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11-14
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Temade Çınar
15-18
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19-21
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Ruhan Mavruk
22
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23-26
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Ölümlerden geliyorum þarký söyleyerekten,
geliyorum yaþamak için.
Býrak, ýþýldayan bir yara
baðýþlasýn bana sesini,
býrak da kinler büyüsün,
kafeslerin içimde ektiði,
býrak, uzlaþmazlýk çýksýn ortaya,
yýkýmlarýn doðurduðu.
Yaramýn üstünde yürümeyi öðretti
bana celladýn býçaðý.
Yürümeyi, hem de yorulmadan yürümeyi.
Direnmeyi öðretti.
Direnmeyi.
Mahmut Derviþ
4
Cengiz Aytmatov
Sıla Erciyes
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Güz ‘08
5
A
ytmatov, 1928 yýlýnda
Kýrgýzistan’ýn baþkenti
Biþkek’in Þeker köyünde
doðar. Çocukluðu II.
Emperyalist Paylaþým Savaþý döneminde geçer.
Toplumun açlýðýna, yokluðuna ve kahramanlýklarýna tanýk olur. Bugünleri
Erken Gelen Turnalar
adlý hikayesinde anlatýr
bize. Babaannesi Ayýmkan’ýn anlattýðý masallar,
ninnilerle büyür. Kýrgýz
toplumunun destanlarla
örülü dünyasý onu çocuk
yaþlardan itibaren sarar,
büyüler. Ýç dünyasýnýn
zenginleþmesinde çok
büyük etkisi olur bu masallarýn, destanlarýn.
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Güz ‘08
D. Dağlı
0VSVIWQHRTIVQJVS5SW0HQLSRVQ5S5WVK5RW)RTW/R5SOVR5
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gjmlmgfimclmafmYjmhjmekhWm=mQh^mgjmbjhm]kmgkcmdkhWm=`malm?lhemakZmckimafemafemelm]lmgl[mbfmhfgmdfmVfmifm9U_gmT
YlmhkmZj5mjmdkgmdkmVkmikmYPmh\m`^mh_ZWmBjcm]kmgkcmajgm`Pmi\SmOjcmQh^mgjmbjhm`Pmi\melm]lmgl[mbfmhfmgfm`^hW
?lhemakZcmOjhmOlimYkm]khm]kmgkcmjmgjmlmgfmifhmYkm]kmjmgjmlmgfimclmgfmdfhWm^hmUjmZlOmcjbmgkmlmhl[mbfhmclmT
glmhlmdlm`lmifmglmhlemelUmhlimclmgfmdfhWmLimRlem^imdlima^imhlm]kmgkmckimbjmQjmi^emblmafmilmUlmhfmgfhmlmcl
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almUlm[fmcfmifimejmakimbkmgkm]khma\mhjXmkZmgjmcjmakSmkmgjmhkmRkSma^am`lmgkabmalmilbmXfmglmhfimb\cmOlgmefime\hma\mT
a\m^mglmhlemdlUmhlimclmglmhfmifmYjmbkhmck[mbkhWmM_mjbmekmUjm]_mh^gma^imhlmekmdPmijcmgjhmdjmdjmlmZlmglim]kmT
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bjhm almilbmalgm `Pimdjim jmgjm lmgfimafim k[mXkm afmifmNfmifim c\mRlmdjmgjmakmijSm a^mh_imglmhfmilm OlgemXfm akmbkgmdj
`lemgl[mcleSmkmgjmhkmdjmVkgmYjmhkm]khm`lemglm[fcmdfhWm8h^mgjmblhm`lmelUmhlmcfmifmc^mdjhimlimglmcf`mglmelmT
QkmblmgkZmckiSmalmilm`kmikimOlam\mh\mi\m^mglmhlemjmgjmlgmclemYjmhjmekm`^hWmJ^am`lmgkabmgjhm`lgmifZmRlmQh^mgjmT
blhm`lmifima^mh_imglmhfmifmjmgjmlgmclemglmelgmclZmglh<mQh^mgjmbjhm^gmclm`limb\cmjmcjemXkmgjmhkiSmb\cmOlgmT
efima^mh_imglmhfmifmdlmjmgjmlmgfhmUjmXPmZ\cm`^mg_mYPambjmhkhmgjhWmM_hm>_mUlmZkm`lgmifZmRlmQh^mgjmblhm`lm`fmdjmT
VkgSmb\cmOlgemekbmgjmgjmhkmikmaPmc\mh\m`^hSm^imglmhfm]lamefmlgmbfimdlmb_mb_m`^hWmBlgmefima^mh_imglmhfmlimRle
Güz ‘08
11
B
urjuvazinin ideologlarý, ekonomi okullarý, teori yoluyla sürekli
bir kafa karýþýklýðý yaratarak, kapitalizmin
geliþiminin zorunlu olarak komünist topluma geçiþi gündeme
getirdiðini yadsýrlar.
Ama yaþamýn gerçekleri onlarý devamlý yalanlar. Çünkü üretimin toplumsal boyutlarýnýn derinleþmesi
kaçýnýlmazdýr, zorunludur. Komünizmi kaçýnýlmaz yapan bu tarihsel geliþmedir. Burjuva teorisyenler, yaþamýn bu gerçeði karþýsýnda yenilgiye uðrarlar. Yaþamýn gerçekleri, gerçekler kendisini yenilgiye uðrayanlara da kabul ettirir.
nsanýn entelektüel
durumu gerçek iliþkilerinin durumunu yansýtýr. Günümüz insan iliþkileri
son derece zengin ve
karmaþýktýr. Bu denli
karmaþýk iliþkiler ve uluslararasý sorunlar
ancak güçlü bir entelektüel yetiyle kavranabilir. Bugünün sorunlarýnýn doðru olarak anlaþýlabilmesi için yalnýzca bireysel
düzeyde geliþmiþ bir
entelektüel deha olmak yetmiyor; bunun
için çok sayýda yetenekli bireyin kolektif
çabasý gerekiyor.
Ý
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12
Güz ‘08
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Güz ‘08
13
nsan bilinci artýk
daha çok gerçek
bilgiye dayanýyor.
Dýþ dünyanýn gerçek
bilgiye dayanýlarak
kavranmasý giderek
yaygýnlýk kazanýyor ve
egemen hale geliyor.
Gelecek toplumda bu
eðilim tamamen egemen olacaktýr. Ýnsanlar yaþamýn gerçek bilgisine dayanacak ve
hayatlarýný bu gerçeðin bilgisiyle yönlendireceklerdir.
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(A. Lunaçarski)
Güz ‘08
Ben bir baþkasýdýr
Temade Çýnar
yabancýlaþmaya karþý beyin egzersizleri
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Güz ‘08
15
K
iþiliðimiz dýþ baský
ve yaptýrýmlarýn
etkisi altýnda, içsel
ihtiyaçlarýmýzýn sürekli
çatýþmasý ve yeni yeni çatýþmalarý ortaya çýkarmasý
ile olgunlaþýr. Eriþkin bir
insanýn deðer yargýlarýný
deðiþtirmek bu nedenle
oldukça zordur. Onun
geldiði yolu yeniden yürümesi anlamýna gelir.
Yeniden yapýlanmasý…
Özenle dizilmiþ domino
taþlarýnýn bir bir yýkýlmasý
gibi. Bugüne kadar yaþadýklarýmýz üzerinde þöyle
bir düþündüðümüzde þu
anda yaþadýðýmýz pek çok
duygu ve yargýnýn kökenlerini bulabiliriz.
R
uhan Mavruk’un
“Fiyortlar”ýndaki
gibi kimi insan,
kuzey denizlerinin sürekli tuzlu su dalgalarýna
maruz kalýp dantel dantel oyuluyor. Kimisi bir
korunaklý kuytu içinde
bir kaya parçasý olarak
kalýyor. Aslýnda yaþamýn
herkese eþit olarak sunduðu bir seçim meselesi… Eþit, çünkü yaþamla
mücadele etmenin yol
ayrýmlarýnda herkesin
seçimi göze aldýklarýyla
denktir. Karþýlaþtýðý zorluklardan hile ya da uyum (?) gösterme yoluyla kurtulanlar kendi korunaklý kovuklarýný oymaktalar. Ayný zorluklarla karþýlaþan ama bunlarla savaþmanýn bedellerini ödeyenlerse fiyortlara
katýlýyorlar.
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16
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17
G
erçeklerin farkýnda olan insanlar da bu
çatýþmayý yaþayabilirler.
Yine gerçeðin dayattýðý
içsel baský ile sistemin
dayattýðý dýþ baský arasýnda bir çýkýþ yolu arayabilirler. Bunu bulmak da
hiç zor deðil. Kafamýzý
karýþtýran önemli olaylardan bazýlarý bize böyle
yansýr. Bazý insanlar aðýzlarýný açtýlar mý mangalda kül býrakmazlar ama iþ eyleme gelince o
zaman biraz önceki insandan eser kalmaz. Bize devrimci gibi görünenler bizi þaþýrtabilir.
Madalyonun diðer yüzünün olduðunu bilen ama çevirmeye cesareti
olmayan bu insanlar,
toplumlarýn da uzun bir
süre kafasýný karýþtýrabilir. Bu kiþileri “ama”larýndan tanýmak mümkün.
