YDS - mamger

YABANCI DİL SEVİYE TESPİT SINAVI
İNGİLİZCE
YDS
Derleme 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bu testte 80 soru vardır.
Her soru 1,25 puan değer taşımaktadır.
Yanlış cevap doğru seçeneği götürmeyecektir.
Sınavın toplam süresini 150 dakikadır
NOT: Bu deneme 10 cümle tamamlama, 6 çeviri sorusu, 4 karşılıklı konuşma, 4
anlamca en yakın, 4 anlam bütünlüğünü bozan soru hariç, ÖZGÜN sorulardan
oluşturulmuştur.
Toplam 7972 kelime içeren test, gerekli itina gösterilmeye çalışılsa da, sınavda
alacağınız notu temsil edemeyebilecektir.
Ancak durumun ne olduğunu kabaca görmek isteyenler ve toplu deneme yapan
çalışma arkadaşlarım için bir kaynak olarak faydalı olabilir.
Mehmet Mamger
BAŞARILAR DİLERİM.
DENEME NASIL ÇÖZÜLÜR
Çoğu kişi maalesef sınava hazırlanmanın önemli bir parametresi olan deneme çözmeyi ciddiye almaz ve onu
alıştırma ile karıştırır. Oysa deneme bir konuda ustalaşmak için kullandığımız alıştırmalardan çok farklıdır. Amacı
gayet nettir:
1. Seviyenin tespiti
2. İlerleme olup olmadığının tespiti
3. Eksikliklerin tespiti
4. Gerçek sınav için sağlam bir teknik ve yöntem geliştirme
Ben bir deneme çözümünde şu altı kıstasın olmazsa olmaz olduğunu düşünenlerdenim:
1.
TEK OTURUM, TAM SÜRE: Bir sınav tek oturumda ve araya mola verilmeden çözülmeli. Sınav
esnasında bir şey yenilip içilmemeli, tuvalet ve sigara molası da dâhil, araya mola konmamalı. Zira
gerçek sınavda bunları yapma şansımız yok. Her mola, denemedeki puanımızı yükseltecek ve
durumumuz hakkında gerçekçi olmayan fikirlere sahip olmamızı sağlayacaktır. Eğer İKİ BUÇUK
SAATLİK TEK OTURUM yapma şansımız hiç yoksa, verilen her mola için toplam süreden tam 5 dakika
kısaltılmalıdır. Üç defadan daha fazla mola verilmiş ise eğer, artık o sınav bir DENEME SINAVI değildir.
2.
SINAV BİTMEDEN KONTROL YOK: Tüm sorular bitmeden yapacağınız her kontrol, netinizi yukarı
çıkaracak ve durum tespitini imkânsızlaştıracaktır. Oysa gerçek sınavda, mesela 50. sorudayken bile, 3.
soruda verdiğimiz seçeneğin doğru olup olmadığı fikri beynimizi yemeye devam eder. Kuşku ve
belirsizlik, neti aşağı çeker.
3.
TAKILINCA İŞARETLEME GEÇ, SONRA BAK – SÜPÜRME YÖNTEMİ: Boş bırakabilme erdemi, çoğu
kişinin A puanlarına ulaşabilmesinde en önemli etkendir. Basit nedenlerle, okuduğu seçenekte çabuk bir
doğru cevap bulmazsa işaretleme yapmadan geçen bir kişi, daha sonra aynı seçeneğe baktığında
doğruya ulaşacaktır:
•
Uğraştığınız seçenek BOYUNUZUN ÜZERİNDE ve hatta iptal edilecek bir YANLIŞ SORU
olabilir. Onunla uğraşmanız zamanınızı yer ve kendinize inancınızı bitirir. İkisi de size en
lazım olan şey. Oluşan zaman baskısı ve hüsran duygusu, normalde doğru cevaplanabilecek
ve çok daha kolay pek çok sorunun yanlış cevaplanmasına yol açacaktır.
•
Uğraştığınız seçenek çözebileceğiniz zorluktadır ama o anda cevabı hatırlamıyorsunuz veya
doğru açıdan bakmıyorsunuzdur. Israr etmeniz size yardımcı olmaz. Ama başka sorularla
uğraşırken, beyniniz zaten bu soru için de yeter miktarda mesai sarf edecek ve bir daha
baktığınızda soruyu gayet kolaylaşmış olacaktır: Beyniniz problemi çözmüş veya soruya
yeniden bakarken bakış anızı değiştirmişsinizdir.
•
Uğraştığınız sorunun cevabı ya doğrudan veya modelleme mantığına göre okuyacağınız diğer
sorularda gizli olabilir. Siz diğer soruları okurken, beyniniz buradan doğru bilgileri kodlayacak ve
yeniden boş bıraktığınız soruya geldiğinizde, tercihiniz büyük ihtimalle doğru olacaktır.
Unutmayın en büyük kopya, soru kitapçığınızın bizatihi kendisidir.
Soruların hepsini bitirdikten sonra boş bıraktığınız sorulara yine sırayla birkaç defa dönüp, her doğru
cevap çıkmadığında yeniden boş bırakıp geçmeyi unutmayın. Böylece belirli bir süpürme-tarama
yöntemiyle aynı sorulara birkaç kez bakmış olacaksınız. Son 10 dakikada ise artık atma vakti gelmiş
olabilir. Hilelere ancak burada yer veriniz.
4.
SINAV BİTİNCE TAHMİN: Sınavdan sonra kaç net alacağınızı ±5 hata ile bilmeniz, durumunuzu tespitte
çok önemlidir. Bu tahmin bir müddet sonra hangi seçeneği bilerek, hangisini ise sallayarak yaptığınızı
bilmeniz hususunda size olağanüstü bir yetenek kazandıracak ve böylece hangi seçeneği hemen
işaretleyeceğinizi, hangi seçeneği boş bırakıp sonra bakmanız gerektiğini ve hangi seçenekte aslında
atmak durumunuzda olduğunu ve dolayısıyla hile-hurda kullanabileceğinizi bilmenizi sağlayacak.
5.
