LONG TERM MEAN TEMPERATURE OF TURKEY

The Bioclimatologic
Features of Turkish
Spa Resorts
Prof Dr Hatice GÜRDAL
Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical
Faculty Medical Ecology and
Hydroclimatology Department
• Spa treatment is performed
as a complex cure system
under the influence of local
climato therapeutic factors,
together with other
comprehensive therapy
methods
• At first , each guest who
came to health resort,
exposes to the climatic
conditions
• The climatic features of the health –
spa resort have a great influence on
human health and recreation.
• Meteorological analysis
and interpretation of
thermo physiologically
effectiveness of health
spa resort climate is
important
• Thus medical doctors are able to obtain
better information about the special
bioclimatic features of the resorts, to
agree them with the individual
physiological parameters of the guest and
develop a cure therapy programs
• Turkey lies between the northern 36-42
latitudes and the eastern 26-45 longitude
• Turkey has Subtropical Climate in
Mediterranean Region
• There are mainly 7 geographical regions
The Climate Varies From Region to
Region
• Marmara, Aegean and the Mediterranean:
Typical Mediterranean climate with hot
summers and mild winters
• Black Sea Coast:
Temperate climate with warm summers, mild
winters and relatively high rainfall
• Central Anatolia:
Hot, dry summers and cold winters
• Eastern Anatolia:
Long snowy, cold winters and mild summers
• South-East Anatolia:
Hot summers with mild, rainy winters
Number of
Thermomineral
Spring
Marmara Region
Aegean Region
Middle Anatolia
76
124
104
Mediterranean Region
17
Black Sea Region
13
East and
South- East Anatolia
37
Total number of
spring
371
• Middle Anatolia and the Aegean region
have got the most of the spas in Turkey.
Marmara region follows these regions as
the number of health spa centers
(82% of Turkey).
• The description of the climatic
conditions of Middle Anatolia and
inland Aegean are continental,
coastal Aegean and Marmara
regions are maritime.
number of spas
The Altitudes of Turkish Spa Centers
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
50
51300
301600
6011000
1001- 1301- 1601
1300 1600
altitude (meter)
• The Most of the Health Spa’s are at 600 1300 m. Altitude (50% of Turkey)
• Few of them covered by forests, most of
them are not .
• Dominating bioclimatic features are
moderately stimulating factors
Health Spa Cure Centers in Middle
Anatolia
•
•
•
•
•
Mild Stimulant
Ankara-Beypazarı
Niğde- Çiftehan
Konya -Ilgın
Kırșehir-Terme
•
•
•
•
•
Strong Stimulant
Sivas- Kangal
Yozgat -Boğazlayan
Eskișehir
Ankara- Kızılcahamam
Ankara- Haymana
Health Spa Cure Centers in
Aegean Region
•
•
•
•
•
Coastal Region
İzmir-Balçova
İzmir- Çeșme
Muğla-Köyceğiz
Aydın -Kușadası
•
•
•
•
Inland Region
Afyon- Oruçoğlu,
İkbal, Sandıklı
Kütahya- Harlek,
Yoncalı
Denizli-Pamukkale,
Karahayıt
Health Spa Cure Centers in
Marmara Region
•
•
•
•
Coastal Region
Armutlu
Çanakkale-Ezine
Istanbul-Tuzla
• Inland Region
• Yalova -Termal
• Bursa- Askeri Hasth.,
Kükürtlü, Oylat
• Bolu
• Gönen
• Adapazarı-Kuzuluk
ANNUAL AVERAGE PRECIPITATION OF
TURKEY
LONG TERM MEAN TEMPERATURE OF TURKEY
20
1600
18
1400
16
14
1200
12
1000
10
800
8
600
6
0
0
K
an
ga
l
2
H
ay
m
an
a
200
D
en
iz
li
4
B
ur
sa
400
Temperature (ºC)
1800
Fe
th
iy
e
E
dr
em
it
Altitude (m.)
Altitude-Annual Mean Temperature
Stimulative Bioclimatological Effects
Inland Regions at Moderate Altitude in Turkey
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Decreased atmospheric temperature
Decreased atmospheric humidity
Increased wind activity
Decreased sultry days
Increased night chilling
Decreased antropogenic pollution
Increased global / UV-radiation
1800
18
1600
17
16
A lt it u d e ( m )
1400
15
14
1200
1000
13
800
12
11
600
400
10
9
200
Yükseklik (m.)