“Böyle olmasý gerekir ama...” diye sürüp giden
cümleler ve sonuç: koca
bir hiç.
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18
Güz ‘08
Özgür Güven
Sanatta Özne-Nesne
ve Gerçeklik
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h_imdlmdfhWm Jlmilbmalgm ^mgliSm b^Qmg_cmalgm ^mglmifm Yjmijgmgj[mbkmhkQSm `^mh_cmglm`lmhlem YPambjmhkhmejiSm b^QmT
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ejimdkmYjhmXjemgkmVkmikmOjQmb^Qmg_cmalgm^mglimdlm]_mg_hW
Güz ‘08
19
“Tarihsel evrimin
ürünleri olarak olgular
sadece sürekli bir dönüþüm içinde yer almakla
kalmýyor, onlar kendi
nesnel yapýlarý gereði
ayný zamanda belli bir
tarihsel dönemin, yani
kapitalizmin de ürünleridir. O bakýmdan ‘bilim’ verilerin kendilerini
dolayýmsýz olarak veya
doðrudan doðruya temsil etme tarzýný bilimsel
olgularýn esasý olarak
görüyor ve bu verilerin
fiili biçimini, kavramlarý
oluþturmanýn çýkýþ noktasý olarak kabul ediyorsa, kendini düpedüz ve
dogmatik olarak kapitalizmin toplumsal zeminine oturtuyor demektir.”
G. Lukacs
Tarih ve Sýnýf Bilinci
S
anatçý dýþ dünyayý olduðu gibi aktarmaz; gerçeðin
bir benzerini çizmek,
anlatmak, yaratmak için
de sanat yapmaz. Bir
benzerini yaratmak, onun kopyasýný yapmak
ya da yapmaya çalýþmak deðil, ama bu sanat eseri dýþ dünyanýn,
sanatçýnýn düþ gücüyle
yeniden yorumlanmýþ
bir tasarýmý olurken; dýþ
dünyanýn sanatçý tarafýndan algýlanýþýnýn gerçeðin algýlanýþý- dýþ
dünyanýn sanatçýda ki
yansýmasýnýn, sanatçýnýn yarattýðý eser yoluyla gösterilmesidir. Bunlara ek olarak sanatçýnýn sosyal konumunun,
iç dünyasýnýn ve ruh
zenginliðinin de yansýtýlmasý, aktarýlmasýdýr.
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20
Güz ‘08
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21
eylül ve mecra
Ruhan Mavruk
uyandım
dağ göllerini titreten
aşık rüzgarın bildik coşkusuyla
değişken damlaların mavi gülüşü
karşıladı sesimi balkon kapısında
benim için yağmış dedim Atinalı düşünür
serin tutmak için sabahında kırk yaşımı
göğüsleyeceğim geceyi
Bir çiçek iliştiriyorlar saçıma
Soluma diyorum, sol yanıma…
silah sesleri varoşlardan
sekiyor kurşunu celladın
kendini linç ediyor tiran
safran çığlığı gelir gelmez ölümün
bir dağ beni çözüyor
geriliyor ayak kaslarım
yeni bir koşuya
ta Orpheus’tan son gerillaya
ey eylül
ipek hüzünlerin bağ bozumu
kesiyorum işte ayaklarındaki ipleri
karda yitmiş kâşiflerin ayak izleri seslenir
dağcı bir bulut sağar yüreğini ovaya
günler tozar, Simonov bekler beni
bugün 9 Eylül
selam sana
her vuslatta gözlerini biraz daha uzağa kaçıran
sandinist sevda
“If you go away” olmalı bugün pikapta
sahaflarda kitap kokusu
Beşiktaş’ta acısı alınmış safir bir anı
ve Yevtuşenko’dan kehribar bir gülüş
bir Leipzig tablosu
erişilmez düşlerden süzülmüş
üveyikler su içer miydi ellerimden
değişir her şey demeseydin
ey mecra!..
papatyalar dolaşır mıydı ayaklarıma
vitrin camlarındaki kıza gülümsüyorum
ellerinde buğday başakları
sırtı delik deşik giydiği pelerinlerden
dayanabilir miyim sanıyorsun
bak, hala gramofonlarda ezilen bir gülün çığlığı
gözlerinde esir kuşlar, saçlarından bağlı köhne
iskeleye
çocukluğuma imrenen kuşlar var
-hasadı buruk olsa da-
bir şey değiştiremedin der gibi bakar durur
bir karakol akşamı yalnızlığıyla Afife Jale.
22
Güz ‘08
Ben Bir Usanmaz Ozaným
Derdim Vardýr Ýnilerim
Nazım Akarsu
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Güz ‘08
23
1
927 yýlýnda Sivas’ýn Gürün ilçesinde Demiryolu
iþçisi Þükrü Baba ile okumasý yazmasý olmayan “Türkçesi yetmeyince derdini anlatmaya
kalkýp oynayan” Gülüþan Ana’nýn oðlu olarak
dünyaya gelen ozan
Hasan Hüseyin 1950
yýlýndan Gazi Eðitim
Enstitüsünü bitiriyor.
Maraþ’ýn Göksun ilçesinde öðretmenlik yaparken çocuklara “al elmayý benden al/benden
alma elden al” türküsünü öðretmekle “komünizm propagandasý yaptýðý” gerekçesiyle hakkýnda 142. maddeden dava açýlýyor ve öðretmenlikten atýlýyor. Bundan
sonra sürgünler baþlýyor
Hasan Hüseyin için.
O
zan radyum,
uranyum gibi
bir madendir: þiiryum! Kendini yiyip bitirmesi beþikten
mezara dek sürer ozanýn: yanar, yanar, yanar, durmadan yanar!
Solumaktýr þiir, yürümektir, yüzmektir, yiyip
içmektir, çalýþmaktýr,
sevmektir, kavga etmektir, gülüp aðlamaktýr þiir
ozan için.
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24
Güz ‘08
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Güz ‘08
25
O
zanýn biliyorsunuz
saçlarý beyaz býyýklarý siyahtý.
Ona sormuþlar, Hüseyin abi niye senin
saçlarýn siyah býyýklarýn beyaz demiþler, o
da demiþ ki, aralarýnda yaþ farký var.
İþime karým dedim, karýma Kavel diyeceðim
Ve soluðum tükenmedikçe bu doyumsuz dünyada,
Güneþe karýþmadýkça etim
Kavel grevcilerinin türküsünü söyleyeceðim
Ve izin verirlerse Kavel grevcileri
İzin verirlerse Ýstinyeli emekçi kardeþlerim
İzin verirlerse Kavel Grevcileri
Ve ben kendimi tutabilirsem, sesimi tutabilirsem
O çoban ateþinin yandýðý yerde Kavel’de
O erkekçe direnilen yerde, Kavel’de
Karýn altýnda niþanlanýp dostlarýmýn arasýnda
Öpeceðim niþanlýmý Kavel kapýsýnda
Ve izin verirlerse Ýstinyeli emekçi kardeþlerim
İzin verirlerse Kavel Grevcileri
İlk çocuðumun adýný Kavel koyacaðým
26
Güz ‘08
Ahmet Aydın
İnsanın Evriminin
İlk Aşamalarında Dil
E
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Güz ‘08
27
nsanýn hayvandan insana evrimi süreci
geliþmiþ insan aþamasýna kadar çok uzun bir
süreyi kaplar. Ýnsanýn atalarýndan insana evrimi
uzun, zorlu bir yoldur.
Bu evrimleþmede insan
elinin oluþumu, geliþmesi, beynin oluþumu ve
geliþmesi, bunlarla beraber bütünlüklü olarak
insanýn geliþmesi gerçekleþiyor. Elin ayaktan
ayrýlmasý, insanýn dik
duruþa geçmesi uzun
süreleri kapsayan bir geliþmedir.
Ý
iali/im
gemLlc
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Dimalmifim^mg_m[_cma\mhjmRkml`mifmZlmclimdlm]\mb\img\emg\m^mglmhlemYjmgk[mcjmikim]khmQlhmXlmaf
^mglmhlemdkmgkim^mg_m[_mc_md_hW
oðada insan dýþýnda bulunan
canlýlar doðal
yaþamýnda konuþmaya
ihtiyaç duymaz, aralarýndaki iletiþim konuþmayý gerektirmez. Ýnsan
emeðinin devreye girmesiyle elin yetkileþmesi, beyin geliþimi insanýn nitelikli olarak geliþmesidir. Ýnsanda konuþmanýn gerçekleþmesi;
emeðin geliþmesiyle, insanýn deðiþtirmeye, doðada etkinleþmeye, soyutlama yeteneðinin ve
bilincin geliþmeye baþlamasýyla oluþtu.
D
)OTPW7URWRL"LOL
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28
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Güz ‘08
29
D
il kiþinin sadece
kendi duyumlarýný dýþarý yansýtmasý deðildir. Ayný zamanda algýlarý soyutlamasýnýn da bir ifadesidir. Bütün algýlarý soyutlayýp, bunlarý sentezleyip daha ileri bilgilere ulaþarak bunlarý dil yoluyla aktarýr. Ýnsan bilincinin oluþmasýnda ve bilince dayalý etkinliklerin
gerçekleþtirilmesinde bilincin ve bu etkinliklerin
geliþmesinde dil rol oynar. Dil vasýtasýyla alýnan ve dil vasýtasýyla aktarýlan bilgiler bilincin
etkinliði için önemlidir.
