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Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Vol. 5(1), 5-17, January 2015
(An International Research Journal), www.chemistry-journal.org
ISSN 2229-760X (Print)
ISSN 2319-7625 (Online)
Assessment of Heavy Metals Concentration Deposited in
Roadside Tea Cultivated Soil in Dibrugarh District
of Assam, India
Nath T. N.
Associate Professor,
Department of Chemistry,
Moran College, P.O. Moranhat, District Sivasagar, Assam, INDIA.
(Received on: November 28, 2014)
ABSTRACT
Concentration of four typical heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb) in roadside
tea cultivated soils close to national highway (NH 37) in the Dibrugarh district of
Assam were investigated in this study. Soil samples were collected from both sides
of the national high way at the distances of 100 m, 200 m and 300 m respectively
and another is a nearby tea estate area which served as the reference site. A total of
sixty samples from both sides of the road collected systematically. The heavy metal
concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in the soil sample were analyzed using atomic
absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the analysis showed that as the
roadside distance increases from the road edge the metal concentration decreases in
a constant pattern. The concentration of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in soil varied within the
range of 1.34 ±0.26 to 1.68 ± 0.38, 34.12 ± 8.54 to 40.18 ± 11.46, 24.48 ± 3.42 to
28.46 ± 5.12 and 27.78 ± 3.16 to 34.72 ± 4.14 mg/kg respectively from Moran to
Dibrugarh. Result indicates that heavy metal concentration decreases in the order of
Cr>Pb>Ni>Cd. Concentration of Cd, Cr , Ni and Pb of control site soil were found
to be 1.06, 29.85, 20.56 and 24.02 mg/kg respectively. The concentrations of heavy
metals in roadside tea cultivated soil were higher as compared to reference soil
levels. This suggests that automobiles are major source of these metals in roadside
soil.
Keywords: Heavy metals, roadside soil, AAS, analyzed, automobile.
INTRODUCTION
Tea is a popular healthy and cheap drink. Tea is one of the commonly consumed
beverages for its desirable aroma, taste and pulative positive physiological functions 1, 2 .
January, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org
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Nath T. N., J. Chem. & Cheml. Sci. Vol.5 (1), 5-17 (2015)
After water, tea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world 3. It is used as folk
medicine for headache, digestion, dieresis, immune defences, energizer and longevity of life
is well known4.The growing interest in drinking tea for its polyphenol antioxidative activity
and fighting the harmful influence of environmentally generated free radicals5. The chemical
composition of tea leaves consist of tanning substances, flavonols, alkaloids, proteins and
amino acids, enzymes, aroma-forming substances, vitamins minerals and trace elements6.
The associated chemical components in tea received a notable concern as it is related to
human health. Extensive study on potential health implication of heavy metals in tea has
been carried out as tea bush is known to accumulate trace metal 4,7,8,9,10 . The main sources of
heavy metals in plants are their growth media, nutrients, agro inputs and soil 11. Heavy metals
are considered as soil contaminates due to their widespread occurrence, acute and chronic
toxicity 12,13. The contamination of agricultural soils with heavy metals has always been
considered a critical challenge in scientific community 13a. Due to their cumulative behaviour
and toxicity, they have a potential hazardous effect not only on vegetation but also on human
health and also trees in cities are more prone to heavy metal pollution due to pervasive
pressure of auto vehicular emissions 13,14. Among heavy metals lead and cadmium toxicity
has become important due to their constant increase in the environment 13a .
Pollution of the natural environment by heavy metals is a universal problem because
these metals are indestructible and most of them have toxic effects on living organisms,
when permissible concentration levels are exceeded 15. The pollution of soils and vegetation
by trace metals from automobile sources is a serious environmental issue 16. Heavy metal
present in the roadside soils and grasses may be transported through the food chain to the
human body and have a significant toxicity to people 17,18. With the rapid industrialisation
and urbanization trend, the increment of traffic activities substantially contributes to the
accumulations of micronutrients discharged by vehicles in roadside environment. High
concentration of heavy metals may affect the ecosystem and human health 18. Heavy metal
pollution in agricultural areas owing to traffic emissions may contaminate the crops growing
near the roadways 19. Vehicle exhausts, as well as several industrial activities emit these
heavy metals so that soils, plants and even residents along roads with heavy traffic loads are
subjected to increasing levels of contamination with heavy metals 20. Roadside soils often
show a high degree of contamination that can be attributed to motor vehicles 15. The source
of heavy metal emissions from vehicles include fuel combustion, lubricating oil
consumption, tire wear, brake wear, roar abrasion, etc 21,22,23,24,25. Cd and Pb are the major
metal pollutants of the roadside environments and are released from burning of fuel, wearing
out of tyres, leakage of oils, and corrosion of batteries and metallic parts such as radiators etc
16,24,26,27,28
. Various researchers have found that the concentration of the metals Pb, Cu, Zn,
Cd and Ni decrease rapidly within 10 to 50 m from the roadsides 29,30. The pollution of
roadside soils and plants by combustion of leaded petrol products is localized and usually
limited to a belt of several metres wide on either side of the road, and that for similar
topography and vegetation, the level of pollution decreases with the distance from the road
31
. Road traffic activities are the major source of heavy metals emission to roadside soils 32.