YANLIŞLARI BİR DAHA ÇÖZ – TURLAMA: Cevapları başkasına kontrol ettirip, yanlış cevaplarınızı bir
daha çözmeye çalışmanız, bir sonraki denemenizde NET ARTIRABİLMENİZ neredeyse en garanti
yoludur. Beyniniz (a) iki şık arasında hangisini seçmeniz gerektiğini öğrenecek, (b) yanlış yaptığı soruyu
bir daha çözdüreceğinizi anladığından, ilk hamlede doğruyu görmeyi başarabilecektir. Turlamayı illaki
tüm soruların cevabını kendiniz buluncaya kadar yapınız. Ama İLK TUR, en öğretici olandır.
6.
KELİME ÖĞREN: Sınavın bir kısmından keklime öğrenmeyi ihmal etmeyin. Bir limitiniz olsun, mesela
100. O sınavdan tam 100 adet bilmediğiniz kelime öğrenmeye bakın. Sadece paragraflardaki kelimelere
bakmanız bile yeterli olabilecektir.
YDS
MAMGER Dil
4.
1. - 6. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere
uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
1.
DERLEME 9
People with access to a library not only have the
opportunity to search for books on just about
any topic, but they also have ---- to free Internet
resources
A) access
B) dedication
D) addiction
E) tendency
A) extracted
B) owed
D) distinguished
E) promoted
C) facilitated
C) insight
5.
2.
While complementary medicines and some overthe-counter medicines can be ---- to the general
public, advertisements for these types of
products must comply with the Act.
The Great Lakes hold ---- environmental,
cultural, and economic value for both the region
and the nation.
As in many societies, songs and styles of
singing are ---- from mother to daughter,
unchanged over centuries or even millennia in
this culture, as well.
A) resulting
B) imaginary
A) taken off
B) handed down
D) colossal
E) unaffected
C) thrown up
D) kept off
C) authentic
E) rooted out
3.
All the products are ---- checked before they
leave the facility, and they are thus considered
to be functional.
6.
By arguing with a brother or sister, children
learn to stay within acceptable behavioural
limits and ---- how to negotiate their demands.
A) incidentally
B) hazardously
A) put aside
B) rely on
C) meticulously
D) lethally
C) bring down
D) find out
E) offensively
E) end up with
1
MAMGER Dil
YDS
10. Fortunately, our dishwasher was still ---guarantee when it broke down, so we didn't
have to pay anything ---- the repairs.
7. - 16. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan yerlere
uygun düşen sözcük ya da ifadeyi bulunuz.
7.
DERLEME 9
The first actual calculating mechanism ---- as
abacus, which is thought ---- by the Babylonians
sometime between 1,000 BC and 500 BC .
A) in / about
B) with / into
C) under / for
D) towards / on
A)
was known / to be invented
E) on / with
B)
is known / to have been invented
C) has been known / being invented
D) may be known / inventing
E)
8.
would be known / to have invented
Nature ---- an immensely varied array of
galaxies, ranging from faint, diffuse dwarf
objects to brilliant spiral-shaped giants, some of
which ---- into large clusters.
A)
provides / will be grouped
B)
is providing / may be grouped
11. The rapid growth in trade came along ---- rapid
rate of economic growth, with associated
reductions ---- poverty, malnutrition, infant
mortality, and other indices of well-being.
C) has provided / are grouped
A) at / of
B) for / without
C) in / out of
D) to / on
E) with / in
D) had provided / were grouped
E)
9.
was providing / would be grouped
Supported by Britain, the Turks ---- a firm stand
against the Russians, who ---- the Danubian
principalities on the Russo-Turkish border in
July 1853.
12. Many cancer treatments will not work ---implemented early, but the waiting time to see a
specialist will likely be months under this new
instructions.
A)
had taken / occupied
A) when
B) after
B)
used to take / would occupy
C) while
D) provided that
C) would have taken / had occupied
E) unless
D) could take / have occupied
E)
took / had occupied
2
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MAMGER Dil
15. The electronic guide below provides you with an
overview of the information on the programs
and services available ---- a death.
13. Hudsonian Godwits, a large shorebird, have
been witnessed in active migration on three
successive years, which is truly amazing ---- it is
a rare species globally.
A) given that
B) on condition that
C) although
D) in case
DERLEME 9
A) because of
B) in the event of
C) just in case
D) in order to
D) according to
E) so that
14. ---- unsuccessful in their struggle for freedom in
Europe, this unique immigrant group provided
an intellectual transfusion into the political and
social history of America during one of its most
critical periods.
A) Because
B) In case
D) Although
E) Unless
16. A computer is a complex piece of machinery
made up of many parts, ---- can be considered a
separate invention.
C) When
A) all of them
B) most of whom
C) whose
D) each of which
E) these
3
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MAMGER Dil
DERLEME 9
20.
17. – 21. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada
numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya
da ifadeyi bulunuz.
Chretien was born in the French-speaking province
of Quebec in the small town of Shawinigan. The
th
18 child in a (17) ---- from rich family, it was an
unlikely background for a future prime minister. (18)
---- as uncultured and lacking any real political
vision, Chretien was satirized in many ways: the
joke has always been that he spoke both French
and English as a second language. (19) ----, as it is
generally pointed out, Mr Chretien relished playing
the little guy from Shawinigan. He was not the most
articulate, and he was not the most patrician of
politicians (20) ----, but he used that to his
advantage; he played up his populist image as one
of us, and it was extraordinarily successful. But at
the same time, this (21) ---- people, in effect, to
poke fun at him in some ways.
A) so
B) at least
C) as well
D) either
E) also
21.
A) allowed
B) was allowed
C) allowing
D) had allowed
E) had been allowing
17.
A) with
B) of
C) without
D) to
E) far
A) Dismissed
B) Honoured
D) Recovered
E) Overloaded
18.
C) Approved
19.
A) Therefore
B) Otherwise
C) However
D) Meanwhile
E) On the other hand
4
YDS
MAMGER Dil
25.
22. – 26. sorularda, aşağıdaki parçada
numaralanmış yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da
ifadeyi bulunuz.
Laughter is a key to a good life: it can diminish
feelings of tension, anger and sadness. (22) ---exercise conditions our bodies, frequent laughter can
train our souls to be healthier. When laughter is a
regular experience, it lowers blood pressure and
boosts brain chemicals that fight pain. It can also
reduce stress hormones that increase (23) ---- to
illness, as well as increase hormones that have been
shown to help produce restful sleep. Laughter is like
an instant vacation in the way it changes our
psychobiology. (24) ---- laughter a regular part of
your life, try keeping a humor journal in which you
record some of the amusing things that happen to
you. (25) ---- technique is to create a weekly fun
time, (26) ---- watching a comedy video or having a
dinner with friends that features joke telling. Of
course, spending time with children and animals also
works.
