7;?7;@;=3B3C
2- Eitim ve yeniden e;;?:;K?77C;G7C7@5737B76;7@7itim ve yeniden e;;?:;K?77C;
;P;@3BCA<7=A@C33C@8;@3@77?7=76;C"A@C33C37;;?7=33@3C@JK67
;@;;;:63?
eden ve i ba7;;?3layan i7?77C7:;4733@?3=36C
3- 3@?3@=G7;4F?3:;K?77C;F:;K?77C;@F@F?3;P;@3BCA<7QK7?77C;@;@J3@
C363@?3@=G7; bF?3:;K?77C;@;@97;;C;?7;;P;@7=@;=677=33@?3@;P7C;C
4- /Q@7;?677;
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informal sektörde i 4F?3 =A@FF@63 PA= K3J8 4;C AF?F 7=;; A6Funu
göstermektedir. Bunun nedeni, informel sektörün büyük boyutlarda olduu
sektörlerde i 3C3J3@3C@ 97@7likle i aramak için di7C JA3C 7P?7; A34;;C
Uruguay’da yürütülen bir di7CP3ma ise i95B;J334;9;7@6;C?7:;K?7;@;@
97@P7C;@ ;;:63? 6FCF?3C 3P@63@ 7=;;@;@ =7@6; 7itimleri ile ba3@
olduF@F 63:3 7itimli olan gençlerin 4F BCA9C3?3C63@ 7@ 4J= 83J63J 767
ettiini göstermitir.
/3B3@ 4F 677C7@6;C?7 P3?33C@3 göre, özellikle gelimi ve geçi
=77C;@67 ;;:63? :;K?77C; =A@FF@63 AF?F A@FP3C3 F3?C 3K
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i95 BA;;=33CJ3 4;C7;C;?76;=P7 AF?F 7=;7C; A?3 A3 3K
görünmektedir. nformal sektörün geni ve ie alma@@97@7;=7;@8AC?3JA3C63@
gerçekletii geli?7=7 A3@ =77C67 PA= 63:3 83K3 677C7@6;C?7J7 ;:;J3P
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a@3 3:;B A6Funu göstermektedir ;7C =77C;@ A8;7C;@;@ 63:3 @C 3J63
olduu görülmektedir. Kore, Filipinl7CG7@6A@7KJ3977@7=7;;:63?A8;7C;@;;
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33C3@?3 G7 433@9P3@ ;;43C7@ = 7=;67 ;K7@?7; AF?FK 7=;7C;
3K334;;C
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:76787?7 J3B3@ BCA9C3?3C 63:3 =P= QP7=;6;C G7 97@7;=7 ;;:63? A8;7C;
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6FCF?3C63 FJ9F3@6@ AC3J3 =AJ?F3C6C $37KJ363 :=?7 ;P;7C;@
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;;:63?7P7@7=7C;F@3C3=QK77=QC7G;=7?7=;P;@P3?33C433?C
=?77G;=7C;@;@;=etki 677C7@6;C?77C;4F@3C@;;K;;Q@7?767433C
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7P;=7C; 9QC?C "AC767 ;7 =C;K;@ 3C6@63@ ;;:63? ;;=C3C BCA9C3?@63
:=?78;C?33C3?7G5F;95@=ACF?33C3CJ383C=7P7@7=7CFnmuG7
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=3B3?3 P3?3 337C;@;@ 3K3?3 8;C?3 ;P; 7;;? P33@3C@ 5C77C;@;@
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3:3@397P?7=;CFBCA9C3?@677C7@6;C?7;A@F5F@39QC767;;:63?7=;;
BAK;;8A?FFC 119
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82
edilmitir. Net istihdam etkisi tahmin edilememekle birlikte büyük ihtimalle ihmal
edilebilirdir.
GFC3J363=; !&)*(* BCA9C3? ;sizleri ie alan iverenlere ücret
sübvansiyonu sunmuFC 'CA9C3? 3?3?3J3@ 4;C7J7C 3J 4AJF@53 =A@CA
9CF4F@3 9QC7 ;;:63?63=; =3K3@P3C@ QP?7= ;P;@ ;K7@?;7C6;C F BCA9C3?@
sonucuna göre sübvanse edilen i arayanlar kontrol grubuna göre daha yüksek
;;:63? AC3@3C@3 sahip olmutur. ngiltere’deki bir ücret sübvansiyonu
BCA9C3?@63 D*C3;@;@9 3@6 ?BAJ?7@ C3@ )5:7?7 $3C=
F ;verenin
salayaca ;7C;@ 3? K3?3@ A?3 G7 7@ 3K 4;C J C?7; KACF@FFu
getirilmitir. Bu program deerlendirmesinin sonucuna göre eitilenlerin yüzde 43’ü
kendini eiten i yerinde ve yüzde 37’si baka iG7C7@7C;@ J3@@63 =3?C F
BCA9C3?@@7;;:63?7=;;JK67A3C3=3:?;@76;?;tir.
ngiltere’deki ba=3 4;C 5C7 4G3@;JA@F BCA9C3?@63 4G3@;JA@
iverene deil içilere verilmitir. Bu program ile özellikle uzun dönemli isizlerin
tekrar i79;C?77C;3?3P3@?CF@39QC7=3?53C3:3836333P3arak
90 Pound kazanmak, iin üç ay sürmesi ve isizlik ödemesi için bavurmadan önce
ii kabul etmek 3CJ3 4G3@;JA@ 33@?C 7;C;@ JK67 ;@67@ 83K3
olmayan bir sübvansiyonun bu koF3C@ J7C;@7 97;C;?7;@67@ A@C3 =3?5J3
verilmesi taahhüt edilmi;CP3JA@C3=;?3=33C=3?53C@JK67F@F@
4G3@;JA@A?33J663;e girebileceini göstermitir.
3J-19.
83
+?&?'`!*-*-&X*,8^'-<"#8!-{?$"%--8>!%]8-&%?-~
5C74G3@;JA@FBCA9C3?3C@@;9;@P4;CP7idi 1980’lerde ABD’de denenmitir. Belli bir zaman
6;;?; ;P7C;;@67 ; bulan isizlere “yeniden istihdam ikramiyesi” sa3@?C MC@7in Illinois’te
eer bir i;K :383 ;P;@67 4;C ; bulur ve bu i7 7@ 3K 6QC 3J P3C3 4F ;size o dönemdeki
alaca AC33?3 :383= ;sizlik ödeneinden dört kez daha fazla olan 500$ verilmesi taahhüt
edilmitir.
FBCA9C3?@67erlendirmesi kiilerin i;K;=C77C;@;@=36@G7J7@;67@;;:63?63@A@C3
gelirlerde de bir dü?7 A?36@ 9Q7C?7=76;C F 67@7J;? BAK;;8 A@FP3C C7?; olmakla
4;C;=767erlendirmeler bu programlar@?3;J77=;@A?36=A@FF@63FJ3C?3=36C3C@53=
A@ J3B3@ 67erlendirmeler profillemenin maliyet etkinliinin gelitirebileceini ortaya
koymutur.123
"3J@3=3CG7*K3@@3A
Betcherman ve arkada3C J@63 J3B=3C P3mada 16 yeni ücret
4G3@;JA@F BCA9C3? 67erlendirmesini incelemilerdir. Bu deerlendirmelerden
gelimi =77C67=; A@FP3C :7? @793;8 D7P;=3 G7PF :7? 67 BAK;;8 7=;7C
DGFC3J3 ?3@J3 @9;7C7 G7 F AC3J3 =AJ?3=36C @53= BAK;;8
sonFP3CG7C7@BCA9C3?3C@5C74G3@;JA@FJ3@@6343ka bile7@7C;67G3C6C
MC@7in Almanya’daki Kamu ;:63? 'CA9C3? 7;;?; 67 ;P7C?7=76;C
@9;7C767=;%7H73BCA9C3?;75C74G3@;JA@FJ3@@63; arama desteini
67 ;P7C?7=76;C F@F@ J3@ C3 BAK;;8 7=;7C; A3@ BCA9C3?3C@ 4F 7=;;@;@
büyüklüü de @C6C124
7P;=77C;@67=;5C74G3@;JA@3C677C7@6;C?77C;@793;8A@FP3C
AC3J3 =AJ?3=36C 'AA@J363=; 4;C 677C7@6;C?7 QK7;=7 7C=7=7C 3P@63@
istenmeyen A@FP3CG7C?;tir. Slovakya’da uygulanan bir programda ise ne erkekler
@7 67 =36@3C üzerinde olumlu bir etki görülmemitir. Gelimekte olan ülke
de7C7@6;C?77C;C<3@;@67=;'CA7?B7ABCA9C3?;7@C6CG74FBCA9C3?@63
97;C6@63Q@7?;BAzitif bir etkisi yoktur.125
123
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Fretwell ve arkada3C@@J3BP3?3634G3@;JA@BCA9C3?3C;95
374;@; 7G;= 7?7= ; ba@63 ; 67@7J;?; 33?3= G7 ;P;-;G7C7@ ;;=;7C;@;
=FC?3= 9;C;;?;@67 4FF@?3=36C 'AA@J363=; @7CG7@;A@ -AC= BCA9C3? 7@
83K3 3J C7;@57 ;;K;= Q67?7; =363C 5C7 G7 AJ3 9G7@;= ?3;J77C;@;
kar3?3=36C'CA9C3?Q@57=;3J63P33@3C@@JK67
F@63@83K3@ABF
A3C3= ;7@ P=3C?3? ;7?77C7 JC?C $353C;3@63 ;@577@7@
BCA9C3? ;7 4;C J3 =363C 5C7;@ JK67 ;@; 4G3@7 7?;;C 7678 9CFB ;7
FKF@ C7; ;;K7C G7 ;= =7K 5C7; 4;C ;7 P3353= A3@ 97@P7C6;C F
4G3@;JA@63:3Q@57=;3J63;9;;P33@3CABF4;P;?67;7@P=3C?3?A3@
G7 4G3@;JA@F@ G7C;6;; C7J7 7; A3C3= =3?53C 7;?7J; 93C3@;7J7@
;G7C7@7C7G7C;?7=76;CL7=F?:FC;J7;@67=;)A5;3J'FCBA78F!A4BCA9C3?
;=;JC7;@57;;K7C;;;:63?767@;G7C7@7C7ABF4;C4G3@;JA@G7C;?7;@;
;P7C?7=76;C 7C ;G7C7@ 4F C7 ;P;@67 =3?53C ;7@ P=3CC G7J3 P33@ A
;J7C;@67=3?3K3;G7C7@?B3C3J97C;G7C?7=KACF@636C
F BCA9C3?3C@ A@FP3C JF=3C63 67;@;7@ *C=;J767=; 7=;
de7C7@6;C?7 P3?3@3 =A@F A3@ e;;? BCA9C3? ;7 =3C3C34;;C
9QC@?7=76;C L@= *C=;J767=; QK =A@FF BCA9C3? 5C7 4G3@;JA@F
BCA9C3?3C@@ 4;C PA= 4;77@;@; ;P7C?7=76;C 'AA@J363=; BCA9C3?@ A@FP3C
;;:63? K7C;@67 BAK;;8 G7 =35 7=;7C A6FF@F G7 FKF@ 6Q@7?;
BCA9C3?3C63@3 3J63@ =3 C7; BCA9C3?3C@ 63:3 7=;; A6FF@F
9Q7C?7=76;C3:3FKF@A3@L7=F?:FC;J7;QC@7;@67;7=354;C7=;JA=FC
$353C;3@G7*C=;J767=;7=;7C;7AF?FK6FC'CA9C3?@=36@3C;P;@63:3;J;
A@FP3C AC3J3 =AJ6FF L7= F?:FC;J7; 6@63 7=;7C;@;@ =35 A6Fu
9QC?7=76;C/33C;P;@:;P4;C7=;@;@9QC?76;;L7=F?:FC;J7;6@63?
J3 9CFB3C BCA9C3?3C63@ J3C33@?36C 'CA9C3?3C@ ;7 3 7;;?;7C ;P;@
63:3;J;;76;;9QC?CKF@G7=36Q@7?;;;K;=;P;@7;67C75767AF?F
7=; 9QC?C *C=;J7 G7 L7= F?:FC;J7;@67=; BCA9C3?3C@ düük e;;?;7C
G7=36@3C3P@63@ 63:37=;;A6Fu 9QC?C
C7H7G73C=
-
C7H7G73C=
-
85
@ 9@57 P3malardan birisi olan US@ =7J; =3B3J3@ G7 J@63 J3J?3@3@P3?3@63;75C74G3@;JA@3C@@7=;@A?36@AC3J3
=AJ3@ 3:?;@7C J3B?C US@ 63 P3?3@63 6;==3 P7=;i gibi bu
BCA9C3?3C@ FKF@ 6Q@7? 7=;7C;@;@ 63:3 BAK;;8 A34;757;@; 3=63 F?3=
97C7=?7=76;C
5C7;;:63? 4G3@;JA@ BCA9C3?3C & =77C;@67 ' ;P;@67 3K
=3J@3=3JC3@BCA9C3?3C6C&=77C;@674FBCA9C3?3C3':3C53?33C@@
AC33?3JK677’sinden 63:33K:3C53@?3=36C
5C7;;:63?
4G3@;JA@3C@@
7=;7C;
=A@FF@63
J3B3@
deerlendirmelerden F97@7A@FP3CP=3C34;;C
;:63? 4G3@;JA@ BCA9C3?3C@@ PAunluF FKF@ 6Q@7? ;;:63? G7
97;C7C K7C;@67 @7 BAK;;8 7=;7C7 3:;B 67;6;C F 6FCF? QK7;=7
geli?7=7 A3@ =77C G7 97P; =77C; ;P;@ 97P7C;6;C 7imi =77C67
QK7;=7A@6Q@7?67=;677C7@6;C?77C63:3AF?FA@FP3CG7C?7=76;C
F4G3@;JA@3C6;er AP ile birle;C;6;;@6763:37=;@A34;?7=76;C
KF@ 6Q@7?; BCA9C3?3C63@3 =3 C7; BCA9C3?3C 63:3 7=;;
A34;?7=76;C
F4G3@;JA@3C;;K7C;;95B;J33@63F353=G7;;K;;@AF?FK
7=;7C;@;9;67C757=3C3P3CA3C3=433CA34;?7=76;C
;:63?4G3@;JA@3C@63@7=3JB;=3?7G7J7C67i;C?77=;;;gücü
e;;?;@679QC7@7C67@63:383K3A?3=36C@53=BA;;=33?35:7678
9CFB3C3C3@638C33C@J7@;67@63?;74F?63:37FJ9F3@34;;C
FBCA9C3?3C@?3;J77=;@A?36=3C@363;C63:3PA==3@?7G5FFC
3:3 83K3 =A@CA 8;C?33C@ 4F BCA9C3? =35 4;C 4G3@;JA@ BCA9C3?
A3C3==Q=F3@?@7@977?7=;P;@97C7=;6;C
)
G7
86
3.1.3.2. Kurma ve Geli&8-#%2,8!,
Bu programlar e;;? 63@?3@= ; B3@ 97;tirme ve uygulama gibi
7=@;= :;K?77C7 677=7@7@ =C76; :;47 Q67@7= 7=;@67=; 8;@3@3 J3C6?3C3
i;K7C;@=7@6;;;@;=FC?3@G7J3=P=QP7=;J7@;;7?77C;@=FCF?3@G7
geli;C;?7;@;;P7C?7=76;CF9CFB3=;BCA9C3?3C@:7678;??=@A3@7@83K3
97P7C;;;@J3C3?36C
;@3@33J3B97;memi=77C67QK743@=33CPAF@F=3=7@6;;ini
=FC?3= ;7J7@ ;;K7C7 =C76; F@?3= ;P;@ 97C7=; A3@ =3B3? C;=
de7C7@6;C?77C;@; J3B3?3?3=36C "C76; 3J@3?3@63@ =3J@3=3@3@ 4F
4AKF=FF@ =36C?3@63 =P= ;7?77C7 =3?F BCA9C3?3C P7CP7G7;@67
G7C;7@ 677=7C =3=63 4FF@34;?7=76;C F BCA9C3?3C =3?F ;;:63?
=FCFF3C
=3?F
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G7J3
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ABF?
QC97C;
3C38@63@
JC74;?7=76;C129
F BCA9C3?3C@ 7=;@;inin
de7C7@6;C;?7;@67 Q@7?; =C;7C7C
BCA9C3?3C@ 8;C?33C63 ;e ba3J3@ =;; 3J@3 7=;; AFB A?36 G7 =FCF3@
8;C?33C3C3@633J3=3=3B=3?366C
Dier A'7 =J336@63 4F BCA9C3?3C3 PA= @C 8A@ 3JC?3=36C
;P4;C & =7; 4F C BCA9C3?3C3 'J7 :3C53@3@ =3J@3=3C@ JK67
F@63@83K3@:3C53?3?3=36C7@7;=74FBCA9C3?3CQK74;C9CF4F:7678
3?3?3=36C 7i;= 7=A@A?;= 3C3C 3@63 63 BCA9C3? =3B3?@63 677=7C
G7C;74;?7=76;C MC@7in i =FC?3 677=7C; rlanda’da 1980’lerde i;K;= AC3@
PA=J=76;inde verilmi=7@J;@7
7C67GFC3J363;;K;=AC3@67C=7@
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Betcherman ve arkada3C@@ J@63=; P3?3 P7itli ülkelerde
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1. Kamu istihdam hizmetleri ve yönetimi
1.1. e yerletirme ve dier hizmetler (Placement and related services): )QK
=A@FF:3C53?3=37?7C;;7J7C7;C?7673C35=4;9;7@6;C?7?77=;C7:47C;=
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3C3?3 G7J3 ; 4F?3 =A@FF@63=; ?A4;;7 ?3C383C =A@FF@63 i 3C3J3@3C3
B3C33 677= :;K?77C;@; ;P7C?7=76;C 73B3?3 36757 =3?F ;;:63?
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1.2. Ödenek yönetimi (Benefit administration): F=37?;7;;K;=G77C=7@
7?7=;;=Q6@7@7=:;K?77C;@;F@3@=FCF?3C@4P77C;@;;P7C?7=76;C
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2. gücü eitimi
95 B;J33 BA;;=33C @767@;J7 7@;7@ G7 3a63 67;@;757= A3@
QK7 BCA9C3?3C 6@63 =33@ 7;;? BCA9C3?3C@ =3B3C 3C53?33C :7? =FC
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JC53;7?77;;?;;P;@;G7C7@7C7G7C;7@4G3@;JA@3C63=3B3C
2.1 Kurumsal igücü eitimi (Institutional training): 957;;?C7;@;@
JK67 G7J3 63:3 83K3@@ 4;C 7;;? =FCF?F@63 DA=F @;G7C;7 7;;?
?7C=7K; G4F :3C53@?3 6FCF?F@63=; 7;;? :3C53?33C@ =3B3C F@3 7AC;=
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2.3 Bütünleik eitim (Alternate training): 95 7;;? C7;@;@ 7AC;= G7
iJ7C; 7;;?; 3C3@63 7; A3C3= 4Q@?7; 6FCF?F@63 J3B3@ 7;;?
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itimi destei (Special support for apprenticeship):
M@5767@ 47;C7@?; 4;C 9CFB3 J7C 33@ PC3=3C ;7 33@ ;G7C7@7C7 33@3@
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3. stihdam Tevikleri
3.1 e alma tevikleri (Recruitment incentives): ;K7C;@ G7J3 6;7C
:76787@?; =;;7C;@ i95 ?3;J77C; 4;C ;G7C7@ 3C38@63@ =3C3@3@ 4;C i7
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4. Desteklenmi stihdam ve Rehabilitasyon
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5. Dorudan Yaratma
Arudan i J3C3?3 BCA9C3?3C FKF@ C7; ;sizler veya i7 9;C;te
KACF=3C3=3C33@4;C77C;P;@;3G7;7CJ3C3?3@;P7C;Clave i7C97@7;=7
BA? J3C3C@3 G7J3 AJ3 3P63@ 83J63 A3@ G7 PAF K3?3@ =3?F 7=QC@67
veya kar ama5 9?7J7@ =FCFF3C63 J3B353= ;lerdir. 95 ?3;J77C;@;@
PAunluF67G73C38@63@=3C3@C
6. Kurma Tevikleri
;K7C; G7 :76787@7@ 9CFB3C =7@6; ;7C;@; =FC?3= G7J3 =7@6; :734@3
P3?3= ;P;@ 573C77@6;C7C7= 9;C;imcilii dest7=7J7@ BCA9C3?3C3 J3B3@
@:3C53?33C63@AF?3=36C
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vermektedir.
F@F@ J3@ C3 J@63@ ;;43C7@ Ge OECD ibirlii ile yeni bir
i95:3C53?3@83@6C?397;tirmi;C&@;@7=;@83?3-
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A. Faaliyet Türüne Göre
$!!$%
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6;7C;3C3J3@3C@;95B;J33@37@79C7A?33C@=A3J3C3@G7J3;;:63?