7
In agricultural areas, uptake of heavy metals through the soil- crop system could play a
predominant role in human exposure to heavy metals 33. Numerous previous studies have
investigated the influencing mechanism of vehicle emissions on concentrations of
micronutrients in roadside soils 34,34a. The concentration of heavy metal decreases with
increasing roadside distance 35,36. Therefore, assessment of heavy metals in soil is essential
for understanding their toxic importance. The present study assessed heavy metal
concentration of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb on roadside tea cultivated soil.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
This study was conducted in tea plantation areas inside the national highway. Tea
estates are selected for study in the Dibrugarh district of Assam. Dibrugarh district is situated
in the eastern part of Assam. The district extends from 27005.38/ N to 27042.30/ N Latitudes
and 94033.46/ E to 95029.80/ E Longitudes. The geographical area covered by Dibrugarh
district is 3381 sq km. The area of the Dibrugarh district experiences subtropical monsoon
climate with mild winter, warm and humid summer. Rainfall decreases from south to north
and east to west in the area. The average annual rainfall in this district is 276 cm with a total
number of 193 rainy days.
Physico-chemical properties of soil
The soils of the area are basically the products of the fluvial processes of the
Brahmaputra and its tributaries. The plains are composed of alluvium which may be
classified as new and old. The new alluvium varies mostly from clayey to sandy loam in
texture and is slightly acidic in reaction. In certain parts, both the old and new alluvium are
so combined that it is difficult to distinguish them. The pH ranges between 4.2 and 5.5. The
new alluvium is less acidic as compared to the old alluvium. Its pH value varies from 5.5 to
9.9. Tea is abundantly grown in the old alluvium as it has high percentage of acid. The tea
estates are located over relatively high lands with discernible slopes containing both old and
new alluvium.
Soil sampling and Laboratory analyses
A total of 60 topsoil samples were collected from the roadside tea cultivated soils of
Dibrugarh district of Assam during the January 2014. For each sampling site (both sides of
road, NH 37), three topsoil ( 0-20 cm) samples were collected according to 100 m, 200 m
and 300 m roadside distances. Composite soil samples were taken and prepared for necessary
analysis in the laboratory 37,38. Samples from the control sites were collected following the
same procedure. 1.0 g air dried sieved soil sample was placed in 100 ml beaker with 15 ml of
concentrated HCl, 5 ml concentrated HNO3 and 3 ml concentrated H2SO4 and heated at 95January, 2015 | Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences | www.chemistry-journal.org
8
1000 C on hot plate. After proper digestion, the digest was made up to 50 ml with deionised
water. The extract was analysed using AAS (Varian Spectra AA 220). Same procedure was
carried out on control soil sample. The locations of sampling stations were determined by
using Global Positioning System (GARMIN e-Trex 30).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results of analysis of tea cultivated soil samples are presented in tables 1, 2, 3
and 4.The results of analysis of control soil is presented in table 5. There was wide variation
in the heavy metals concentration of tea cultivated roadside soils. The results indicated that
the concentration of of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in soil were different for the different soil sampling
locations. The concentration of Cd measured in left and right sides of the national highway
were 1.42 ± 0.36 to 1.68 ± 0.38 and 1.34 ± 0.26 to 1.60 ± 0.42 mg/kg respectively. The
concentrations of Cr were 36.14 ± 9.62 to 40.18 ± 11.46 and 34.12 ± 8.54 to 38.58 ± 10.36
mg/kg respectively. The concentrations of Ni were 24.72 ± 3.96 to 28.46 ± 5.12 and 24.42 ±
3.42 to 27.54 ± 4.98 mg/kg respectively. The concentrations of Pb were 28.04 ± 4.74 to
34.72 ± 4.14 and 27.78 ± 3.16 to 32.02 ± 5.64 mg/kg respectively. It was observed that
chromium (Cr) has the highest concentration level in all the samples analysed followed by
lead (Pb), then nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd). Therefore, the concentration of the heavy
metals in decreasing order is given as Cr > Pb > Ni > Cd.