D
ilin bir çocukta
geliþimi insanýn
evrimine iliþkin
birçok ipucu da verir.
Bebeklikteki ilk geliþimi,
büyümesi, ilk heceleri
söylemeye baþlamasý
hem çevresiyle iletiþimini, çevresini algýlamasýný hem de buna verdiði
tepki diðer þeylerin yanýnda ilk çýkardýðý sesler, heceler ve giderek
ilk kelimelerde görürüz.
Çocuk büyüdükçe toplumdan ve doðadan etkilenimi, bunlarý algýlayýþý artar. Bu artýþ çocuðun konuþmasýnda genel olarak gerçekleþir.
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30
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Güz ‘08
Nereden
geliyoruz
EY ÖZGÜRLÜK!
Okulda defterime
Sýrama aðaçlara
Yazarým adýný
Okunmuþ yapraklara
Bembeyaz sayfalara
Yazarým adýný
Yaldýzlý imgelere
Toplara tüfeklere
Krallarýn tacýna
En güzel gecelere
Günün ak ekmeðine
Yazarým adýný
Tarlalara ve ufka
Kuþlarýn kanadýna
Gölgede deðirmene yazarým
Uyanmýþ patikaya
Serilip giden yola
Hýnca hýnç meydanlara adýný
Ey özgürlük!
Kapýmýn eþiðine
Kabýma kacaðýma
Ýçimdeki aleve
Camlarý oyununa
Uyanýk dudaklara
Yazarým adýný
Yýkýlmýþ evlerime
Sönmüþ fenerlerime
Derdimin duvarýna
Arzu duymaz yokluða
Çýrçýplak yalnýzlýða
Yazarým adýný
Geri gelen saðlýða
Geçen her tehlikeye
Yazarým ben adýný,
yazarým
Bir sözün çoþkusuyla
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Senin için doðmuþum haykýrmaya
Ey özgürlük!
P. Eluard
5.
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i_ndmnhminfmnfgi[nAknjmVnElencknemOfmnekncknamncknf`ni`bnhmnQXnfl\nhln\kinWlncmnjmndgnjgjn^`
d]in ^kin c_ni`bnh`nh`en f`anY`nc`anhmn Yknflnilen fmnRmn mXn Qind]n\]in f`ni`nbmn YlhnfknUknjk
RkcnclnflineljVnlcnd_jVnc_jnflnilnSlnmnZgen^knZkbnflne_nb]njkcdnemin\gndgn^kind`nd`b
35
Modotti’nin en tanýnmýþ portresi, onun fotoðraflarýndan biri olan
Benita Galeana’nýn portresi (Pankartlý Kadýn olarak bilinir), portrenin
neyi içerdiði hakkýnda pek çok soruyu akla getirir. Bu sadece portre deðildir. Önemli olan Meksika’daki
sosyalist hareket sýrasýnda yaptýklarýndan dolayý Benita Galeana’nýn bu
fotoðrafla birlikte
tarihi bir figür olmasýdýr.
Sovyetler Birliði Kominist Partisine Sunduðu Otobiyografi (Soru
Kâðýdýna Cevap)
Köken ve Sosyal Durum:
16 Aðustos 1896’da Ýtalya-Undine’de doðdum. Ailem Ýtalyan köken ve milliyetindendir. Sosyal konumlarýna göre anne ve babam
proleter. Babam (ölen) mekanikçiydi; annem meslek olarak þapka yapýcýsýydý. Her ikisi de çok yoksul bir
proleter aileden geliyorlardý.
Ailemin ekonomik durumu
hep çok kötüydü. Annemin yedi
çocuðu vardý ve babam çok nadiren evdeydi, çünkü iþ aramak için
durmadan bir yerden bir baþka yere gidiyordu. 9 yaþýma geldiðimde,
babam iþ bulmak amacýyla Amerika
Birleþik Devletleri’ne göç etti. Uzun
bir süre, aylarca ondan ne haber alabildik ve ne de bize para gönderdi, çünkü iþ bulamamýþtý. Bu, bizim
uzun bir süre yardým kuruluþu üzerinden (Wohlfahrt’tan) yaþamak
zorunda kalmamýz demekti.
13 yaþýma geldiðimde çalýþmaya baþladým ve o andan itibaren
kendi geçimimi hep kendim saðladým. 13 yaþýmda Undine’de bir Ýpek fabrikasýnda çalýþtým. Günde
10 saat çalýþýyordum. Daha sonra,
1913 yýlýna kadar, Birleþik Devletler’de San Francisco, Kaliforniya’da yaþayan babamýn yanýna gidinceye kadar, bir tekstil fabrikasýnda çalýþmaya baþladým. San Fracisco’da hemen erkek gömleði yapan
bir fabrikada çalýþmaya baþladým.
Burada iki yýl çalýþtým ve daha sonra bir þapka fabrikasýna ve bir þapka
dükkanýna girdim. Bu meslekte
1921-1922 yýlýna kadar çalýþtým.
1922 yýlýnda fotoðrafa olan ilgim baþladý ve çok iyi bir Amerikan
fotoðrafçýsýnýn atölyesinde çalýþmaya ve öðrenmeye baþladým. 1930
yýlýnýn Ekim ayýna, Sovyetler Birliði’ne gelinceye kadar, bu mesleði
öðrendim ve buradan geçindim.
Fotoðrafçýlýðý kendi mesleðim olarak görüyorum çünkü, en uzun çalýþtýðým ve her adýmýný bildiðim iþtir.
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36
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Zkj[nn.[nB`nWminYmnXlndlnhlniknknZkj[nn4[nC_cndmnemidnhmnignjgjVnP`hnhmnigjnamnPgnbgnknZkjnW^[
M`nkn\kjnckcndlnbmndken_nhmnimenamnPgnhmn^khnblncknknZkjVnRlinmn*kdTPi_Pn^Qnh]nb]jnflj
`anY`jn^kina_hnfmn\gjn^`nQnXlhnYQnilWnhlnaldnekjnhl\ndknikhnblncknYlnilneki[nMkinN_nd_UnimN
e_nbkcna_nj`n_nh`\nd`nimn^knhki[
M`ne_nbkcna_j&nN_nd_UnimNnhmnign^knikendkinblnhkVn^kinN_nd_UnimNnmin\knWkn_nh`\nd`inbmnhg
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\`nj`nYlnhk\ndkinblnhknWlna`nemnignfmn^mRnclnfknhljnk\nhlniknalniknjlnYlndkinblnhknfki[
*Tina Modotti
37
Neruda anýlarýnda þunu yazmaktadýr: “Tina fotoðraf makinasýný
Moskova’nýn sularýna attý ve yaþamýný
komünizm davasýnýn alçakgönüllü iþlerine adamaya ant içti.”
Vittorio Vidali
Vidali, Tina’nýn fotografçýlýðý
býrakmasý hakkýnda verdiði kararý
þöyle yazar: “Fotoðrafçý olarak çalýþmayý kabul ettiðinde bu, tüm zamanýný fotoðrafçýlýða adamasý gerektiði anlamýna geliyordu. Fakat tüm yaþadýklarýndan sonra, özellikle de Meksika’da yaþadýklarýndan sonra arzusu,
kendisini politik yaþama adamak idi.
Amacý büyük bir teorisyen ya da önde gelen bir yönetici olmak deðildi.
Kendisini basit bir biçimde hareketin
emrine vermek istiyordu. Bu þekilde,
daha Berlin’de kararýný daha da kesinleþtirdi.”
Partideki Konumum:
Komünist partisi, yaþamým boyunca içinde ilk yer aldýðým partidir.
1927’de baþkent Meksiko’da Komünist Partisine girdim. Partiye girmeden önce, bir süre sempatizan olarak çalýþtým. Bundan önce, her ikisi
de Meksico City’de bulunan Antiemperyalist ve Antifaþist Liga’nýn üyesiydim. KP’ye girmem, ikisi de
Meksika KP’nin üyesi olan Rafael
Carrill ve Jorge Contreas yoldaþlarýn önermeleriyle oldu. Parti Kimliðimin numarasý: 201 8142. Meksika
KP’ne giriþimden kýsa bir süre sonra,
Meksika devrimci hareketine yönelik
olarak yeni baþlayan ve giderek keskinleþen takibat gündeme geldi.
1929’da, hükümet tarafýndan takibata alýnan Meksika KP ve ayný zamanda örneðin Kýzýl Sendikalar ve Kýzýl
Yardým gibi devrimci kuruluþlar, illegaliteye geçmek zorunda kaldýlar.
Berlin’e geldiðim Nisan ve Ekim aylarý arasýnda, altý ay süresince parti
yaþamýna katýlmadým. Nedenleri
þunlardý: Berlin’de kalýp kalmayacaðýmdan emin deðildim, partiye önerimi sununcaya kadar, böylelikle birkaç ay bekledim. Önerimi sunduktan sonra, yaklaþýk dört ay cevap
beklemek zorunda kaldým. SSCB’ye
yolculuk etmeden birkaç hafta önce,
sonuçta partiye giriþ naklim geldi.
Tereddüt etmemin nedeni, Berlin’de kalýp kalmayacaðým ve elimden tüm çabalara raðmen, yaþamýmý
finanse etme yönündeki zorluklardý.