7?767 G7 77?3@ 7P;?;@67 ;G7C7@7 677= G7C7@ :;K?77C; ;P7C?7=76;C F
4;77@;=;J73JC34;;C
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833;J77C;G797@734;?3C383C=3B3C
151
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-
100
Aktif Tedbirler
gücü Eitimi: gücü eitimi yoluyla isizlerin ve dier hedeflenen
9CFB3C@ ;;:63? 76;74;;C;ini geli;C?7J; 3?3P3J3@ G7 =3?F =FCF?3C
3C38@63@8;@3@e edilen tüm e;;?764;C7C;@;=3B3?3=36CFC764;C7C43K
teorik e;;?7C;@ 4F9F3C@ G7J3 7er i yerindeyse e;;?;@ QK7 3?35@@
9QK7@?7;@;;P7C?7;6;C
e Yöneltme ve Payla?siz veya hedeflenen di7C4;C9CFB3@A3@4;C
ki;J; ?7G5F 4;C P33@@ ;7 =36 337C; ;=3?7 767C7= ;e yerletirilmesini
kolaylaC3@764;C7C;;P7C;C
stihdam Tevikleri: sizlerin ve di7C :7678 9CFB3C@ ;;:63? 76;?7;@;
kolaylaC3@G7J3;;@;=3J47?7C;=;A3@P33@3C@;;:63?@@67G3?7?7;@;
sa3J3@764;C7C;;P7C;CG7;veren maliyetlerinin çoF@F=3B3C
Özürlülerin Entegrasyonu: Özürlüleri i95 B;J33 ;7 4@7tirmeyi
3?3P3J3@764;C7C;;P7C;C
Dorudan Yaratma: Uzun süreli i;K7C7G7J343ka türlü i4F?3A3@3
olmayan
kiilere
i 4F?3= ;P;@ AJ3 A3C3= J3C3C G7J3 ABF?F@
83J633@34;757i alanlarda ek i J3C33@ 764;C7C; =3B3C $3;J77C;@ PAu doal
A3C3==3?F7=QC3C38@63@=3C3@?3=36C
Kurma Tevikleri: sizleri ve h7678 9CFB3C =7@6; ;lerini kurmak veya
=7@6;:734@3P3mak için destekleyerek giriimcilii geli;C7@764;C7C;;P7C;C
B. Harcama Türüne Göre
;C7J7C7 /3B3@ *C3@87C7C ;C7J7C7 6ACF63@ C3@87C 76;7@ @3=;
A3C3= G7J3 KACF@F G7C9;7C67 4;C 3K3?3 JAFJ3 J3B3@ Q67?77C; ;P7C7@ =3?F
:3C53?33C6C
G7C7@7C7 /3B3@ *C3@87C7C verenlere doCF63@ C3@87C 76;7@ @3=;
A3C3= G7J3 KACF@F G7C9;7C67 4;C 3K3?3 JAFJ3 J3B3@ Q67?77C; ;P7C7@ =3?F
:3C53?33C6C
101
Hizmet Sa3J53C3 /3B3@ *C3@87C7C ;C7J7C7 G7 ;G7C7@7C7 P7itli
Q67?77C 7=;@67 33@3@ ?3 G7 :;K?7 C7;5;7C;@7 6ACF63@ J3B3@ =3?F
:3C53?33C6C
& G7 @83@6C?33C@@ 7@ Q@7?; 83C= FCA3@ özellikle
PC3== ;P;@ 97@7 764;C7Ci
;P7C?7?7 =A@FF@63 C3C 63GC3@?36C
(&)**3 9QC7 4F 764;C7C 4;C 764;C;@ ;95 BA;;=3 A3C3=
@83@6C?363@Q@5797C7=;A3@:76787?797@7=FC3@3FJ?3?3=36C
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9QC?7=76;C ' :3C53?33C@@ -
J3C 3C3@63=; G7C;7C; 7=;
@83@6C?3J3 G7 2002-
6Q@7?; G7C;7C; ;7 J7@; @83@6C?3J3 9QC7 77
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:3KC36C7:47C7C79QC7@83@CG7&7=C77CJ3;4;C;;J7J7=77C;@
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:7C J ;P;@ G7C; 33J3?3?3=36C *C=;J7J7 ;;=;@ ' G7 '' :3C53?33C@3
ili=;@ G7C;7C *C=;J767@ 4;9; 97?7?7; @767@;J7 & 3C38@63@
J3J@3@3?3?3=36C
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G7 ;G7C7@7 J3B3@ C3@87C7C; ;P7C7@ 4F BCA9C3?3C3 ;9;; ? =3?F 9;67C7C;@;
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J3B?3?3=36C 7@7 ;;:63? G7 ?3=CA7=A@A?;= BA;;=33C63@ K;J367 36757
özel i95 B;J33 BCA9C3?3C@3 A63=3@?3=36C F @767@7 67 :3C53?3
G7C;343@ 36757 QK7 ;95 B;J33 BCA9C3?3C@ :76787J7@ :3C53?33C
;P7C?7=76;CMC@7;@G7C9;G7AJ39G7@;==3=3C@63=;;@6;C;?7C36757QK7
i95 B;J33 9CFB3C@3 JQ@7;= J3B6@63 :3C53?33C3 63:; 76;?7=76;C
= 5C7; ;P;7C7 J3B3@ ;;:63? G7C9; ;@6;C;?7C; 97@7 ;;:63? BA;;=33C
A3C3=677C7@6;C;7C7=:3C53?33C63;P7C;?7?7=76;C
102
Genel olarak AP’ye =33@3C@ 3J AB3? ;95@@ 4;C AC3@ A3C3=
67C7@?7=74;C;=7PAFK3?3@4F4;9;7C77C;;7?7?7=76;CF@767@74FC363
=3?53J@3;;=;@4;C677C7@6;C?7J3B?3J353=C
AP ve P'J7 J3B3@ :3C53?33C3 ;;=;@ G7C;7C 67C7@?7=7 4;C;=7 4F
G7C;7C7 ;;=;@ 4;C PA= @C3?3 ?7G5FFC F @767@7 QK =A@FF :3C53?33C
=F3@C=7@3a63=;FJ3C3C636;==373?3@@J3C3CA3536@?7=76;C
3C= =77C 3C3@63=; BA3@;J7 F3CK=3C =FCF?3 83C==3C ;7
=C;7CG7=379AC;7C67=;JACF?83C==3C@63@;7C;97?7=76;C
"C;7C A3C3= 36757 BCA9C3? :76787@6;;@67@ 97@7 ?3=CA7=A@A?;=
BA;;=33C 97@7 G7C9; ?F38;J77C; P3?3 33; ;@6;C;?7C; 9;4; G7C;7C
:3C;PFF?3=36C
,7C;343@ 36757 =3?F :3C53?33C ;7 ;9;; A6FF@63@ QC@7;@ 7@6C;
7G;J7;@67 AC93@;K7 76;?; G7 QK7 ;;:63? G7C9;7C;J7 8;@3@7 76;?;
BCA9C3?3C PC3== ;P;@ J3B3@ :3C53?33C G7 7;;? 9;4; QK7 7=QC
:3C53?33C=3B3@?3?3=36C
"3?53JG7C;7C;67;;=;95B;J33BCA9C3?3C@3J=9;C;lerle
;9;;6;CFG7C;7CBCA9C3?6397P;C;7@AC33?3C7G7?=7CC7C;=7;9;;
doCF63@4;9;G7C?7?7=76;C
*? 4F ACF@3C @767@;J7 P ve P'7 J3B3@ =3?F :3C53?33C PA=
F3C G7 =3r3C34;;C A?33 63 7;;?7C; G7C?7; 3P@63@ Q@7?
ta?3=36C F 43=?63@ ' :3C53?33C@3 =77C 43K@63 43=?3= J3C3C
A34;;C&G7=77C;@73;AC33?3AB3?:3C53?3G7C;7C;6K7@;A3C3=
J3J@3@?3?3=36CL@=43K=77C73;G7C;7C:7CJ;P;@4FF@3?3?3=36C
&;95B;J33BA;;=33C@3;;=;@G7C;7C;6K7@;A3C3=J3J@3?3J3
J@63 433?C F P3?363 :3C53?33C 4F @767@7 J@63@ ;;43C7@ 77
3@?3=36C
A'J7 J3B3@ =3?F :3C53?33C@@ )/J7 AC3@3C F334;;C G7C;7C
@63 J3C ;;43CJ3 J ;7 J =3C3C6@63 4F :3C53?33C@
G7C;7C;@7 F334;7@ =77C;@ J3C@63 3C 6;7C J3C@63 ;7 3K36
9QC?7=76;C J@63 P’ye en 83K3 :3C53?3 J3B3@ =77C C3J3 G7P
103
(yüzde 2,09), Hollanda (yüzde 1,26) ve Belçika6C (yüzde 1,17) @ 3K :3C53?3
J3B3@=77C;7/F@3@;3@Dyüzde 0,16) ve G;PC76;CDJK67
F
&@ J A@C3 J3@; J@63 ;7 7@ 83K3 :3C53?3 J3B3@ =77C G7P
(yüzde 2,35F3@;?3C=3DJK6772) ve Finlandiya6CDJK67F@3K:3C53?3
J3B3@ =77C ;7 *C=;J7 DJK67
F "AC7 DJK67
F G7 $7=;=36C DJK67
0,08). 2005 J@63 ;7 A'J7 7@ 83K3 :3C53?3 J3B3@ =77C 3@;?3C=3 DJK67
1,58), Hollanda (yüzde 1,28) ve G;PC7DJK678FG77@3K:3C53?3J3B3@=77C
$7=;=3 DJK67
2), $353C;3@ (yüzde 0,03F G7 "AC76;C DJK67 2). %;:3J7
J@63 'J7 7@ 83K3 :3C53?3 J3B3@ =77C 3@;?3C=3 DJK67 62),
Belçika (yüzde 1,41) ve Hollanda (yüzde 1,21F G7 7@ 3K :3C53?3 J3B3@ =77C
$7=;=3DJK67

FC3; (yüzde 0,14) ve 6;C (yüzde 0,16).
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*!!,,*," "&12#$##%2,8!,,*,>!,
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çok çe;; @767@7C; A34;;C =77C;@ ;;K;= 7G;J77C;, i;K;=7 ?5367767
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;@577@?7; 97@; 4;C P3?3J 97C7=;C?7=76;C F@F@3 4;C;=7 4FC363 öz
=A@FF 6Q@7?67 A'J7 J3B3@ :3C53?33C 4F BA;;=33C3 G7C;7@ Q@7?67=;
de;;?;9QKQ@@77C?7=3P@63@4;C9Q7C97A3C3==F3@34;;C 7=;67@
67 9QC757; 9;4; & AC33?3@63=; 4;C 6 9QC?7=76;C PolonJ3 ;7
AP’ye yap3@ :3C53?33C Qne?; QP67 3CC?C F@F@3 4;C;=7 P’ye
ba@63@47C;Q@7?;6K7J67:3C53?33CJ3B3@=77C67@7@5Q?7C;A3@G7P;@
A':3C53?33C@@)/J3AC3@@4;C:3J;6C?CA3@633@;?3C=3
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;@; P=3C ;K7?7; 4F A@F5F 677=7?7=76;C *34A 67@ 67 9QC6 9;4;
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=77C67@ 4;C;;6;C @53= QK =A@FF J3C ;P;@ =F3@3@ :3C53?33C KUR’un
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:3C53?33C@637=7@?7;6FCF?F@634F:3C53?33C633CA353=C@53=6;er
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olduFQJ7@74;;C*C=;J767':3C53?33C@@:73B3@?3@3;;=;@:7C:3@9;
4;C P3?3 63 ?7G5F 67;6;C F 6FCF? P :3C53?33C@@ :73B3@?3
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=AJ?3=36C
105
Tablo 3.1: Aktif 73'A?7A1=<1A>1/1@<1>"1=D1A31=1<1A>>
/F1&A1>
/G45
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
EDBCA1<F1
0,35
0,21
0,30
0,61
0,62
0,61
0,72
0,54
0,42
0,35
0,37
0,36
0,35
0,34
0,35
0,38
0,37
0,33
0,30
0,31
0,32
EDBCDAF1
0,28
0,32
0,36
0,30
0,34
0,37
0,38
0,41
0,45
0,46
0,55
0,52
0,58
0,56
0,62
0,61
0,63
0,71
0,67
0,67
0,85
5<L9;1
1,17
1,09
1,06
1,06
1,08
1,18
1,21
1,31
1,1
1,18
1,15
1,13
1,13
1,02
1,05
1,02
1,07
1,11
1,18
1,28
1,41
"1>141
0,61
0,49
0,59
0,61
0,64
0,60
0,55
0,46
0,45
0,49
0,45
0,40
0,42
0,39
0,38
0,36
0,32
0,31
0,29
0,29
0,35
ili
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,21
0,21
0,19
0,18
0,20
0,28
5;
D=8DA9F5C9
..
..
0,17
0,27
0,16
0,15
0,13
0,12
0,11
0,12
0,17
0,20
0,20
0,18
0,19
0,25
0,25
0,26
0,25
0,23
0,22
1>9=1A;1
..
1,06
1,23
1,40
1,75
1,61
1,72
1,65
1,58
1,68
1,86
1,89
1,86
1,88
1,77
1,70
1,58
1,51
1,30
1,34
1,62
9><1>49F1
0,73
0,85
1,20
1,63
1,54
1,50
1,41
1,56
1,42
1,15
1,06
0,89
0,83
0,82
0,91
0,97
0,91
0,91
0,87
0,82
0,92
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,08
0,06
0,07
0,07
0,05
0,07
0,24
A1>B1
0,60
0,72
0,83
0,96
1,16
1,17
1,19
1,23
1,22
1,15
1,22
1,19
1,15
1,11
1,05
0,95
0,89
0,92
0,93
0,84
0,98
<=1>F1
0,58
0,79
1,15
1,49
1,39
1,18
1,19
1,30
1,1
1,18
1,3
1,23
1,23
1,25
1,17
1,08
0,9
0,87
0,73
0,80
1,00
/D>1>B9C1>
0,16
0,19
0,21
0,24
0,21
0,22
0,4
0,37
0,30
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
$131A9BC1>
..
..
..
0,59
0,64
0,60
0,41
0,37
0,43
0,38
0,40
0,38
0,46
0,05
..
0,30
0,30
0,28
0,27
0,27
0,45
BC?>F1
1,06
1,06
0,94
1,08
1,17
1,28
1,34
1,26
1,26
1,08
1,00
0,81
0,88
0,81
0,71
0,67
0,64
0,62
0,64
0,72
0,87
BA19<
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,19
0,18
0,17
0,15
0,14
C1<F1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,63
0,57
0,50
0,45
0,46
0,44
!1@?>F1
..
0,33
0,32
0,29
0,31
0,32
0,32
0,33
0,32
0,27
0,29
0,28
0,29
0,25
0,25
0,23
0,22
0,16
0,18
0,29
0,47
A<1>41
"?A5
#;B5=2DA7
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,38
0,22
0,19
0,12
0,11
0,12
0,12
0,13
0,19
0,40
0,41
0,20
0,15
0,14
0,12
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,20
..
..
..
..
0,28
0,41
0,45
0,50
0,48
0,47
0,42
0,49
$5;B9;1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,02
0,02
0,03
0,03
0,03
0,02
0,02
0,02
0,01
0,02
0,02
0,02
?<<1>41
1,26
1,21
1,23
1,35
1,43
1,36
1,30
1,27
1,34
1,55
1,52
1,45
1,45
1,55
1,48
1,37
1,28
1,20
1,10
1,06
1,21
/5>905<1>41
0,86
0,87
0,81
1,01
0,74
0,69
0,67
0,66
0,64
0,55
0,54
0,49
0,43
0,41
0,43
0,41
0,38
0,37
0,35
..
..
%?AE5L
0,59
0,89
0,91
1,01
1,12
1,31
1,25
1,06
0,85
0,77
0,68
0,61
0,63
0,69
0,79
0,78
0,74
0,58
0,56
..
..
'?<?>F1
..
0,12
0,20
0,26
0,54
0,45
0,38
0,46
0,49
0,46
0,38
0,25
0,25
0,22
0,40
0,35
0,42
0,45
0,5
0,56
1,26
'?AC5;9G
0,20
0,47
0,50
0,58
0,59
0,48
0,48
0,51
0,49
0,55
0,59
0,62
0,66
0,62
0,64
0,66
0,67
0,59
0,51
0,55
0,77
<?E1;F1
..
..
0,23
1,11
0,35
0,50
0,75
0,74
0,61
0,39
0,21
0,31
0,36
0,41
0,29
0,24
0,34
0,32
0,22
0,26
0,22
<?E5>F1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,24
0,29
0,27
0,20
0,18
0,33
B@1>F1
0,33
0,78
0,68
0,66
0,46
0,41
0,43
0,38
0,40
0,56
0,85
0,79
0,74
0,72
0,71
0,75
0,78
0,79
0,79
0,81
0,86
BE5L
2,09
1,68
2,43
3,04
2,95
2,97
2,35
2,26
2,12
2,44
2,21
1,74
1,64
1,56
1,23
1,20
1,28
1,34
1,10
0,97
1,13
BE9LA5
0,19
0,21
0,22
0,28
0,37
0,43
0,47
0,57
0,77
0,83
0,73
0,56
0,52
0,58
0,70
0,76
0,73
0,65
0,57
..
..
*A;9F5
..
0,02
0,02
0,02
0,02
0,01
0,01
0,10
0,10
0,14
0,12
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
>79<C5A5
0,48
0,42
0,36
0,41
0,40
0,37
0,31
0,27
0,25
0,22
0,24
0,24
0,32
0,28
0,43
0,45
0,43
0,32
0,32
0,27
0,33
ABD
0,26
0,23
0,22
0,21
0,21
0,20
0,19
0,16
0,19
0,19
0,17
0,17
0,17
0,16
0,15
0,14
0,13
0,13
0,13
0,18
0,16
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,75
0,75
0,68
0,67
0,65
0,63
0,59
0,56
0,53
0,50
0,50
0,62
&
Kaynak: http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LMPEXP. Türkiye için 1986- M§@@5F§ 5F5G§B85?=
J9F=@9F,C7=5@LD9B8=HIF95H565G9,)1KKKC978CF;9@GGC7=5@9LD9B8=HIF9¨89B 5@§BA§H§F
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yüzde 1,04 seviyesinde iken, A*¨M9M5D§@5B<5F75A5@5FMVN89G9J=M9G=B898=F
106
Çou OECD ülkesinde P* <5F75A5@5F§ * <5F75A5@5F§B§B B9F989MG9 =?= ?5H§8§F
P* <5F75A5@5F§B85 ¨H9B 6I M5B5 7=88= 5N5@A5@5F ;©FV@A9?H98=F u durum,
P*¨B=B R5@§ma iste=B= 5N5@H5F5? =G=N@== 5FH§F8§§ ;©FVVB9 6=F 79J5D B=H9@=inde
C@56=@=F M§@§B85 **¨M9 9B :5N@5 <5F75A5 M5D5B V@?9@9F rlanda (yVN89 9@R=?5 MVN89 J9 Hollanda¨8§F MVN89 MB§ M§@ **¨M9 9B 5N ?5MBak
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edildii P* <5F75A5@5F§ M§@§ ©B79G=B89 =G=N@=? G=;CFH5G§B§B C@A5A5G§B5
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107
Tablo 3.2: Pasif 73'A?7A1=<1A>1/1@<1>"1=D1A31=1<1A>>
/F1&A1>
/G45
1985
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
EDBCA1<F1
1,18
1,08
1,57
1,66
1,62
1,48
1,23
1,25
1,13
1,06
0,93
0,86
0,88
0,77
0,70
0,62
0,54
0,48
0,41
0,45
2009
0,55
EDBCDAF1
1,04
1,00
1,10
1,22
1,57
1,66
1,60
1,60
1,42
1,40
1,3
1,17
1,18
1,25
1,39
1,42
1,52
1,40
1,24
1,16
1,49
5<L9;1
3,27
2,56
2,65
2,80
2,98
2,84
2,73
2,77
2,69
2,49
2,36
2,11
2,14
2,32
2,45
2,4
2,35
2,19
2,01
2,00
2,38
"1>141
5;
D=8DA9F5C9
1,84
1,88
2,25
2,23
1,94
1,50
1,28
1,15
1,00
0,95
0,78
0,70
0,80
0,77
0,78
0,69
0,62
0,59
0,56
0,66
0,98
..
..
0,21
0,16
0,13
0,15
0,12
0,13
0,21
0,23
0,30
0,29
0,25
0,28
0,31
0,25
0,24
0,23
0,20
0,20
0,44
1>9=1A;1
..
4,38
4,64
4,92
5,45
4,99
4,30
3,91
3,47
2,94
2,57
2,38
2,27
2,31
2,66
2,66
2,34
1,86
1,50
1,21
1,73
9><1>49F1
1,31
1,11
2,17
3,77
4,82
4,56
3,86
3,59
3,13
2,58
2,34
2,08
1,97
2,03
2,06
2,04
1,90
1,70
1,43
1,35
1,89
A1>B1
1,49
1,37
1,51
1,63
1,74
1,64
1,51
1,53
1,58
1,54
1,51
1,38
1,41
1,58
1,73
1,71
1,58
1,38
1,24
1,17
1,42
<=1>F1
1,28
1,00
1,74
1,91
2,50
2,45
2,31
2,46
2,50
2,27
2,11
1,89
1,92
2,14
2,28
2,32
2,01
1,72
1,29
1,10
1,52
/D>1>B9C1>
0,31
0,40
0,44
0,38
0,36
0,38
0,38
0,39
0,40
..
0,40
0,39
0,36
0,33
0,37
0,40
0,41
0,38
0,33
0,47
0,69
..
..
..
2,16
2,08
1,19
0,88
0,72
0,60
0,59
0,55
0,46
0,37
0,36
0,36
0,37
0,39
0,36
0,36
0,37
0,53
3,35
2,55
2,72
2,82
2,86
2,85
2,61
2,31
1,84
1,49
1,12
0,80
0,71
0,83
0,88
0,89
0,83
0,85
0,92
1,34
2,62
..