Seriler 1
al
ng
Ka
Af
Ha y o n
ym
an
a
K.
ha
ma
m
lu
Bo
lo v
Ya
re m
Ed
a
8
it
0
Temmuz-Gece Gündüz Sıcaklık Farkı
D i ffe r e n c e ( º C )
Altitude and The Differences of Daily Temperature in July
Unfavorable Bioclimatologic Factors At the Middle
High Mountain Region
• Especially at night cold stress can be expected in
summer period
• There is a few sultry days in the summer period
• There hasn’t been any measures about air pollutant at
Spa centers
Fe
th i
Çe ye
ş
E d me
re
K . m it
Ad
B a as
l ço ı
Bu va
r
Ya sa
lo
D e va
B e ni
y p zl i
az
a
A y rı
aş
B
E s ol
kiş u
K ü ehi
ta r
K ı hy a
K . rş e
h a hi r
ma
m
Il g
ın
A
f
Ha yo
ym n
N e an
vş a
e
K a h ir
ng
a
Ağ l
rı
A ltitu d e (m .)
Altitude - The Number of the Cold Night
(Under 15°C )
1800
380
1600
360
1400
340
1200
320
1000
300
800
280
600
260
400
240
200
220
0
200
Yükseklik (m.)
15 ºC'nin altındaki gece sayısı
Number of foggy days per
year
•
•
•
•
Balçova
Ezine
Kızılcaham.
Yalova
1
4
5
7
•
•
•
•
Gönen
Bolu
Oylat
Ayaș
46
32
22
20
Annual Duration of Sunshine must be higher
than 1500 hours
(The climatic Limits for spa center by Deutscher Heilbäderverband )
All of Turkish Spa centers receive more than 1500
hrs/year
•
•
•
•
Balçova
Ezine
Yalova
Gönen
3000
2800
2400
2600
•
•
•
•
Bolu
Oylat
Kızılcahamam
Ayaș
2200
2400
2400
2600
The Number of Sultry Days Per Year
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Beypazarı 628 m.
10-15 days/year
Ayaș 720 m.
1-2 days/year
Eskișehir
801 m.
none
Kırșehir
985 m.
1-2 days/year
Kızılcaha.
1002 m.
none
Ilgın
1030 m.
none
Haymana
1225 m.
none
Nevșehir
1260 m.
none
Sivas 1285 m.
none
Kangal
1545 m.
none
Sultry Days at Continental Climate
( inland )of Turkey
•
•
•
•
0 – 500 m
500 – 1000 m
1000 – 1500 m
> 1500 m
10-15 sultry days
5-10 sultry days
a few sultry days
none sultry days
Sultry Days in Summer Period are Mostly in South
West Regions ( Teq>56.0ºC )
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fethiye - Gebeler
İzmir - Balçova
İzmir - Çeșme
Çanakkale - Ezine
Yalova - Armutlu
İstanbul - Tuzla
1600
250
1400
Altitude (m.)
300
200
1200
1000
150
800
100
600
400
50
200
Yükseklik (m.)
Seriler 6
25 ºC'nin üzerindeki günler
Ka
ng
al
A
Ha fyo
ym n
an
a
am
K.
ha
m
Bo
lu
Bu
r
D sa
en
iz
li
0
Fe
th
Ed iye
re
m
it
0
Seriler 1
20 ºC'nin üzerindeki günler
30 ºC'nin üzerindeki günler
The Number of
Hot Days
1800
Altitude-The Number of Hot Days
(Upper 20,25,30 C )
Turkish Spa Center at Low Altitude (m)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
İzmir - Çeșme
Tuzla - İstanbul
İzmir - Balçova
Gönen
Ezine
Bursa - Çekirge
Yalova Termal
Denizli - Sarayköy
1
5-15
60
37
90
220
105
169
Coastal / Marine climate
Coastal / Marine climate
Seashore urban climate
Plate with low altitude
Coastal / Marine climate
Urban climate
Valley / Forest climate
Valley
Turkish Spa Centers at
Middle High Altitude (m)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bolu
750
Oylat - İnegöl
Kızılcahamam
Ankara-Ayaș
Niğde - Çiftehan
Konya - Ilgın
840
975
720
1200
1027
Forest climate
Forest climate
Forest climate
Forest climate
Plateau climate
Plate at high altitude
Turkish Spa Center at High Altitude (m)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Erzurum
Sivas - Kangal
Ağrı - Diyadin
Yozgat
Haymana
Niğde - Çiftehan
Kütahya - Harlek
1690
1600
1500
1350
1300
1200
1050
Mountain climate
Mountain climate
Mountain climate
Mountain climate
Plateau climate
Plateau climate
Plateau climate
Thank you for your attention !