Her þeye raðmen elimden geleni
yaptým ve Partinin görevlendirmesiyle Berlin’de deðiþik devrimci gazetelere (örneðin AÝZ gazetesi gibi) resim çektim.
Tina Modotti öldü
Tina Modotti, bacý, uyumuyorsun sen, hayýr sen uyumuyorsun.
Belki yüreðin dünkü gülü dinliyor, yeni gülü dinliyor.
Rahat et bacý.
Yeni gül senin, senin yeni dünya:
Sen kendine derin topraktan yeni bir giysi diktin
ve senin gülümser sessizliðin þimdi kökleniyor
Sen boþ yere uyumayacaksýn bacý.
Senin tatlý adýn saf; saf senin kýrýlgan yaþamýn. Senin demir gibi
sert, narin yapýn arýdan, gölgeden, ateþten, kardan, sessizlikten, dalgadan, çelikten, çizgiden, nektardan.
Senin uyuyan gövdenin baþucundaki çakal yiyip bitirmek istiyor,
kanlý ruhunu tatmin etmek için.
Fakat sen gülümsüyorsun bacý,
sanki çamuru aþacakmýþ gibisin.
Seni benim ülkeme kaçýracaðým, ki ulaþamasýnlar sana,
Benim karla kaplý ülkeme, ki senin saflýðýna dokunamasýn katiller
Çakallar, paralý askerler: Orda barýþa ulaþacaksýn sen.
Bir ayak sesi duyuyor musun, bir sürü ayak sesleri içinde,
Steplerden gelen, dondan gelen, soðuktan yankýlanan bir ses?
Karda yürüyen bir askerin ayak sesini duyuyor musun?
Bacý, bunlar senin ayak seslerin.
Günün birinde senin küçük mezarýnýn önünden geçecekler,
açmadan dünkü güller,
yarýnkiler geçecek mezarýnýn önünden
ve sessizliðinin yanýþýný görecekler
Bir dünya yürüyor bacý, senin gittiðin yere
Senin türkülerin söyleniyor aðýzlarda hergün
Senin onca sevdiðin halkýn aðzýnda.
Ne cesurdu yüreðin senin.
Senin ülkenin eski mutfaklarýnda, tozlu yollarýnda
bir þeyler konuþuluyor ve akýp gidiyor.
Bir þeyler senin altýn sarýsý halkýnýn ateþine karýþýyor
Bir þeyler uyanýyor ve þarký söylüyor.
Seninkiler bacým bugün senin adýný ananlar,
bizler, her yerde, denizde, karada,
senin adýnla susan ve baþka isimler söyleyenler.
Ateþ ölmez çünkü!
P. NERUDA
38
Toplumcu Gerçekçilik mi?
Sosyalist Gerçekçilik mi?
/
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39
Prometheus
Karart göklerini Zeus,
Duman duman bulutlarla;
Diken başlarını yolan
çocuk gibi de
Oyna meşelerin, dağların
doruklarıyla.
Ama benim dünyama
dokunamazsın,
Ne senin yapmadığın kulübeme
Ne de ateşini kıskandığın ocağıma.
Su evrende siz tanrılardan
Daha zavallısı var mı bilmem:
Kurban vergileri
Dua üfürükleriyle beslenir
Haşmetli varlığınız zar zor.
Size umut bağlayan budalalar,
Çocuklar, dilenciler olmasa
Yok olur giderdiniz çoktan.
Ben de bir çocukken
Ne yapacağımı bilmez olunca
Çevirirdim güneşe doğru
Görmediğini gören gözlerimi;
Yakarışımı dinleyecek
Bir kulak varmış gibi yukarda;
Varmış gibi derdimle dertlenecek
Benimkine benzer bir yürek
yukarda
Azgın devlere karşı
Kim yardım etti bana?
Kim kurtardı beni ölümden,
Kim kurtardı kölelikten?
Su benim yüreğim değil mi,
Kutsal bir ateşle yanan yüreğim,
Her işi başarmış olan?
O değil mi coşup taşarak,
Yukarda uyuyanı aldatarak
Basımı beladan kurtaran?
Benim seni kutlamam mi gerek?
Niçin?
Hiç derdine derman oldun mu sen
Derdine derman bulamayanın?
Gözyaşını sildin mi hiç
Başı darda olanların?
Kim adam etti beni?
Güçlüler güçlüsü Zaman
Ve önü sonu gelmeyen
Kader, değil mi?
Onlar değil mi
Senin de benim de efendilerimiz?
Sen yoksa beni
yasamaktan bıkar mi sandın?
Kaçar çöllere giderim mi sandın
Açmıyor diye
Tüm düş tohumcukları?
Bak iste, yerli yerindeyim;
İnsanlar yetiştiriyorum bana
benzer;
Bütün bir kuşak benim gibi,
Acılara katlanacak, ağlayacak,
Gülecek, sevinecek,
Ve aldırış etmeyecek sana
Benim gibi!
Johann Volfgang von
Goethe
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40
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Pablo Picasso
41
Kübizm nedir
20. yy. baþlarýnda ortaya çýkmýþ
bir sanat akýmýdýr Kübizm. Birinci
Dünya Savaþý’ndan önceki yýllarda
Paris’te geliþen bir resim akýmýnýn adýdýr. O dönemde Avrupa’da biçimlenmekte olan modern sanatýn, ýþýðýn
geçici etkilerini resmetmek olan izlenimcilerden hoþnut olmayan bir
genç ressamlar kuþaðý yetiþiyordu.
“Kübizm” adý, Georges Braque’ýn bir
tablosunu gören Matisse’in bu tablo
için «küçük küpler» sözünü kullanmasýyla ortaya çýkmýþtýr. Braque ve
Picasso hacimlerin iç içe geçtiði portreler, manzaralar, natürmortlar çizmekteydi. Onlar iki boyutlu (en ve
boy) olan tuvalin yüzüne doðada üç
boyutlu (en, boy, derinlik) olan nesneleri çizebilmenin çarelerini araþtýrýyorlardý. Bu, yeni bir sorun deðildi;
bütün resim sanatýnýn sorunuydu; ama o zamana kadar, derinlik izlenimi
perspektif aracýlýðýyla verilebiliyordu.
Picasso ile Braque, her þeyden önce
bir tablonun ne olduðunu unutturan
bu çözüm yolunu bir yana býraktýlar:
Tablo, aslýnda dümdüz bir yüzeydir.
Braque ile Picasso, biçimleri tuvalin
üzerine kademeli sýralayarak üst üste
yerleþtirdiler. Zaten onlarýn niyeti,
gerçeði gördüðümüz gibi deðil, olduðu gibi göstermekti: Yerimizi deðiþtirmeden bir nesneye baktýðýmýz zaman onun sadece bir kýsmýný, bir köþesini veya bir yüzünü görürüz. Kübistler ise nesneleri, sanki çevresinde
dolaþýyorlarmýþ gibi, birkaç bakýþ açýsýndan, cepheden, yandan, üstten,
alttan bakarak ayný imge üzerinde
göstereceklerdir. Ayný þekilde, bir
yüzü hem yandan, hem de iki gözü
görülecek biçimde (karmaþýk görüntü) vereceklerdir.
Neruda yaþamýþ olan en büyük
dünya ozanlarýndan birisidir. Ve faþizmin insanlara yaþatýðý acýlarý þiirlerinde en iyi anlatanlardan biri oldu. Onun aþk þiirleri dünyanýn neredeyse tüm ülkelerinde okunmakta
ve halen çevirileri yayýmlanmaktadýr. “Yirmi Aþk Þiiri ve Umutsuz Bir
Þarký” isimli kitabý onun adýný en çok
duyuran kitabýdýr ve daha 1961’de
bu kitap Buenos Aires’teki Losada
yayýnevinde milyonuncu baskýyý
yapmýþtýr. Þimdilerde bu sayý iki milyona yakýndýr.
Neruda çocuk yaþta La Manana gazetesinde çalýþmaya baþladý.
Gazetede edebiyat eklerini düzeltmekle görevlendirildi. Bu dönemde,
Çekoslovakyalý þair Jan Neruda’ya
olan hayranlýðýndan dolayý Pablo
Neruda takma adýný kullandý. Ýlk ve
orta öðretimini yaptýðý Temuco’da
þair Gabriela Mistral ile tanýþtý.14
yaþýndayken La Manana gazetesinin sanat bölümünü yönetmeye
baþladý.1917 -20 yýllarý arasýnda ilk
þiirlerini yazdýðýnda, Neftali Reyes
imzasýný kullandý.
Pablo Neruda
C
+(,$$,+*
%,,(%,!'',+*&
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igjgnamnagbnhmnfg[
42
Romantizm
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43
Nonna Mordyukova
25 Kasım 1925-6 Temmuz 2008
“Dünden beri Rusya’da
her yerde o konuþuluyor. Bültenlerin ilk haberleri, gazetelerin ve internet sitelerinin manþetleri arasýnda bir kadýnýn
genç, yaþlý fotoðraflarý hep ön
planda, acýlý bir ses tonuyla okunan metinler kulaklarda.
Çünkü, Sovyet sinemasýnýn insancýl yüzünü beyaz perdeye
en iyi yansýtan pek çok filmin
unutulmaz aktristi, komediden
drama her tarzýn yýldýzý, sosyal
yaþamdaki “güçlü Rus kadýný”nýn sinemadaki aynasý Nonna Mordyukova öldü.”
