development of microzonation map of southern industrial and logistic

DEVELOPMENT OF MICROZONATION MAP
OF SOUTHERN INDUSTRIAL AND LOGISTIC CLUSTERS (SILC),
NUSAJAYA, JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM
AHMAD FIKRI BIN KAMARUDIN
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/97)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS***
JUDUL : SEISMIC STRUCTURAL VULNERABILITY OF
OFFSHORE STRUCTURE IN MALAYSIA.
SESI PENGAJIAN : 2007/ 2008
Saya
AHMAD FIKRI BIN KAMARUDIN
( HURUF BESAR )
mengaku membenarkan tesis ( Diploma / PSM / Sarjana / Doktor Falsafah ) * ini disimpan di
Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut :
1.
2.
Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan
pengajian sahaja.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran
antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
** Sila tandakan ( √ ).
3.
4.
√
SULIT
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan
atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di
dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
( TANDATANGAN PENULIS )
Alamat Tetap:
NO 34 JALAN AU4/1
TAMAN SRI KERAMAT TENGAH
54200 KUALA LUMPUR
( TANDATANGAN PENYELIA )
PROF. DR. AZLAN ADNAN
(Nama Penyelia)
Tarikh:
28 APRIL 2008
Tarikh:
28 APRIL 2008
CATATAN : * Potong yang tidak berkenaan
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak
berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini
perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
*** Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara
penyelidikan, atau disertai bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus atau penyelidikan, atau
Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM)
i
“I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion
this thesis is sufficient in term of scope and quality for
award of the bachelor degree of civil engineering”
Signature
:
…………………………………………
Name Of Supervisor
:
PROF DR AZLAN BIN ADNAN
Date
:
…………………………………………
ii
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROZONATION MAP OF
SOUTHERN INDUSTRIAL AND LOGISLTIC CLUSTERS (SILC),
NUSAJAYA, JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM
AHMAD FIKRI BIN KAMARUDIN
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
April,2008
iii
DEVELOPMENT OF MICROZONATION MAP OF
SOUTHERN INDUSTRIAL AND LOGISLTIC CLUSTERS (SILC),
NUSAJAYA, JOHOR DARUL TAKZIM
AHMAD FIKRI BIN KAMARUDIN
Laporan Projek ini dikemukakan adalah
sebagai memenuhi sebahagian daripada syarat penganugerahan
Ijazah Sarjana Muda Kejuruteraan Awam
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
April,2008
iv
“I declare that this project is the result of my own research except as cited in the
references. The project has not been accepeted for any degree and its not submittd in
candidature of any other degree.”
Signature
: ……………………………………….
Name of Student
:AHMAD FIKRI BIN KAMARUDIN
Date
: ……………………………………....
v
Dedicated to my beloved mom, dad, family and friends…
vi
APPRECIATION
Syukur Alhamdulillah, after a year of struggle and hard work, with the will of Allah
Almighty, Finally this thesis is complete. The utmost thanks to Allah for giving me
the strength to complete this thesis and the strength to keep on living.
For my mother, father and my family, thanks for all the support and contribution that
you gave to me. Thank you for staying with me through thick and thin time and
thank you very much for believing in me. I will never be here, if you never been
there for me. All of you will never be forgotten.
To my supervisor, Prof Dr Azlan bin Adnan, thank you for the guidance you gave in
completing this thesis. All advises and help you gave during the completion of this
thesis are really helpful and never will forgotten. To all SEER staff, Meldi , thank
you for your kind help and contribution.
Lastly, to all my friend, thanks for the help especially to Hasrul, Ariff, Syahrul, Zaidi,
Nadiah for helping me with the moral support and encouragement and a very special
thanks for Firdaus for the data. To all SEER PSM students, thanks for the
coorperation and support. It is a wonderful experience working with all of you.