B) When
D) However
D) Given that
B) likelihood
C) occurrence
D) pressure
B) The other
C) Another
D) Some others
26.
C) Although
23.
A) severity
A) Each other
E) Every other
22.
A) Just as
DERLEME 9
E) vulnerability
24.
A) Making
B) To have made
C) To be made
D) Having made
E) To make
5
A) as if
B) as
D) such as
D) other than
C) rather than
MAMGER Dil
YDS
DERLEME 9
30. ----, modern grand pianos have metal frames
with heavier strings and can be played much
more loudly.
27. - 36. sorularda, verilen cümleyi uygun şekilde
tamamlayan ifadeyi bulunuz.
27. ----, a burglary can occur even in a low crime
neighbourhood.
A)
Since the only instrument symbolizing the
Romantic period is the piano
Whereas some pianos have a third central
pedal like that of a tambourine
A)
As every insurance agency is pleased to point
out
B)
B)
Though the statistical evidence was far from
convincing
C) Though many orchestral works are arranged for
the piano
C) Since the necessary precautions have still to
be taken
D) While early pianos are largely made of wood
and have a delicate sound
D) Unless some very underhand work has been
going on
E)
E)
If better alarm systems come onto the market
28. It is doubtful that the proposal will be accepted
in the parliament ----.
A)
unless there are more important matters to
consider
B)
since it would be considered a tax increase by
many
31. Obstructive sleep, that is, apnoea, can lead to
excessive sleepiness during the day, ----.
why oxygen levels in the blood fall
B)
so that victims are unaware of the disturbed
sleep pattern
D) whether snoring is actually a serious health
problem
D) while federal programs must have been paid for
by federal funding
E)
since there are several physical factors
contributing to sleep difficulties
whereas the proposal itself is never discussed
by the committee
29. ----, it generally refers to elite kinds of artistic
works such as operas, poetry, classical music
and serious novels.
A)
When the term “culture” is used in connection
with the arts
B)
As culture involves the transmission of specific
ideas
32. Supposing the doctor were to decide later this
year that stronger medicine is needed, ----?
A)
what illness does the patient have
B)
who would make such a decision
C) could the patient afford to buy it
D) when would the patient decide
C) Although we may not understand every culture
we encounter
E)
D) Since language is the most essential element of
the culture
E)
A)
C) which makes sufferers more accident-prone
C) after the parliament resumes the new year’s
budget-making
E)
As the glockenspiel piano requires years of
training to master
As long as culture deals with the written forms
of literature
6
will the patient be making an appointment
MAMGER Dil
YDS
33. By the time he boarded the plane, ----.
A)
B)
DERLEME 9
35. As children vary so much in their individual
requirements, ----.
he had probably spent a lot more time on inflight games
the plane was flying at an altitude of 10
thousand feet
A)
it hasn't been useful to compare the
development of the cousins
B)
one should not try to follow the book too closely
C) he had already got to know eight important
business people
C) we certainly have encouraged them to eat any
more
D) the discount business class ticket was still very
expensive
D) suppose he slept as much as he needed to
E)
E)
changing planes in a busy airport was a
headache for him
in fact, they compare well with the so-called
"average" child
36. Since the bismar, which is the simplest
weighing instrument known, is not capable of
accuracy ----.
34. ---- that absorbs energy from the Sun’s rays and
uses it to make food.
A)
Roots of the plant are nourished with water
A) spring balances have been more successful
B)
Plants are grown in large containers
B) a heavy load could be weighed at a short
distance from the fulcrum
C) Some chemicals control plant growth
D) Plants are unique in their ability to produce food
C) various technical improvements were soon
introduced
E)
D) weighing continued to be a laborious operation
A leaf is often a flat structure
E) its use is illegal in many western countries
7
MAMGER Dil
YDS
39. From the late eighteenth century to the midnineteenth century, the overall trend in the West
was towards the freeing of economic activity
and the lifting of restrictions on the movement
of labour, capital, goods and resources.
37. - 42. sorularda, verilen İngilizce cümleye
anlamca en yakın Türkçe cümleyi, Türkçe
cümleye anlamca en yakın İngilizce cümleyi
bulunuz.
37. In addition to traffic fatalities, alcohol use has
been implicated in many other deaths among
young people, including drownings, falls,
suicides, and homicides.
A)
B)
Gençler arasında alkol kullanımı, trafik
ölümlerinden başka, boğulmalar, düşmeler,
intiharlar ve cinayetler gibi diğer ölüm türlerinin
de nedeni olmuştur.
Ekonomik faaliyetlerde özgürlüğün sağlanması
ve işgücü, sermaye, mal ve kaynak dolaşımına
ilişkin yaptırımların azaltılması, onsekizinci
yüzyılın sonundan ondokuzuncu yüzyılın
ortalarına kadar yalnız Batı’da yaygın olan bir
eğilimdi.
B)
Onsekizinci yüzyılın sonunda ve ondokuzuncu
yüzyılın ortalarında, ekonomik faaliyetlerin
serbest bırakılması ve işgücü, sermaye, mal ve
kaynakların hareketini kısıtlayan engellerin
kaldırılması, genellikle Batı’da görülen bir
eğilimdi.
C) Onsekizinci yüzyılın sonlarından ondokuzuncu
yüzyılın ortalarına kadar, Batı’da görülen bir
eğilim, ekonomik faaliyetlerin serbest
bırakılmasında ve işgücü, sermaye, mal ve
kaynakların dolaşımını kısıtlayan engellerin
ortadan kaldırılmasında etkili oldu.
D) Trafik ölümlerinden ayrı olarak, boğulmalar,
düşmeler, intiharlar ve cinayetler, alkol
kullanımı nedeniyle gençler arasında yaygın
olan diğer ölüm biçimleridir.
D) Onsekizinci yüzyılın sonlarından ondokuzuncu
yüzyılın ortalarına kadar, Batı’daki genel eğilim,
ekonomik faaliyetlerin serbest bırakılması ve
işgücü, sermaye, mal ve kaynak hareketleri
üzerindeki kısıtlamaların kaldırılması
yönündeydi.