0,82
0,89
1,05
1,19
1,17
0,95
0,95
0,84
0,74
0,67
0,65
0,62
0,62
0,64
0,71
0,78
0,76
0,69
0,81
1,39
0,32
0,31
0,29
0,31
0,35
0,37
0,39
0,40
0,41
0,48
0,52
0,56
0,47
0,49
0,42
0,39
0,38
0,35
0,28
0,25
0,42
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0,08
0,13
0,12
0,13
0,18
0,20
0,23
0,25
0,29
0,42
#;B5=2DA7
0,81
0,52
0,52
0,50
0,59
0,67
0,68
0,72
0,70
0,62
0,50
0,43
0,47
0,50
0,59
0,64
0,65
0,59
0,52
0,52
0,87
?<<1>41
/5>9
05<1>41
3,28
2,48
2,41
2,53
2,81
3,00
2,84
3,29
2,95
2,37
2,04
1,76
1,69
1,73
1,97
2,12
2,02
1,7
1,41
1,29
1,70
0,61
1,88
1,81
1,89
1,60
1,28
1,13
1,15
1,41
1,48
1,47
1,31
1,08
1,01
0,81
0,53
0,43
0,34
0,23
0,27
0,47
%?AE5L
$131A9BC1>
A<1>41
C1<F1
!1@?>F1
"?A5
0,48
1,13
1,17
1,41
1,46
1,3
1,09
0,91
0,71
0,54
0,52
0,50
0,54
0,66
0,86
0,84
0,72
0,50
0,42
0,32
0,50
'?<?>F1
..
..
1,32
2,36
1,79
1,68
1,72
1,64
1,08
0,54
0,63
0,81
0,98
1,16
1,07
1,02
0,86
0,71
0,51
0,35
0,34
'?AC5;9G
0,39
0,32
0,40
0,54
0,82
0,97
0,83
0,81
0,76
0,75
0,78
0,79
0,94
0,91
1,15
1,2
1,28
1,19
1,05
0,99
1,31
..
..
0,87
0,69
0,63
0,53
0,43
0,61
0,70
0,85
1,04
0,84
0,54
0,36
0,31
0,34
0,27
0,34
0,36
0,43
0,67
B@1>F1
2,87
2,61
2,91
3,21
3,53
3,14
2,43
2,11
1,88
1,62
1,44
1,35
1,37
1,47
1,45
1,49
1,45
1,43
1,44
1,87
2,96
BE5L
0,87
0,88
1,65
2,71
2,76
2,53
2,27
2,14
1,98
1,78
1,63
1,33
1,04
1,01
1,17
1,27
1,16
0,94
0,65
0,45
0,72
BE9LA5
0,26
0,13
0,34
0,91
1,56
1,35
1,12
1,23
1,34
1,06
0,86
0,54
0,47
0,76
1,07
1,03
0,92
0,75
0,57
0,53
1,00
*A;9F5
0,38
0,59
0,73
0,67
0,65
0,71
0,68
1,06
0,83
0,64
0,89
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
>79<C5A5
1,53
0,67
0,98
1,16
1,14
0,94
0,82
0,66
0,47
0,40
0,35
0,30
0,26
0,25
0,23
0,18
0,18
0,18
0,16
0,20
0,33
ABD
0,54
0,47
0,65
0,58
0,43
0,34
0,33
0,26
0,23
0,24
0,21
0,28
0,48
0,50
0,37
0,27
0,24
0,24
0,30
0,82
1,00
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1,19
1,07
0,93
0,91
0,95
0,96
0,92
0,87
0,77
0,67
0,69
1,04
<?E1;F1
&
Kaynak: http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LMPEXP. Türkiye için 1986- M§@@5F§ 5F5G§B85?=
J9F=@9F
So7=5@LD9B8=HIF95H565G9,)1KKKC978CF;9@GGC7=5@9LD9B8=HIF9¨89B 5@§BA§H§F
108
4. TÜRKYE’DE
AKTF
GÜCÜ
POLTKALARI
POLTKALARIN ETKLERNN DEERLENDRLMES
VE
BU
4.1. Türkiye’de 73'9F1B1B>>/1@B
5=?7A169;/1@
=F V@?9B=B 89AC;F5:=? M5D§G§ =;V7V D=M5G5G§B§ ekillendiren en önemli
IBGIF@5F85B 6=F=G=8=F -VF?=M9¨89 R5@§ma ça§ BV:IGIBIB M5?@5§? 8©FHH9 6=F= -24
ya gFI6I BV:IGH5B C@IA5?H58§F Bu durum MV?G9? 6=F ;9BR =;V7V DCH5BG=M9@=B9
G5<=DV@?9A=N89#&)¨BIB8VN;VB=C@5F5?H5B§A@58§§=BG5BCBIFIB5M5?§§FB=79@J9
B=H9@C@5F5?M9H9F@=i@9F=BM5F5H§@A5G§B§;9F9?H=FA9?H98=F
25D§G5@ C@5F5? ;9BR 6=F BV:IG5 G5<=D C@5B -VF?=M9¨B=B =@9F=?= M§@@5F85 BV:IG
5FH§ <§N§B§B 5N5@A5G§ 69?@9BA9?H98=F -Q%¨=B BV:IG DFC>9?G=MCB@5F§B5 ;©F9 1990
M§@§B85 MVN89 C@5B M§@@§? 8C5@ BV:IG 5FH§ <§N§B§B M§@§B5 ;9@=B8=inde
6=B89¨M5M§@§B85=G96=B89¨98Vecei H5<A=B98=@A9?H98=F(V:IG5FH§
<§N§B85?=5N5@A5M5?5F§BM§@§B85MVN89G9J=M9G=B89C@5BR5@§ma ça§B85?=
BV:IGIB HCD@5A BV:IG5 CF5B§B§B M§@§B85 MVN89 7=J5F§B85 C@A5G§
69?@9BA9?H98=F M§@§B85B =H=65F9B =G9 HCD@5A BV:IGH5 5N5@A5G§B§B 65layaca§
69?@9BA9?H98=F!9@=mi ülkelerde =G9HCD@5ABV:IG=R=B89?=M5@§BV:IGCF5B§<§N@5
5FHA5?H58§F !9BR BV:IGIB HCD@5A BV:IG =R=B89?= D5M§ ;9@=mi ülkelerle
?§M5G@5B8§§B85 -VF?=M9¨89 RC? 85<5 MV?G9? G9J=M9@9F898=F Bu olgu doru
DC@=H=?5@5F@a yönlendirildi=B89 V@?9A=N=B ?5@?§BA5G§ =R=B e= 6I@IBA5N 6=F :§FG5H
GIB575? 5?G= 8IFIA85 =G9 ;9BR 6=F =G=N@9F CF8IGI J9 6IBIB GCBI7IB85 CFH5M5
R§?575?7=88=DFC6@9A@9F=@9655R§?A5?NCFIB@IC@575?H§F
1<ma Ça
%6DBD
-VF?=M9¨89 BV:IG 5FH§§B5 65@§ C@5F5? R5@§ma ça§ BV:IGI 85 5FHA5?H58§F
"5B9<5@?§ ;V7V B?9H= J9F=@9F=B9 ;©F9 -VF?=M9¨89 -2010 8©B9A=B89 R5@§ma
ça§ BV:IGI M§@@§? CFH5@5A5 MVN89 2, i;V7VB9 85<=@ C@A5M5B@5F MVN89 2,8, igücü
MVN892=GH=<85AMVN89 J9=G=NG5M§G§MVN89 CF5B§B855FHA§H§FBu durum
GCB M§@85ki -VF?=M9¨B=B =;V7V J9 =GH=<85A D9F:CFA5BG§B§B RC? 85 655F§@§
109
C@A58§§B§ ;©GH9FA9?H98=F B75? R9=H@= M§@@5F85 -Q% H5F5:§B85B M5D§@5B
A9HC8C@C>=?89==?@=?@9F=B898=??5H95@§BA5G§;9F9?A9?H98=F
Ç5@§A5R5§BV:IGIBIBM§@§B85MVN89¨G=@=G95@H§MVN89Ï@=G9
J9MVN89¨V=G9@=G9VGHV9=H=AG9J=M9G=B89=?9B10 M§@§B85MVN89¨= @=G95@H§
MVN89¨V@=G9J9MVN89¨G§ @=G9VGHV9=H=AG9J=M9G=B898=FI8IFIAR5@§ma
R5§BV:IGIBIB9=H=A8VN9M=B=BM§@@5F=H=65F§M@5MV?G9@A9?@96=F@=?H9<5@5RC? 8VV?
C@8IIBI ;©GH9FA9?H98=F =H=A G9J=M9G=B=B 8VV?@VV -VF?=M9 =;V7V D=M5G5G§B§B
9B©B9A@=DFC6@9A@9F=B89B6=F=G=8=F
4.1.3. gücüne Dahil Olmayanlar
;V7VB9 85<=@ C@A5M5B@5F§B M§@§B85 MVN89 ¨G= J9 10 M§@§B85
MVN89 ¨G§ <5B9<5@?§ F9=G=8=F M§@§B85 =;V7VB9 85<=@ C@A5M5B@5F§B MVN89
¨=9F?9?J9MVN89¨G=?58§B=?9B10 M§@§B856ICF5B@5FG§F5G§M@5MVN89
J9MVN89¨8=F
-10 M§@@5F§ 5F5G§B85 =;V7VB9 85<=@ C@A5M5B@5F =R9F=G=B89 9B 6VMV?
;FID 9J =@9F= =@9 A9;I@ ?58§B@5F8§F I ;FI6IB D5M§ G©N ?CBIGI 8©B9A =R9F=G=B89
5N5@A5?@5 6=F@=?H9 <5@5 MV?G9?H=F G=N@=? 5R§G§B85B RC? ©B9A@= 6=F ;FID C@5B =
6I@A5 VA=8= C@A5M5B@5F J9 = 5F5A5M§D R5@§A5M5 <5N§F C@5B@5F§B =;V7VB9 85<=@
C@A5M5B@5F =R=B89?= D5M§ =G9 ©N9@@=?@9 J9 M§@@5F§B85B =H=65F9B 5FH§
;©GH9FA=H=FI;FI6IBD5M§B85?=5FH§5R§?=G=N@==B85<585MV?G9@A9G=5B@5A§B5
;9@A9?H98=F
110
Tablo 4.1: Nedenlerine Göre gücüne Dahil Olmayanlar
(Yüzde)
1990
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
bulma
ümidi
yok
1,1
0,6
0,5
0,3
0,3
1,2
1,9
2,4
2,3
2,3
2,8
2,7
1A1=1F@
L1<maya
Ev
Ö
renci
81GA
Mevsimlik ileri ile (e
itimrad
olan/Di
er
L1<an
megul ö
retim) Emekli sahibi
0,6
0,7
60,9
11,4
8,6
2,6
1,4
2,6
53,3
12,5
9,8
2,1
1,1
3,2
52,2
12,8
10,4
2,1
1,2
3,4
50,4
13,2
11,2
1,6
1,1
3,5
49,8
13,7
11,8
1,4
3,1
1,5
51,1
13,4
12,2
4,2
1,5
49,0
13,3
12,0
4,9
1,3
47,0
13,6
12,3
4,2
1,1
45,1
13,7
13,1
4,6
1,2
45,2
13,9
12,9
4,8
0,3
44,9
14,7
13,4
4,8
0,2
44,3
15,3
13,3
-
Özürlü
ya<
Ailevi ve
veya
kiisel
hasta
nedenler Di
er *?@<1=
12,1
1,9
100
9,4
5,0
3,2
100
9,5
5,1
3,0
100
10,1
5,9
2,8
100
9,8
6,2
2,5
100
11,3
4,2
2,0
100
12,0
3,7
2,4
100
12,5
3,8
2,4
100
12,0
5,2
3,4
100
12,7
4,7
2,6
100
12,6
5,4
0,9
100
12,6
5,5
1,2
100
Kaynak: TÜK, HA.
4.1.4. 73>5"1C<=1E5BC9841=&A1><1A
Türkiye’de i;V7VB9 ?5H§@A5 CF5B§ 8VV? C@ID GCB 3 M§@ 8§§B85 ?5@5B M§@@5F
=H=65F§M@5855N5@A59=@=A=B898=F
,©N ?CBIGI CF5B§B 8VV? C@A5G§ ?58§B@5F85B ©N9@@=?@9 89 8Vük e=H=A@=
?58§B@5F85B?5MB5?@5BA5?H58§F;V7VB9?5H§@A5CF5B§B§B8VV?@VVBVBB989B@9F=
;9B9@C@5F5?MV?G9?BV:IG5FH§<§N§H5F§AG5@=GH=<85A§B5N5@A5G§GCBI7I5Ftan kente
;©RVB©N9@@=?@9?58§B@5F§BGCGMC-9?CBCA=?J9GCGMC-?V@HVF9@G969D@9F@9igücünden
R9?=@A9G=B9 B989B C@A5G§ M55B5B 9?CBCA=? ?F=N@9F yeni igücüne yeterince i
M5F5H§@5A5A5G§ CFH5@5A5 9=H=A GVF9G=B=B IN5A5G§ MV?G9? =G=N@=? CFH5A§B85
ki=@9F=B ©N9@@=?@9 ?58§B@5F§B = 6I@A5?H5B VA=H@9F=B= ?9G=D = 5F5A5A5@5F§ 9F?9B
9A9?@=@=? J9 =gücünün e=H=A G9J=M9G=B=B 8VV?@VV8VF )?I@@5A5 CF5B@5F§B§B
5FHA5G§ 9=H=A GVF9G=B=B IN5A5G§ J9 ?§FG5@ 5@5B85B ?9BH9 ;©R ?§G5 8©B9A89
i;V7VB9 ?5H§@A5 CF5B§B§ düVFA9?@9 6=F@=?H9 6I :5?H©F@9F=B CFH5 J9 INIB 8©B9A89
i;V7VB9?5H§@A5CF5B§B§5FH§FA5G§69?@9BA9?H98=F
B75?GCBVRM§@85M55B5B?VF9G9@9?CBCA=??F=N9F5A9B?5H§@A5CF5B§<9A
?58§B <9A 89 9F?9?@9F89 5FH§ ;©GH9FA=H=F I 5FH§§B ©B9A@= 6©@VAVBVB ?58§B
?5H§@§A§B85B ?5MB5?@5BA5G§ 85 C@IA@I 6=F ;9@=A98=F ,©N ?CBIGI 5FH§§B ;9F=G=B89
111
M5H5B9B©B9A@=B989B@9FGCBVRM§@85IM;I@5A5M5;=F9B=?==GH=<85AD5?9H=J9
M§@§B85M5D§@5B=;V7VD=M5G5G§B5M©B9@=?8VN9B@9A9@9FC@5F5?G§F5@5B56=@=F
Tablo 4.2: Kent-"AE59>B9F5CFA=>4173>5"1C<=1&A1>
/G45
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
*A;9F5
56,6
54,1
49,9
49,8
49,6
- F?9?
79,9
77,8
73,7
72,9
71,6
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
48,3
46,3
46,4
46,3
46,2
46,9
47,9
48,8
69,9
69,8
27,6
- %58§B
26,6
27,1
27,9
26,6
23,3
23,3
23,6
23,6
26
Kent
47,9
45,2
44,1
44,0
44,4
43,8
43,0
44,1
44,2
44,3
45,0
45,8
46,8
- F?9?
76,8
69,8
68,9
69,1
69,3
69,3
69,9
- %58§B
17,1
16,8
17,2
19,1
17,7
18,7
19,8
22,3
23,7
"A
66,9
65,8
58,7
58,7
57,6
55,5
54,4
52,1
51,2
50,8
51,4
52,7
53,5
- F?9?
82,6
77,9
72,9
73,3
72
71,3
71
71,6
72
71,6
- %58§B
39
36,7
33,9
33,1
32,9
36,3
%5MB5?-QK, H
GH=<85A CF5B§B5 65?§@8§§B85 85 ?58§B@5F§B 9F?9?@9F=B 6=F <5M@= ;9F=G=B89
?5@8§§ ;©FV@A9?H98=F %58§B@5F ?§FG5@ M9F@9F89 ?9BHG9@ M9F@9F9 CF5B@5 85<5 :5N@5
=GH=<85A 98=@A9?H98=F IBIB B989B= =G9 ?§F85 ?58§B@5F§B 6VMV? RCIB@IIBIB
V7F9HG=N5=@9=R=G=?CBIAIB85=GH=<85A85;©FVBVF?9B?9BH9;©R9HH=?@9F=B89yeterli
i=A?5B@5F§B§BC@A5A5G§, düV?B=H9@=?J99=H=A8VN9M=;9@9B9?G9@M5D§J99J=leri
=@9 RC7I? 65?§A <=NA9H@9F=B=B A5@=M9H=B=B MV?G9? C@A5G§ ;=6= nedenlerle =GH=<85A
8§§B85?5@A5@5F§8§FO5@§ma ça§B85?=<9FMVN?58§B85BG58979¨VBVB=GH=<85A85
C@8II 8Vünülürse i;V7VB9 ?5H§@A5 CF5B§B§B M5B§B85 ©N9@@=?@9 ?9BHH9?= ?58§B@5F§B
=GH=<85ACF5B§B§B5FH§F§@A5G§6VMV?©B9AJ957=@=M9HH5§A5?H58§F
Tablo 4.3: Kent-"AE59>B9F5CFA=>41BC9841=&A1>
(15+Ya/G45
1990
1995
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
*A;9F5
52,1
50,0
46,7
45,6
44,4
43,2
41,3
41,5
41,5
41,5
41,7
41,2
2010
43,0
- F?9?
71,7
68,9
63,9
62,9
62,7
63,2
62,9
62,7
62,6
62,7
- %58§B
31,2
28,7
23,9
21,6
22,3
Kent
41,5
40,3
40,2
38,9
38,1
37,7
37,1
38,5
38,9
39,0
39,2
38,2
40,1
- F?9?
63,3
61,9
61,7
61,8
- %58§B
13,1
13,7
16,3
16,6
17,3
17,7
19,3
"A
63,6
62,6
56,4
55,9
54,3
51,9
51,4
48,8
48,0
47,4
47,7
48,0
49,6
- F?9?
67,1
68,3
- %58§B
32,6
31,8
31,2
32,8
%5MB5?-QK, H
112
4.1.5. sizlik ve stihdam
"9F M§@ =;V7VB9 ?5H§@5B M9B= BV:IG5 M9H9F@= = =A?5B@5F§B§B M5F5H§@A5A5G§
e?CBCA=? =GH=?F5F§B G5@5BA5G§ =R=B IM;I@5B5B DFC;F5A@5F ©N9@@=?@9 M§@§
GCBF5G§B85 C@A5? VN9F9 H5F§A G9?H©FV =GH=<85A§B85?= 7=88= 5N5@§ M§@§B85
ya5B5B89F=B9?CBCA=??F=NJ9GCBF5G§B855FH5B=;V7VJ9F=A@=@==M=B9M§@§B§B
GCB@5F§B85 ?9B8=B= ;©GH9F9B 6VMV? ?VF9G9@ F9G9GMCB J9 MV?G9@A9?@9 6=F@=?H9 e=H=A
G9J=M9G=B=B <5@5 8VV? C@A5G§ -VF?=M9¨89 =GH=<85A 5FH§§B§ G§B§F@5M5B J9 =G=N@==
5FH§F5BH9A9@:5?H©F@9FC@AIHIF
Q@?9A=N=B 9B H9A9@ GCFIB@5F§B85B 6=F=G= C@5B =G=N@=? ©N9@@=?@9 ?VF9G9@
9?CBCA=? ?F=N=B 89 9H?=G=M@9 M§@§B85 F9?CF 8VN9M9 I@5A§H§F -VF?=M9¨89
=G=N@=? CF5B§ M§@§B85 MVN89 =?9B ?F=N=B=B 9H?=G=M@9 MV?G9@9F9? 4
M§@§B85MVN89G9J=M9G=B9H§FA5BA§H§F200J9 M§@@5F§B855N5@A59=@=A9
;©GH9F9B=G=N@=?CF5B§?VF9G9@?F=N=B9H?=G=M@989 MVN8914¨9MV?G9@9F9?F9?CF8VN9M=
;©FAVtür10 M§@§B85=G9;9FR9?@9en MVN898VN9M=B89?=MV?G9?6VMVA9CF5B§
J9 GCB VR M§@8§F IM;I@5A5M5 ?CMI@5B =GH=<85A 8VN9B@9A9@9F=B=B 89 9H?=G=M@9 ?F=N
CFH5A§B855FHA5G§69?@9B=F?9B=G=N@=?CF5B§B85©B9A@=6=F8Vü;©N@9BA=H=F
*12<?*1A=B9G<9;&A1>E5B9G<9;&A1>
(15+
Yüzde)
B9G<9;&A1>
*1A=
B9G<9;&A1>
2006 2007
2008
Ya,
1990
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2009
2010
4
2
Kaynak: TÜ%"
%§FG5@ M9F@9F89 H5F§AG5@ :55@=M9H@9F89 V7F9HG=N 5=@9 =R=@==B=B M5M;§B C@A5G§
?==@9F=B =G=N ;©FVBA9A9G=B9 B989B C@A5?H58§F I 8IFIA <9G565 ?5H§@8§§B85
=G=N@=?85<585MV?G9@A9?H98=F5<5G5@§?@§=G=N@=?CF5B@5F§B5I@5A5?=R=BH5F§A
8§§ =G=N@=? CF5B§B5 65?A5? ;9F9?A9?H98=F -5F§A 8§§ =G=N@=? CF5B§ -56@C ¨H9B
;©FV@96=@979=;=6=5MB§G9MF==N@9A9?@96=F@=?H9=G=N@=?CF5B§B85BC@8I?R5MV?G9?H=F
I 8IFIA -VF?=M9¨89 A9J7IH 8IFIA85 MV?G9? C@5B =G=N@=? CF5B§B§B RC? 85<5
©B9A@=6=FDFC6@9AC@5F5?5@;§@5BA5G§;9FR9=B=CFH5M5R§?5FA5?H58§F
-VF?=M9¨89;9BR=G=N@=?MV?G9?C@5B=G=N@=?CF5B§B§B M5?@5§?=?=?5H§8§F10
113
M§@§B85 ;9B9@ =G=N@=? CF5B§ MVN89 11,9 =?9B ;9BR =G=N@=? CF5B§ MVN89 ¨8=F.
