Islam and the Moral Economy: The Cha - Assets
Transkript
Islam and the Moral Economy: The Cha - Assets
Cambridge University Press 0521682444 - Islam and the Moral Economy: The Challenge of Capitalism Charles Tripp Index More information Index ‘Abd al-Nasir, Gamal (Nasser) 51, 69, 77, 80, 81, 83, 86, 87, 94, 95, 100, 136, 155, 197 ‘Abduh, Muhammad 20, 21, 25, 34, 41, 127, 128, 133 Abu Hanifah, al-Nu’man ibn Thabit 72 Abu Zahra, Muhammad 89 Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi (AKP) 9 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din 19–20, 26, 27, 33–4, 37, 40, 79, 100 Refutation of the Materialists 33 Socialism in Islam 33 Aktas, Cihan 152–3 ‘Ali, Syed Ameer 40 Aligarh 26 Amin, Qasim 172 Antun, Farah 35 al-‘Aqqad, ‘Abbas 154 al-‘Arabi, Muhammad ‘Abdallah 73, 84 ‘Arif, ‘Abd al-Salam 69 Aristotle 64, 126 Arslan, Shakib 25 Ataseven, Gülsen 178 ‘Atiyah, Bakri 124 Atta, Muhammad 189–90 al-‘Attar, ‘Isam 100 al-‘Awadi, Rif‘at al-Sayyid 111, 112, 116 ‘Awdah, ‘Abd al-Qadir 51, 57, 58–61, 63, 67, 101, 154 al-‘Awwa, Muhammad 82 Al-Azhar 75, 118, 133, 146 al-Azhar, Shaikh 80, 132 al-‘Azm, Rafiq 21, 27, 35, 37 ‘Azzam, ‘Abdallah 185 al-Baghawi, al-Husain ibn Mas‘ud 66 al-Bahi, Muhammad 92, 95 al-Ba‘li, ‘Abd al-Hamid Mahmud 110, 121 Bali bombing (2002) 192 Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad 137 Bank Misr (1981) 146 Bank Misr/Misr Group 30–1 Bank of Local Deposits (Mit Ghamr) 136 al-Banna, Hasan 51, 101, 172, 176 al-Barrawi, Rashid 112 Bazargan, Mehdi 69 bin Ladin, ‘Usama 186 al-Bishri, Tariq 116, 120–1 BNP Parisbas 147 ‘Bojinka Plot’ (1994) 192 Braudel, Fernand 2 Brenner, Robert 3 capitalism characteristics of 2–4, 179 critiques of 7–8, 79, 84, 135–6, 195 and gender 168 Cevdet, Abdullah 39 chador 177 Chase International Bank 1 Citibank 1, 146 commodification 4–5, 65, 66–7, 84, 95, 97, 105, 106, 142, 159, 170, 175, 178, 189, 192, 197, 200 commodities 3–5, 150, 177, 199 communism 46–7, 55, 80, 86, 97–9, 111, 122, 158, 160 Comte, Auguste 19 Co-operative Bank (UK) 147 Council of Islamic Ideology report (1983) 131 Da‘bas, al-Hamza 132 Dar al-‘Ulum 17 Al-Da‘wah (Egypt) 132 derivatives 144 Deutsche Bank 146 Djewdet Pasha, Ahmad 38–9 Dubai Islamic Bank 137–8 al-Dumi, Ahmad 115 Durkheim, Emile 19, 21, 41 225 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521682444 - Islam and the Moral Economy: The Challenge of Capitalism Charles Tripp Index More information 226 Index economic development 113–18, 119–20, 125, 138, 166 economics discipline of 104–9, 110–11, 112–13, 116, 148, 198–9 neo-liberal 115, 148, 195–6 education 38–43 and the individual 41 and social cohesion 41–2 technical and moral 38 Egypt 6, 9, 184 land reforms and nationalisations 82, 83–4, 90, 95–6 massacre of tourists at Luxor (1997) 188 National Charter (1962) 96 nineteenth-century writers in 17–18 post office savings fund 127, 128, 129, 147 property regime in 59–60, 189–90 state 78–9, 81, 82–3, 87, 92, 94–7, 100, 101, 103, 136, 146 Eraslan, Sibel 178 exchange 4–5, 65–6, 105, 106–7 Faisal Islamic Bank 139 al-Fanjari, Muhammad Shawqi 110, 112, 120, 121, 142 al-Farag, Muhammad 185 Al-Faridah al-gha’ibah 185 Front de Libération Nationale (FLN) (Algeria) 80, 100 functionalism 52 and Islamic thought 19, 68, 196 and nineteenth-century thought 18–22 and organic analogy 19–20, 55, 93 gender discourses 167–80 al-Ghaffari, Abu