vii
ABSTRACT
This thesis presents seismic hazard assesment (SHA) which covers microzonation
analysis for Southern Region and Logistic Clusters (SILC) of Bandar Nusajaya,
Johor Darul Takzim. The microzonation analysis is needed for mitigation of the
effects of large earthquakes that may occur in the future. Nusajaya has been
selected because there have other critical facilities there. Microzonation study is
performed in order to obtain ground motion parameters such as acceleration and
amplification factor at the surface of the particular site. The analysis was carried
out by using non-linear one dimensional shear wave propagation analysis
approach. The results of site response analysis were used to developed a map of
contour of acceleration and amplification factor at the surface of Nusajaya Area
for Synthetic-1 and Syntethic- earthquake The results shows that the accelerations
at the surface of nusajaya are in the range of 0.039-0.049g and 0.135-0.184g
respectively. The amplification factor for those two hazard level range between
0.93-1.17g and 0.91-1.23g respectively. Using this map, planning to arise a
building will based on hazard map as a guideline to prevent and minimize any
hazard benefitted for future developement of the SILC area.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
CHAPTER I
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE
ii
DECLARATION
iv
DEDICATION
v
APPRECIATION
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
TABLE OF CONTENT
viii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xiii
LIST OF APPENDIX
xiv
INTRODUCTION
1.1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.2
PROBLEM STATEMENT
2
1.3
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
3
1.4
RESEARCH SCOPE
3
1.5
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
4
ix
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
2.1
UNDERSTANDING EARTHQUAKE
5
2.2
CAUSE OF EARTHQUAKE
6
2.3
EARTHQUAKE SEISMIC WAVES
8
2.4
EARTQUAKE MAGNITUDE
2.5
CHAPTER III
AND INTENSITY
9
MALAYSIA ON SEISMIC MAP
12
LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1
INTRODUCTION
14
3.2
DEFINITION AND TERM
15
3.3
LOCAL SITE EFFECT
16
3.4
COMPLEX GEOLOGY,
COMPLEX SHAKING
3.5
19
TWO CHARACTERISTIC
THAT AMPLIFIED EARTHQUAKE
SHAKING
.19
3.5.1 SOFTNESS OF
GROUND AT THE SITE
20
3.5.2 TOTAL THICKNESS
OF SEDIMENT BELOW A SITE
3.6
PATTERN OF SHAKING
3.7
HOW SOIL RESPOND TO EARTHQUAKE
SHAKING
CHAPTER IV
20
22
24
METHODOLOGY
4.1
GROUND RESPONSE ANALYSIS
25
4.1.1 ONE DIMENSIONAL
ANALYSIS METHOD
26
x
4.2
DEVELOPMENT OF
MICROZONATION MAP
CHAPTER IV
CHAPTER IV
30
4.2.1 SOIL PROFILE
30
4.2.2 DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL
31
4.2.3 EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION
35
4.3
NERA SOFTWARE
37
4.4
METHODOLOGY SUMMARY
40
RESULT AND ANALYSIS
5.1
INTRODUCTION
42
5.2
LOCATION OF SOIL DATA
43
5.3
MICROZONATION MAPS
47
5.3.1 PEAK SURFACE ACCELERATION
47
5.3.2 AMPLIFICATION FACTOR
50
CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION
6.1
CONCLUSION
53
6.2
RECCOMENDATION
54
REFFERENCE
55
APPENDIX
56
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
PAGE
Table 2.1
Modified Mercalli intensity scale
Table 4.1
Correlation between Gmax or Vs and
N-SPT (Barros,1991 )
Table 5.1
31
Peak Surface Acceleration at surface
using Synthetic -1 (PGA = 0.0418g)
Table 5.2
11
48
Amplification Factor at surface
using Synthetic-1 and Synthetic-2 earthquake
51
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 2.1
Major Tectonic Plate Around The World
7
Figure 2.2
Seismic waves process
9
Figure 3.1
Approximate relationship between peak accelerations
on rock and soft soil sites (after Idriss, 1990 )
Figure 3.2
Relative relationship between soil and
shaking of earthquake
Figure 3.3
17
21
Computer simulations of an earthquake on the
Elysian Park Fault and an earthquake on the
Newport-Inglewood Fault
(represented by the white dashed lines).
Figure 4.1
23
Refraction process that produces nearly vertical
wave propagation near the ground surface (Kramer, 1996) 26
Figure 4.2
1-D shear wave propagation modeling
Figure 4.3
Terminology used in site response analysis,
27
and shear wave amplitude at various locations
28
Figure 4.4
Comparison GMax Vs N-SPT (Barros,1991)
32
Figure 4.5
Comparison shear wave velocities, vs
and N-SPT Value (Barros 1991)
Figure 4.6
Macrozonation map for Peninsular
Malaysia for 500 year return period
Figure 4.7
32
36
Macrozonation map for Peninsular
Malaysia for 2500 year return period
36
Figure 4.8
FlowChart Of Development of Microzonation Map
41
Figure 5.1
Location of Southern Industrial and Logistic Clusters
(SILC) at Nusajaya
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
43
Location of borehole at Southern Industrial
and Logistic Clusters (SILC), Nusajaya
44
Borehole no 2 Soil profile
45
xiii
Figure 5.4
Borehole no 10 Soil profile
45
Figure 5.5
Borehole no 12 Soil profile
46
Figure 5.6
Borehole no 15 Soil profile
46
Figure 5.7
Contours of acceleration at surface of SILC
Nusajaya using Synthetic -1 (PGA = 0.0418g)
Figure 5.8
Contours of acceleration at surface of SILC,
Nusajaya using Synthetic-2 (PGA = 0.149g)
Figure 5.9
49
Contours of amplification factor at surface of SILC,
Nusajaya using Synthetic -1 (PGA = 0.048g)
Figure 6.0
49
52
Contours of amplification factor at surface of SILC,
Nusajaya using Synthetic -2 (PGA = 0.149g)
52
xiv
LIST OF APPENDIX
APENDICES
TITLE
PAGE
A
Earthquake Time History Graph
56
B
Soil Profile Analysis
57
C
NERA (Non-Linear Earthquake
Response Analysis)
60
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
General
An earthquake is a natural disaster which bring sudden fatality, great economic loss
and shock to the community. During the twetieth century, well over 100 fatal
erthquakes were recorded with a cumulative loss of life estimated at 1.5 – 2.0 million
people (pomonis 1993). In order to reduces the disaster caused by earthquakes, it is
necessary to have some means of earthquake evaluation for the designed structures to
withstand with such shock. Long term earthquake prediction of 50-100 years
provides a foundation for planning and engineering design or short term prediction of
days or month may be used as a guide for society to take emergency action to reduce
casualty numbers and maintain normal functioning.