Ukrayna’nýn Donetks kentinde doðan Mordyukova
1948’de rol aldýðý “Genç muhafýzlar” filmiyle sinemaya atýldý ve kýsa sürede büyük ün kazandý. Sanatçý sinemada oyna-
dýðý rollerde sosyalizmin insana
ve doðaya verdiði deðeri en iyi
biçimde ortaya koyarak sosyalizmin güçlenmesine önemli
katkýlarda bulundu. Oyuncuya
ününü kazandýran 1955’te, yönetmenliðini Mikhail Þveitser’in
yaptýðý “Baþkalarýnýn Akrabalarý” adlý filmde canlandýrdýðý
Steþa karakteri oldu. Yine aktristin Sovyet döneminde peyaz
perdeye aktardýðý “Hýsým” “Pýrlanta El” filmlerinde olduðu gibi komediden, drama birçok
dalý ustalýkla sergilemesi büyük
hayranlýk uyandýrdý.
Mordyukova, elli yýllýk kariyeri boyunca 60 tan fazla filmde rol aldý. Çok sayýda komedi
filminde oynayan sanatçýnýn, o
bilindik sesiyle bir repliði okumasý, esprilerin popüler kültürde kendine kalýcý yer edinmesi
içi yeteli oluyordu.
Dünyanýn en güzel kadýnlarý arasýnda yer alan Nona
Mordyukova ayný zamanda oynadýðý rollerde bir sosyalist kadýnýn gücünü ve kudretini ortaya koymasý açýsýndan çarpýcýydý.
Mordyukova’nýn baþarýlarý
ona, hem SSCB, hem de Rusya milli sanatçýsý unvanlarýný
kazandýrdý. Birçok ödül sahibi
olan Mordyukova, Ýngiltere’nin
“Kim Kimdir?” ansiklopedisinde
20. yy.ýn en baþarýlý 10 kadýn
oyuncusu arasýnda da yer alýyor.
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44
Marie
Sklodowska
Curie
+)&+*&%,
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45
“Nobel gibi ben de insanoðlunun yeni buluþlarýný, zararlý þeylerden çok yararlý þeylerde kullanacaðýna inanýrdým.”
“Bireyleri geliþtirmeden,
daha iyi bir dünya yaratmak umut edilemez. Bu amaca ulaþabilmek için her birimiz kendimizi geliþtirmeye çalýþýrken, ayný
zamanda tüm insanlýk için genel
bir sorumluluðu paylaþmalýyýz
ve baþlýca görevimiz en fazla
yararlý olabileceðimizi düþündüðümüz insanlara yardým etmek
olmalýdýr.”
Ýrene Annesinin yolunda
ilerleyecek, yýllar sonra nobel
kimya ödülünü alacaktýr.
“Madam Curie ile yirmi yýl boyunca asil ve gölgesiz bir arkadaþlýðýmýn olmasý benim için çok büyük bir
þanstýr. Her an artan bir þekilde onun insani güzelliðine hayranlýk beslerim. Güçlülüðü, isteklerinin kesinliði, kendisine karþý sert davranmasý,
nesnelliði, þaþmayan yargýsý: Bütün
bunlar çok nadir olarak tek bir insanda bulunur. Her an kendisini
toplumun hizmetçisi gibi hissetti ve
katý alçakgönüllülüðü hiçbir zaman
övünmeye yer vermedi. Toplumdaki rahatsýzlýklar ve eþitsizlikler onu
sürekli rahatsýz etti. Bu onun dýþ görünüþünün sert olmasýna yol açtý, onu tanýmayanlar tarafýndan kolayca
yanlýþ anlaþýldý ve hiçbir þekilde giderilemeyen bir merak uyandýrdý.
Bir þeyin doðru olduðuna karar verdiði anda, hiç taviz vermeden aþýrý
bir kararlýlýkla uygulardý.
Hayatýnýn en büyük bilimsel
baþarýsý olan radyoaktif elementlerin
bulunmasý ve izole edilmesi, tamamlanmasýný sadece yeteneðe deðil, ayný zamanda akla gelebilecek
en zor koþullar altýnda -ki deneysel
bilim tarihinin pek tanýk olmadýðý kadar aðýrdý bu koþullar- büyük bir
kendini adama ve kararlýlýkla baþarýlmýþtýr.”
Albert Einstein
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46
Victor Jara
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47
Jose Marti
28 Ocak 1853’te Havana’da
doðdu. Babasý Ýspanyol, annesi,
Kanarya adalarýndandý. Çok gençken siyasete atýldý ve Ýspanyol yönetimiyle çatýþmaya baþladý. 17 yaþýndayken 6 yýl boyunca aðýr çalýþma kamplarýnda tutsak olarak tutuldu ve sonrasýnda Ýspanya’ya sürüldü. Yaþamýnýn büyük bölümünü sürgünde geçirdi. Ýspanya’dayken Hukuk ve Felsefe Bölümlerini
bitirdi. Daha sonra Mexico City’ye
gitti ve ailesiyle buluþtu. Orada edebiyat yaþamý baþladý.
1878’de evlendi, bir oðlu ve
bir kýzý oldu. Yýllarca þiirler, kitaplar
ve gazete makaleleri yazdý. Ayný zamanda siyasi eylemlerine de devam
ediyordu. Bu yaþam biçimi onun
bilinçsel zenginliðinin kaynaðýdýr.
Siyasi etkinliði nedeniyle hep baþý
derde girdi ve hiçbir ülkede uzun
süre kalamadý.Küba’nýn ABD’ye
baðlanmasýna karþý çýktý. 1892’de
Küba Devrim Partisi’ni kurdu. ABD
emperyalizmine karþý Güney Amerika’nýn birliði için savaþtý. 1895’de
Küba’nýn özgürlüðü için Küba’ya çýkartma yaptý. Baþarýsýzlýkla sonuçlanan isyanýn ilk çarpýþmalarýndan birinde Ýspanyol askerlerince vurularak öldüðünde 42 yaþýndaydý.
Jose Marti yaþamýný, Küba’da
Ýspanyol koloni yönetimini sona erdirilmesi ve Küba’nýn ABD dâhil
baþka ülkelerin egemenliði altýna
girmemesi için, baðýmsýz Küba için
savaþmaya adamýþtýr. Jose Marti,
19. yy Latin Amerika’sýnda sömürgeciliðe karþý çýkýþýn ve dünyanýn ilk
anti-emperyalist savaþçýlarýndan biridir. Küba’nýn ulusal kahramaný ve
simgesidir. O siyasetçi, devrimci, ozan, gazeteci, edebiyat profesörü
ve elçiydi. Yaþadýklarý ve gördüðü
eðitim onun her alanda baþarýlý olmasýna yardýmcý oldu.
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ikncknfki[n
Venceremos
fırtına yırtıyor sessizliği
ufuktan bir güneş doğuyor
gecekondulardan geliyor halk
tüm şili şarkılar söylüyor
venceremos venceremos
kıralım zincirlerimizi
venceremos venceremos!
zulme ve yoksulluğa paydos
venceremos venceremos
kıralım zincirlerimizi
venceremos venceremos!
zulme ve yoksulluğa paydos
Şili'de halk bugün savaşıyor
cesaret ve aklın gücüyle
kahrolsun halkın katili cunta
yaşasın united popula!
48
geçmişe ağlamak fayda vermez
gelecek mutlak sosyalizm
yarını bugünden kuracağız
o senin tarihin olacak
venceremos venceremos kıralım
zincirlerimizi
venceremos venceremos!
zulme ve yoksulluğa paydos
Victor Jara
Vlademir
Mayakovski
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49
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Mayakovski’nin intiharýndan
sonra yanýnda bulunan mektubu
Saat ikiye geliyor
Belki yattýn artýk.
akýyor Samanyolu
güneþten bir oka gibi
Artýk bütün zaman benim,
ve telgrafýn þimþekleri
Uyandýrmayacak seni
bundan böyle
üzmeyecekler
Ýþ iþten geçmiþ ola
derler ya hani,
Günlük yaþamýn akýntýsýna
çarparak
parçalandý aþk teknesi de
Koptuk birbirimizden
seninle,
Artýk anýmsamak boþuna
acýlarý
felaketleri
karþýlýklý
haksýzlýklarý.
Bak,
nasýl bir dinginlik sarmýþ evreni.
Gece
nice bir
yýldýzla
yükümlemiþ
gökyüzünü.
Ayaða kalkýlan
saattir bu, konuþulan saat
Yüzyýllarla,
tarihle,
evrenle…
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50
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51
Mayakovki’nin yaptýðý
Afiþlerden örnekler
Dario Fo
1997 yýlýnda Bir Anarþistin Kaza
Sonucu Ölümü adlý oyunuyla Nobel
Edebiyat Ödülü kazandý. 1970 yýlýnda Dario Fo tarafýndan kaleme alýnan eser; Ýtalyan Halk Tiyatrosunun
(commedia dell’arte) bir örneði sayýlmaktadýr. Türkiye’de çeþitli tiyatro
topluluklarý tarafýndan sahnelendi. Ýki perde olarak sunulan oyun, Ýstanbul Devlet Tiyatrosu tarafýndan sekiz yýl boyunca oynandý.