Alkol kullanımı nedeniyle, trafik ölümlerinden
ayrı olarak, gençler arasında yaygın olan diğer
ölüm biçimleri, boğulmalar, düşmeler, intiharlar
ve cinayetlerdir.
E)
38. The purpose of this training is to accustom the
soldiers of the United Nations Peacekeeping
Forces to working in a dangerous but largely
civilian environment.
A)
Bu eğitimle, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü
askerlerinin tehlikeli fakat çoğunlukla sivil bir
çevrede çalışma ve görev yapmaları
amaçlanmaktadır.
B)
Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü askerlerini
tehlikeli ancak sivil bir çevrede görev yapmaya
alıştırmak bu eğitimin asıl amacını
oluşturmaktadır.
C) Bu eğitimin amacı, tehlikeli ancak çoğunlukla
sivil bir çevrede, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Gücü
askerlerinin görevlerini yerine getirmelerini
sağlamaktır.
D) Bu eğitimin amacı, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış
Gücü askerlerini, tehlikeli fakat çoğunlukla sivil
bir çevrede çalışmaya alıştırmaktır.
E)
A)
Gençler arasındaki alkol kullanımı, trafik
ölümlerinin yanı sıra, boğulmalar, düşmeler,
intiharlar ve cinayetler gibi diğer pek çok çeşit
ölüme yol açabilmektedir.
C) Alkol kullanımı, gençler arasında, trafik
ölümlerine ek olarak, boğulmalar, düşmeler,
intiharlar ve cinayetler dahil diğer birçok ölümün
nedeni olmuştur.
E)
DERLEME 9
Bu eğitimle amaçlanan, Birleşmiş Milletler Barış
Gücü askerlerinin son derece tehlikeli ancak
çoğunlukla sivil bir çevrede görev için
çalışmalarını sağlamaktır.
8
Ekonomik faaliyetlerin özgürce yapılması
yönündeki eğilim, onsekizinci yüzyılın
sonlarında ve ondokuzuncu yüzyılın
ortalarında, Batı’da, işgücü, sermaye, mal ve
kaynakların hareketini kısıtlayan
uygulamalardan vazgeçilmesine neden oldu.
MAMGER Dil
YDS
40. Siyasî bir dahi, ancak bir ekonomi amatörü olan
Başkan Bill Clinton’ın en kayda değer başarısı,
Beyaz Saray’da bulunduğu sekiz yıl boyunca,
Amerika’nın ekonomik temeline gerçekten yeni
bir güç katılmasıdır.
A)
B)
42. Pek çok ulusun demokrasiye ve Pazar
ekonomisine yöneldiği son birkaç yıl, dünya
tarihinde önemli bir dönüm noktası olarak
düşünülebilir.
During the eight years President Bill Clinton
was in the White House, the American
economic base was remarkably strengthened
by the truly new power which, as an economic
amateur, but a political genius, he put into it.
During his eight years in the White House,
President Bill Clinton, who was a political
genius but an economic amateur, achieved
great success by adding a great deal of new
power to the heart of the American economy.
41. İklim değişikliği ile ilgili çoğu bilim adamı,
kentlerin, çevrelerinden daha sıcak olduğu ve
bulut oluşumuna neden olan dikey hava
akımları yarattığı görüşündedir.
B)
A number of scientists dealing with climate
change maintain that, as cities are much hotter
than the surrounding environment, updrafts of
air occur over them and lead to cloud formation.
C) As many scientists studying climate change
have suggested, since cities are relatively
warmer than their surroundings, there are
updrafts of air over them which bring about
cloud formation.
D) Many scientists who are experts in climate
change are convinced that cloud formation
results from updrafts of air over cities, which
are usually hotter than their surroundings.
E)
B)
While many nations have been moving towards
democracy and a market economy a significant
change has taken place in world history due to
the developments of the past few years.
E)
The most remarkable achievement of President
Bill Clinton, who was a political genius but an
economic amateur, was that, during the eight
years he was in the White House, truly new
power was added to America’s economic base.
Most scientists concerned with climate change
are of the opinion that cities are hotter than
their surroundings and create updrafts of air
causing cloud formation.
The past few years, in which many nations
have moved towards democracy and a market
economy, may be considered an important
turning point in world history.
D) An important turning point in the history of the
world has occurred as a result of the progress
made among several nations towards
democracy and a market economy.
D) During the eight years he spent in the White
House, President Bill Clinton, a political genius,
though an economic amateur, put real new
power into America’s economic base.
A)
A)
C) The movement among several nations towards
democracy and a market economy during the
past few years has brought forth a major
change in the history of the world.
C) As a political genius, but an economic amateur,
President Bill Clinton’s most controversial
success was in fact the new power which he
injected into the core of the American economy
during his eight years in the White House.
E)
DERLEME 9
A lot of scientists who are specialists in climate
change have argued that, because cities are far
hotter than their surroundings, this causes
updrafts of air which lead to cloud formation.
9
This significant change in world history
following the progress of many nations towards
democracy and a market economy has
occurred only in the past few years.
MAMGER Dil
YDS
DERLEME 9
44. As is pointed out in the passage, disloyal
politicians may attempt to ----.
43. - 46. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
cevaplayınız.
It is common that breath-taking scandals are
uncovered and covert operations are prevented as a
result of media investigations in political arena. This
may occur after immense and tireless research into
the particular discrepancies among various stories
told by politicians or may simply result from an
investigative journalist following an instinctive guess.
The methods utilized in various scandals and
subsequent cover-ups may include bugging
governmental offices, tapping telephone lines,
classifying documents as "top secret" or purging
relevant data from computer systems. Once the
scandal is uncovered, the politician will be subjected
to questioning at a public hearing. Most politicians do
not respond with complete honesty during these
proceedings. Some may calmly profess no
knowledge of the matter, while others may shyly
state that their recollection of the events is slightly
blurry. On the other hand, most parties involved will
attempt to reply to questioning skilfully and firmly with
sound arguments and appropriate remarks. Even so,
the hearing is likely to have an adverse impact on the
politician's career. The politician may become an
object of mockery among voters, and even be forced
to relinquish his or her position, and thus, be
banished from public office for the remainder of his
or her career.
