Yoksulluk - iBrarian

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Yoksulluk
KAYNAKÇA
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İÇİNDEKİLER « £U»sfc / l ' V ö L j
Tablolar Listesi
10
Kısaltmalar Listesi
11
ÖNSÖZ.
13
BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM
GİRİŞ
Amaç ve Kapsam
Çalışmanın Planı
17
25
29
İKİNCİ BÖLÜM
YOKSULLUĞA KARŞI ARTAN İLGI VE İLGİNIN KAYNAKLARI
1. Giriş
2. İkinci Dünya Savaşı Öncesi Dönem
3. İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sonrası Dönem
A. Gelişme İktisadı
B. Dünya Bankası
4. Yoksulluğa Karşı İlginin Kaynakları
A. 1973-1980
B. 1980-1990
C. 1990-2000
5. Yoksulluğa Karşı Artan ilginin Diğer Kaynakları
6. Sonuç
31
31
32
35
36
39
44
46
49
51
53
57
ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM
T A N I M , K A V R A M L A R VE Ö L Ç Ü M
61
1. Giriş
2. Mutlak Yoksulluk Çizgisi Yaklaşımı:
Tanım, Kıstaslar ve Ölçüm Yöntemleri
Ölçüm Yöntemleri.
3. Mutlak Yoksulluk Çizgisi Yaklaşımı:
Kavramsal ve İstatistiksel Sorunlar
A. Yoksulluk Kıstası Seçimi
B. Verilerin Toplanması
C. Anketler
D. Diğer Teknik Sorunlar.
/. Ölçüm Dönemi
/;'. Ölçüm Yeri
/;'/'. Ölçüm Birimi
iv. Yoksulluk Çizgisinin Güncelleştirilmesi
v. Eşdeğerlik Ölçeği
4. Mutlak Yoksulluk Çizgisi Yaklaşımı:
Eleştiri ve Alternatif Yaklaşımlar
61
5. Sonuç
62
65
68
68
71
73
75
75
76
76
77
78
80
105
DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM
T E M E L Y O K S U L L U K EĞILIMLERI VE Y O K S U L L U K PROFILI
1. Giriş
2. Ülke ve Ülke Gruplarında Temel Yoksulluk Eğilimleri
3. Araştırma Bulgularını Yorumlama Güçlükleri
4. Yoksulluk Profili
Sektörel ve Mekânsal Dağılım
İşgücü Piyasaları Konumu
Yoksulluk Süreleri
Hanehatkı Özellikleri
5. Sonuç
113
113
114
126
133
134
137
138
139
143
BEŞİNCİ BÖLÜM
Y O K S U L L U Ğ U N NEDENLERI
1. Giriş
2. Büyüme, Gelir Dağılımı ve Yoksulluk
3. Demografik Unsurlar: Nüfus Baskısı,
Hanehalkı Tür ve Özellikleri ve Göç
4. İşgücü Piyasaları
5. Dışsal Etmenler: Şoklar, Ayrımcılık ve
Yerleşim Yerinin Özellikleri
145
145
149
152
164
171
6. Yapısal Uyum Programları ve
Kısa Dönem Devrevi Hareketler
7. Diğer Etmenler
8. Sonuç
183
203
...215
ALTİNCİ BÖLÜM
YOKSULLUKLA MÜCADELE: HANEHALKI,
U L U S A L VE U L U S L A R A R A S I B O Y U T L A R
1. Giriş
2. Dolaylı Yaklaşım: Büyüme ve Yoksulluk
2. Dolaysız Yaklaşım
A. Radikal Reform
B. Kamu Harcamaları
C. Yoksullukla Mücadele Programlan
3. Hanehalklarımn Geçim Stratejileri
4. Uluslararası Unsurlar
5. Sonuç
217
217
221
227
227
233
237
246
253
260
YEDİNCİ BÖLÜM
Y O K S U L L U K L A M Ü C A D E L E : S O R U N L A R VE Ç I K I Ş Y O L L A R I . . . . 2 6 I
1. Giriş
2. Sorunlar: Dolaylı Yaklaşım
3. Sorunlar: Dolaysız yaklaşım
4. Gelinen Durum: Neoliberal Yaklaşımın Hâkimiyeti