These level agreement in the typical ranges of the average concentration in the
Earth’s crust 39. These levels are not as high as the ranges reported in roadside soils of
England (Pb 25.0- 1198.0 mg/kg and Cd 0.3-3.8 mg/kg). The concentration of Pb in tea
cultivated soil was higher than the level in the reference soil. It was reported that soils within
40 m from the highway having at least 2 to 6 times higher concentration of Pb than the
background level 40. It was reported that on the use of Pb as an antiknock agent in gasoline
which result in its release during emissions from fossil combustion 16,40,41,42. Pb is reported as
one of the heavy metals with highest affinities for soils moreover it becomes stabilized on the
surface of soil through hydrolysis reaction 43. The presence of mobile forms of Pb indicate
toxic risk both in the food chain and its migration downwards the soil profile44.The
concentration of Pb in soil ranging from 25.0 to 1198.0 mg/kg have been reported on
roadside soil in England, 0 to 50 mg/kg in India, 78.4 to 832 mg/kg in Tanzania.
The concentration of Cd in tea cultivated soil was higher than the level in the
reference soil but low in permissible limit. It was reported similar low level of Cd in soil
samples in French major highway 29. Cd concentration was ranging from 0.3 to 3.8 in
England 16 and other researchers reported levels lower than the general soil level of 0.1
gm/kg, 0.3 to 1.33 mg/kg in studies on heavy metal contamination of soil on major highway
in Lagos, Nigeria 41,45 while it was found that Cd concentration levels which were higher
than FAO/WHO recommended limits in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria 46. In the absence of
any major industry in the sampling sites, the levels of Cd could be due to engine oil
consumption and the wearing of tyres. Similar findings have been reported previously 42,45,47.
It was mentioned that 0-1.0 mg/kg of Cd in soil indicates non contamination, 1-3 mg/kg
9
indicates slight contamination of soil and 3-10 mg/kg indicates contaminated soil 48.
Therefore, when the values obtained for Cd from this research are compared to these values,
in can be stated that the tea cultivated soil is not contaminated with Cd and also did not
exceed the tolerance or permissible level.
The concentration of Cr in tea cultivated soil was higher than the level in the
reference soil but low in permissible limit. It was reported that natural chromium
concentration of surface soil is 60 mg/kg 49. When the Cr concentration of soil in this
research are compared with stated above, it appears that the values are far less than the
natural concentration of Cr in soil 49 .
The concentration of Ni in tea cultivated soil was higher than the level in the
reference soil but low in permissible limit. Ni is absorbed easily and rapidly by plant 50. It
was reported that airborne particles emitted by brakes and wears from vehicles tyres can
contain considerable amounts of nickel 41.
All of the heavy metal concentrations show a declining trend with the increase of
distance from the road (Fig. 1 to 8). The heavy metal concentration is higher near the
roadside soil and gradually decreases as the distance increases. The possible accumulations
of the roadside soil occur due to continual usage of the road by automobile. The heavy
metals are emitted from various sources into the atmosphere. Most studies have used soil
samples to monitor their metallic levels 44,51,52. The metallic levels of the studied soil were
higher than the control sample. These observations indicate some level of contamination
possibly from aerial deposition of metal particulates in roadside environment mainly
automobiles. Tea cultivated soils have generally high concentration of heavy metal due to
frequent application of fertilizers and pesticides to high yields of tea leaves. It was reported
that trees growing linearly along the roadways can effectively reduce the heavy metal
concentration in the roadside agricultural soil 47.
The correlation analysis of heavy metals concentration in roadside soils indicates
that the concentration of of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb are significantly correlated with each other, as
shown in Table 6. The similar conclusions were also obtained from many researchers studies
18,47
. There are no any industrial factories and farmlands in the study area, road traffic is the
most probable source of these metals 18,33. The correlation analysis of heavy metals confirms
the enhancement of heavy metal concentration of tea cultivated roadside soil.