al-Dharr 70, 71, 164 Ghallab, Muhammad 87 al-Ghannoushi, Rashid 172 al-Ghazzali, ‘Abd al-Hamid 132 al-Ghazzali, Abu Hamid Muhammad 73, 89, 94 al-Ghazzali, Muhammad 67, 84, 91, 95, 97 al-Ghazzali, Zainab 172, 176 gold dinar 8 ‘guarded sphere’ 9–10, 50, 151, 158, 180, 191, 193 Haddad, Niqula 37 Halim Pasha, Said 36 Hanafi, Hasan 100–1 Harb, Tal‘at 6, 30–1 hawalah 6 Hawwa, Sa‘id 91 © Cambridge University Press Higher Institute of Islamic Economics (Egypt) 118 hijab 177 Homo economicus 124 Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) 146 Istanbul bombing of (2003) 192 human nature 105–6, 107, 108–9, 112, 115, 121, 124 Ibn Khaldun, ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad 17 and European sociology 20 Ibn Qayyim (al-Jawziyah) 121 Ibn Rushd, Abu al-Walid 66 Ibn Taimiyah, Ahmad ibn ‘Abd al-Halim 25, 73 Ibrahim, ‘Abd al-Fattah 128 Ibrahim, Shaikh Ahmad 121 idealism 52–3, 152–3, 195, 198 imperialism 13–14, 25, 33, 133, 160, 171 India 22, 26, 40 ‘Wahhabi’ movement in 32, 183 individualism 48, 52–4, 55, 97, 98, 101, 119, 104–5 Institute of Islamic Understanding (IKIM) 117 International Association of Islamic Banks (IAIB) 138, 144–5 International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) 117 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 141 internet 190–1 Iqbal, Muhammad 36–7, 38, 85 Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 36 Iran 125, 141, 158, 170, 174–5, 178–9, 183, 197 ‘islamisation’ of banking system in 141 1979 Constitution 175 Pahlavi state 164, 165, 175 Islamic ‘alphabet’ 11–12, 102, 149, 151, 152, 159, 190–1, 194–5, 200–1 Islamic Bank of Britain 134 Islamic banking 9, 67–8, 104, 105, 133–49, 150, 199 Islamic Banking and Finance Institute Malaysia (IBFIM) 117 Islamic calculus 123–4 Islamic Development Bank (IDB) 137 Islamic Economic Foundation (Malaysia) 117 Islamic economics 67, 69, 103, 118, 119, 122–4, 148, 150, 198–9 Islamic feminism 178–9 Islamic finance houses (Egypt) 144 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521682444 - Islam and the Moral Economy: The Challenge of Capitalism Charles Tripp Index More information Index Islamic history, readings of 70–1, 78, 99, 127–8, 154–5 Islamic mortgages 134 Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS) 117 Islamic personality/Homo islamicus 121–3, 135, 157–8, 167, 169, 199–200 Islamic sociability 85, 92–4, 95, 97–101, 148 istishan 69, 72 istislah 69, 72 al-Jabarti, ‘Abd al-Rahman 15 Jadd al-Haqq, Shaikh Jadd al-Haqq ‘Ali 132 jahiliyah 53, 153, 155, 156–8, 183 Jamaat-e Islami (Pakistan) 74 Al-Jama‘at al-Islamiyah (Egypt) 9 Java 6 jihad 182, 185, 188, 189, 200 Al-Jihad (Egypt) 182, 185 al-Jurjani, ‘Ali ibn Muhammad 66 al-Kawakabi, ‘Abd al-Rahman 36, 37, 79 Kazim Efendi, Musa 39 Keynes, John Maynard 115 Khalid, Khalid Muhammad 63, 114 Khallaf, ‘Abd al-Wahhab 68, 121 Khan, Malkam 22, 25 Khan, Syed Ahmed 22, 26–7, 33, 42 kharaj 112 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah 82, 171, 175 al-Khuli, Bahi 81, 84, 88 Le Bon, Gustave 20–1 Luddites 183 al-Madani, Shaikh Muhammad 95 Malaysia 116–17, 125, 136 Al-Manar (Egypt) 127 Mandeville, Bernard 105 al-Mansuri, Hasanain 37 markets 3–4, 106–7, 109, 142, 146–7, 149, 150, 170, 180, 199 al-Marsafi, Husain 17, 20, 42 martyrdom 187, 188 Marx, Karl 19, 64, 67, 108, 159 al-masalih al-mursalah 69, 72, 101, 130 maslahah 94, 123 and social