-VF?=M9¨89-M5;FI6IBIB M§@§B85=;V7VB9?5H§@A5CF5B§MVN898,’HVF
!9BR@9F=B =;V7VB9 ?5H§@A5 CF5B§ -VF?=M9 CFH5@5A5G§ C@5B MVN89 ,8¨=B 5@H§B858§F
VV? ?5H§@§A5 F5A9B 6I M5 ;FI6IBIB =G=N@==B=B C@8I?R5 MV?G9? C@A5G§ ;9BR
=G=N@==B ©B9A=B= 6=F ?5H 85<5 5FH§FA5?H58§F !9BR ?58§B@5F§B =G=N@=? J9 =;V7VB9
?5H§@A5 ?CBIGIB85 9F?9?@9F9 ;©F9 85<5 C@IAGIN ;©GH9F;9@9F9 G5<=D C@8II 85 ;©N
©BVB896I@IB8IFI@A5@§8§F
Y5;FI6IBIB?9B8=G=B9©N;VJ9=;V7VD=M5G5G§B§BM5D§G§B565@§C@5F5?;9BR
=G=N@==B=B R9=H@= B989B@9F= A9J7IHHIF. I B989B@9F89B =@?= - M5 ;FI6IBIB
=;V7VD=M5G5G§B5=@??9N;=F=M5§C@A5G§8§FIM5;FI6I=;V7VD=M5G5G§B8585<5
©B79 6=F = H97FV69G=B9 G5<=D C@A5A5@5F§ B989B=M@9 =J9F9B H5F5:§B85B H9F7=<
98=@A9A9?H98=F MF§75 ;9BR@9F =;V7V D=M5G5G§B§ M9H9F=B79 H5B§A58§?@5F§B85B =
5F5A5 GHF5H9>=@9F= =@9 ?9B8= 6979F= J9 M9H9B9?@9F=B9 IM;IB =@9F= 6=@9A9A9?H9
8C@5M§G§M@5 85 =@? =@9F=B= 6I@A5@5F§ N5A5B 5@A5?H58§F =H=A G=GH9A= =@9 =;V7V
D=M5G5G§ 5F5G§B85?= 65§B 9H?=B 6=F 6=R=A89 ?IFI@5A58§§ 9?CBCA=@9F89 ;9BR@9F=B
=;V7V D=M5G5G§B§B =<H=M5R@5F§B§ ?5F§@5M575? 6=R=A89 9=H=A 5@A5A5@5F§ 85 ;9BR
=G=N@==B 8=9F 6=F B989B=8=F -VF?=M9¨89 *¨@9F=B ©N9@@=?@9 89 9B 9H?=B * ?56I@
98=@9B==GH=<85A<=NA9H@9F=B=B<9A?5AI<9A89©N9@G9?H©F89G§B§F@§C@A5G§856=F
8=9FB989BC@5F5?G§F5@5B56=@=F
-VF?=M9¨89 =GH=<85A§B M5D§G§ ;9B9@ C@5F5? G9?H©F9@ 85§@§A H5F5:§B85B
9?=@@9B8=F=@A9?H98=F!9@=A=V@?9@9F89H5F§AG9?H©FVBVB=GH=<85A=R9F=G=B89?=D5M§
MVN89 -¨@9F G9J=M9G=B89 =?9B -VF?=M9¨89 M§@@5F =H=65F§M@5 5N5@A5?@5 6=F@=?H9 <5@5
MVN89 ,2 8VN9M=B898=F -5F§A G9?H©FVBVB =GH=<85A =R9F=G=B89?= D5M§B§B MV?G9?
C@A5G§ =;V7VB9 ?5H§@A5 J9 =GH=<85A CF5B@5F§B§B =;V7V J9F=A@=@==B=B 8VV?
C@A5G§B5J9?5M§H8§§=GH=<85A§B6CMIH@5F§B§B6VMVA9G=B9B989BC@A5?H58§F
-VF?=M9¨89 -
M§@@5F§ 5F5G§B85 =GH=<85A§B G9?H©F9@ 85§@§A§
=B79@9B8==B89 H5F§A G9?H©FVB89B G5B5M= J9 <=NA9H@9F G9?H©F@9F= @9<=B9 6=F 89==A
;©FV@A9?H98=FM§@§B85MVN89C@5BH5F§AG9?H©FVBVB=GH=<85A=R9F=G=B89?=
D5M§ M§@§B5;9@=B8==B89MVN89¨9;9F=@9A=H=FI5N5@§§BR9=H@=B989B@9F=
6I@IBA5?H58§F -VF?=M9 ;9@=H=?R9 G9?H©F9@ HF5BG:CFA5GMCBIB <§N@5BA5G§ J9
114
ehirleme bu durumun gerisinde yatan en önemli faktördür.
Tablo 4.5: BC9841=>5;CMA5<1
<=
/G45
1988
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
*1A=
46,5
36,0
37,6
34,9
33,9
29,1
25,7
24,0
23,5
23,6
24,7
25,2
1>1F9
15,8
17,7
17,5
18,5
18,2
23,2
20,8
20,9
20,8
20,9
20,5
19,9
9G=5C<5A
Toplam
37,7 46,3
100,0 100,0
44,9
100,0
46,6
100,0
47,9
100,0
47,7
100,0
53,5
100,0
55,1
100,0
55,6
55,5
54,8
54,9
100,0
100,0
100,0
100,0
Kaynak: TÜK, HA.
Türkiye’de H5F§A85 M9B=89B M5D§@5BA5 GVF97=B89 F9?569H=B H9G=G 98=@A9G=
R565@5F§?5DG5A§B856IG9?H©F9G5@5B5BGV6J5BG=MCB@5F§B5N5@A5G§GCBI7I;9@=FJ9
ya5A GH5B85F8§B§B 8VA9G= H5F§A G9?H©FVB89?= =;V7V :5N@5@§§B§ 5R§5 R§?5FA§H§F
IBIB M5B§B85 9=H=A =A?5B@5F§B5 9F==A=B ?§FG5@ 6©@;9@9F89 G§B§F@§ C@A5G§ 5FH5B
genç nüfusun e=H=A =<H=M5R@5F§ H5F§A =;V7VBVB ?9BH@9F9 ;©RVBV 5FH§F5B 6=F B989B
olmutur.152
M§@§B85G5B5M=G9?H©FV!,2"6VMVA9<§N§MVN89=?9B6IG9?H©F89?=
=GH=<85A 5FH§ <§N§ MVN89 C@5F5? ;9FR9?@9erek istihdam esneklii 1’e
yaklaA§H§F n55H G9?H©FV !,2" 6VMVA9 CF5B§ MVN89 =?9B 6I G9?H©F89?=
=GH=<85A5FH§<§N§MVN89C@AIHIF"=NA9H@9FG9?H©FVB89=G9G§F5G§M@5!,2"J9
istihdam büyüme oraB@5F§ MVN89 J9 C@5F5? ;9FR9?@9miH=F -5F§A G9?H©FV
=GH=<85A§B85 =G9 =B79@9BA9M9 899F 6=F H56@C CFH5M5 R§?A§H§F ,©N ?CBIGI G9?H©F89
6VMVA9CF5B§MVN89C@IF?9B=GH=<85A5FH§<§N§MVN89C@5F5??5M898=@A=tir.
-5F§AG9?H©FVBVB=GH=<85A=R9F=G=B89?=D5M§855FH§ göstermektedir.
4.1.6. 73>>
9C9=G5F9
Türkiye’de istihdam ve e=H=A 5F5G§B85 9tkin bir ili?=B=B ?IFI@5A5A5G§
i;V7V D=M5G5G§B85 H5@9D 98=@9B J9 5FN 98=@9B 6979F=@9F 5F5G§B85 89B;9G=N@=?@9F9 MC@
5RA5?H58§F ?CBCA=B=B =<tiyaç duyduI 5@5B@5F85 5F5 9@9A5B H9A=B=B89 NCF@I?@5F
ya5BA5?H58§F IBIB@5 6=F@=?H9 A9G@9?= 9=H=A A9NIB@5F§B§B =G=N@=? CF5B@5F§ 85
yüksektir. Bunun nedenleri, mesleki eitimin i;V7V D=M5G5G§B§B =<H=M5R@5F§
152
?=B
115
dorultusunda verilememesi ve iverenlerin talep ettikleri nitelikte igücü
6I@5A5A5G§8§FMF§75=verenler talep ettikleri igücü niteliklerini i;V7VD=M5G5G§B5
H5AC@5F5?M5BG§H5A5A5?H58§F
Tablo 4.7: gücünün E
itim Düzeyi, 2010
(Yüzde)
Toplam
Okur-M5N5FC@A5M5B@5F
&=G95@H§9itimliler
Lise
Mesleki ve teknik lise
Yükseköretim
gücü
stihdam
siz
KO
100,0
4,5
59,3
10,6
9,8
15,8
100,0
4,8
59,4
10,2
9,6
16,0
100,0
2,3
58,0
14,2
10,9
14,6
48,8
19,8
46,8
51,4
65,8
78,8
stihdam
&A1>
43,0
18,6
44,3
43,3
57,1
70,1
sizlik
&A1>
11,9
6,0
11,6
15,9
13,2
11,0
%5MB5?-.K, H
-VF?=M9¨89 10 M§@§B85 =;V7VBVB MVN89 ¨= =GH=<85A§B MVN89 ¨si ve
iG=N@9F=BMVN89¨V @=G95@H§9=H=AG9J=M9G=B89?=@9FJ9C?IF-M5N5FC@A5M5B@5F85B
oluA5?H58§F
E=H=AG9J=M9@9F==H=65F§M@565?§@8§§B85MV?G9?©retim A9NIB@5F§8§§B85?5@5B
gruplarda
e=H=A G9J=M9G= MV?G9@8=?R9 =G=N@=? CF5B§ 85 MV?G9@A9?H98=F B75?
e=H=AG9J=M9G=MV?G9@8=?R9©N9@@=?@9MV?G9?©retim A9NIB@5F§=R=B=;V7VB9?5H§@A5
J9=GH=<85ACF5B@5F§855FHA5?H58§F
4.2. Türkiye’de 73'?<9C9;1<1A
-VF?=M9¨89?=5?H=:J9D5G=:=;V7VDC@=H=?5@5F§B=H9@=?J9B=79@=?C@5F5?)
V@?9@9F=B9 ;©F9 RC? N5M§:H§F **¨B=B J5F@§§ 85<5 9G?=@9F9 85M5BA5?@5 6=F@=?H9 *
son 15-20 M§@=R9F=G=B89;9@=miH=F
-VF?=M9¨89 ** 89B=B79 5?@5 85<5 RC? ?§89A J9 =<65F H5NA=B5H@5F§
;9@A9?H98=F G=N@=? G=;CFH5G§B§B C@A58§§ 8©B9A89 R5@§an5F§B iG=N ?5@A5@5F§
GCBI7IB85CFH5M5R§?575?C@IAGIN9H?=@9F=B;=89F=@A9G=5A57§M@5=H9BR§?5F§@5B@5F5
iJ9F9B@9F H5F5:§B85B ©89B9B 6I H5NA=B5H@5F -VF?=M9¨89 9B 9G?= ;9RA=9 G5<=D D5G=:
DC@=H=?5@5F8§F IBIB M5B§ G§F5 9F?9B 9A9?@=@=? IM;I@5A5@5F§ 85 -VF?=M9¨89?= 6=F
dier
**¨H=F M§@§B85 =G=N@=? G=;CFH5G§ G=GH9A=B=B ?IFI@A5G§M@5 6=F@=?H9
gelimiV@?9@9F895G§@**C@5B6IG=GH9A-VF?=M9=R=B89©B9A@=6=FDC@=H=?5<5@=B=
116
5@A§H§F Ye=@ %5FH sistemi ve MF§75 PN9@@9H=FA9 ,CGM5@ 9GH9? *FC>9G= P,*
?5DG5A§B85?= IM;I@5A5@5F 85D5G=:DC@=H=?5@5F8§F
-VF?=M9¨89?IFIAG5@5B@5A85A* =@?C@5F5? ve R=I@A5%IFIAI¨BIB
% M§@§B85 = ve iR= 6I@A5 ?CBIGIB85 5F57§@§? <=NA9H= J9FA9M9
ba@5A5G§M@5 6=F@=?H9 IM;I@5A5 5@5B§ 6I@AIHIF M§@§B85 C@IHIFI@5B GH=<85A§
GeliH=FA9 2V?G9? %CCF8=B5GMCB %IFI@I * ?5DG5A§B85 ©B9A@= R5@§A5@5F
MVFVHAVHVF * IM;I@5A5@5F§ 65?§A§B85B ©B9A@= 6=F H5F=< 89 M§@§ C@AIHIF
I H5F=<H9 =G=N@=?@9 AV7589@9 9HA9? =R=B ;V7V 29H=H=FA9 2©B9HA9@== R§?5F§@A§
ve %¨B§B =;V7V 9itimi sa@5A5 ;©F9J= M5G5@ N9A=B9 ?5JImuHIF VBM5
5B?5G§¨B§B85-VF?=M9¨89?==;V7VDC@=H=?5@5F§B589GH9?J9FA9G=J9GCBF5G§B85?F98=
89GH9?@9F= =@9 * IM;I@5A5@5F§B§B ©B9A= ;=89F9? 5FHFA§H§F %¨B§B M§@§B85
AC89FB6=F=GH=<85A?IFIAIC@5F5?M9B=89BM5D§@5B8§F§@A5G§=@9*=R=B6=F8©BVA
BC?H5G§C@AIHIF IBIBM5B§G§F5GCBM§@@5F85M55B5B?F=N@9F=B899H?=G=M@9©B9A@=
©@RV89 MV?G9@9B =G=N@=?@9 AV7589@989 5H§@5B ©B9A@= 58§A@5F85B 6=F=G= 89 *¨M9
J9F=@9B ©B9A=B J9 6I DFC;F5A@5F5 5MF§@5B ?5MB5?@5F§B ©N9@@=?@9 GCB VR M§@85
5FH§F§@A5G§8§F Aa§85 -VF?=M9¨89?= =;V7V DC@=H=?5@5F§ 5MF§BH§@§ C@5F5? 9@9
5@§B575?H§F
4.2.1. Türkiye’de Pasif 73'?<9C9;1<1A
"45=*1G=9>1C
%§89A H5NA=B5H§ IM;I@5A5G§B§B -VF?=M9¨89?= 9B 9G?= ** C@8Iu
G©M@9B96=@=F H5F=<@= J9 G5M§@§ %5BIBI =@9 8VN9B@9B9B 6I ** HVFV
;VBVAVN8989J5F@§§B§GVF8VFA9?H98=F%§89A H5NA=B5H§=M9F=B896=F=;VJ9B79G=
5F57§ C@5F5? 8VVBV@A9?H98=F %§89A H5NA=B5H§B§B M5G5@ 85M5B5§ G5M§@§ %5BIBI¨BIB A5889G=8=F IB5 ;©F9 %5BIBI¨B5 H56= =R=@9F=B <=NA9H
5?=H@9F=B=B
iJ9F9B H5F5:§B85B 6I %5BIBIB ¨B7= A5889G=B=B ## BIA5F5@§ 69B8=B89 ;©GH9F=@9B
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?IFIA@5F§B§B 5FH5B FC@V J9 M9B=89B M5D§@5B8§F§@A5G§ ;9F9i bu anlamda da büyük
önem ta§A5?H58§F
K5AI =GH=<85A ?IFIA@5F§B§B 5B5 =@9J@9F= iG=N@=? G=;CFH5G§ <=NA9H@9F=B=B
yürütülmesi, i;V7V D=M5G5G§ bilgi sisteminin oluHIFI@A5G§ J9 *¨B§B MVFVHV@A9G=
C5@5F5?G§F5@5B56=@=F
BK Türkiye’de i;V7VD=M5G5G§B§BJ9P’nin geliiminde önemli bir aktör
olmuHIF ¨@§ M§@@5F85 -VF? =;V7VB9 MIFH 8§§ H5@96=B 5FHA5G§ VN9F=B9 BK bu
faaliyetlere younlaA§H§FI5@5B85858=9FV@?9@9F89?=?5AI=GH=<85A?IFIA@5F§
=@9M5?§BH9A5GH56I@IB5F5?R5@§A5@5FM5DA§H§FB75?M§@§B85MIFH8§§=gücü
H5@96=B=B 5N5@A5M5 65@5A5G§M@5 6=F@=?H9 % G58979 ?5AI G9?H©FVB89 R5@§acak
ki=@9F=J9M5G5@NCFIB@I@I?C@5BG5?5HJ99G?=<V?VA@V=e yerletirme faaliyetlerini
yerine getirmiH=FBK bu dönemde deien koI@@5F§B;9F9?H=F8==;©F9J@9F=M9F=B9
;9H=F9A9A9M9 J9 =<H=M5R@5F§ ?5F§@5M5A5A5M5 65@5A§H§F I 8IFIA ?IFIAIB
M9B=89BM5D§@5B8§F§@A5G§;9F9?@=@==B=CFH5M5R§?5FA§H§F
29B=89BM5D§@5B8§FA5=<H=M57§B§B=M=7969@=FA9G=VN9F=B9O,!M§@§B85
6=FM5G5H5G5F§G§<5N§F@5A§H§FB75?6IH5G5F§M5G5@55A5A§H§F¨H989stihdam
E=H=A*FC>9G=%5DG5A§B856=FM5G5H5G5F§G§85<5<5N§F@5BA§H§FB75?6IH5G5F§85
yasala5A5A§H§F (=<5M9H ?=A H5F=<@= J9 G5M§@§ %5BIB <V?Aünde
Kararname ile %?5@8§F§@5F5?M9F=B9-VF?=M9 Kurumu kurulmuHIF
G5M§@§%5BIB"V?AVB89%5F5FB5A9B5M5G5'5<?9A9G=H5F5:§B85B=DH5@
edilmiH=F IBIB VN9F=B9 MCIB R5@§A5@5F GCBF5G§B85 -9AAIN H5F=<@= J9
G5M§@§ -VF?=M9 Kurumu
Kanunu
ile
KUR
yasal
dayanaa
?5JIturulmuHIF PN9@@=?@9 =G=N@=? G=;CFH5G§B§B ?IFI@A5G§ J9 6I ?5DG5A85
%IFIA5 M9B= ;©F9J@9F J9F=@A9G= ¨M9 H5A VM9@=? GVF97= ;=6= B989B@9F M5G5@5ma
GVF97=B=<§N@5B8§F5B9H?9B@9FC@AIHIF
%.+
135
?>A1BM>em
1F<*A;9F5"DAD=D"1>D>D>D>5C9A49;<5A9
G5M§@§%5BIB=@9%.+6=FRC?5R§85B7=88=5B@5A85M9B=@9BA=H=FP
5R§G§B85B©B9AH5§M5B6I89==A@9F==B79@9A9?H9M5F5F;©FV@A9?H98=F
9"+D>A7C/1@B
29B= 8VN9B@9A9
=@9 %.+ÏB ©F;VH M5D§G§ ?5H§@§A7§@§? 9G5G§B5
85M5B8§F§@A§H§F %IFIAIB CF;5B@5F§ ;©F9J J9 C@IIA@5F§B5 5a§85 M9F
J9F=@A9?H98=F
Genel Kurul: %.+ÏB;9B9@%IFI@I?5AI?IFIAJ9?IFI@IH9AG=@7=G=
GCGM5@H5F5:H9AG=@7=G=C@A5?VN9F9VM989BC@IIFI?IFI@IB;©F9J@9F=
=GH=<85A DC@=H=?5G§B§B C@IHIFI@A5G§B5 M5F8§A7§ C@A5? VN9F9 =GH=<85A§B
?CFIBA5G§ ;9@=H=F=@A9G= J9 =G=N@==B ©B@9BA9G= =@9 =@;=@= H986=F@9F=
69@=F@9A9? D@5B J9 M§@@§? DFC;F5A@5F5 ;©F9 ?IFIAIB ;©F9J@9F= =@9 =@;=@=
©B9F=@9F896I@IBA5?H§F
Yönetim Kurulu: %.+ !9B9@ 'V8VFV 5?5B O,! J9 "5N=B9
'VGH95F@§§
H9AG=@7=G=
9B
RC?
VM9M9
G5<=D
=R=
J9
=J9F9B
?CB:989F5GMCB@5F§B85B 6=F9F VM9 =@9 -,% H9AG=@7=G=B89B C@I5B ?==@=?
M©B9M=A ?IFI@I %IFIAIB 9B MV?G9? M©B9H=A ?5F5F M9H?= J9 GCFIA@I@I?
CF;5B8§F
Genel Müdürlük: !9B9@AV8VFJ9;9B9@AV8VFM5F8§A7§G§A9F?9NJ9H5F5
H9?=@5H§B85BC@IIF!9B9@AV8VF@V?H9:5?@§;©F9JJ9GCFIA@I@I?@5F§C@5B69
85=F9 65?5B@§§ A9J7IHHIF IB@5F ;V7V 29H=H=FA9 GH=<85A G=N@=?