Yazarýn bu komedisi, gerçek bir
olaya dayanmaktadýr. 1969 yýlýnda
Milano’ da bir meydanda patlayan
bir bomba 16 kiþinin ölümüne yol açar. Ýtalyan polisince suçlanarak tutuklanan anarþistlerden Giuseppe Pinelli’nin cesedi, gözaltýnda tutulduðu
emniyet müdürlüðünün penceresinin altýnda bulunmuþtur. Gelen açýklama, “kaza sonucu ölüm”dür. Bir
“deli” sorgulanmak üzere ayný binaya getirilince, ironi içinde anlatýlan
olaylar zinciri, devlet’in sorgulanmasýna kadar varacaktýr.
?ndmhnamjn_na`jnamnXmnigVnaQnjldnbljVnbkbn_na`jnS`nc`nWlndknamdni_naQnjlndknSknck
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Eknhmnj_OfmnbknbminhgenQUnilnjknbknamnPmineljncknamncmhnalinYkncelZnhlniknamXnfg[
LJ4:nagnhgnjmnemnfmin@imjnS_nCmniljndkVnn >kn`cnd`nj_nB`nimnj_nYkn^knamnXminWln_na`jnT
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`cndmnhgenWlnj`nbmnimnhmnigjnY]nj]nb]Xnflneknemin\gnhgenhmnignjgn^`nh`na_inf`[nMQanhlnSlV
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dmnhgenhmniganhmn^lnhkinYkjnhln\ljnBmnikn_n@_ndknamdni_nc`n_indmnamnZgendg[
52
Bolshoi
Tiyatrosu
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\gnhgnUgnfmjcnldndknhli[nncgndghnbmnbg\ncmnh_jnhminfmnfmjcnlnfkPVne`nhkcnZgneg\nhmnigjnfmn^mdnT
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ldnblnckn knZlinfln Wln fgn\mnignfmn Y]nWljnhken YQnilnWknjkn ]cdnhlnjljn flWnikbnSkn Y]Znhlnil
^mUnhganfg[n
53
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bmjn mn\gnign kcnimNn _nhmnimen YQni]hncln fln Zmnhg\nbmnhmin elnckhnblencknXkjn flnWmbn ldndk[
MmnXljn bkhna_jnhminSmn i`^nhln RminSmnjmnimen cmRnjlnhlnjljn alnjkn ^kin amenhmn\gbn RkZ
emn^`hnYQinb]na_inWlnkhen_na`jnhmn^kinhkendlnmin\kWnhlnilnemhnegna_inf`[nBlnjlanclhnZmnT
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^m\nemn_na`jnfmnNmXnhmncganhmndlnhmnNknlnfknhlnSlendk[nM_hcnR_nkVnmdnhlndkXbnWlnmeni_n^mncknT
akn ehmncken I_Wnaldn ^mnhlnckn dlinbknj_nh_n*kncknjln fmnRkhn ldndk[n I_Wnaldnhlinfln cdmjnfmid
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jlnmZndg[nA]bn^QhnYlnhlinfljn^_hn\_an^mnhlncknjknkXnhlnblnalndiljnhlinRmnilneldnlnfknT
a_inf`[nMmnhlncmnjmndgjnfmVne_niln_YnimnNknjkjnd]bnd]inhlniknjkjnf_nU`n\`nnWlnnflnjljnT
blncknn^_hn\_an^mnhlnckjnflnnYlinZlenhl\ndk[nn'kbnjmcndkeVnblnemnjkenWlnmeni_n^mncknehmnT
cken^mnhlnalnlenhljnfk[
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Smjnhmjnfgnighnfg[n LJ1:Oflekn IPmindmne]cn Wln LJ,4Odlekn D_ine`jZn ?nWmjOfmn khe
elXnemnhmn^mnhgenlinelenfmjcnZgnhmincmRnjlnhlnaknf_hnf`inf`[nA]bnehmnckenhlnikjnljnknT
akna_ni`bnhmjnfgnUgnWlnegnamcnhmjnfgnUgn^kin_ne`hn_hnf`[
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dmnS`cGnYkn^knlnclinhlnilnYlndkinfkenhlniknl\nckXna_ni`bnWlncgnimnfgn\gnemniln_YnimnNknhlniknfki[
54
Nikola Tesla
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iknfki[nMmn^mncgnEknh`jnAlcnhmnWlnmjnjlncknB`nemnEmjnfk\nmcnhljnMmndgnIginT
^kcndmjnhgnfgi[n 9WnhlnikVn ^mn^mncgn CmnPmXn Eknh`ndkjn AlcnhmOjgjn aQnjlndknbkjnflnekn IgiP
7ind_nf_ecn DknhknclnckOjkjn Rlnbljn ^kndkn\knUkjnflnfki[n Mmn^mncgVn RlPn /kne_nhmOjgjn fm
eljnfknckn Ykn^kn ^kin PmnPmXn _hnbmncgnjgn kcndlnbk\ndki[n @mnemdn AlcnhmOjgjn fmnRmn ^m\nem
PhmjnhmnignWminfgi[nBmnRmn^l\namn\gjnfmaneljnknSmdnhmnignjmn^m\nhmnbg\n_nhmjn^`nZ_nS`eV
^l\namn\gjnfmneQanflnYQinf]enhlnikjnfljnZ_enfmnRmnNmienhgn^kinc`nZminegn]nilndki[n)_e
Ylnhk\nbk\n^kinN_nd_UnimnNkenRmnNgnXmnamncmnRkPn_nhmjnAlcnhmnRlinXmnbmjn^`nalndlnjlnUknT
jkjn Wln amnimndgnSgn flnRmncgnjgjn eljnfkncknjln mjnjlnckjnfljn bknimcn emhnfgnUgnjgn cQanhli[
KjnjlncknjkjndmRncknhkn_hnbmnbmncgnjmnimUnbljVnknjmnjghnbmXn^kinRmnNgnXmncgnWminfgi[n2khdnT
hlinf_nh`nc`nalinhknWlnehmnckenKWni`nPmn\knknikne]hnhknamndgnjgnlXn^lniln_ne`namn^khnblendlnT
fki[nD_bn\`nhmnignmnimncgjnfmnfmnPimndkenlWnmnhldnhlniknb`nSknfkn_nhmnimen^knhkjnblendlnfki[
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AlcnhmnL=namn\gjnfmnhknclnaln^m\nhmi[nM`nhknclnalnjknamnPghnbg\nWlnmnimZnYlnilZnhl
knaknf_njmndghnbg\n^kinhknclnfki[n@knXkenflnPmidnbmnjgjnfmnZln\kdnhknlnhlednikenWlnblnemnjknT
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kcndlnUknemPnhminXkRnjknjk[nKanjgnXmnbmjnfmnbmndlnbmndknUknflnclWnblendlnfkinWlnmneghnT
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cmPnhminfmjnWmne`bnhmnamnimenamPndgnUgn_na`jnSmend]nNlenhlinXkRnjknjknRlPnbl\nY`hnlnT
flinWlnWmne`nb`jnY]nS]nj]ne`hnhmjnbmenkcndli[nMkinc]nilnf]n\]jnSlnhlnikjnflnemnimjnT
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egnignSgn^kinZ_enRmndgnimncgnWminfgi[nM`ni_ndmcna_nj`ncmUnhmnfgendmjnc_jnimnlencknUknjkjncmnT
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imn_ne`nh`n^kndkinblnckanhln^kinfQnj]bnj_endmncgnjmnYlnhki[nM`nY]njlnemnfminmjnjlnWl
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emdn^`nf]n\]jnSlnAlcnhmnknZkjn^]na]en^kinljnfkn\lnemanjmnUgnfgi[n)]jne]n_ne`hnaghnhmnT
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blnaknemnNmncgnjmne_nami[n
7ne`nh`n^kndkPnflnlnWlnfQnjlnSlnUkncgnimnhminfmn^mn^mncgn_nj`n>_cnPkSOflnekncmhnYgj
55
Bilim tarihinin elektrik ve elektronik alanýnda, 20. yüzyýlda gerçekleþtirilen buluþlarýn altýndaki isim olan Tesla’nýn üzerindeki giz
perdesi ölümünün üzerinden 60 yýl
geçtikten sonra yavaþ yavaþ kalkmaya baþladý. Tesla’nýn üzerine FBICIA tarafýndan çekilen giz perdesinin altýnda 20.yy bilim tarihinin, sonuçlarý çok aðýr olacak hesaplaþmalarý yatýyor. Nikolay Tesla’nýn henüz yaþadýðý dönemlerde maddi sorunlarýndan dolayý pratikte uygulayamadýðý buluþlar þimdi yüzlerce
bilim adamý tarafýndan hayata geçirilmeye çalýþýlýyor.
GÝORDANO BRUNO
(1548 – 17 Þubat 1600)
Ýtalyan filozaf. Rönesans felsefesini biçimlendirenlerin en önemlilerinden biridir. Ve þair yönüyle
edebiyata da en yakýn duranýdýr.
Ona doðacý coþkunluðun düþünürü de denebilir. Aristotelesçi kapalý
evren görüþünden sýyrýlýp Ýtalyan
filozof Kopernik’in tezini savundu.