utility 24–6, 49–51, 68–76, 86, 88–9, 91, 119, 120–1, 129 al-Mat‘ani, ‘Abd al-‘Azim 133 materialism 98–9, 101, 102, 104, 106, 109, 120, 149, 152, 153, 158, 159, 165–6, 179, 198 Mawdudi, Abul A‘la 51, 69, 154, 155, 170, 172, 182, 183 Mill, John Stuart 27 © Cambridge University Press 227 Minbar al-Islam (Egypt) 84, 89 Mitchell, Tim 17 Mohamed, Mahathir 116–17 mojahed 163–5 money 5, 64–8, 132 in pre-capitalist societies 64–5 moral dangers of 64–6, 126, 133 social disembedding capacity of 66, 68 moral economy 5–6, 31–8, 43–4, 47, 65–6, 84–6, 92–7, 102, 103, 124–33, 148, 149, 159, 198, 201 Morris, William 48 Motahhari, Ayatollah Morteza 174 movahed 163 mudarabah 139, 142–3 Muhammad, Yusuf Kamal 120, 123 muhtasib 106, 118 mujahidin 186, 187 murabahah 143 Al-Murabitun 8 musharakah 139, 142–3 Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt) 46, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 57, 74, 83, 87, 95, 113, 132, 176 Muslim Brotherhood (Syria) 94, 100 Muslim communities in Europe 134 Al-Muslimun (Egypt) 155 Muslim Women’s Association (Egypt) 176 Mustafa, Shukri 184 mu‘tazilah 92, 101 mutual social responsibility 55–6, 92–4, 99, 101, 125 al-Nabhani, Taqi al-Din 91 Nadvi, Abu-l-Hasan ‘Ali 154, 155 al-Najjar, Ahmad 136, 145 Nasr, Sayyid Vali Reza 117 National Islamic Front (Sudan) 140 nationalism 88, 176 Nimr, Shaikh ‘Abd al-Mun‘im 128 Nuri, Ayatollah Yahya 174 Nursi, Said 38, 53 Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC) 131, 137 Ottoman Empire 13–15, 22, 27, 33, 59 Board of Useful Affairs 14 Commercial Treaty with Great Britain (1838) 14 nineteenth-century reforms and reformers 13–14, 28, 42–3 Sultan Mahmud 13 Pakistan 125, 136, 140 President Zia ul-Haq 140 Philipp, Thomas 111 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521682444 - Islam and the Moral Economy: The Challenge of Capitalism Charles Tripp Index More information 228 Index positivism 75–6 profit motive 67, 86, 106–7, 127, 141–2, 143–4, 150, 192, 199, 200 promissory note 66 property and Islamic fiqh 23–5, 49, 58, 70, 104, 124–5 laws reforming ownership of 23, 28 new understandings of 29–30, 62–3 private ownership of 28, 53, 54–5, 59–60, 81, 86, 87–8, 90, 94, 96, 100, 101, 159, 161, 180, 197 and prosperity 22–3 ‘social function’ of 29–30, 56–64, 69–70, 84, 87–8, 92, 119, 138, 197 and the state 28–9, 50–1, 69, 86–8, 90 Prophet Muhammad 52, 54, 63, 65, 70, 71, 81, 99, 100, 124 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph 2 public interest 91–2 purdah 170, 172 Al-Qa’idah 186–7, 190 Qajar Empire 20 Amir-i Kabir 14 al-Qardawi, Yusuf 83, 89, 144 al-Qasimi, Jamal al-Din 19, 22 Al-Qiyam al-Islamiyah (Algeria) 81 Qur’anic exegesis 49–50, 68–9, 71–3, 74–6, 88–9, 154–5, 156–8, 159–61, 164–5, 173–5 Qutb, Sayyid 48–9, 51, 63, 69, 81, 83, 92, 150, 152–8, 160, 163, 165, 167, 193 Fi zilal al-Qur’an 75, 153–5, 173 and gender issues 169–70, 172, 173–4, 179 Ma‘alim fi al-tariq 156–8 Al-Rajhi Banking and Investment Corporation 140 Al-Rayyan (Egypt) 144 al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din Muhammad ibn ‘Umar 66 Religious Reform Party (Turkey) 36 riba 66, 95, 112, 124, 126–33, 139, 143, 145 prohibition of 26, 30, 95, 126, 141 Rida, Rashid 34, 66, 79, 127, 129 sadd al-dhara’i‘ 69, 72 al-Sadr, Ayatollah Muhammad Baqir 109–10, 112, 114–15, 118, 120, 121–3, 124, 149 Al-Bank al-la-ribawi fi al-islam 134–5 