A)
avoid the testimony without sound grounds
during the proceedings
B)
exercise more caution in their affairs
subsequent to giving up public office
C) hide secret listening devices in offices and on
telephones
D) add irrelevant information to computer files
E)
bug the media investigation centers to receive
some relevant information from computer
systems
45. It is pointed out in the passage that the public
hearing ----.
A) may result in the exile of the politician to
another country
B) may expose the politician to public ridicule
C) is poorly attended by members of the public
D) is not carried out with complete honesty, and
proceedings could be interrupted
E) may force the politicians to bug governmental
offices and tap telephone lines
43. According to the passage, political scandals ----.
A)
often come to light due to differences among
various versions of stories told by politicians
B)
are equivalent to covert operations mostly
carried out according to a consensus
C) are rarely mentioned in the news in modern
times
D) are merely made known by an investigative
journalist following an intuitive deduction
E)
46. As is written in the passage, ----.
are mostly uncovered due to sound arguments
and appropriate remarks
A) most politicians are scandalous and show
discrepancies
B) the politician might be subjected to questioning
at a public hearing since he or she revealed a
scandal
C) testimony can be revised by witnesses as
desired
D) most parties reply nervously and hesitantly to
questions at the public hearing
E) the public hearing may result in the demise of
the politician's career
10
MAMGER Dil
YDS
47. - 50. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
cevaplayınız.
DERLEME 9
48. According to passage, the main aim of the
World Vets aid missions is ----.
What if you could travel to exotic locations and help
save animals' lives, on the same trip? Portland
veterinarians have done so for years. They have sent
teams of vets full of volunteers to developing
countries in Latin America. And with guidance from
an organization founded in the Pacific Northwest,
you, too, dear amateur animal lover, can travel to
interesting places and help the local domestic
“critters” in a meaningful way. World Vets, a nonprofit group that a Washington veterinarian started in
2006, organizes veterinary aid missions all over the
world. On each trip, two to three slots are open to
participants lacking any veterinary experience
whatsoever. Most of World Vets' destinations are in
Central America. Trips typically last one week;
farther destinations eat up too much travel time,
leaving less time for the work at hand. Although they
are work trips, a couple of days are reserved for rest
and relaxation – after all, who wants to pay just over
$1,000 plus airfare only to come home exhausted?
However, the emphasis is on volunteering, not
tourism.
A)
to draw the attention of some people to animal
rights
B)
to raise some money in order to help future
organisations for saving animal lives
C) to help some volunteers to come together on
the purpose of animal rights
D) to help domestic and exotic animals in a
evocative way and save their lives
E)
to make a lot of money in a short period of time
49. According to the passage, the reason why the
organization wants to avoid places that are
farther away is that ----.
A)
their budget does not fund the travels further
B)
most volunteers prefer Latin America for rest
and relaxation
C) the participants mostly cannot pay more than
$1,000 per travel
47. It is pointed out in the passage that ----.
A)
B)
D) the key point in the travels is to find volunteers
for near destinations
Central America is the only destination mostly
due to its proximity to the United States
E)
the trips continue longer than a week despite
limited sources
farther places may necessitate longer time on
road and reduce the time for working
C) the volunteers are also allowed to have some
fun in the destination country
D) the main purpose of these travels is making
some money to aid World Vets aid missions
E)
50. As is said in the passage, ----.
the trips are attended by only professionals and
ones with veterinary experience
A)
the destination for most of the aid missions is
Pacific Northwest
B)
the people without veterinary practice are also
available on the trips organised by World Vets
C) a couple of weeks for rest and relaxation are
especially necessary for amateurs
D) the trips are attended by only professionals and
ones with veterinary experience
E)
11
we shouldn’t waste time, money, and energy
saving animals, when so many humans are in
need
MAMGER Dil
YDS
DERLEME 9
52. As is pointed out in the passage, ----.
51. - 54. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
cevaplayınız.
Everyone knows that male birds are usually the ones
with pretty colors, and that dull-looking females look
for flashy mates. However, male blue tits, apparently,
judge females by their looks. A new research
suggests that the males are more attentive fathers to
their babies if the mother is pretty. Both male and
female birds of this species have shiny blue feathers
on their heads that reflect ultraviolet light. For the
study, scientists captured females while they were
taking care of chicks and assigned them to either an
experimental group or a control group, smearing the
crests of the first group with UV-blocking chemicals
to make the feathers look dull. Then they restored
the birds to their nests. The male birds made
significantly fewer feeding excursions for the
nestlings of females with the UV-blocking chemicals
on their feathers. The reason may be that males
judged females with poor coloration less likely to
produce healthy offspring, and therefore less worthy
of energy expended taking-care them. Providing food
is costly, and males do not waste their effort on
babies unlikely to reproduce their genes. Previous
studies have focused on male ornaments. However,
in this case, the scientists focus on the females, and
have found that the males, the fathers, change their
behavior according to the females’ appearance.
A)
male birds find females with dull color more
attractive
B)
in the study scientists captured males and
covered them with UV-blocking chemicals
C) both male and female birds are known to have
flashy feathers and equally appealing
D) male birds are mainly more eye-catching than
female ones
E)
providing food is costly since the female birds
with poor coloration are less likely to produce
healthy children
53. It is pointed out in the passage that the dull
color of females may indicate that ----.
A)
male birds need to be more attentive fathers
B)
the male supremacy is a necessity in bird world
C) they look more attractive to the potential fathers
D) they may not be able to produce healthy chicks
E)
the feather color is not so important in the bird
world
51. According the passage, the pleasant
appearance of female birds ----.
A)
has the main study subject of many previous
studies
B)
may lead the male birds to be more caring
fathers
54. As the study shows, unlike what most people
may believe, ----.
C) is sometimes superior to that of male birds
A)
the male birds are also affected by the
appearance of the female birds
D) may be the reason why male birds make fewer
feeding excursions
B)
male birds mostly look more attractive than the
female birds
E)
may cause the cost of providing food for the
males to seem less dangerous
C) the birds need to be captured and caged in
order to be studied properly
D) the male birds make less effort for the nestlings
of females with flashy feathers
E)
12
no previous study has examined the role of
males in reproduction
MAMGER Dil
YDS
DERLEME 9
56. It is clearly stated in the passage that one of the
causes of the Crimean War was ----.