Evrende dünyadan baþka birçok
gezegen bulunduðunu söyledi. Aykýrý görüþler beslediði için Roma’da
dili bir çiviyle kelepçelenerek kazýða baðlanýp diri diri yakýldý.
Soylu bir ailenin çocuðu olarak 1548’de Ýtalya’da Nola kasabasýnda dünyaya geldi. Onaltý yaþýndayken Dominiken adýný taþýyan bir
tarikatta yer aldý. Kopernikus sistemi ile tanýþýnca Bruno tarikat mensubu bir kiþi olmaktan çýktý ve Hýristiyan inancýyla bütün baðlarýný
koparttý. Kiliseye karþý bir sistem içinde yer aldýðýndan din sapkýnlýðý
ile suçlandý. Engizisyon baskýsýndan kurtulmak için Roma’ya oradan da Kuzey Ýtalya’ya kaçtý.
Dinsizlikle suçlandýðý için hiçbir yerde kalýcý olarak yaþayamadý,
sürekli gezdi.
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Zkniki[n9njlin*kncknjkjndmnbmnbganhmn^kdndknUknjkVnknekjnSknWln^`nclnNlinYmnhkn^mnc_nj`jnS`
flnNmnQnh]nb]jnemnPgncgnjmnYlhnfknUknjknf]n\]nj]i[nMmn^mncgn_nj`jnb_nimnhknjknknaknd`dnbme
knZkjnlnhkjnfljnYlnhlnjknamPnbmendmnfgi[n5lnaknjln_Unh`njmnb_nimhnWlinblenknZkjn_nfmnT
cgnjmnYkinfknUkn^kincgnimnfmnAlcnhmn^mn^mncgnjm&nHMlhnekGnflinH9nUlincljn^lnjkbnb]nT
RljnfkcnhkenlnUkndknbknmhnbmnbmnknXkjnWlnikincljnknaknhln\ln^knhknikb[GnHIljnf]jnamnfmnek
ljnknakndlenjken_ne`nhmnYknflnSlenckjVGnfknalnkZndljnhkenhlnamnjgdnhmin^mn^mncgnAlcnhmOag[
kRnjkjnfljnmnUgin^kina]ne]jnemhenbmncganhmnegncmn^kinc]nilnknZkjnflndlnfmnWknalnSlnWmP
Wlniki[nFlinelcn^`nc]nilnSkn\m\negjnhgenhmnYQXnhlbnhlnblendlnfki[n
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fkjnhljnblncknWlnlYnXlinckXnamPnbmncgnknZkjngcniminlnfli[nB_nUmanhmn^m\n^mn\mnYlnZkinT
fknUkn^`nfQnjlbnflnAlcnhmnYlnXkjndknhlniknjln^kinZ_enekndmPnWlnmWndmnegbnhmniganhmn^kinT
hkendlnZgnemi[nM`nfQnjlbn_nj`jnRlbnXkRnjknjknRlbnfln^lnflnjknjkne`WnWldnhljnfkniki[
>lnXkjndknhlnikn cgnimncgjnfmn Rmnamnhkjnfln ^kinZ_en \lan dmncminhmiVn Nmnemdn dmncminhmnfgenhmnig
Ykn^kVn dmncmnignhmnigjn fmnamjnfgnUgn e`nimhnhmin fmn ^khnYkn lenckenhknUkjnfljn f_nhmnagn Rmnamnhk
\lanhlinfki[n
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hmjnbmncgn
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hlinfljngnhgnbmjn_nhmjn^QhnYlnhlnilnP_bnPmnhmnbmenjknalndkjnflnfkinWln^`nmnbmZn`Uni`nT
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56
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e_nj`hnf`[n
57
1582 yýlýnda Sorbonne Üniversitesi’nde bir kürsü elde etti.
Londra’da yapýtlarýnýn bir bölümünü bastýrdý. Ýtalyan bir aristokrat tarafýndan Venedik’e davet edildi ve
bu daveti kabul ederek Venedik’e
gitti. Burada Galille ile tanýþtý. Kendisini davet eden ve birlikte çalýþtýðý
Mocinigo adlý aristokratla çatýþýnca
onun tarafýndan engizisyona verildi.
“Ne gördüðüm hakikati gizlemekten hoþlanýrým, ne de bunu açýkça ifade etmekten korkarým. Aydýnlýk ve karanlýk arasýndaki, bilim
ve cehalet arasýndaki savaþa her
yerde katýldým. Bundan dolayý her
yerde zorlukla karþýlaþtým ve cehaletin babalarý olan resmi akademisyenlerin yaný sýra kalýn kafalý çoðunluðun öfkesinde hedef olarak yaþadým.”
“Sonsuz sayýda güneþ bulunmaktadýr; yedi gezegenin bizim güneþimiz etrafýnda döndüðü gibi
bunlarýn etrafýnda dönen gezegenleri vardýr. Bu dünyalarda yaþayan
varlýklar bulunmaktadýr.”
Kendisine ölüm emrini bildiren
yargýca da þu cevabý vermiþtir: “Ölümümü bildirirken siz benden daha çok korkuyorsunuz”.
Kilisenin bu ölüm kararý, 1600
yýlýnýn Þubat ayýnda, Roma’da
Campo dei Fiori meydanýnda Bruno’nun diri diri yakýlmasý ile yerine
getirildi.
ASIL ADALET
insanlarda tek sýcak kanun
üzümden þarap yapmalarý
kömürden ateþ yapmalarý
öpücüklerden insan yapmalarýdýr
insanlarda tek zorlu kanun
savaþlarda yoksulluða karþý
kendilerini ayakta tutmalarý
ölüme karþý yaþamalarýdýr
insanlarda tek güzel kanun
suyu ýþýk yapmalarý
düþü gerçek yapmalarý
düþmaný kardeþ yapmalarýdýr
hep var olan kanunlardýr bunlar
bir çocuðun tâ yüreðinden baþlar
yayýlýr, geniþler, uzar gider
tâ akla kadar
Dadacý ve gerçeküstücü Fransýz
þair… Paul Eluard, çok ince ve çok
güzel þiirlerin, lirik þiirlerin derinliði olan þiirlerin yaratýcýsý olarak çýkýyor karþýmýza. Gerçek adý Emile Paul Grindel’dir.
Eluard, hem aþk hem de devrim
þairi olarak 20. yüzyýlýn en büyük
Fransýz edebiyatçýlarý arasýnda gösterilir. Fransýz Komünist Partisine katýlmasý sonucu gerçeküstücü hareketten kopan þair, þiirlerinde Stalin’i yüceltmiþtir. Ýnsanýn edimlerini yüceltir.
1926 yýlýnda diðer gerçeküstücülerle birlikte üye olduðu Fransa Komünist Partisi’nden 1933 yýlýnda ihraç
edilir. II. Dünya Savaþý sýrasýnda direniþ hareketinin büyük þairlerinden biridir. 1934 yýlýndaki faþist darbeye
karþý anti-faþist aydýnlarla birlikte mücadele eder.
Paul Eluard
+%,,",'#,+)*,+),", $,+*(
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58
Paul Gauguin
GOYA FRANCÝSCO
1746-1828
L:.:TLJ=6
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59
spanyol ressam ve baský sanatçýsý. Kendine özgü doðalcý bir anlayýþa sahiptir. Tam adý; Francisco José Goya y Lucientes’tir. Sanat yaþamýna Jose Luzan y Martinez’in yanýnda çýrak olarak baþlar.
1763’te Madrid’e gider ve Francisco Boyeu’nun atölyesinde çalýþýr.
Bu yýllarda San Fernando Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi’nin açtýðý
yarýþmada baþarýsýzlýða uðrar ancak
1766’da gittiði Ýtalya’da Parma Akademisi’nin açtýðý yarýþmada ikincilik
kazanýr.
1771’de Zaragoza’ya döndüðünde kentin katedrali için ilk fresk
sipariþini alýr. 1774 – 92 arasýnda
da Santa Barbara kraliyet halý fabrikasýnda dokunmak üzere duvar halýsý kartonlarý hazýrlar. Romantik anlayýþla rokoko türü bezemelerle
canlý, gündelik hayatý betimler. Ayný yýllarda ünü artan Goya,
1779’da San Fernando Güzel Sanatlar
Akademisi’ne
seçilir.
1780’de müdür yardýmcýsý, 1785’te
de müdür olur. IV. Carlos’un tahta
çýkýþýndan sonra da (1788) saray
ressamý olur. Erken dönem yapýtlarýnda Mengs ve özellikle Velazquez
etkilidir.
1792’de aðýr bir hastalýktan
sonra duyma yetisini yitirmesi sanatçýyý büyük ölçüde etkiler ve yapýtlarýnda daha içe dönük duygusal
bir anlatýma yönelir.
Ý
1793’te engizisyonu, boða güreþlerini ve karnavallarý iþlediði baskýlarýnýn ardýndan, üzerinde 1798’e
deðin çalýþtýðý kapriçyolar adlý 82
levhalýk dizisini yapar. “leke” baský
ve “aside yedirme baský” yöntemleriyle birlikte kullandýðý bu dizide geleneklere ve kilise kurallarýna karþý
kabaca, ancak zeki taþlamalarda bulunur.
1794’ten sonra portrelere yönelir. Bu dönemi; tablolarýnda kullandýðý gri ve gümüþ tonlardan ötürü “gümüþ dönemi” diye adlandýrýlýr.