Table 1 . Concentrations of Cd and Cr in roadside tea cultivated soils in mg/kg (from Moran to
Dibrugarh, NH 37 left side)
Variable
Level
100m
Distance
200m
300m
Range
1.68 ± 0.38
(1.30 – 2.06)
1.50 ± 0.34
(1.16 – 1.84)
1.42 ± 0.36
(1.06 – 1.78)
Cd
SD
3.46
2.96
3.05
Range
40.18 ± 11.46
(28.72 – 51.64)
38.92 ± 10.74
(28.18 – 49.66)
36.14 ± 9.62
(26.52 – 45.76 )
Cr
SD
5.48
4.78
5.22
10
Table 2 . Concentrations of Ni and Pb in roadside tea cultivated soils in mg/kg (from Moran to
Dibrugarh, NH 37 left side)
Variable
Level
100m
Distance
Ni
Pb
Range
SD
Range
SD
28.46 ± 5.12
5.25
34.72 ± 4.14
5.12
(23.34 – 33.58)
200m
(30.58 – 38.86)
26.04 ± 4.68
5.42
(21.36 – 30.72)
300m
30.16 ± 3.84
4.94
(26.32 – 34.00)
24.72 ± 3.96
4.88
(20.76 – 28.68)
28.04 ± 4.74
5.34
(23.30 – 32.78)
Table 3. Concentrations of Cd and Cr in roadside soils in mg/kg (from Moran to Dibrugarh,
NH 37 right side)
Variable
Level
100m
Distance
Cd
Cr
Range
SD
Range
SD
1.60 ± 0.42
2.96
38.58 ± 10.36
4.68
(1.18 – 2.02)
200m
1.40 ± 0.28)
(28.22 – 48.94))
2.36
37.56 ± 9.68
(1.12 – 1.68)
300m
1.34 ± 0.26
4.28
(27.88 – 47.24)
3.25
34.12 ± 8.54
(1.08 – 1.60)
4.92
(25.58 -42.66)
Table 4. Concentrations of Ni and Pb in roadside soils in mg/kg (from Moran to Dibrugarh,
NH 37, right side)
Variable
Level
Ni
Range
100m
Distance
200m
Range
SD
4.32
27.54 ± 4.98
SD
32.02 ± 5.64
(22.56 – 32.52)
4.75
(26.38 –37.66)
25.62 ± 3.26
(22.36 – 28.88)
300m
SD
Pb
29.54 ± 4.32
4.42
24.48 ± 3.41
(21.07 – 27.89)
(25.22–33.86)
27.78 ± 3.16
5.08
4.14
(24.62 -30.94)
4.64
11
Table 5. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in control soil sample in mg/kg
Sl. No
Heavy metal
Concentration
1
Cd
1.06
2
Cr
29.85
3
Ni
20.56
4
Pb
24.02
Table 6. Correlation between concentration of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb
Cd
Cr
Ni
Pb
Cd
1.00
0.82
0.90
0.92
Cr
0.82
1.00
0.86
0.83
Ni
0.90
0.86
1.00
0.89
Pb
0.92
0.83
0.89
1.00
Fig 1. Concentration of Cd in mg/kg on the roadside (left) tea cultivated soil
Fig 2. Concentration of Cr in mg/kg on the roadside (left) tea cultivated soil
12
Fig 3. Concentration of Ni in mg/kg on the roadside (left) tea cultivated soil
Fig 4. Concentration of Pb in mg/kg on the roadside (left) tea cultivated soil
Fig. 5. Concentration of Cd in mg/kg on the roadside (right) tea cultivated soil
Fig 6. Concentration of Cr in mg/kg on the roadside (right) tea cultivated soil
Fig 7. Concentration of Ni in mg/kg on the roadside (right) tea cultivated soil
Fig 8. Concentration of Pb in mg/kg on the roadside (right) tea cultivated soil
13
14
CONCLUSION
The result of this work show that the concentration levels of heavy metals on the
study area as a result of vehicular emissions has not rich to a dangerous level at the
moment.The concentration of the heavy metals in the tea cultivated roadside soil is
comparatively high but lower the permissible limits. The heavy metal concentration is higher
near the roadside soil and gradually decreases as the distance increases. The correlation
coefficients show positive correlations for most of the heavy metal pairs.The concentrations
of the metals in the soils are in the order Cr>Pb>Ni>Cd. Heavy metal concentrations in soils
show significant spatial and temporal variations. In the absence of any major industry in the
sampling sites these observations suggest that motor vehicles on the roads were the may be
sources of these metals to the roadside soils. Therefore regular monitoring of heavy metals in
tea cultivated soil is essential.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author is gratefully acknowledging the financial support of MRP (No. F.528/2013-14/MRP/NERO/444) of UGC-NERO, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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