55. - 58. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
cevaplayınız.
The Crimean War was named after the Crimean
peninsula, now in Ukraine, which was the main site
of the war. The war arose from the conflict of great
powers in the Middle East and was more directly
caused by Russian demands to exercise protection
over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan.
Another major factor was the dispute between
Russia and France over the privileges of the Russian
Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches in the holy
places in Palestine. Turkey rejected the Tsar’s
outrageous terms, and Russian troops marched into
the Turkish territories in the Balkans. Britain and
France demanded that Russia evacuate the
Danubian Principalities. War finally began in March
1854. By August, Turkey, with the help of Britain and
France, had driven the Russian forces out of the
Balkans. With a powerful force in position, but
ravaged by a cholera epidemic, the allies adopted a
British plan to land in the Crimea, assaulted the
naval base at Sevastopol and destroyed the fleet and
dockyard in order to bring the war to a decisive end.
They expected this would take 12 weeks. In the
event, in took twelve months, three major land
battles and countless actions between two large and
well equipped armies deeply entrenched just outside
the city.
A)
unrest among the citizens of the Turkish
Balkans
B)
the Turkish Sultan destroying Orthodox and
Roman Catholic churches in the holy places in
Palestine
C) the claims of Ukraine for the Danubian
Principalities
D) a fierce disagreement over the possessions of
some religious sites
E)
Russian claims for the protection rights over the
Orthodox people of the Ottoman Empire
57. It is possible to say from the passage that ----.
A)
the Russian Army was not so equipped as the
allies
B)
war did not start until the end of August
C) Danubian Principalities were part of the
Balkans
D) Turkey could have never rejected Russian
demands without British and French support
55. It may be understood from the passage that ----.
A)
Russian troops had to fight against Ottoman
Empire, Britain and France by itself
B)
Crimean peninsula was conquered only in
twelve weeks against what Tsar though
E)
C) orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire
expected Russian Tsar to save them
Crimean landing was planned by Ottoman
Sultan
58. It can be said from the passage that ----
D) all British soldiers were ravaged by a cholera
epidemic
A)
the bullets were not the only things to be
worried about in this war
E)
B)
the disagreement between Russia and Britain
over the privileges of some Christian Churches
in Palestine was the real reason of the war
Sevastopol was located in the Turkish Balkans
C) prolonged siege of Sevastopol may have ruined
the morale of the Tsar Army
D) Ukraine and Russia fought together against the
allies
E)
13
even with a better plan, the war could not have
ended less than 12 months
MAMGER Dil
YDS
60. We can conclude from the information given in
the passage that to be successful at judo, one
must -----.
59. - 62. soruları aşağıdaki parçaya göre
cevaplayınız.
Judo, which means 'the gentle way’, is a perfect
example of how skill can overcome brute force
because it teaches a person to use an opponent's
weight against them. So, although a woman may feel
intimidated by a taller male opponent, through the
skilful application of throws and holds, she can
overpower him. It's easy to see why this sport
produces self-confidence and is a great way of
releasing tension. Techniques are generally intended
to turn an opponent’s force to one’s own advantage
rather than to oppose it directly. A ritual of courtesy
in practice is intended to promote an attitude of calm,
readiness and confidence. The sport of judo was
invented in Japan in 1882 to combat bullying in
schools. Jigoro Kano founded a judo academy after
years of studying other martial arts to discover the
most efficient way of deterring his playground
enemies. Initially, judo was not accepted by other
martial artists, but in 1886, Tokyo's police force held
a martial art tournament and judo techniques scored
highly. Recently, judo has been the most widely
practiced of martial arts outside China and Japan.
was invented by a Japanese policeman
B)
was designed to fight bullying in Japanese
schools
A)
be bullied by someone much stronger in his or
her school
B)
be physically stronger than an opponent to be
able use an opponent's weight against him
C) be skilled in the techniques of the sport
D) have a lot of tension to release
E)
be trained from the very early ages
61. We can infer from the passage that judo
produces self-confidence because in judo ----.
A)
one can enter international tournaments
throughout the year
B)
the philosophy prepares one to be physically
superior to overpower anyone
C) it is possible for one to beat an rival who is
physically stronger
59. We are told in the passage that judo -----.
A)
DERLEME 9
D) it is quite easy to apply the techniques one has
learnt
E)
C) was developed outside China or Japan
one grows very big physically because of the
practice
D) was never popular with many martial artists
E)
is the only martial art practised by women
62. According to the passage, ----.
A)
the real reason of ceremonial politeness in judo
is to promote calmness, alertness and selfbelief in personal attitude
B)
judo academy wouldn’t have been founded
without studying other martial arts in other
countries
C) judo has been the most widely practiced in
China and Japan
D) in judo, no one can ignore the importance of
strength, though technique is still more
important
E)
14
Tokyo police had an important role in creating
and making known the judo
MAMGER Dil
YDS
DERLEME 9
65. Pat:
63. -67. sorularda, karşılıklı konuşmanın boş
bırakılan kısmını tamamlayabilecek ifadeyi
bulunuz.
- You ought to read this article, "Better Drugs
from the Sea".
63. Pat:
Joyce:
- Listen to this! In Australia, they are starting to
recycle mobile phones.
- ----Pat:
Stan:
----
- I really don't know. I suppose there is some
degree of exaggeration in the article.
Pat:
- The old phones are being melted down and
the harmful gases extracted for commercial
re-use.
Joyce:
- True. But the point that antibiotics aren't
going to be of any use much longer certainly
is quite true.
Stan:
- Good for them, I hope other countries follow
suit.
A)
I already have. I wonder if the sea really is the
medicine chest of the future as it claims.
B)
I didn't like it at all. I thought it was all too
farfetched.
D) That's just a newspaper article. Don't take it
seriously.
C)
Really? Sally said that in her opinion it was just
a lot of rubbish!
E)
D)
Yes, I suppose I should. But I'm not all that
interested in drugs.
E)
Give it to me then and I'll read it this evening.
A)
Well, that is interesting! Tell me more.
B)
Yes, I read about that. I'm not convinced.
C) Yes I know. I reckon it could be dangerous.
The next article on dormant seeds is much
more interesting.
64. Researcher:
- Now I'm going to give you 1 minute in which
to memorize a group of objects on a table.