Iqtisaduna 135 © Cambridge University Press salafiyin 40 Salih, Sa‘ad Ibrahim 112 al-Salus, ‘Ali 120 Sarekat Islam 6 Sarhan, ‘Abd al-Hamid 115 Sartre, Jean-Paul 160 Saudi Arabia 137, 140, 170, 186 King Faisal 137, 197 al-Sa‘ud, Prince Muhammad al-Faisal 139 Shaltut, Shaikh Mahmud 80, 86, 87, 92, 129 al-Sharabasi, Ahmad 92, 93 shari‘ah boards 144, 146 Shari‘ati, Ali 85, 150–1, 152–3, 158–67 Cain and Abel metaphor 153, 160–1 Fatima Fatima ast 179 and gender issues 169, 179 Islam-shinasi 165 and Marxism 165–6 and revolutionary vanguard 163–5 and roshanfikran 161–3 and violence 163–5, 187, 193 al-Shatibi, Ibrahim ibn Musa 121 shi‘ism 158, 160, 164 shirk 163 al-Siba‘i, Mustafa 67, 79, 84, 94, 96, 101 Sihwarwi, Hifz al-Rahman 69 Smith, Adam 105, 107 social justice 69, 95, 120, 123 social solidarity 48–9, 51–6, 92–3, 94, 99 socialism Christian 48, 53, 93 Fabian 63, 81, 93 ‘God-worshipping’ (Iran) 63, 74 Islamic 33–4, 36, 63, 71, 79, 80–95, 96, 97, 99–101, 103, 119, 150 state 86, 96–7, 101, 119 Utopian 53 society class-based 54–5, 160–1 Islamic/Muslim 56, 58, 60, 67, 73, 88, 94, 102, 104, 122, 148, 153, 166, 168–9, 171, 172, 175, 176, 197 neologisms to describe 16–18, 196 theories of 15–22, 52, 85, 93, 121, 161, 195–7 Spencer, Herbert 20 state role of 76, 77–9, 96–7, 100, 101, 102, 103, 181, 195–6, 197–8 Islamic 82, 197, 198 secular logic of 8, 77, 80–1, 82, 91–2, 97, 99–102, 181, 183 stock exchange London 149 New York 149 www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521682444 - Islam and the Moral Economy: The Challenge of Capitalism Charles Tripp Index More information Index Sudan 140–1, 183 President Ja‘far al-Nimairi 140 ‘September Laws’ (1983) 140 Zakat Tax Act (1984) 140 al-Sufi, Shaikh Bakri 133 suftajah (bill of exchange) 66 symbolic action 151, 153, 159–60, 164, 168–9, 177, 179–80, 181–5, 190–3, 200 Tabung Haji/Pilgrims’ Management and Fund Board (Malaysia) 136 Taftazani, Mas‘ud ibn ‘Umar 66 al-Tahtawi, Rifa‘ah Rafi‘ 18, 20, 22, 24–5 Al-Takfir wa-l-Hijrah (Egypt) 184 Taleqani, Ayatollah 51, 67 Taliban (Afghanistan) 170 Tantawi, Shaikh Muhammad Sayyid 129–32, 145, 147 technology and values 13–14, 90–1 Tönnies, Ferdinand 18 transnational networks 190–2 al-Tufi, Sulaiman ibn ‘Abd al-Qawi 25 al-Tunisi, Khair al-Din 22, 27 al-Turabi, Hasan 82 Turkey 9, 178–9 Union de Banques Suisses (UBS) 146 United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) 117 ‘urf 69, 72 ‘ushr 112 ‘Usmani, Shaikh Muhammad Taqi 144 utilitarianism 25–8, 101, 106, 108–9, 123, 153, 199 © Cambridge University Press 229 violence 10, 166–7, 180–93 and capitalism 180–2, 184, 189–90 instrumental 182–3 and narrative 181–2 symbolic 181–5, 186–9 Wafi, ‘Ali ‘Abd al-Wahid 81 wali al-amr 81, 87–8 Wallerstein, Immanuel 3 Wasfi, Mustafa Kamal 119 Wasil, Shaikh Nasr Farid 130 women and education 172–3 and the family 171–2 and ijtihad 172–3, 174, 177–9 and Islamic order 170–5 and the labour market 172–3 roles assigned to 10, 168–9, 170, 173–5, 200 and self-affirmation 169, 176–80, 193 and sexuality 170–1, 174–5, 193 World Trade Center, New York 1, 186, 188–9, 192 Young Ottomans 21, 25, 37 Young Turks 21, 25, 37, 39, 40 Yusri, ‘Abd al-Rahman 118 Zaid, Mustafa 68 zakat 56–7, 67, 84, 88, 95, 112, 118, 124–6, 136, 139 in Pakistan 140 in Sudan 140 al-Zawahiri, Ayman 186 www.cambridge.org
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