Earthquake ground motion at a particular site are estimated through seismic hazard
evaluation. To evaluate seismic hazard for a particluar site or region, all possible
sources of seismic activity must be identified and and their potetial of future ground
motion and hazard estimated. Seismic Hazard and Risk Microzonation is one of the
seismic hazard tool that offers the most effective tool for earthquake risk evaluation
and generates database for future planning of earthquake disaster management.
2
The developement of the microzonation analysis in our country nowadays are a main
focus due to frequent earthquake that happens lately. It is because our country
location is adjacent with the several country that has some active earth movement
process in their country. The study of seismic process is very important to us because
every earthquake event that occur in our neighbourhood can give side effect to our
country especially to our building structure. Even distances between malaysia and
earthquake location is so far, the step to cover our structure must be prepared because
the seismic waves can creeping to our country and affecting our building.
Using,microzonation analysis, a hazard map at a particular site at our malaysia
region can be developed. Using this map, planning to arise a building will be based
on the hazard map as a guideline to prevent and minimize any hazard. Based on this
map,it will help planners, administrators, builders and residents of the city identify
areas that fall under high-risk seismic zones.
1.2
Problem Statement
Earthquake phenomenon is not available in our country, but we must aware that our
country is surrounding by near source zones especially Sumatera and Philippinnes.
Therefore, we need studies for earthquake analysis to determine any hazard that may
influence or bring risk to our country. Earthquake hazard risk is mainly the duty of
seismologist, but earthquake engineer have to participate in seismic hazard
evaluation and zonation with seismologists to predict any damage and execute proper
emergency planning with governmental bodies.
Many countries including our country which are vulnerable to earthquakes, are
lacking in data for microzoning studies. Estimating the soil site response for strong
ground motion is costly. In order to quantify the expected ground motion, we have
to determine the manner in which the seismic signal is propagating through the
surface. Borehole data, geotechnical, geological and geophysical parameters should
be determined. Such an investigation is not always easy to obtain hence you will
3
need people with sufficient knowledge, tools, and laboratories which is not always
the case for many developing countries.
1.3
Objectives of the study
The general research objectives can be explained as follows :
a) To estimate the ground motion from soil response at the Southeren Industrial
and logistic Clusters (SILC) with the available data
b) To develop accleration contours map at the surface
c) To develope amplification contour maps at the surface
1.4
Scope of the study
1) The scope of the study are limited to Southern Industrial and Logistic
Clusters (SILC) located at Bandar Nusajaya,Johor Darul Takzim.
2) The data needed are detailed geological data available at the site which can be
derived from borehole log with defined material and formation details. Only
21 borehole were taken into consideration in developing the microzonation
map.
3) The earthquake used in this study is two synthetic earthquake which gives
different pga values .
4) This microzonation study only covers for developing the acceleration and
amplification factor from the earthquake ground response analysis.
4
1.5
Research Methodology
The research is conducted by following steps below:-
1) Collecting Input data
Data needed in the analysis are:
•
Peak Ground Acceleration.This data can be obtained from macrozonation
study that have been conducted by SEER UTM.
•
Strong Motion Data (time history graph of earthquake )
•
Soil properties. This data is very critical in the analysis. The data is
needed to obtain the static and dynamic properties of soil.
2) Ground response Analysis
•
Determining the dynamic soil properties using some empirical correlation.
•
Analyzing the data using NERA (Nonlinear Earthquake site Response
Analyses) for calculation of the ground response.
3) Development of Microzonation Map.
Outputs of the local site analyses are expressed in peak surface acceleration
(PSA) and amplification factor at the surface. The PSA from several points
will then be plotted into digital map to obtain contour iso-acceleration and
iso-amplification at the surface.