Mary:
- ---Researcher:
- Two minutes later I'll ask you to look at them
again and say if the positions of any of the
objects have been changed.
Mary:
- All right. I'll have a try.
A)
That shouldn't be too difficult. How will you
score me?
B)
How many objects will there be?
C) Am I allowed to touch them or move them?
D) I'm not very good at memorizing a list of things!
E)
And then what will I be expected to do?
15
MAMGER Dil
YDS
66. Andy:
DERLEME 9
67. Chris:
- Did you know that, by flying in formation,
aircraft can reduce consumption by up to
25%?
- Oh, the heat is unbearable! Didn't you turn on
the air-conditioner?
Paul:
David:
- ----
- ----
Chris:
Andy:
- No, my Gosh! What are we going to do now?
- Really? How interesting.
Paul:
David:
- Thinking we've got to have it fixed as soon as
possible, I've called someone and they're on
the way already.
- Yes. The leader has to work hardest; so on
long flights, the stronger birds take it in turn
to lead.
A)
Well I'm not surprised. It's a question of air
displacement. And it's why birds fly in
formation.
B)
Is that so? Personally, I find it hard to believe!
A) You can use the electric fan here. At least, you
can catch a breeze.
C) I wonder why! I wonder if that's why birds like
to fly in formation.
B) Yes, and to make matters worse, the fridge is
also broken.
D) I don't think they often achieve a 25 %
reduction in fuel consumption. I think it rather
depends on how fast they are flying.
C) The heat has blown our air-conditioner on the
roof!
E)
E) I know. I don't want to get sick, especially
during the week when I will be sitting my final
exams.
D) The water has just gone off without warning.
Yes, that's right. Have you never wondered
why birds so often fly in formation?
16
MAMGER Dil
YDS
70. The finest example of Byzantine architecture is
the church of Saint Sophia in Istanbul,
constructed at enormous cost by the emperor
Justinian in the sixth century.
68. - 71. soruIarda, verilen cümleye anlamca en
yakın olan cümleyi bulunuz.
68. In the 1960s, the emergence of new black
nations in Africa and the Caribbean was
paralleled by the civil rights movement of the
blacks in America.
A)
B)
DERLEME 9
So many new black nations emerged in the
1960s in Africa and the Caribbean that the
American blacks were influenced by them and
soon began to fight for their civil rights.
When new black nations came into being in the
1960s in Africa and the Caribbean, also the
blacks in America started the civil rights
movement.
A)
The church of Saint Sophia in Istanbul was
constructed by emperor Justinian in the sixth
century and cost him a lot of money even
though Byzantine architecture has come to be
represented by it.
B)
The construction of the church of Saint Sophia
in the sixth century cost the emperor Justinian a
huge amount of money, and it is a significant
example of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul.
C) In the sixth century, emperor Justinian spent so
much money on the construction of the church
of Saint Sophia that he wanted it to be the most
excellent work of Byzantine architects in
Istanbul.
C) In the 1960s, the American blacks were so
encouraged by the rise of various black nations
in Africa and the Caribbean that they all joined
in the civil rights movement.
D) The civil rights movement, started by the blacks
in America in the 1960s, was largely inspired by
the rise of new African and Caribbean nations.
D) Byzantine architecture is best represented by
the church of Saint Sophia in Istanbul, for the
construction of which, in the sixth century,
emperor Justinian spent a lot of money.
E)
E)
The civil rights movement of the American
blacks in the 1960s was extremely influenced
by the new nations that had emerged in Africa
and the Caribbean.
71. At the peak of their prosperity, between about
6500 and 5500 B.C., the residents of Çatal
Hüyük produced a wide range of agricultural
food stuffs, including peas, lentils, fruits, and
cereal crops.
69. Despite their declaration of intellectual
independence from the past, Enlightenment
thinkers owed a great debt to their
predecessors.
A)
Enlightenment intellectuals asserted that they
were totally indifferent to the past, but they
owed a great deal to the thinkers of the past.
B)
Contrary to what they thought about the past,
Enlightenment thinkers were much influenced
by those who had come before them.
A)
A large variety of agricultural foodstuffs, such
as peas, lentils, fruits and cereal crops, were
produced by the Çatal Hüyük inhabitants,
whose prosperity reached its climax during the
period between roughly 6500 and 5500 B.C.
B)
Peas, lentils, fruits, and cereal crops were the
only agricultural foodstuffs that the people of
Çatal Hüyük, already very prosperous,
produced during the period from 6500 to 5500
B.C.
C) Even though Enlightenment thinkers openly
claimed that intellectually they were free from
the past, they were greatly indebted to those
thinkers who had preceded them.
C) The people at Çatal Hüyük were so prosperous
that, during the period from 6500 to 5500 B.C.,
they produced various kinds of agricultural
foodstuffs, especially peas, lentils, fruits and
cereal crops.
D) The past never aroused any interest in
Enlightenment intellectuals, although they were
essentially inspired by the thinkers of the past.
E)
A huge amount of money was spent by the
emperor Justinian for the construction of the
church of Saint Sophia in Istanbul in the sixth
century, which in fact became a major work of
Byzantine architecture.
Although Enlightenment intellectuals took no
interest in the past, they were much involved in
the study of their predecessors’ ideas.
D) Among the agricultural foodstuffs produced by
the extremely prosperous peasants of Çatal
Hüyük during the period from 6500 to 5500
B.C. were peas, lentils, fruits, and cereal crops.
E)
17
At Çatal Hüyük, where there was much
prosperity between 6500 and 5500 B.C., only
those agricultural foodstuffs, which consisted of
peas, lentils, fruits and cereal crops, were
produced by the people.
MAMGER Dil
YDS
DERLEME 9
73. As war protestors marched toward Arlington
Memorial Bridge en route to the Pentagon
yesterday, they were flanked by long lines of
soldiers and others who stood in harmony with
U.S. troops. Many booed loudly as the protesters
passed. Some turned their backs to them or
yelled, "If you don't like America, get out!" ----.
Some of these protestors even spray-painted the
pavement on a Capitol terrace. Others crowned
the Lone Sailor statue with a pink headband.
72. - 75. sorularda, boş bırakılan yere, parçada
anlam bütünlüğünü sağlamak için
getirilebilecek cümleyi bulunuz.
72. The banking profession does not have a very
good reputation for customer service at the
moment, and it’s not just due to loss of savings.