,=;CFH5G§PN9@GH=<85AVFC@5F§J9§ @=?=@9F5=F95?5B@§?@5F§8§F
l stihdam ve Mesleki Eitim &&') /5@=B=B 65?5B@§§B85 69@98=M9
65?5B§ ?5AI ?IFIA J9 ?IFI@I@5F§ GCGM5@ H5F5:@5F§B H9AG=@7=@9F= J9
VB=J9FG=H9H9AG=@7=@9F=B89BC@IIF -VA=@@9F89?IFI@5B6I?IF@5F =@8VN9M=B89
136
istihdam ve mesleki e=H=ADC@=H=?5@5F§B§BC@IHIFI@A5G§=GH=<85A§?CFIMI7I
geliH=F=7= J9 =sizli= ©B@9M=7= H986=F@9F =@9 IM;I@5B575? 5?H=: =;V7V
DFC;F5A@5F§B§B 69@=F@9BA9G= =GH=<85A 9H?=B@=?@9F=B=B J9 A9G@9?= 9itim
IM;I@5A5@5F§B§B=N@9BA9G=J9899F@9B8=F=@A9G=?CBI@5F§B85R5@§§F
ii. KUR’un Görevleri
G5M§@§ M5G5 =@9 ©B79?= 8©B9A89 9G5G :55@=M9H 5@5B§ = ve iR= 6I@A5
hizmetleri ve e=H=A C@5B ?IFIAIB ;©F9J 5@5B§ ;9B=@9H=@9F9? 5?H=: J9 D5G=: =;V7V
pol=H=?5@5F§B§ 85 IM;I@5A5 :CB?G=MCBI %IFIA¨5 ?5N5B8§F§@A§H§F I ?5DG5A85
%.+ÏB;©F9J@9F=IB@5F8§F
5 .@IG5@ =GH=<85A DC@=H=?5G§B§B C@IHIFI@A5G§B5 J9 =GH=<85A§B ?CFIBA5G§B5
geliH=F=@A9G=B9 J9 =sizli=B ©B@9BA9G= :55@=M9H@9F=B9 M5F8§A7§ C@A5? =sizlik
G=;CFH5G§=@9A@9F=B=MVFVHA9?
6 ;V7V D=M5G5G§ J9F=@9F=B= M9F9@ J9 I@IG5@ 65N85 89F@9A9? 5B5@=N 9HA9?
MCFIA@5A5?J9M5M§B@5A5?;V7V*=M5G5G§=@;=5B§A5%IFI@IBIC@IHIFA5?J9
%IFI@ R5@§A5@5F§B§ ?CCF8=B9 9HA9? =;V7V 5FN J9 H5@96=B=B 69@=F@9BA9G=B9 M©B9@=?
i;V7V=<H=M5R5B5@=N@9F=B=M5DA5?M5DH§FA5?
7 J9 A9G@9? 5B5@=N@9F= M5DA5? M5DH§FA5? = J9 A9G@9? 85B§A5B@§§
<=NA9H@9F= J9FA9? J9F8=FA9? =;V7VBVB =GH=<85A 98=@96=@=F@==B= 5FH§FA5M5 M©B9@=?
i;V7V M9H=H=FA9 A9G@9?= 9itim ve i;V7V IMIA DFC;F5A@5F§ ;9@=tirmek ve
IM;I@5A5?=GH=<85A85?==;V7VB99=H=AG9A=B9F@9F=8VN9B@9A9?
d) R= =GH9A9 J9 = 5F5A5B§B 8VN9B9 65@5BA5G§B5 =@=?=B R5@§A5@5F M5DA5?
i;V7VBVB MIFH =R=B89 J9 MIFH 8§§B85 IM;IB C@8I?@5F§ =@9F9 M9F@9tirilm9@9F=B9 J9
R9itli i@9F=R=BIM;IB=;V7V6I@IBA5G§B5J9MIFH8§§<=NA9H5?=H@9F=B=BM5D§@A5G§B5
5F57§@§? 9HA9? =GH=<85A§B85 ;VR@V? R9?=@9B =;V7V =@9 =M9F@9F=B=B M5G5@ C@5F5?
R5@§H§FA5? NCFIB85 C@8I?@5F§ =;V7VBVB =GH=<85A@5F§B5 ?5H?§85 6I@IBA5? ©N9l
=GH=<85A 6VFC@5F§B5 =@=?=B %IFIA5 J9F=@9B ;©F9J@9F= M9F=B9 ;9H=FA9? =J9F9B@9F=B
MIFH 8§§B85 ?9B8= = J9 :55@=M9H@9F=B89 R5@§H§F575§ =R=@9F= H9A=B 9HA9G= =@9 H5F§A
i@9F=B89 V7F9H@= = ve iR= 6I@A5 5F57§@§§B5 =N=B J9F=@A9G= J9 ?5@8§F§@A5G§B5 =@=?=B
i@9A@9F=M5DA5?
137
e) Gerekti=B89 %IFIA :55@=M9H 5@5B§ =@9 =@;=@= =<5@9@9F9 ?5H§@A5? GIF9H=M@9 MIFH
=R=B89J9M5I@IG@5F5F5G§8VN9M89?IFIAJ9?IFI@Ilara e=H=AJ985B§A5B@§?<=NA9H=
J9FA9?
f) Avrupa Birli= J9 I@IG@5F5F5G§ ?IFI@I@5F§B =;V7V =GH=<85A J9 R5@§ma
<5M5H§B5=@=?=BC@5F5?5@8§?@5F§?5F5F@5F§=N@9A9?-VF?=M9IA<IF=M9H="V?VA9H=B=B
taraf olduI%IFIAIB;©F9J5@5B§B5;=F9B=?=@=J9RC?H5F5:@§5B@5A5G©N@9me ve
H5JG=M9?5F5F@5F§B§IM;I@5A5?H§F
; (Ek: 11/10/2011-KHK-665/16 md.) 5?5B@§§B A9JNI5HH5B ?5MB5?@5B5B J9
taF585MVFVHV@A9G=;9F9?9B;©F9J@9F=B=M5DA5?
iii. Özel BC9841=A?<1A
G5M§@§ M5G5B§B ;9H=FA= olduI ©B9A@= M9B=@=?@9F89B 6=F= 89 =;V7V
D=M5G5@5F§B85 :55@=M9HH9 6I@IBA5 ?CBIGIB85 ?IFIAIB H9?9@ M9H?=G=B=B ?5@8§F§@5F5?
©N9@ =GH=<85A 6VFC@5F§B5 85 69@=F@= 5FH@5F§ H5§A5@5F§ <5@=B89 J9 %.+¨85B =N=B
almak koI@IM@5 :55@=M9HH9 6I@IBA5 =A?5B§ H5B§BA5G§8§F .M;I@5A5B§B 65@58§§
M§@§B85B10 M§@§ GCBI=H=65F§M@5 toplam 445 6VFCM5©N9@=GH=<85A6VFCGI5RA5
iNB= J9F=@A=H=F B75? M§@§ GCBI =H=65F§M@5 :55@ C@5B ©N9@ =GH=<85A 6VFC G5M§G§
¨H=F177
%IFIA H5F5:§B85B =N=B J9F=@9B ©N9@ =GH=<85A 6VFC@5F§ ?5AI ?IFIA J9
kurulu@5F§ <5F=R MIFH =R=B89 J9 8§§B85 = ve iR= 6I@A5M5 5F57§@§? :55@=M9H=B89
6I@IB56=@A9?H98=F@9F 2IFH8§§B85 6I@8I?@5F§ =ler için i G©N@9A9G=B= %IFIA5
CB5M@5HA5? NCFIB@I8IF VFC@5F = ve iR= 6I@A5M5 5F57§@§? :55@=M9H= M5B§G§F5
i;V7VBVB =GH=<85A 98=@96=@=F@=ini ve verimlili=B= 5FH§7§ :55@=M9H@9F =@9 =BG5B
?5MB5?@5F§M©B9H=A=5@5B§B8585B§A5B@§?:55@=M9H=B89896I@IB56=@=F@9F
VFC@5F65JIFI5R§?= ve ie yerletirmelere ili?=B=GH5H=GH=?=6=@;=@9F=VR9F
5M@§? 8©B9A@9F <5@=B89 %IFIA5 ;©B89FA9? NCFIB858§F@5F "5N=F5B - M@V@
177
<HHDKKK=G?IF;CJHF&C58LH9FB5@*5;95GDLI=7C89GH5HCN9@=GH=<85A6IFC:55@
138
H5F=<@9F=5F5G§B85öz9@=GH=<85A6VFC@5F§H5F5:§B85B=e yerleH=F=@9B?==G5M§G§
[email protected] ?=i8=F178
PN9@ =GH=<85A 6VFC@5F§ ©B9A@= 6=F * IM;I@5M§7§G§ C@5F5? ©B D@5B5
R§?A5?H58§F B 655F§@§ * C@5B =GH=<85A <N=A9H@9F=B=B %.+¨85B GCBF5 ;9@9B
5?H©F@9F=C@5F5?G©N?CBIGI6VFC@5F6VMV?©B9AH5§A5?H58§FI65?§A85B;9@979?
M§@@5F85=G=N@=?@9AV7589@989?9B8=G=B98V9B=@9J@9F=M9F=B9;9H=F96=@A9G==R=B©N9@
=GH=<85A 6VFC@5F§B§B 9H?=B@==B= 5FH§F575? DC@=H=?5@5F§B =J98= 6=F 6=R=A89
C@I@HIFI@5F5?IM;I@5A5M5?CBA5G§:5M85@§C@575?H§F
PN9@=GH=<85A6VFC@5F§B§B;9R=7==R=R5@§H§FA5G§B5=N=BJ9F=@A9G=?CBIGI=G9
GCB ;VB@9F89 MCIB H5FH§A5@5F5 MC@5 R5B 6=F ?CBI C@AItur. I R9FR9J989 ©B9A@=
8VN9B@9A9@9F=R9F9BR5@§A5@5F89J5A9HA?9H98=F
iv. BC9841=E5$5B<5;+G=1><

%IFIA <=NA9H@9F=B=B ?5@=H9G=B=B 5FH§F§@A5G§ J9 M9B= ;©F9J@9F=B M9F=B9
;9H=F=@A9G= ?5DG5A§B85 M9B= M5D§@5BA5 =@9 GH=<85A J9 '9G@9? .NA5B@§§ ?5F=M9F=
geliH=F=@A=tir. GH=<85A J9 A9G@9? INA5B@§§ <9A %.+ÏB D9FGCB9@ ?5@=H9G=B=B
5FH§F§@A5G§ <9A 89 * ?CBIGIB85 %.+ÏB DC@=H=?5 C@IHIFA5 ?5D5G=H9G=B=B
geliH=F@A9G=5R§G§B85B6VMV?©B9AH5§A5?H58§F
G5M§@§%5BIBÏB A5889G=B89?=AH5F=<@=G5M§@§%"%
ile M5D§@5B89i=?@=?@9=GH=<85AJ9A9G@9?INA5B@§§B§B=@@9F8989M5D§@56=@A9G=B=B
MC@I 5R§@A§H§F I 8VN9B@9A9M9 ;©F9 %.+ÏB A9F?9N te?=@5H§B85 =GH=<85A
INA5B§ J9 =GH=<85A INA5B M5F8§A7§G§ H5ra te?=@5H§B85 =@ =GH=<85A INA5B§ J9 =@
=GH=<85AINA5BM5F8§A7§G§R5@§H§F§@56=@=F
4.2.2.3.3.2. KUR’un A'"1@B1=>41;911<9F5C<5A9
M§@§B85BGCBF5?=8©B9A89%.+ÏB*?5DG5A§B85?=:55@=M9H@9F=B=B
=B79@9BA9G=89©B9A5FN9HA9?H98=F ,©N?CBIGI<=NA9H@9F5a§859@95@§BA5?H58§F
178
<HHDKKK=G?IF;CJHF&C58LH9FB5@*5;95GDLI=7C89GH5HCN9@=GH=<85A6IFC:55@
139
i. stihdam Hizmetleri
ve içi arayanlara sunulan 5F57§@§? hizmetlerden oluA5?H58§F e
yerletirme uygun ie uygun iR= 6I@IBA5G§8§F KUR igücü arz ve talebin
eleH=F=@A9G= ;©F9J=B= MVFVHA9?H98=F I ;©F9J = 5F5M5B@5F§B B=H9@=?@9F=B9 J9 =
tercihlerine uygun i@9F= 6I@A5? =J9F9B@9F=B ?5F§@5BA5G§B§ H5@9D 9HH=?@9F= ?=ileri
seçmelerini sa@5A5?5B@5A§B858§F
Tablo 4.8: KUR’un e Yerletirme Hizmetleri
Erkek
759.316
866.567
155.534
1.149.625
999.569
BAVURU (Toplam Arayanlar)
AÇIK *
Kamu
Özel
VERENE TAKDIM
Kamu
Özel
E YERLETIRME
Kamu
Özel
KAYITLI GÜCÜ
KAYITLI SZ
2010
"14>
458.620
225.553
49.697
454.730
414.972
Toplam
1.217.936
368.636
1.092.120
205.231
1.604.355
1.414.541
%5MB5? <HHDGH5H=?=G?IF;CJHFHF5F?5F?9HF48CGM5@5F«GH5H=GH=?«2§@@§§D8: )75?
M§@§B85B=H=65F9B7=BG=M9H5MF§A§?5@8§F§@8§§B85BHCD@5AF5?5A@5FJ9F=@A9?H98=F
-56@C M5?@5§? milyon i;V7VBVB A=@MCB =GH=<85A§B J9 milyon85B:5N@5 isizin bulunduI-VF?=M9¨89%.+ÏB<=NA9HJ9F8==?9G=A=BRC?
G§B§F@§ C@8IIBI ;©GH9FA9?H98=F I <=NA9H@9F=B B=H9@ J9 B=79@ C@5F5? 5FH§F§@A5G§
aA57§M@5 GCB VR M§@85 ©B9A@= 58§A@5F 5H§@A§ C@A5?@5 6=F@=?H9 <5@9B 6I 5@5B85
M5D§@A5G§;9F9?9BRC?ey olduIBICFH5M5?CMA5?H58§F
ii. gücü Yetitirme Faaliyetleri
G=N@=?H9B 9B :5N@5 9H?=@9B9B J9 6I B989B@9 =;V7V D=M5G5G§B85 89N5J5BH5>@§
;FID@5FC@5F5?;©FV@9B?58§B@5F;9BR@9FINIBGVF9@==G=N@9F©NVF@V@9F<V?VA@VJ9
9G?=<V?VA@V@9F=@9=;V7VD=M5G5G§B85;9R9F@=6=FA9G@9=C@A5M5BJ5G§:G§N=sizlere
M©B9@=?C@5F5?8VN9B@9B9n igücü yetiH=FA9?IFG@5F§M@5 isizin i=J9F9B=B89J5G§:@§
igü7V H5@96=B=B ?5F§@5BA5G§B5 R5@§§@A5?H58§F I ?5DG5A85 %.+ H5F5:§B85B
yürütülen igücü yetitirme :55@=M9H türleri aa§85M9F5@A5?H58§F
140
a. Kurslar
-
gücü Yeti( &') Milli E=H=A5?5B@§§B565@§9=H=AJ9©F9H=A
?IFIA@5F§VB=J9FG=H9@9F©F9H=A?IFIA@5F§PN9@G9?H©F=M9F@9F=9=H=AJ9M5
F9<56=@=H5GMCB 5A57§M@5 ?IFI@AI :=FA5@5F 9=H=A =R=B ;9F9?@= A9?5B J9
8CB5B§A5 G5<=D 89FB9? J5?§: =R= =J9F9B 9GB5: J9 A9G@9? ?IFI@I@5F§
A9G@9?6=F@=?@9F=J969BN9F=?IFIAJ9?IFI@I@5F?5AI?IFIAJ9?IFI@I@5F§
8©B9F G9FA5M9@= ?IFI@I@5F ©N9@ ?5BIB@5 ?IFI@5B 65B?5 J9 ?IFI@I@5F =@9
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APP’nin Bileenleri
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iii. APP-2
M§@§B85 65@5H§@5B **¨B=B 89J5A§ B=H9@==B89 C@5B 6I ?H=: GH=<85A
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188
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148
Kurumsal Dönüüm Projesi (e-%.+=@9=@;=@=C@5F5?M§@§B85=<5@9M9R§?§@A§
ve yüklenici firma belirlenmiH=F*FC>9?5DG5A§B85
Deiik eri=A BC?H5@5F§B85B %IFIAIB 6=@;= ?5MB5?@5F§B5 9F=ilmesini
sa@5M56=@A9?=R=BC:=G99@9?HFCB=?G9@:-G9FJ=G<=NA9H=J9F979?8CB5B§A@5F
?=CG?J969BN9F=7=<5N@5F?IFI@AItur.
Uygulama y5N§@§A@5F§ =@9 =@;=@= 5B5@=N R5@§A5@5F§ M5D§@A§ %IFIA =R=B89 J9
%IFIA 8§§B85 (V:IG J9 /5H5B85@§? @9F= !9B9@ 'V8VF@Vü ile Sosyal
Sigortalar Kurumu) entegrasyon sa@5BA§H§F.M;I@5A5M5N§@§A@5F§=@9=@;=@=
H9GHR5@§A5@5F§B589J5A98=@A9?H98=F
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M5D§@A§ C@ID ;9F9?@= 8CB5B§A@5F 5@§BA§ J9 6I <=NA9H=B 5?H=: <5@9
;9H=F=@A9G==R=BR5@§A5@5F89J5A9HA9?H98=F
nternete ba@5BA5 <§N§ =@9 =F=A@9F=B '9F?9N9 65@5BA5 <§N@5F§B§B
5FH§F§@A5G§B5 M©B9@=? C@5F5? -VF? -9@9?CA =@9 6=F DFCHC?C@ M5D§@A§ C@ID
<=NA9H=B5?H=:<5@9;9H=F=@A9G==R=BR5@§A5@5F89J5A9HA9?H98=F
=F=A@9F=B ;©FV J9 ©B9F=@9F= 8CFI@HIGIB85 %IFIA =BH9F9BH G5M:5G§
güncellenmitir.
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D9FGCB9@9'I<5G969.M;I@5A5*FC;F5A§%I@@5B§7§itimi verilmitir.
I DFC>9B=B <5M5H5 ;9R=F=@A9G= =@9 6=F@=?H9 -VF?=M9¨89 = ve iR= 6I@A5
?CBIGIB857=88=5R§@§A@5FG5@5B575?H§F
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D9FGCB9@ G5M§@5F§ =@9 ?§M5G@5B8§§B85 8VV? ?5@A5?H58§F %.+ÏB D9FGCB9@ G5M§G§
A9F?9N J9 H5F5 C@A5? VN9F9 M§@§ GCBI =H=65F§M@5 toplam 3. iken (2012
M§@§B85M9B==J9A9G@9?85B§A5B§=GH=<85A98=@979?H=F örne=B@A5BM5¨85
bu rakam 93 bin ki=8=F
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;©GH9FA9?H98=F B75? %.+ÏB -VF?=M9¨89?= ;9B= <989: ?=H@9G=B9 9H?=B <=NA9H
149
J9F96=@A9G= =R=B B=H9@=? J9 B=79@=? 5R§G§B85B D9FGCB9@=B 5@H M5D§B§B <=NA9H
çeitlili=B=B J9 ?5@=H9G=B=B :55@=M9H@9F=B M5M;§B GIBIAIBIB 7=88= ©@RV89 5FH§F§@A5G§
;9F9?A9?H98=F
v. GAP Projesi
!* M@9A *@5B§ R9FR9J9G=B89 !VB9M8CI B58C@I ©@;9G=¨B89?= =BG5B
?5MB5?@5F§B§B;9@=tirilmesi ve iG=N@==B5N5@H§@A5G§5A5R@5BA§H§F !*M@9A*@5B§
?5DG5A§B85 - 8©B9A=B89 %.+¨5 A=@MCB -& 5MF§@A§H§F I
?5MB5§B H5A5A§ =G=N@9F9 M©B9@=? ?IFG J9 HCD@IA M5F5F§B5 R5@§A5 DFC;F5A§
:55@=M9H@9F=B89 ?I@@5B§@A5G§ D@5B@5BA§H§F !* =@@9F=B9 H5<G=G 98=@9B 6I ©B9A@=
?5MB5§B6©@;9 =GH=<85A§B85©B9A@=6=F5FH§M5F5HA5G§69?@9BA9?H98=F
*FC>9B=B 6=F 6=@99B= C@5B '9G@9?= =H=A 55@=M9H@9F= R9FR9J9G=B89 M§@§B85?==B=B?5H§@A§C@8II?IFG5R§@A§C@IDDFC>9B=B8=er bileenini
C@IHIF5B-CD@IA25F5F§B5O5@§A5*FC;F5A§R9FR9J9G=B89=G9?==B=B?5H§@A§
C@8IIDFC;F5A8VN9B@9BA=H=F
vi. UMEM Projesi
'=@@= =H=A 5?5B@§§ O,! %.+ J9 -) =birli=B89 IM;I@5B575?
.NA5B@5A§ '9G@9? 8=B8=FA9 '9F?9N@9F= DFC>9G= ?5DG5A§B85 =@89 :55@=M9H
;©GH9F9B 589H 9B8VGHF= J9 A9G@9? @=G9G=B=B A5?=B9 J9 H9R<=N5H 5@HM5D§G§B§B
;VR@9B8=F=@A9G= J9 ©F9HA9B@9F=B=B <=NA9H =R= 9=H=A89B ;9R=F=@A9G=M@9 <9A ©F;VB
e=H=A=B ?5@=H9G=B=B 5FH§F§@A5G§ <9A 89 A9G@9? 98=B8=FA9 ?IFG@5F§B§B 8VN9B@9BA9G=
5A5R@5BA5?H58§F
Eitim GCBIB85655F§@§C@5B?IFG=M9F@9F=B=;V7VD=M5G5G§B§B=<H=M5R@5F§B5;©F9
=GH=<85A 98=@A9G= D@5B@5BA5?H58§F *FC>9 R9FR9J9G=B89 M5?@5§? A=@MCB =G=N9
C85@5F§B 69@=F@98=i iM9F@9F=B89 GH5> =A?5B§ J9 655F§@§ ?IFG=M9F@9F=B 6VMV?