ve Yetersizliği
5. Ne Yapmalı?
6. Nasıl Yapmalı?: Uygulamada Karşılaşılan Engeller
261
261
265
281
292
301
SEKİZİNCİ BÖLÜM
Ö Z E T VE S O N U Ç
313
Lügatçe
335
Kaynakça
339
Dizin
352
TABLOLAR LİSTESİ
Tablo 3-1 Bileşik Yoksulluk Endeksleri: Tanımlar
102
Tablo 4-1 Dünyanın Değişik Bölgelerinde Yoksulluk,
1987 ve 1998
Tablo 4-2 Ulusal Yoksulluk Çizgilerine Göre Seçilmiş Ülkelerde
Yoksulluk Oranı
117
118
Tablo 4-3 Uluslararası Yoksulluk Çizgisine Göre
Seçilmiş Ülkelerde Yoksulluk Oranı ve Yoksulluk Açığı.119
Tablo 4-4 Seçilmiş Ülkelerde Gelir Dışı Refah Göstergeleri
121
Tablo 4-5 Seçilmiş Ülkelerde Değişik Refah Göstergeleri ve
İnsani Kalkınma Endeksi, 1999
Tablo 5-1 Seçilmiş Ülkelerde Gelir Dağılımı
122
153
Tablo 5-2 Seçilmiş Ülkelerde Nüfus ve İşgücü Yıllık Ortalama
Artış Hızı, 1990-99
Tablo 5-3 Değişik Ülkelerde Kamu Eğitim, Sağlık,
Askeri ve Sosyal Hizmet Harcamaları
154
206
Tablo 6-1 Değişik Ülkelerde Toplam ve Sektörel Üretimin ve
Yatırımların Yıllık Ortalama Artış Hızı, 1990-99
222
Tablo 6-2 En Çok Dış Yardım Veren Ülkelerin Dış Yardım Karnesi..259
Tablo 7-1 Seçilmiş Ülkelerde Üretim Yapısı ve
Tarımda Verimlilik, 1999
10
297
nsanlık, muazzam bir zenginlikle korkunç bir yok­
sulluğun olağanüstü kutuplaştığı bir zamanı yaşı­
yor. Çarpıcı açlık ve düşkünlük manzaralarına, sa­
dece yoksulluğun gitgide derinleştiği ve kitleselleştiği "azgelişmiş" ülkelerde değil, gelişmiş ülkelerde de rastlanıyor. Bu­
na karşılık yoksulluk konusu, neoliberal küreselleşme söyleminin bas­
kısı altında, hayli uzun bir süre kayıtsızlıkla karşılandı. Ancak son yıl­
larda uluslararası mali kuruluşların, hatta sermayenin ilgi alanına gir­
miş bulunuyor. Yoksulluğun tanımlanmasıyla, ölçeklerinin ve somut
biçimlerinin/yapılarının belirlenmesiyle, nedenlerinin saptanmasıyla
ve onunla mücadele yollarının tarif edilmesiyle ilgili tartışmalar, aka­
demik ve politik açıdan önemli bir mücadele düzlemini oluşturuyor.
Fikret Şenses'in titiz incelemesi, yoksulluğun tanımlarına, kavramları­
na, ölçeklerine açıklık getiriyor. Bunu, geçerli tarifleri ve ölçekleri sor­
gulayarak yapıyor. Dolayısıyla, yoksulluğa yaklaşım biçimlerinin eleş­
tirisine de yöneliyor. Yoksulluk, tarihsel dinamiği içinde, mekânsal bir
örneğe odaklanmaksızm global bir olgu olarak ve "statik" iktisat an­
layışının ötesine geçerek ele almıyor kitapta. Vargısı, karanlık ama ger­
çekçi: Yoksullaşma, yakın dönemde önüne geçilmesi olası görünme­
yen kalıcı bir eğilimdir ve ağır bir dünya ve insanlık sorununa, işaret et­
mektedir. Prof. Şenses'in incelemesi, yoksulluğun ekonomi-politik
analizinde temel bir kaynak ve özgün bir katkıdır.
İLETİŞİM
770
ARAŞTIRMA
İNCELEME 121
•
ISBN 975-470-950-5
9"789754"709506"