High street branches are shutting down and
where banks are available, their opening hours
are inconvenient. Staffs at the desks are surly,
increasingly under-qualified and often unable to
answer questions. ----. Astonishingly, however,
86% of the customers at one bank are either
‘extremely satisfied’ or ‘very satisfied’ with the
service they receive. And what is even more
surprising is that the bank in question has no
High Street outlets at all.
A)
They are willing to insult something that's
sacred to the American soul
B)
Several thousand veterans may have lined the
route, waving signs such as "War There or War
Here."
C) “But the war protesters went too far”, said an
officer
A) They have the attitude that some skills, such as
keyboard skills and so on, can be taught, but a
member of staff can’t be taught to be a nice
person.
D) Thousands of protesters will be marching
through the streets to call for an end to the
funding of the Iraq war
B) Telephones are very personal because staff are
speaking to people on their own territory.
E)
C) They already offer a service in which customers
receive a text when funds are received or when
their account falls below a certain level.
D) And if customers try to contact the bank by
telephone, they are put through to a call centre
in another country where they have to speak
slowly in order to be understood.
E) Moreover, its success shows that customer
service is just about face-to-face contact with
clients.
18
The police have directed most cars to turn
around so that they do not have to arrest
anyone
MAMGER Dil
YDS
74. The military coup that overthrew Egyptian
President Mohamed Morsy brought with it some
diplomatic complications for other nations,
namely, that they want to avoid calling it a coup.
----. But labelling it as such could mean an end
of U.S. military aid to Egypt, and subsequently a
deterioration of relations with an important ally
in the Middle East and North Africa. For now,
Western nations have avoided using the word
"coup," preferring to watch developments
unfold, and pointing to the fact that popular
sentiment appears on the side of the military.
DERLEME 9
76. - 80. sorularda, cümleler sırasıyla
okunduğunda parçanın anlam bütünlüğünü
bozan cümleyi bulunuz.
76. (I) The accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear
power plant 1979 was the most serious in U.S.
commercial nuclear power plant operating history.
(II) Though it led to no deaths or injuries to plant
workers or other people, it caused sweeping
changes involving emergency response planning
and many other areas of nuclear power plant
operations. (III) The accident began about 4:00
a.m. on March 28, 1979, when the plant
experienced a failure in the non-nuclear section of
the plant. (IV) It also caused the U.S. Nuclear
Regulatory Commission to tighten and heighten its
regulatory oversight. (V) Resulting changes in the
nuclear power industry and at the NRC had the
effect of enhancing safety.
A) The most accepted definition of a coup is a
sudden overthrow of a government by a group
of conspirators.
B) The massive protests that took place before the
coup, and the celebrations afterward, lead
some observers to define it as a revolution.
C) A description of events “the military placing the
president under house arrest and naming a
new leader of its choosing”- fit the definition of a
coup.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
D) If they call it a coup, some of the $1.5 billion in
annual aid that the United States gives Egypt
will be put in jeopardy.
E) Egypt is a key player in U.S. foreign policy in
the region, and anything to sour that
relationship could have unintended
consequences.
75. The first symptoms of primary amoebic
meningoencephalitis appear one to seven days
after infection, including headache, fever,
nausea, vomiting and a stiff neck, according to
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC). ----. After the start of symptoms, the
disease progresses rapidly and usually causes
death within one to 12 days. Here are some tips
to help lower the risk of infection: Avoid
swimming in freshwater when water temperature
is high; use nose clips; avoid stirring up the
sediment while wading in shallow, warm
freshwater areas.
A)
Later symptoms include confusion, lack of
attention to people and surroundings, loss of
balance, seizures and hallucinations.
B)
Nausea or "morning sickness" is common
during early pregnancy but may occasionally
continue into the second and third trimesters.
77. (I) NASA is considering using nuclear boosters to
lift spacecraft into orbit at a fraction of the cost of
today's all-chemical launchers. (II) The nuclearassisted rocket produced far more thrust than any
of the conventional ones which meant the time
required for the launching was still further reduced.
(Ill) But anti-nuclear protesters claim nuclear
launchers would make accidents much more
dangerous and accuse NASA of "playing Russian
Roulette". (IV) NASA, however, disregards all this
and remains keen to move away from conventional
chemical rockets to lighter, more powerful
propulsion systems. (V) “Nuclear systems give you
a chance to reduce your mass and so your overall
costs to orbit" says R. Adams of NASA's Marshall
of Space Flight Center in Alabama.
C) If dehydration is present due to loss of fluids
from severe vomiting, rehydration with oral
electrolyte solutions is preferred.
A) I
D) Many outbreaks of food-borne diseases that
were once contained within a small community
may now take place on global dimensions.
E)
And once admitted, the study found that women
were more likely to die than men from the same
age group.
19
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
YDS
MAMGER Dil
78. (I) Lubrication reduces friction and, because the
surfaces do not scrape against each other, it
reduces wear on the material. (II) Although dry
friction can be eliminated in this way, some power
will still be lost depending on the thickness of the
lubricant used. (Ill) If the lubricant is too thick, the
lubricant itself will offer some resistance to motion.
(IV) A greater force is required to start surfaces
moving than to keep them in motion. (V) The
selection of the correct lubricant depends on many
factors, chief among them being the operating
speed of the machinery.
A) I
B) II
C) III
D) IV
80.
B) II
C) III
D) IV
(I) In 1897 the artist Paul Gauguin thought, wrongly
as it turned out, that he was about to die. (II) But
first he wanted to paint yet another picture. (III)
Gauguin spent a great deal of this life in Tahiti and
many of his pictures are of this island paradise.
(IV) For his subject he chose the story of mankind
from birth to death. (V) Day and night for a whole
month he worked on his picture in a state of great
excitement.
A) I
E) V
79. (I) French authorities have suspended trials of
gene therapy after a boy contracted a disease
similar to leukaemia. (II) The trials will not continue
until a thorough investigation into the boy's illness
has been carried out. (III)Eight other children had
been undergoing gene therapy at the same
hospital. (IV) Gene therapy is still in its early stages
so setbacks of this nature are to be expected. (V)
Apparently, none of these children were suffering
any ill effects.
A) I
DERLEME 9
E) V
20
B) II
C) III
D) IV
E) V
YDS
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