RCIB@IIB5=GH=<85A=A?5B§G5@5B575?H§F
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150
4.2.2.4. Aktif 73'?<9C9;1<1A ve KOSGEB
Türkiye’de AP’nin en önemli aktörlerinden bir dieri de KOSGEB’dir.
KOSGEB AP’nin i yaratma alt ba@§§ 5@H§B85 M9F 5@5B = kurma destekleri
çerçevesinde temel aktördür. %),! M§@§B85 G5M§@§ %5BIB =@9 =A5@5H
sanayi iletmelerinin ekonomideki yerlerinin geliH=F=@A9G= 5A57§M@5 ?IFI@AItur.
B75? M§@§B85 G5M§@§ %5BIB¨85 M5D§@5B 89iiklik ile imalat sanayi
8§§B85?=G9?H©F@9F89:55@=M9H;©GH9F9B%)’lere de hizmet vermeye ba@5A§H§F
KOSGEB 49 ilde 55 merkezde hizmet vermekte C@ID, M§@§GCBI=H=65F=M@9
%),!¨89?=HCD@5AD9FGCB9@G5M§G§¨8=F191
KOSGEB, A* ?5DG5A§B85 = kurmak isteyen isizlere yönelik eitim ve
85B§A5B@§? ;=6= <=NA9H@9F= J9FA9?H98=F ?VRV? =letme kurma ve gelitirme
destekleri
sa@5A5?H58§F I ?5DG5A85 %),!¨=B :55@=M9H@9F= 5a§85
GIBI@A5?H58§F192
i. KOB'A?:55BC5;'A?7A1=
@9HA9@9F9 ©N;V GCFIB@5F§B =@9HA9@9F H5F5:§B85B DFC>9@9B8=F=@8=i ve
DFC>9@9B8=F=@9B A5@=M9H@9F=B 89GH9?@9B96=@8== 89GH9? DFC;F5A§8§F *FC;F5A§B 5A57§
KOB¨@9F89 DFC>9 ?V@HVFV J9 6=@=B7=B=B C@IHIFI@A5G§ =@9HA9@9F=B DFC>9 M5D56=@A9
?5D5G=H9@9F=B=B ;9@=H=F=@A9G= J9 9GB9? 89GH9?@9A9 G=GH9A=B9 C@5B =<H=M57§B
kar§@5BA5G§8§F*FC;F5A?5DG5A§B85?=DFC>9@9F=R=B%),!B desteinin üst limiti
-& C@ID DFC>9 <5F75A5@5F§ 6=F=B7= J9 =?=B7= H9vik bölgelerinde yüzde 50,
üçüncü ve dördüncü teJ=? 6©@;9@9F=B89 MVN89 CF5B§B85 ;9F= ©89A9G=N C@5F5?
desteklenmektedir.193
ii. *5=1C9;'A?:55BC5;'A?7A1=
Program, ÇaF§ G5G@§ -9A5H=? *FC;F5A =@9 '9G@9? %IFI@II *FC>9 9GH9?
*FC;F5A§ C@A5? VN9F9 =?= 5@H DFC;F5A85B C@IA5?H58§F O5F§ G5G@§ -9A5H=?
Program’da, KOSGEB’in belirledii tematik alanlarda bölgesel ve sektörel
191
KOS!
KOSGEB, www. kosgeb.gov.tr
193
KOSGEB, 2010: 12.
192
151
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C@575?H§FI:5F?@§@§?;©N©BVB89HIHI@5F5?-56@C=B79@9B98==B89J9
M§@@5F§B85?= G5M§@5F85?= 5FH§§B -VF?=M9¨89 GCB M§@@5F85 *¨M9 J9F=@9B ©B9A=
;©GH9FA9G= 65?§A85B ©B9A H5§8§§ ;©FV@A9?H98=F B75? 6I 8IFIAI 6=F 65@5B;§R
C@5F5?;©FA9?J9GCBF5?=M§@@5F=R=B895MB§©B9A=B;=89F9?5FHA5G§B§G5@5A5B§B85
6=FC?585F;9F9?@=C@8IIBI5?§@85HIHA5?M5F5F@§C@575?H§F
Tablo 4.9. KUR A'1A31=1<1AE5/1A1A<1>31FBB
/<<1A
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
%5MB5?%.+
Harcama (B9>*#
/1A1A<1>1>"991FB
*A;9F545Aktif 73'?<9C9;1<1A>> C;9<5A9>9>5
5A<5>49A9<=5B9
2I?5F§85 =B79@9B8== VN9F9 -VF?=M9¨89?= * ) J9 V@?9@9F= =@9
?5F§@5H§F§@8§§B85 <9A 6=79@ <9A 89 B=H9@ 5B5A85 N5M§: ?5@A5?H58§F '9J7IH
*¨@9F 89 B=79@ C@5F5? G§B§F@§8§F M5F5F@5B§7§ G5M§G§ 6=F <5M@= 8VV?HVF IM;I@5M§7§
?IFIA@5F§B ?5D5G=H9G= M9H9FG=N8=F ©N9@ G9?H©F J9 GCGM5@ H5F5:@5F§B ?CBIM5 =@;=G= GCB
N5A5B@5F855FHA5?@56=F@=?H9<5@5RC?5N8§FIB@5F§BM5B§G§F5-VF?=M9¨89IM;I@5A5
5@5B§
6I@5B
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G5M§85?=
*¨B=B
165
5A5R@5F§B5
I@5§D
I@5A58§§B§B
deerlendirilmesi konusunda da dier ülkeler89B ;9F= ?5@§BA§H§F -VF?=M9¨89 P
de9F@9B8=FA9@9F=B=BM5D§@A5A5G§B§BR9=H@=B989B@9F=J5F8§FIDC@=H=?5@5F5M5D§@5B
<5F75A5@5F§B A=?H5F§B§B 6=@=BA9A9G= ) V@?9@9F=B89 C@8II ;=6= 7=88=
?5MB5?@5F§B 5MF§@§D 5MF§@A58§§B§B 5R§? C@A5A5G§ *¨B=B 89erlendirilmesi
?CBIGIB85?= 65G?§M§ G§B§F@5M56=@A9?H9 6I DC@=H=?5@5F5 M5D§@5B <5F75A5@5F§B 8Vük
olduunun düünülmesi de de9F@9B8=FA9 ACH=J5GMCBIBI 5N5@H56=@A9?H98=F 5ka
6=F B989B =G9 P deerlendirmelerinin MV?G9? A5@=M9H@= 7=88= N5A5B J9 R565
gerekH=F9B:55@=M9H@9FC@A5G§8§F
,CB 8©B9A@9F89 I@IG@5F5F5G§ ?IFI@I@5F@5 6=F@=?H9 M5D§@5B DFC>9@9F=B
GCBIR@5F§B§B A9F5? IM5B8§FA5G§ J9 6I ?IFI@I@5F§B 85 899F@9B8=FA9M9 =@;=
;©GH9FA9G=GCBI7IB85-VF?=M9¨89=?=P de9F@9B8=FA9R5@§A5G§M5D§@A§H§F
M§@§B85 H5A5A@5B5B ** ?5DG5A§B85 85 6=F 9H?= R5@§A5G§ 65@5H§@A§ ancak 6I
R5@§A5M5=@=kin GCBIR@5F5R§?@5BA5A§H§F-5A5A@5B5B=?=899F@9B8=FA9R5@§A5G§
-VF?=M9¨89 M5D§@5B =@? P de9F@9B8=FA9@9F= C@A5@5F§ 65?§A§B85B 6VMV? ©B9A
ta§8§?@5F§B85B5MF§BH§@§C@5F5?=B79@9B979?H=F-VF?=M9¨89M5D§@5BP deerlendirme
R5@§A5@5F§B§B6I89B@=5NC@A5G§B989B=M@96IR5@§A5?5DG5A§B85=N@9M9B6©@VA89
%.+ H5F5:§B85B MVFVHV@9B =gücü e=H=A DFC;F5A@5F§ R9FR9J9G=B89 ?VRV? 6CMIH@I
6=F9H?=5F5H§FA5G§M5D§@A§H§F
4.3.1. stihdam ve E
9C9= 'A?:5B9 "1@B1=>41 /AC<5> 'A?7A1=<1A>
De
5A<5>49A=5B9
M§@§B85 65@5M5B GH=<85A J9 =H=A *FC>9G= ?5DG5A§B85 8VN9B@9B9B
istihdam garantili i;V7VM9H=H=FA9?IFG@5F§=@9?9B8===B=?IF575?@5F5M©B9@=?=gücü
M9HiH=FA9DFC;F5A@5F§B§B899F@9B8=F=@A9G=5A57§M@56=F9H?=5F5H§FA5G§M5D§@A§H§F
I899F@9B8=FA9R5@§A5G§)V@?9@9F=B89?=*9H?=@9F==B79@9B=F?9BMI?5F§85
de=B=@9B J9 I@IG@5F5F5G§ @=H9F5HVF89 -VF?=M9¨89?= P de9F@9B8=FA9G=B= =R9F9B H9?
R5@§ma8§F
VBM5 5B?5G§ =?H=G5HR§G§ 5J=8
F9HK9@@¨=B 9;V8VAVB89 *C@CBM5
'575F=GH5B O9? IA<IF=M9H= J9 -VF?=M9¨89 MVFVHV@AV P¨B=B etki araH§FA5G§
M5D§@A§H§F I R5@§A5B§B 58§ ?H=: ;V7V *FC;F5A@5F§ Q@?9@9F5F5G§ O5@§A5G§¨8§F
166
(Cross Country Study of Active Labour Program). Bu kapsamda her ülkeden bir
koordinatör belirlenmiH=F-VF?=M9¨896IR5@§A5@5F§Prof.Dr. +979D/5FR§B?CCF8=B9
etmiJ9R5@§A5B§BH9?B=?85B§A5B@§§B§=G9F$57C69BIGVGH@9BA=tir.
AraH§FA5 M5F§ 89B9MG9@ 9H?= 5F5H§FA5G§ M©BH9A=M@9 M5D§@A§H§F O5@§ma
?5DG5A§B85 M§@§B85 KUR’un yürüttüü istihdam garantili kurslar
deerlendirilmitir. Bu çerçevede Ankara, stanbul, zmir, Bursa ve Adana illerinde
M5D§@5B R5@§malar seçilmitir. AraH§FA5 M§@§B85 M5D§@A§H§F AraH§FA5
?5DG5A§B8589B9M;FI6IB85B?=i ile görüV@A9M9R5@§§@A§5B75??=i
ile görüülebilmiH=F%CBHFC@;FI6IB85B?=i ile görüV@A9M9R5@§§@A§ ancak
?=i ile görüülebilmiH=F B?9H M5B§H@5A5 CF5B@5F§ 89B9M J9 ?CBHFC@ ;FID@5F§
=R=B G§F5G§M@5 MVN89 J9 MVN89 C@AIHIF O5@§ma sonucundaki genel bulgular
öyle özetlenebilir;
*FC;F5A@5F§BCFH5@5A5GVF9@9F=5M8§F
Programda verilen e=H=A <5??§B85 ?5H§@§A7§@5F§B 89erlendirmesi genelde
olumludur.
*FC;F5A ?5H§@§A7§@5F§B§B MVN89 Ï 9=H=A DFC;F5A@5F§B85 ?5N5B8§?@5F§
J5G§:@5F§B=6I@A585M5F8§A7§C@8Iunu belirtmitir.
%IFGGCBF5G§B85=GH=<85A98=@A9CF5B§MVN89¨8=F
E=H=A H5A5A@5B8§?H5B =?= M§@ GCBF5 6=@9 ?5H§@§A7§@5F§B MVN89 ¨= <5@5
istihdam edilmektedir.
Kendi
iini
kurmaya
yönelik
eitim
verilmemi
olmakla
birlikte,
?5H§@§A7§@5F§BMVN89¨§?9B8==lerini kurmu@5F8§F
I R5@§A5 ?5DG5A§B85 P’nin
net
etkilerine
ula§@56=@A9G= =R=B
ekonometrik bir model oluturulmutur. Bu modelde i;V7V D=M5G5G§B85?= H9A9@
;©GH9F;9?5DG5A§B85DFC;F5A@5F§B9H?=@9F=CFH5M5?CBI@A5M5R5@§§@A§H§FIAC89@
GCBIR@5F§B5;©F9DFC;F5A9H?=@9F=-56@C¨89J9F=@A=tir.
Tablo 4.11: AP Etkileri
167
Düzenli @9F=BC@5G§@§§
Serbest leF=B)@5G§@§§
1996’dan Beri stihdam Edilenler
1996’daki @9F=B)F5B§
M@§?VN9B@=!9@=F'=@MCB-&
AraCA=1
63
6
85
1,1
31
Kontrol
64
6
79
1
31
Fark
-1
0
6***
0,1***
0
Etki
-6***
3**
2
0,2***
3,4***
%5HG5M§@5F§BG9J=M9G=B89G§:§F85BRC?:5F?@§C@8II;©GH9F=@=MCF
-56@C 5F5H§FA5B§B M5D§@8§§ 8©B9A89 =GH=<85A 5R§G§B85B DFC;F5A
9H?=G=B=B C@IAGIN 8=er dei?9B@9F 5R§G§B85B C@IA@I C@8IIBI ;©GH9FA9?H98=F
*FC;F5A§B<9A9BGCBF5G§B85DFC;F5A?5H§@§A7§@5F§B§B=GH=<85A98=@A9CF5B§MV?G9?
=?9BN5A5B;9RH=?R96I9H?=B9;5H=:98©BVmüHVF!9@=F5R§G§B85BDFC;F5A§B9H?=G=
=G9C@IA@I8IF25B=?5H§@§A7§@5F§B;9@=F@9F=B89?CBHFC@;FI6IVM9@9F=B9;©F96=F5FH§
H9GD=H98=@A=H=F
*FC;F5A§B5@H;FID@5F=H=65F§M@58=9FGCBIR@5F§=G9©M@9G§F5@5B56=@=F
I DFC;F5A@5F ?58§B@5F§B =GH=<85A 98=@A9G= J9 ;9@=F 9@89 9HA9@9F= 5R§G§B85B
85<5C@IA@IGCBIR@5FCFH5M5?CMA5?H58§F
*FC;F5A85<5RC?-24 ya ;FI6I5R§G§B85BDCN=H=:GCBIR@5FJ9FA=H=F
E=H=A8VN9M=RC?:5N@56=F:5F?M5F5HA5A§H§F
*FC;F5AINIB8©B9A=G=N@9F5R§G§B85B85<5C@IA@IGCBIR@5F5MC@5RA§H§F
'"1@B1=>41/AC<5>'A?7A1=<1A>5
5A<5>49A=5B9
P,*¨B=B
8©FH
6=@9eninden
6=F=G=
DFC>9B=B
GCGM5@
9H?=@9F=B=B
de9F@9B8=F=@A9G=8=F I R9FR9J989 29B=89B 9 29F@9tirme bile9B= ?5DG5A§B85
MVFVHV@9BDFC;F5A@5F§B9H?=G=B=899F@9B8=FA9?VN9F96=FR5@§A5M5D§@A§H§F213
O5@§A5 29B=89B 9 29F@9tirme hizmetlerinin net etkisinin ortaya
?CBI@A5G§B§ 5A5R@5A§H§F I ?5DG5A85 M5F§ 89B9MG9@ 6=F 9H?= 5F5H§FA5G§
H5G5F@5BA§H§F PB79@=?@9DFC;F5A?5H§@§A7§@5F§B85BC@I5B6=F©FB9?@9AG9R=@A=J9
?5H§@§A7§ C@A5M5B 8=9F 6=F ©FB9?@9A ;FI6I =@9 9leH=F=@9F9? GCBIR@5F
kar§@5H§F§@A§H§F%5H§@§A7§;FI6IDFC;F5A@5F§B9B:5N@5MCIB@5H§§G9?=N=@=B<9F
213
,CBIR@5F%.+¨85B;9R=7=B=H9@=?H9G5@5BA§H§F
168
birinden bir örneklem seçilmesiyle oluturulmutur. Kontrol grubu ise her sekiz ilden
5MB§ 8©B9A89 %.+¨5 ?5M§H@§ 5B75? DFC;F5A5 ?5H§@A5M5B ?=ilerin seçimi ile
belirlenmitir.
Bu araH§FA5B§BGCBIR@5F§B5;©F9 KUR ve KOSGEB’in yürüttüü AP’nin
i bulma ve gelir üzerindeki etkisi olumlu ve =GH5H=GH=?G9@ C5@F5? 85 5B@5A@§8§F
Özellikle de KOSGEB’in yürüttüü AP’nin etkileri daha büyük olmutur.
4.4. Aktif 73'?<9C9;1<1A>1 /5>9/1;<a=<1AE5*A;9F5
¨@= M§@@5F85 M55B5B D9HFC@ ?F=N= ?VF9G9@@9A9 H9?BC@C>=? 89i=A@9F
IM;I@5B5B A5?FC9?CBCA=? DC@=H=?5@5F JFID5¨85 =G=N@=? CF5B@5F§B§ MV?G9@HA=tir.
5N§ M§@@5F85 5N5@A5 ;©GH9FA9?@9 6=F@=?H9 V@?9@9F=B89 =G=N@=? CF5B@5F§ MV?Gek
seviyelerde seyretmiH=F M§@§B85 -15 ülkelerinde ortalama iG=N@=? CF5B§
MVN89 ¨M9 ?585F MV?G9@A=tir. Bu yüksek isizli=B 6=F9MG9@ J9 HCD@IAG5@
A5@=M9H@9F=B= 89 ;©N ©BVB9 5@5B JFID5 %CBG9M= H5F=<@= GG9B 3=FJ9G=B89
Delors’un Büyüm9 +9?569H 29H9B9i ve GH=<85A =G=A@= 9M5N %=H56§B85B
9H?=@9B9F9? =GH=<85A ?CBIGIB85 VM9 V@?9@9F=B IM;I@5M575?@5F§ ©B79@=?@9F=
belirlemiH=F B75? VM9 V@?9@9F =R=B 6I ©B79@=?@9F=B IM;I@5BA5G§ NCFIB@I
HIHI@A5A§H§F
Haziran
1997’de
ise
Amsterdam
AntlaA5G§¨M@5 =GH=<85A %IFI7I
AntlaA5M5D5F5G5@J99?CBCA=??CBI@5F§B85<=@98=@A9G=B969BN9F9?=@89M9B=6=F
ba@§? C@5F5? ;=FA=tir. AntlaA5 9?CBCA=? 6VMVA9 J9 =GH=?F5F ;=6= A5?FC
9?CBCA=? ©B79@=?@9F@9 =GH=<85A5 5MB§ GH5HVMV J9FA= MV?G9? 8VN9M89 =GH=<85A§B
M5?5@5BA5G§B§H9A9@6=F©B79@=?C@5F5?©BG§F5@5F55@A§H§F
%5G§A¨89&V?G9A6CIF;¨85M5D§@5B©N9@JFID5%CBG9M=3=FJ9G=¨B89S
oluturulmuHIF I H5F=<H9B GCBF5 VM9 V@?9@9F= =GH=<85A DC@=H=?5@5F§B§ 6I
GHF5H9>=M9 IM8IFA5?@5 MV?VA@V HIHI@AIHIF JFID5 %CA=GMCBI H5F5:§B85B <9F M§@
üye ülkeler için GH=<85A+9<69F@9F=<5N§F@5BA5?H5J9%CBG9M79?56I@98=@A9?H98=F
"9F VM9 V@?9 6I M§@@§? F9<69F@9F@9 IMIA@I C@5F5? .@IG5@ M@9A *@5B§ <5N§F@5M§D
IM;I@5A5?8IFIAIB858§F
%9B5F
169
AS’nin dört temel bileeni
i) igücünün istihdam edilebilirli=5FH§FA5?,
ii) giriimcilii geliH=FA9?,
iii) iM9F@9F= J9 R5@§5B@5F§B 89i9B D=M5G5 ?CI@@5F§B5 ?5F§ uyum yeteneini
;VR@9B8=FA9?
iv) i;V7V D=M5G5G§B85 65H5 ?58§B@5F C@A5? VN9F9 5MF§A7§@§5 ?5F§ :§FG5H
eitlii sa@5A5?H§F
'5FH ¨89 &=N6CB 3=FJ9G=¨B89 =F@==B <989:= ;9@979? M§@ =R=B89
8VBM5B§B 9B F9?569HR= J9 8=B5A=? 6=@;=M9 85M5@§ 9?CBCA=G= <5@=B9 ;9@A9? H5A
istihdama ulaA5? GVF8VFV@96=@=F 6=F 9?CBCA=? 6VMVA9M= J9 GCGM5@ 6VHVB@9meyi
sa@5A5? C@5F5? 69@=F@9BA=H=F IBIB@5 6=F@=?H9 GCAIH =GH=<85A <989:= C@5F5? M§@§ =R=B ;9B9@ =GH=<85A CF5B§B§B MVN89 ?58§B =GH=<85A CF5B§B§B MVN89 C@A5G§?CBAIHIF
M§@§B85JFID5%CBG9M=H5F5:§B85B-2005 dönemi için yeni stihdam
+9<69F@9F= CluturulmuHIF %CBG9M ,¨B=B H9A9@ ;©F9J=B= 85<5 RC? J9 85<5 =M=
ileri teJ=? 9HA9? C@5F5? H5B§A@5A§ ve istihdam rehberlerinde üç temel amaç
belirlenmitir;
=H5A=GH=<85A§BG5@5BA5G§
ii) iH9?5@=H9J9J9F=A@=@==B5FH§F§@A5G§
===GCGM5@6VHVnleA9B=B;VR@9B8=F=@A9G=
I VR H9A9@ 5A575 I@5A5? =R=B CB GCAIH ©B9F= ;9H=F=@A=H=F I ©B9F=@9F=B
RCu A*?5DG5A§B85?=©B9F=@9F89BC@IA5?H58§F
©M@979 P’yi i;V7V D=M5G5@5F§B§B H9A9@ H5@5F§ 5F5G§B5 ?CMAI ve
JIF;I D5G=: DC@=H=?5@5F85B 5?H=: DC@=H=?5@5F5 ?5M8§F§@A§H§F )¨B=B ¨H9
GH=<85AO5@§A5G§=G=A@=M5M§B§B85P’ye verdi=©B9A=;©GH9FA9G=B89BGCBF5
de, A,=@96IDC@=H=?5@5F5=G=N@=?@9AV7589@989J9=GH=<85A§B5FH§F§@A5G§B85©B9A@=
FC@@9FJ9FA=H=F
M§@§ =R=B ?CMI@5B hedeflere ula§@5A5M575§ ?CBIGIB85 7=88= GCFIB@5F
CFH5M5R§?§B75&=N6CB,HF5H9>=G=;©N89B;9R=F=@A=H=F
170
Avrupa Komisyonunun “Büyüme ve R=B=F@=?H9O5@§ma-Lizbon Stratejisi
çin Yeni Bir Ba@5B;§Rª 65@§?@§ H9?@=:=B89 ©B79@=in büyüme ve i yaratmaya
J9F=@9F9? &=N6CB ,HF5H9>=G=B9 J5?=H ;9R=FA9?G=N=B M9B=89B C85?@5B§@A5G§
kararlaH§F§@A§H§F.215 Bu karar üzerine Nisan 2005’te Avrupa Komisyonu büyüme ve
=GH=<85A§ 75B@5B8§FA5? =R=B - 8©B9A=B= ?5DG5M5B M§@@§? M9B= 6=F
“Bütünlemi Rehberler PakeH=ª69B=AG9A=H=FI?5DG5A85VM9V@?9@9FF9<69F@9F=
9G5G5@5F5?VRM§@@§?I@IG5@F9:CFADFC;F5A@5F§<5N§F@5M575?@5FJ9;9@=A9@9F=<9FM§@
AIGHCG5M§B85.@IG5@&=N6CB+5DCFIC@5F5?%CA=GMCB5GIB575?@5F8§F%CA=GMCB
6IF5DCF@5F§=B79@9M=D©N9H@9M9F9?<9FM§@§B)75?5M§B85M§@@§?=@9F@9A9F5DCFIBI
M5M§B@5M575?H§F!©N89B!9R=F=@A= Lizbon Stratejisi üç ana alana younlaA§H§F
VMVA9=R=B6=@;=J9=BCJ5GMCB
JFID5¨M§M5H§F§AJ9=5R§G§B85B85<5R9?=7=<5@9;9H=FA9
5<5:5N@5J985<5=M==M5F5H§@A5G§
IF585 * 5R§G§B85B ©B9A@= C@5B VRVB7V 5@5B8§F I ?5DG5A85?= F9<69F
=@?9@9F=B ;©N89B ;9R=F=@A9G=B89 M5F5F ;©FV@A9?H98=F QRVB7V 6©@VA =GH=<85A
DC@=H=?5G§F9<69F=B89BC@IA5?H58§F216
A. Daha fazla kiiyi istihdama dahil etmek ve istihdamda tutmak, igücü
1AG>1ACA=1;E5B?BF1<;?AD=1B9BC5=9>9=?45A>9G55C=5;
1. -5A =GH=<85A§ =te kalite ve verimlili= 5FH§FA5M§ GCGM5@ J9 6©@;9G9@
bütünleA9M=5A5R@5M5B=GH=<85ADC@=H=?5@5F§B§BIM;I@5BA5G§
2. te ya5A8©B;VGVM5?@5§A§B§BH9J=?98=@A9G=
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173
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175
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edilmitir.
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2I?5F§85?= :CB?G=MCB 3 9?G= GCBGIN5 8CFI ;=89F?9B 899F=B= 3 GCBGIN5
8CFI;=89F?9B=G9899F=B=5@A5?H58C@5M§G§M@5*¨B=B899F=B=B=@95F5@§§B85
C@A5G§B§?9G=BC@5F5?;5F5BH=9HA9?H98=F
I B989B@9 @C>=GH=? F9;F9GMCB AC89@=B89 65§A@§ 89i?9B C@5F5? 3
?I@@5B§@A5?H5 65§AG§N 89i?9B@9F=B 3 VN9F=B89?= 9H?=G= H5<A=B 98=@A9?H98=F I
R9FR9J989R5@§A5855a§85?=@C>=GH=?F9;F9GMCBH5<A=B98=@A=H=F
3i W0 W1!+.*i + k WkXki +9 W9X9=
IF585
177
Zi, i’inci kiinin i bulma bahis deerinin do5@@C;5F=HA5G§B§
GRUPi, i’nci kii deney grubundaysa 1 deerini, aksi halde 0 deerini
alan kukla deikenini (dummy variable),
Xki i’nci ki=M95=H?5F5?H9F=GH=?©N9@@=?@9F=BR5@§mada k = ya, eitim,
özürlülük durumundan oluA5?H58§FCFH5@5A5899F@9F89BG5DA5G§B§
gösteren deikeni (örnein örneklemdekilerin yüzde 30’u özürlü ise
bu durumda özürlülük kukla deikenin ortalama de9F=C@575?H§F
Bu durumda Xözürlüi, özürlü olan biri için 0,7 (1-0,3=0,7), özürlü
olmayan biri için ise -0,3 (0-0,3=-0,3) de9F=B=5@575?H§F
Xei, , i’nci kii, söz konusu karakteristik özelli9G5<=DR5@§mada e =
ya, eitim, özürlülükten oluA5?H58§F J9 5MB§ N5A5B85 89B9M
grubundaysa 1 deerini, aksi halde 0 deerini alan etkileim kukla
deikenini (örnein kii hem deney grubunda hem de özürlüyse
özürlülük etkileim kukla deikeni 1 deerini aksi halde 0 deerini
5@575?H§F ;©GH9FA9?H98=F
Kukla dei?9B@9F H5B§A@5B§F?9B G©N ?CBIGI 8IFIA G58979 =?= :5F?@§
karakteristik özellie sahipse tek dei?9B?I@@5B§@A5G§M9H9F@=8=FPFB9in, özürlülük
için, ki=B=B ©NVF@V C@A5G§ 8IFIAIB5 ;©F9 =?= :5F?@§ 89er alabilen tek bir deiken
?I@@5B§@§FB75?8IFIA=?=89BRC??5F5?H9F=GH=?©N9@@=e sahip ise, birden çok kukla
dei?9B ?I@@5B§@A5G§ ;9F9?=F ©M@9 8IFIA@5F85 ?5F5?H9F=GH=? ©N9@@=? G5M§G§B§B 6=F
eksii kadar kukla dei?9B ?I@@5B§@A5G§ ;9F9?=F PFB9=B R5@§mada ya için üç
;FIDH5B§A@5B8§§=R=BM5=R=B=?=:5F?@§?I?@589i?9B?I@@5B§@A§H§F
2I?5F§85?= AC89@=B ?5HG5M§@5F§Bdan, her bir grubun i 6I@A5 C@5G§@§§
?C@5M@§?@5<9G5D@5B56=@=F&C;=H=BH5B§A§;9F9i, herhangi bir grup için tahmin edilen
logit deeri ise, bu grubun i6I@A5C@5G§@§§*9/(1+eC@5F5?<9G5D@5BA5?H58§F
PFB9in, ß0 deerinden ortalama olarak kontrol grubunun (kontrol grubu için GRUPi
, Xki (bu deiken ortalama de9F@9F89B G5DA5M§ ;©GH9F8=i ve (4) nolu denklemde
ortalama olarak
deney grubunun i 6I@A5 C@5G§@§§B§ ;©GH9F8=inden sapma,
178
8C@5M§G§M@51ki dei?9B=C@A5?H58§FJ91ei dei?9B@9F=de9F=B=5@575§=R=B=
6I@A5C@5G§@§§5a§85?=9?=@89<9G5D@5B56=@=F
P=e
ß0
ß
/ (1+e 0
)FH5@5A5C@5F5?89B9M;FI6IBIB=6I@A5C@5G§@§§ß0 J9ß1 dei?9B@9F=6I
8IFIA85G58979!+.*i deikeni 1 de9F=B=1ki (bu dei?9BCFH5@5A5899F@9Fden
G5DA5M§;©GH9F8==J9BC@I89B?@9A89CFH5@5A5C@5F5?89B9M;FI6IBIB= bulma
C@5G§@§§B§;©GH9F8==B89BG5DA58C@5M§G§M@51ki dei?9B=C@A5?H58§F=R=BJ91ei
dei?9B@9F=899F=B=5@575§=R=B?I@@5B§@5F5?5a§85?=9?=@89<9G5D@5B56=@=F
P = e(
ß0 + ß1
/ (1+e(
ß0+ ß1
Tablo 5.2’de ;©GH9F=@9B 89B9M J9 ?CBHFC@ ;FI6I =R=B ;9B9@ CFH5@5A5
C@5G§@§?@5F§6I9?=@89<9G5D@5BA§H§F
5F?@§;FID@5F§B?CBHFC@J989B9M;FI6IC@5G§@§?@5F§B§B<9G5D@5BA5G§B§856=F
©FB9?@9 ;©GH9F9@=A PFB9=B 4-35 ya ;FI6I =R=B CFH5@5A585B G5DA5 1M5G=
dei?9B=B=B ?5HG5M§G§ WM5G= 899F= =?9B kontrol ;FI6IBIB -35 ya ;FI6IB85?=
C@5G§@§§
P = e(
ß0 + ßM5G=
/ (1+ e(
ß0 + ßM5G=
24-35 ya ;FI6I =R=B CFH5@5A585B G5DA5 1M5G= 89i?9B=B=B ?5HG5M§G§ßM5G=
de9F=124-35i etkileim dei?9B=B?5HG5M§G§W24-35i =?9B89B9M;FI6IBIB-35 ya
;FI6IB85?=C@5G§@§§
P = e(
ß0 + ß1 + ßM5G= + ß24-=
/ (1+ e(
ß0 + ß1 + ßM5G= + ß24-=
C@5F5?<9G5D@5BA5?H58§F
5.3. AraCA=1>>D<7D<1A
F5H§FA5 ?5DG5A§B85?= =;V7V DFC;F5A@5F§ 8CFI85B %.+ H5F5:§B85B
J9F=@A9A=H=F%.+©N9@6=F9=H=A?IFIAIA9G@9?©F;VHVJ9=?=;©BV@@V?IFI@I
179
ile protokol düzenlemitir. Eitimler bu kurulu@5F H5F5:§B85B G5@5A§H§F218
*FC;F5A@5F?5DG5A§B85J9F=@9B9itimlerin GVF9G=5M8§FJ9DFC;F5A@5F5?5H§@5B@5F5
MC@;=89F@9F==@969@@=A=?H5F@5F85<5FR@§?J9F=@A=H=FIDFC;F5A@5F§B5A57§=G=N@9F9
A9G@9?= 6=@;= J9 6979F= ?5N5B8§F5F5? J9M5 J5FC@5B 6=@;= J9 6979F=@9F= 5FH§F5F5? 6I
ki=@9F=B =GH=<85A =A?5B@5F§B§ ;9@=tirmektir. Dört e=H=A DFC;F5A§ 85 ?5H§@§A7§@5F5
H9CF=?J9DF5H=?9=H=A=6=F@=?H9J9FA=tir.
AraH§FA5 ?5DG5A§B85?= DFC;F5A@5F5 ?5H§@5B 89B9M ;FI6IB85?= ?=ilerin
©N9@@=?@9F=-56@C¨89;©FV@A9?H98=F9B9M;FI6IJ9?CBHFC@;FI6IB85?=?=ilerin
demografik g©N@9B96=@=F©N9@@=?@9F=B=BH5A5A9B5MB§C@A5G§;9F9?H=inden Tablo 5.1
5MB§N5A5B85?CBHFC@;FI6IBIB85©N9@@=?@9F=B=;©GH9FA9?H98=F
Tablo 5.1: Deney Grubunun Demografik Özellikleri
(Yüzde)
Cinsiyet
%58§B
Erkek
Ya
15-24
25-34
35 +
E
itim
&=G9@H§
&=G9
QB=J9FG=H9
Özürlülük
Özürlü Deil
Özürlü
AraH§FA5
?5DG5A§B85?=
3
DFC;F5A@5F85
9F?9?
?5H§@§A7§@5F§B
?58§B
?5H§@§A7§@5F85B 85<5 :5N@5 C@8II ;©FV@A9?H98=F *FC;F5A@5F ;9B9@@=?@9 85<5 ;9BR
i;V7VB9M©B9@A=H=FIDFC;F5A@5F85B@=G95@H§9=H=A@=@9FJ9@=G9A9NIB@5F§<9A9B
<9A9B 5MB§ 8VN9M89 M5F5F@5BA§?9B VB=J9FG=H9 A9NIB@5F§ 6I ;FID@5F85B 85<5 5N
CF5B85 DFC;F5A5 ?5H§@A§H§F C@5M§G§M@5 ?5H§@§A7§@5F§B ;9B9@@=?@9 8Vük eitimli
218
Denge Özel E=H=A%IFIAI%5N5B,5B5M=7=@9F=J9585A@5F§9FB9=-VF?=M9,5?5H@5F§%CFIA5
/5?:§J9989BG9@B;9@@=@9F=!9@=H=FA9/5?:§
180
C@8I?@5F§ G©M@9B96=@=F F5H§FA5 ?5DG5A§B85?= DFC;F5A@5F 5§F@§?@§ C@5F5? ©NVF@V
C@A5M5B?5H§@§A7§@5F5<=NA9HJ9FA=H=F
I R5@§A5 =@9 *¨B=B 9H?=@9F=B=B = 6I@A5 J9 ;9@=F 5R§G§B85B =B79@9BA9G=
5A5R@5BA§H§FB75??5H§@§A7§@5F§B©B7989B9@899HH=?@9F=;9@=F@9F=<5H§F@5M5A5A5@5F§
B989B=M@9;9@=FAC89@89BR§?5F§@A§H§F2I?5F§858589=B=@8==;=6=GCBIR@5F@C>=GH=?
r9;F9GMCB5B5@=N=?I@@5B§@5F5?AC89@@9BA=H=FI?5DG5A855F5H§FA5?5DG5A§B85?=
*¨B=B9H?=@9F=-56@C¨89GIBI@A5?H58§F
Tablo 5.2: AraCA=1"1@B1=>41;9'>9>D<=1F1C;9B9
/G45
5>5<&AC1<1=1
Ya
-
-34

9C9=
&=G9@H§
&=G9
QB=J9FG=H9
GA<<;
PNVF@V
9=@
5>5FAD2D>D>
D<=1&<1B<

47,90
"?>CA?<AD2D>D>
D<=1&<1B<

37,94
A'C;9B9
9,96*
34,04
8,49*
1,14*
13,19*
41,73
49,77
10,07*
-
9,80*
* GH5H=GH=?G9@5R§85B5B@5A@§89=@
(CH=BG=M9H89=?9B=B=B?5HG5M§@5F§=GH5H=GH=?=C@5F5?5B@5A@§C@A58§§=R=BB=<5=AC89@89BR§?5F§@A§H§F
'C89@89<9A;9B9@CFH5@5A5<9A895@H;FID@5F=H=65F§M@5*89=?9B=B=B
?5HG5M§G§=GH5H=GH=?=C@5F5?5B@5A@§6I@IBA5A§H§F*B=B=6I@A5C@5G§@§§B59H?=G=
DCN=H=: C@A5?@5 69F569F =GH5H=GH=?G9@ 5R§85B 5B@5A@§ 89=@8=F I GCBI7IB 9B ©B9A@=
B989B= ©FB9?@9A GCFIBI C@56=@=F * 899F@9B8=FA9@9F= 7=88= N5A5B R565 J9
:=B5BGA5B;9F9?H=F9B:55@=M9H@9F8=FI5F5H§FA585A9J7IHG§B§F@§C@5B5?@5F@55B75?
8©FH DFC;F5A =B79@9B96=@A=H=F F5H§FA585 HCD@5A ?==M9 5=H J9F=@9F
6I@IBA5?H58§F I 5F5H§FA585 ?I@@5B§@5B ©FB9?@9A=B ?VRV? C@8II 5B@5A§B5
;9@A9?H98=F 99F@9B8=FA9 H9?B=?@9F= =B79@9B=F?9B ©FB9?@9A=B M9H9F=B79 6VMV?
C@A5A5G§B§B M5B§@H§7§ GCBIR@5F5 MC@ 5R56=@979= 8=@9 ;9H=F=@A=H=F C@5M§G§M@5 P
181
9H?=G=B=B =GH5H=GH=?G9@ C@5F5? 5B@5A@§ R§?A5A5G§B§B ©FB9?@9A=B ?VRV?@VVM@9 5@5?5@§
C@A5=<H=A5@=MV?G9?H=F.
A* 9H?=G=B=B =GH5H=GH=?G9@ C@5F5? 5B@5A@§ R§?A5A5G§B§B 6=F 8=9F B989B=
araH§FA5 ?5DG5A§B85?= P’nin i 6I@A5M5 9H?=G=B=B ;9FR9?H9B C@A5A5G§ C@56=@=F
Örnein verilen e=H=A@9F=B M9H9F@= 6979F= J9 B=H9@=?@9F= ?5N5B8§FA5A§ J9M5
?5N5B8§F§@5B 6979F=@9F i;V7V D=M5G5G§B85 H5@9D 98=@A9A= C@56=@=F B75? M5D§@5B
;©FVA9@9F89B DFC;F5A5 ?5H§@5B@5F§B MVN89 ¨=B=B 9=H=A@9F <5??§B85 C@IA@I
8VVBA9G=J9%5N5B¨85=J9F9B@9F=B?5MB5?R§H5@96=B=BC@A5G§;=6=:5?H©F@9F6IG5J§
N5M§:@5HA5?H58§F IBIB M5B§ G§F5 *¨M9 ?5H§@5B@5F§B J9F=@9B 9=H=A@9F9 =@;=G= J9M5
6I9=H=A@9F=©NVAG9A9?5D5G=H9G=5NC@56=@=F
=F 8=9F B989B =G9 MV?G9? =G=N@=? C@56=@=F *¨B=B IM;I@5B8§§ H5F=<@9F
2003- 8©B9A=B= ?5DG5A5?H58§F ,©N ?CBIGI 8©B9A89 =G=N@=? CF5B§B§B 7=88=
6=R=A89MV?G9?C@8II;©N©BVB95@§B8§§B856IDFC;F5A@5FM9H9F@=6979F=J9B=H9@=?
?5N5B8§FA§C@G56=@9D=M5G585?===A?5B@5F§B§BM9H9FG=NC@A5G§B989B=M@9DFC;F5A
9H?=G=B=B G§B§F@§ ?5@A§ C@A5 =<H=A5@= MV?G9?H=F 3=F5 VRVB7V 6©@VA89 =B79@9BA=
C@5B 65N§ * 9H?= 899F@9B8=FA9G= GCBIR@5F§ =G=N@==B MV?G9? C@8II 8©B9A@9F89
A*9H?=G=B=B85<5N5M§:=G=N@==B8VV?C@II8©B9A@9F89=G985<5;VR@VC@8IIBI
69@=FHA9?H98=F
PFB9?@9A 6VMV?@VVBVB G§B§F@§ C@A5G§ B989B=M@9 AC89@89 P etkilerinin
CFH5M5 R§?A5A§ C@A5 =<H=A5@= ;©N ©BVB89 6I@IB8IFI@5F5? 5B?9H GCBIR@5F§B5 85
65?§@A5G§B§BM5F5F@§C@8II8VVBV@A9?H98=F
A*¨B=B 9H?=G= 89B9M J9 ?CBHFC@ ;FI6IBIB GCBIR@5F§ 5F5G§B85?= 65G=H :5F?
C@5F5? 85 9@9 5@§B56=@A9?H98=F B?9H GCBIR@5F§B5 ;©F9 * ?5H§@§A7§@5F§B§B MVN89
¨G= 5@8§?@5F§ 9=H=A@9 =@;=@= 6=F =9 ;=F8=?@9F=B= 69@=FHA=H=F %CBHFC@ ;FI6IBIB =G9
MVN89 ¨G§ = 6I@8IIBI 69@=FHA=H=F I 8IFIA85 *¨B=B B9H 9H?=G= MVN89 C@AIHIF 25B= DFC;F5A ?5DG5A§B85 = 6I@5B@5F§B MVN89 ¨§ G©N ?CBIGI P
8VN9B@9BA9G9M8=89=6I@56=@979?H=FIF585?=B9H9H?=
182
*12<?>;5CB?>DL<1A
Genel
Cinsiyet
%58§B
Erkek
Ya
15-24
25-34
35+
E
itim
&=G9@H§
Lise
QB=J9FG=H9
Özürlülük
Özürlü
Deil
(Yüzde)
Net Etki
10,6
Deney Grubu
63,2
Kontrol Grubu
52,6
62,5
63,6
53,1
52,3
9,4
11,4
54,8
73,7
42,9
37,8
69,7
50,0
17,0
4,0
-7,1
51,7
71,8
62,5
50,0
61,3
36,4
1,7
10,5
26,1
33,3
76,9
30,4
62,3
2,9
14,6
B?9H GCBIR@5F§ =H=65F§M@5 *¨B=B 9H?=G= ;©N@9B96=@=F ©N9@@=?@9F 5R§G§B85B
=B79@9B8==B89 65N§ GCBIR@5F5 I@5§@56=@A9?H98=F =BG=M9H@9F9 ;©F9 65?§@8§§B85
A*¨B=B=6I@A5M59H?=G=B=B9F?9?@9F5R§G§B85B85<5:5N@5C@8II;©FV@A9?H98=F
Ya;FID@5F§=H=65F§M@565?§@8§§B85*¨B=B-M5;FI6IB85?=?==@9F=B=
6I@A5 5BG§B§ 8=9F ;FIDH5?=@9F9 ;©F9 ©B9A@= ©@RV89 5FH§F8§§ ;©FV@A9?H98=F J9
85<5MI?5F§M5taki ki=@9F=R=B=G9DFC;F5AC@IAGINGCBIR8CIFAIHIF=F65ka
89M=@9J9VN9F=M5taki A*?5H§@§A7§@5F§=@9?§M5G@5B8§§B85*¨M5?5H§@A5A§
;FID =R9F=G=B89?= 85<5 :5N@5 ?=i i 6I@AIHIF *¨B=B 9H?=G=B=B ;©F9@= C@5F5?
M5@§@5F5;©F9;9BR@9F=R=BRC?85<5C@IA@IC@8IIG©M@9B96=@=F
B?9H GCBIR@5F§B5 ;©F9 9=H=A G9J=M9G= MV?G9@8=?R9 *¨B=B 9H?=G= 89
5FHA5?H58§F *¨B=B 9B :5N@5 VB=J9FG=H9 A9NIB@5F§ VN9F=B89 C@IA@I 9H?=@9F= C@8II
;©FV@A9?H98=F IGCBIR9=H=A8VN9M=B=B*9H?=B@==B=5FH§FA585B9?585F©B9A@=
C@8IIBIB6=F;©GH9F;9G=C@5F5?MCFIA@5B56=@=F
PNVF@V@V? 5R§G§B85B 65?§@8§§B85 *¨B=B ©NVF@V ?==@9F9 G§B§F@§ :5M85
sa@58§§ ©NVF@V C@A5M5B@5F5 =R=B =G9 85<5 C@IA@I GCBIR@5F 8CIF8II GCBI7I
R§?5F§@56=@=F
183
2I?5F§85 85 69@=FH=@8== ;=6= DFC;F5A ?5H§@§A7§@5F§B§B MVN89 ¨= J9F=@9B
9=H=A@9F<5??§B85C@IA@I8VVBA9?H98=FI8IFIADFC;F5A§B=6I@A5?CBIGIB85
©B9A@= 6=F 9H?=G= C@A5G5 6=@9 6979F= ?5N5B8§FA5?H5 655F§@§ C@8IIBI ;©GH9FA9G=
5R§G§B85B©B9A@=8=F
5.4. Sonuç
!9B9@C@5F5?6IR5@§A5?5DG5A§B859@95@§B5B=;V7V9=H=ADFC;F5A@5F§B§B
=G=N@9F=B=6I@A5C@5G§@§?@5F§VN9F=B89C@IA@I5B75?=GH5H=GH=?G9@5R§85B5B@5AG§N6=F
9H?=G= C@8II CFH5M5 ?CBAIHIF 'C89@ GCBI7IBIB =GH5H=GH=?G9@ C@5F5? 5B@5AG§N
C@8II5?§@85HIHI@5F5?5B?9H=B65G=HGCBIR@5F§=G95a§85?=;=6=G§F5@5B56=@=F
A*¨B=B = 6I@A5 ?CBIGIB85 ?5H§@§A7§@5F =R=B MVN89 ¨@I? DCN=H=: 6=F 9H?=G=
C@AIHIF
Ya ;FID@5F§ H9A9@ 5@§B5F5? 65?§@8§§B85 * 9H?=G= ;9BR@9F 5R§G§B85B 85<5
C@IA@IGCBIR@5FCFH5M5R§?5FA§H§F
AP¨B=B 9H?=G= 9=H=A 8VN9M= MV?G9@8=?R9 7=88= 6=R=A89 5FHA5?H58§F B
C@IA@I9H?=VB=J9FG=H9A9NIB@5F§5R§G§B85B;©FV@A9?H98=F
*FC;F5A 9H?=@9F= ©NVF@V C@A5M5B@5F VN9F=B89 ©NVF@V C@5B@5F85B RC? 85<5
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6I DFC;F5A@5F =G=N@==B MV?G9? C@8II J9 = =A?5B@5F§B§B G§B§F@§ C@8II 6=F
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185
6.
AKTF
GÜCÜ
POLTKALARININ
STHDAMIN
ARTIRILMASINDAK ROLÜNÜN ETKNLETRLMESNE LKN
ÖNERLER
6.1. Genel Öneriler
Günümüzde iG=N@=?@9 AV7589@9 J9 =GH=<85A§B 5FH§F§@A5G§ GCFIBI H9? 6=F
DC@=H=?5M@5 R©NV@96=@979? ?CBI@5F 89=@8=F G=N@=? J9 =GH=<85A 6=F RC? :5?H©F
H5F5:§B85B9H?=@9BA9?H98=FI:5?H©F@9F=N@9B9BA5?FC9?CBCA=?DC@=H=?5@5FM5H§F§A
H9F7=<@9F= VF9H=A GVF9R@9F=B89?= :5F?@§@5A5 9=H=A G=GH9A@9F= =;V7V D=M5G5G§
DC@=H=?5@5F§J98VN9B@9A9@9F=C@5F5?G5M§@56=@=F
siN@=? J9 =GH=<85A A5?FC9?CBCA=? DC@=H=?5@5F§B B=H9@== =@9 M5?§B85B
ili?=@=8=F '5?FC9?CBCA=? =GH=?F5F§B J9 GVF8VFV@96=@=F 9?CBCA=? 6VMVA9B=B
sa@5BA5G§=GH=<85AM5F5H§7§:55@=M9H@9F=B;9@==A=5R§G§B85BRC?©B9A@=8=FGH=?F5F@§
6VMVA9VF9H=A=B8C@5M§G§M@585=GH=<85A§B5FHA5G§5B@5A§B5;9@A9?H98=FQ@?9@9F=B
9?CBCA=? 6VMVA9 AC89@@9F=B= 69@=F@9F?9B =GH=<85A 8CGHI 6VMVA9 M5?@5§A§B§
69B=AG9A9@9F=B=B ©BVAVN89?= INIB M§@@5F 6CMIB75 ©B9A@= 6=F GCFIB 5@5B§ C@575?
olan iG=N@=?@9AV7589@95R§G§B85B?=@=H©B9A9G5<=DC@8II8VVBV@A9?H98=F
G=N@=?@9 AV7589@9 J9 =GH=<85A§B ;9@=H=F=@A9G= =R=B M5H§F§A§B ©N9@@=?@9 89
VF9H?9B G9?H©F@9F9 M5H§F§A§B 5FH§F§@A5G§B§ G5@5M575? H986=F@9F=B 5@§BA5G§ ;9F9?@=@=?
5FN 9HA9?H98=F PBVAVN89?= 8©B9A89 =;V7V 5FN§B§B 5FHA5G§B§B 69klendii göz
©BVB9 5@§B§FG5 -VF?=M9 5R§G§B85B =GH=<85A M5F5H575? 5@5B@5F85 M5H§F§A@5F§B
5FH§F§@A5G§ J9 M5H§F§A CFH5A§B§B =M=@9H=F=@A9G= 6VMV? ©B9A H5§A5?H58§F VMVA9
©N9@ G9?H©F 9@=M@9 ;9FR9?@9tikçe de i ©N9@ G9?H©F89 M5F5H§@A§ C@A5?H58§F I
65?§A85B M5H§F§A CFH5A§B§B =GH=<85A§ 5FH§F575? 6=R=A89 8VN9B@9BA9G= 89 6VMV?
önem ta§A5?H58§F I ?5DG5A85 =GH=<85A M5F5HA585 ©B9A@= 6=F 5F5R C@5B
%)¨@9F=B89GH9?@9BA9G=89©B9AH5§A5?H58§F
sizli=B 5N5@H§@A5G§ J9 =GH=<85A§B 5FH§F§@A5G§ 65?§A§B85B ©B9A@= 6=F 8=9F
:5?H©F =G9 9=H=A8=F =H=A =GH=<85A5 ;=F= 5R§G§B85B ?=@=H ©B9A9 G5<=DH=F itim
düzeyi yükseldikçe i;V7VB9 ?5H§@A5 J9 =GH=<85A CF5B@5F§ 85 MV?G9@A9?H98=F
PN9@@=?@9 ?58§B@5F 5R§G§B85B 6I 8IFIA 85<5 69@=F;=B C@5F5? CFH5M5 R§?A5?H58§F I
65?§mdan eitim sisteminin i;V7V D=M5G5G§ =<H=M5R@5F§B5 85<5 8IM5F@§ <5@9
186
getirilmesi iG=N@=?@9 AV7589@9 J9 =GH=<85A§B ;9@=H=F=@A9G= 65?§A§B85B ©B9A@=8=F
Nitekim AP de9F@9B8=FA9@9F= =B79@9B=F?9B ©N9@@=?@9 ;9BR@9F 5R§G§B85B GCBF585B
J9F=@9B 9=H=A@9F=B H9mel e=H=A ?585F 9H?=B C@A58§§ 69@=FH=@A=H=F I 65?§A85B
eitime eriebilme ve e=H=A ?5@=H9G=B=B MV?G9@H=@A9G=B9 ;9F9?@= ©B9A=B J9F=@A9G=
NCFIB@I@I? 5FN 9HA9?H98=F =H=A G=GH9A= 6=F 6VHVB@V? =R9F=G=B89 M55A 6CMI
©F9B=A GHF5H9>=@9F= ;9@=tirilerek e@9 5@§BA5@§ J9 89i9B =<H=M5R@5F5 79J5D
J9F96=@979?9GB9?6=FM5D§M5?5JIHIFI@A5@§8§F
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6I@IB575?H§F %VF9G9@ 9?CBCA=? ?F=N89B ©B79 F@5B85 MV?G9? 6VMVA9 CF5B@5F§
M5?5@5A§H§F J9 !,2H¨B§B 85 MVN89 ¨=B= 9=H=A <5F75A5@5F§B5 5M§FA§H§F Kriz
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=@9 H5A5A@5M5B 6I V@?9 =sizli=B= 7=88= 5B@5A85 8VürmüHVF -VF?=M9¨89?=
i;V7VBVB RCIB@IIBI ;9BR@9F=B C@IHIF8II J9 89AC;F5:=? :§FG5H D9B79F9G=B9
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ciddi dei=A@9F C@A5?H5 J9 6I 89iimler i;V7V D=M5G5G§ 8VN9B@9A9@9F=B=B J9
DC@=H=?5@5F§B§B ;©N89B ;9R=F=@A9G=B= 89 69F569F=B89 ;9H=FA9?H98=F %VF9G9@@9me ve
H9?BC@C>=?89iimlere i;V7VD=M5G5G§B§BIMIA?5D5G=H9G=B=B;9@=H=F=@A9G=B=NCFIB@I
?§@A5?H58§F I ?5DG5A85 P ile de dei9B =<H=M5R@5F 8CFI@HIGIB85 =;V7VBVB
geliH=F=@A9G= 5A5R@5BA5?H58§F G=N@9F=B 85<5 F5<5H J9 <§N@§ 6=F ekilde ie
;=F96=@A9@9F=B=H9A=B5A57§M@59leH=FA9<=NA9H@9F=B=BB=H9@=?5FH§F§7§<=NA9H@9F=B=
?IFA5 89GH9?@9F=B=B GV6J5BG=MCB J9 ?5AI M5F5F§B5 R5@§A5 DFC;F5A@5F§B§B
GIBI@A5G§ <989:@9BA9?H98=F 9N5J5BH5>@§ ?9G=A9 9=H :§FG5H@5F§B G5@5BA5G§
65?§A§B85B85*¨M9©B9AJ9F=@A9?H98=F
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AV7589@9 J9 =GH=<85A§B 5FH§F§@A5G§ 9?CBCA=? J9 GCGM5@ 6=@99B@9F=B 6=F 5F585
düVBV@8VV 6=F DC@=H=?5@5F G9H=B=B IM;I@5BA5G§B§ ;9F9?H=FA9?H98=F * J9M5 8=er
6=F DC@=H=?5 =G=N@=? J9 =GH=<85A ?CBIGIB85 H9? 65§B5 M9H9F@= C@5A5A5?H58§F I
187
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?5H?§856I@IB56=@979?J98=9FDC@=H=?5@5F§H5A5A@5M§7§6=R=A899@95@§BA@§8§F
A*¨B=B ;9FR9? 5B@5A85 isizli=B 5N5@H§@A5G§ J9 =GH=<85A§B 5FH§F§@A5G§B5 9B
:5N@5 ?5H?§M§ G5@5M56=lmesi,
?9B8=G=B89B 69?@9B9B GCBIR@5F§ J9FA9G= J9
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©B9F=@9F5a§85G§F5@5BA5?H58§F
Genel Öneriler
"9AA5?FC9?CBCA=?<9A89A=?FC9?CBCA=?R5@§malar program tasarlama
J9 <989:@9A9 ©N9@@=?@9F=B=B ©B9A=B= JIF;I@5A5?H58§F !9B9@@=?@9 DCN=H=:
DFC;F5A GCBIR@5F§ <989:@9A9 B=GD9H9B ?IGIFGIN C@8II J9 DFC;F5A
:55@=M9H@9F=B=B ;9B9@ C@5F5? ?=H@9@9F89B RC? 6=F9M@9F=B =<H=M5R@5F§B§
kar§@5M575? 6=R=A89 H5G5F@5B8§§ 8IFIA85 85<5 AI<H9A9@ ;©FVBA9?H98=F
!9B=<989:@9A9M5D5BDFC;F5A@5F<5M5@?§F§?@§§B5IF5H§7§GCBIR@5F5B989B
C@56=@A9?H98=FM=<989:@9A969@@=6=F;FI6IB=<H=M5R@5F§B§RC?=M=6=F6=R=A89
H9GD=H 989F9? 69@@= 6=F 5A57§B ;9FR9?@9H=F=@A9G= =R=B <989: G9RA9?H=F
Örne=B?58§B@5F§B=;V7VD=M5G5G§B5M9B=89B;=FA9@9F=B=B©BVB89?=9B;9@@9F=
?5@8§FA5?=R=BH5G5F@5BA§ e=H=ADFC;F5A@5F§©N9@@=?@9etkin ;©FVBA9?H98=F
GH=<85AJ9?5N5BR9H?=@9F=G58979?§GA=9H?=@9F8=FP’nin dier etkilerinin,
©N9@@=?@9 HCD@IAIB F9:5<§B5 =@=?=B C@5B@5F§B 85 899F@9B8=F=@A9G= M5F5F@§
C@575?H§FI?5DG5A85RC?85<5:5N@5899F@9B8=FA9R5@§A5G§B§BM5D§@A5G§
;9F9?A9?H98=F
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8©B9A89;9B= isiz kitlesine M©B9@=?P’nin etkileri G§B§F@§?5@56=@A9?H98=F
35M§:6=R=A89H5G5F@5BA§J9M5B@§<989:@9A9M5D§@A§ A*¨B=B9H?=G=MC?HIF
J9M5B9;5H=:6=F9H?=G©N?CBIGI8IF
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arama destei A*¨@9F =R=B89 9B 9H?=B J9 9B A5@=M9H= 8Vük olan
progr5A@5F8§F I 89GH9? ;9B9@@=?@9 iG=N@9F=B 6=F RC? ;FI6I =R=B 9H?=B8=F
188
Profilleme teknikleri, bu destein düük maliyetle daha fazla iG=N9 M5F8§A
edilmesini salayabilir. Bir çok ülkede isizliin erken a5A5G§B85 = arama
desteinin verilmesi daha fazla olumlu sonuçlara neden olA5?H58§F. Bu
65?§A85B
=sizlerin
kendi
niteliklerine
uygun
i
6I@A5@5F§B§B
kolaylaH§F§@A5G§ =R=B ©N9@@=?@9 6=F9MG9@ 9M@9A D@5B@5F§B§B M5D§@A5G§ M5F5F@§
olabilecektir.
gücü eitim dier AP ile H5A5A@5B8§§B85 daha etkin olabilmektedir.
E=H=A DFC;F5A@5F§ H9CF=? J9 DF5H=? 9itimin birlikte verildi= J9 6IB@5F§
H5A5A@5M§7§ C@5F5? = arama desteinin sa@5B8§§ 6=R=A89 H5G5F@5BA5@§8§F
gücü eitiminin 9H?=G=B=B CFH5M5 R§?A5G§ N5A5B 5@56=@=F J9 <=R6=F 9H?=G=
C@A5A5G§?IFG@5FJ9M5<989:@9A9=@9=@;=@=DFC6@9A@9F=BC@8II5B@5A§B585
gelebilir.
GH=<85A GV6J5BG=MCB@5F§ ©N9@@=?@9 INIB 8©B9A@= =G=N@9F J9 D=M5G5M5 M9B=
;=F9B ?58§B@5F =R=B IM;I@5B56=@=F B75? 6I DFC;F5A@5F =gücü eitimi ve i
arama deste==@9H5A5A@5BA5@§8§F
stih85A GV6J5BG=MCB@5F§ GI=GH=A5@@9F9 5R§? C@8Iundan, beklenen etkilerin
sa@5BA5G§ =R=B 6I DFC;F5A@5F G§?§ 6=R=A89 ?CBHFC@ 98=@A9@=8=F I
DFC;F5A@5F =M= <989:@9A9 M5DH§§B85 B9H =GH=<85A§ 5FH§FA585 655F§@§
;©FVBA9G=B9 F5men geni B9H ?5M§D J9 =?5A9 9H?=@9F=B9 B989B C@A5?H58§F
Bu negatif etki, e9F 5A5R 9B 5N§B85B ?§G5 8©B9A89 :§FG5H@5F§ <989:@9B9B
;FID@5F 5F5G§B85 M9B=89B 85§HA5?G5 ©B9AG=N C@5F5? 8Vünülebilir. Ancak
M=B9 89 DFC;F5A ?5H§@§A7§ C@A5M5B@5F VN9F=B89 C@IAGIN 9H?=@9F= 9B 5N5
indirecek biçimde H5G5F@5BA5@§8§F
Bir iletme kurmak için isizlere verilen destekler sadece orta ya grubuna
85<=@ ?5F5F@§ 6=F ;FID =R=B 655F§@§ ;©FV@A9?H98=F MF§75 6I 89GH9?@9F=B B9H
?5M§D J9 M9F 89iH=FA9 9H?=@9F= 89 MV?G9? C@56=@A9?H98=F %5H§@§A7§@5F§B
motivasyCBI J9 DFC;F5A§B =N@9A9 J9 899F@9B8=FA9G=B=B =M= M5D§@A5G§ 6I
desteklerin ba5F§G§B§B ©B9A@= 69@=F@9M=7=@9F=8=F I ?5DG5A85 = kurma
destekleri sa@5BA585B©B79?5H§@§A7§@5F65N§H9GH@9F9H56=HIHI@A5@§J95B75?
189
bu testlerden geçen kiilere destek verilmelidir. letme kurulduktan sonra da
destekler belli bir süre devam etmelidir.
letme kurma ve geliH=FA9 DFC;F5A@5F§B85 :=B5BGA5B 85B§A5B@§?
pazarlama ve iD@5B§;=6=<=NA9H@9F=BHVAV6=F5F585G5@5BA5@§8§F
-CD@IA M5F5F§B5 R5@§ma DFC;F5A@5F§ igü7V D=M5G5G§B5 ;=FA989 ©B9A@=
engellerle kar§@5an bireyler için son çare C@5F5? ;©FV@A9@=8=F OVB?V 6I
programlar A*¨@9F=R=B899H?=G=9B5NC@5BDFC;F5A@5F8§F Bu nedenle toplum
M5F5F§B5 R5@§A5 DFC;F5A@5F§ = bulma olana§ 7=88= 6=R=A89 G§B§F@§ C@5B
ki=@9F= <989:@9A9@=8=F I 65?§A85B DFC;F5A GVF9G=B79 G5lanacak gelir,
<989: ?=H@9B=B 8§§B85?= ?==@9F=B M5F5F@5BA5@5F§B§ 9B;9@@9A9? 65?§A§B85B
G§B§F@§ HIHI@A5@§8§F I ?5DG5A85?= =@9F=B 89 A9J7IH R5@§5B@5F§ J9 ©N9@
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Hedef Gruba Göre Öneriler
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düünülmesi gerekmektedir. Gençler için düzenlenecek programlar genellikle
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düzenlenmelidir.
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DFC;F5A;9F=8©BVleri en yüksektir.
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Etki Deerlendirme ]+O<H.+ Öneriler
AP’nin etkilerinin deerlendirilmesinde tek bir teknik, çeitli etkilerin ortaya
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190
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191
6.2. Türkiye’ye likin Öneriler
Türkiye’deki
mevcut
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sektöründen gelecek igücünün ve igücü D=M5G5G§B5 <9F M§@ ?5H§@5B ;9BR@9F=B
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setini gerektirmektedir. Türkiye’de isizliin aN5@H§@A5G§ J9 =GH=<85A§B 5FH§F§@A5G§
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getirecektir.
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192
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İSTİHDAMIN ARTIRILMASINDA AKTİF İȘGÜCÜ POLİTİKALARININ

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