1808’de Napoleon’un ordularý Madrid’e girdiðinde Zaragoza’da
olan Goya, kentin Fransýzlara karþý
direniþini resimler. Ayný yýllarda
yaptýðý 82 baskýdan oluþan “savaþýn
dehþetleri” adlý dizisi üzerindeki çalýþmalarýný 1814’e deðin sürdürür.
1819’da geçirdiði ikinci aðýr hastalýktan sonra, evinin duvarlarýna “siyah resimleri” yapmaya baþlar.
Yaklaþýk 500 yaðlý boya ve duvar resmi, 300’e varan da aside yedirme ve taþ baskýlarýyla son derece
üretken olan Goya, herhangi bir sanatsal üsluptan çok, bazen de kýyasýya bir yerginin yer aldýðý yapýtlarýnda, gerçekçi bir anlayýþla özgün tutumunu yaratmýþtýr. Yapýtlarýndan
ve yaþamýndan duygu ve heyecan
hiç eksik olmamýþtýr.
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60
Yannis Ritsos
Bu aðaçlar katlanamaz daha basýk bir göðe
Bu taþlar katlanamaz yabancý çizmelere,
Yalnýz güneþe boyun eðer bu yüzler.
Yalnýz doðruluða boyun eðer bu yürekler.
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Onlar el sýkýþtýklarýnda, bütün insanlýk için güneþ parlar
Onlar gülümsediklerinde, küçük bir kýrlangýç fýrlar gür sakallarýndan.
Onlar uyuduklarýnda, on iki yýldýz düþer boþ ceplerinden.
Onlar öldüklerinde, onlarýn bayraklarý ve davullarýyla yokuþu
týrmanýr hayat
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61
D
ünya üzerinde emekçi halklarýn sesini ve kaygýlarýný imgelerinde taþýyan karþý kýyý komþumuz Yunanistanlý þair Yannis Ritsos, 1909’da Pelopenez’de Manomvasia’da doðdu. Þiir yazmaya daha on
yedili yaþlarýnda baþladý. Öðrenim için
gittiði Atina’da vereme yakalanýp bir
süre çeþitli sanatoryumlarda tedavi
gördü. Devrimci düþünceleri yüzünden zaman zaman kovuþturmalara
uðradý ve bunlardan dolayý çeþitli zamanlarda sürgünlere gönderildi. 1967
yýlýnda yapýlan darbeyle siyasi iktidarý
ele geçiren cuntacýlar, birçok aydýn ve
yazarla birlikte Yannis Ritsos’u da sürgüne gönderdi. Çeþitli adalarda sürgün hayatý yaþarken hastalýðýnýn artmasý üzerine, uluslararasý aydýn ve yazarlarýn baskýsý sonucunda 1970’de
Atina’ya dönmesine izin verildi. Ülkesi bizim ülkemiz gibi büyük acýlardan
geçti. Bu acýlý sesler Yannis Ritsos’un
adeta sesiz çýðlýk olan imgelerinde derinlemesine hissedilir.
Y
annis Ritsos’un þiiri yalýn, akýcý
ve lirik bir dille yazýlmýþ. Ýnsana
dair ne varsa konusu olmuþ ve
büyük bir ustalýkla örmüþ dizelerini.
Ritsos’un þiirlerinde ikindi vakti, deniz,
zeytin aðaçlarý, sessizlik, daðlar ve kararlý, inançlý insan betimlemeleri aðýrlýklý olarak yer alýr. Ritsos, emperyalist
savaþlarýn yol açtýðý yýkýmý ve beraberinde getirmiþ olduðu yoksulluðu ve
bu yoksulluklara raðmen insanlýk onuru için direnen Yunan halkýnýn vermiþ
olduðu savaþý, kimi zaman ikindi vaktinde kayalarýn üzerinde oturmuþ denize bakan ve kimi zaman tüfeðine yavuklusuymuþ gibi sarýlan, büyük bir
kararlýlýkla mücadele eden insanlarý
imgeler. Yoksulluðun ve sefaletin üzerine geçmiþin izlerini serperek bütün
insanlýk için bir direnç abidesi haline
getirir Yannis Ritsos.
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“Ve çatýk kaþlarý arasýnda gizlediði býçaðýný kavrýyor bir ana”
“Ne zaman gelecek o deniz mavisi gün, peçeni indirip yeniden
silahlanacaðýn”
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62
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63
1919
Breton, Rene Hislum,
Louis Aragon, Paul Eluard
L
ouis Aragon’un þiirlerine dair
düþüncelerini Erdoðan Alkan’ýn çevirisiyle kendi yazdýklarýndan okuyalým.
“Her imge bir tufan yaratmalýdýr. Þair, sazýný eline al... Evet ama,
sabah gazeteni okuduktan sonra,
saçmalýklarý ve baðýþlanmayacak
pislikleri gördüðünde hiçbir þey
söylemeden, alabildiðine konuþmak; þairlere özgü olan buysa eðer,
kötü, bu hiçbir þeyi, þair olmayanlarýn bir þeyiyle karþý karþýya koymak
gerekiyor çünkü. Tözde iddialý olmak, yine töz adýna bunu zorunlu
kýlar. Hiçbir zaman þiir olarak adlandýrmadýðým gerçek þiirsel anlatýmla, diðer anlatýmlar arasýnda, düþünceden gevezeliðe kadar varan
bir uzaklýk bulunur.
...
Tanrý aþkýna, siz hiç yangýn
görmediniz mi? Gecenin ortasýnda
gecelikli kanlar, herifler sývýþýrken ve
alevlerle kalaslar yaygaracý bebelerin odalarýnýn üzerine çökerken, entelektüellerin tüm ipekten kaðýtlarý
tutuþurken ve pencerelerden altýn
saatler fýrlatýlýr, mücevher çekmecelerini kivilerin basar ve pelüþ kanepeleri kýzýl kurtarýcýlarýn suyu ýslatýrken, bu yangýn, türleri karýþtýrmanýn
en iyi örneðini vermiþ olmaz mý? Ýnsanýn, içinden geçenleri anlatmak istemesinden doðal ne var! Günün
endiþeler içinde çýrpýnan utanç anlayýþý, elinde tuttuklarýnýn uygulama için yetmediði inancýndadýr. Durum
böyleyken, aþk yerine, —bu inançtakilerin kitabýna göre— gittikçe yükselen bir sesle politika iþitilmeye baþlanýrsa, iþte o zaman kýyamet kopar.
Çünkü kurtçuklar ayaðýmýn baþparmaðýný ezerken, ne pahasýna olursa
olsun, susmam gerekir.
Þair, sazýný eline al... Evet ama,
sabah gazeteni okuduktan sonra,
saçmalýklarý ve baðýþlanmayacak pislikleri gördüðünde ve yalnýzca askerlik süresine ve Fas savaþýna karþý çýkýp, sözde, ihtiyatlarý itaatsizliðe iten
kiþiler, bilinmeyen yerlerde otuz yýl,
on yýl hapislere çarptýrýldýðýnda, bütün bunlara duygulanmak gibi olaðanüstü bir yüzsüzlük göstermek yerine, çeneni kapa!...
...
Özü fýrtýna olan þiirde, her imge bir tufan yaratmalýdýr.
Eðer gerçeküstücü yöntem uyarýnca kederli budalalýklar yazýyorsanýz, ortaya çýkacak olan yalnýzca kederli budalalýklardýr.”
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64
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65
ÖLÜ ÇOCUÐA GAZEL
Her akþam üzeri bir çocuk ölür,
her akþam üzeri Granada’da.
Her akþam üzeri yerleþir de su
dostlarýyla konuþur baþ baþa.
Yosundan kanatlarý var ölülerin.
Bulutlu yel ve duru yel yan yana
süzülen iki sülündür kuleler
üstünde,
gündüzse yaralý bir oðlan.
Havada kalmazdý tek kýrlangýç
gölgesi
þarap maðarasýnda rastlayýnca
ben sana,
tek bulut kýrýntýsý kalmazdý yerde
sen ýrmakta boðulup gittiðin
zaman.
Yuvarladý vadi köpeklerle
süsenlerini
bir su devi yýkýlýnca daðlara.
Gövden, ellerimin mor gölgesinde,
bir soðuk meleðiyle, kýyýda cansýz
yatan.
Çeviri: SAÝD MADEN
SEZÝLMEMÝÞ AÞKA GAZEL
Karnýndaki karanlýk manolyanýn
Kimseler anlamadý kokusunu.
Acýttýðýný kimseler bilemedi
Diþlerinle sýktýðýn o aþk kurþunu.
Binlerce Acem tayý uykuya yattý
Alnýnýn ay vurmuþ alanýnda,
O senin kar düþmaný göðsünü
Kucaklarken dört gece kollarýmla.
Bakýþýn, tohumlarýn solgun dalýydý
Alçýlar,yaseminler arasýndan,
Aradým vermek için yüreðimde
O fildiþi mektuplarý her zaman
diyen,
Her zaman: acýmýn bahçesi benim
Gövden her zaman, her zaman
þaþýrtýcý
Damarlarýnýn kanýyla dolu aðzým,
Aðzýn ölümüm için söndürdü
ýþýðýný.
Çeviri: Ülkü Tamer
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66
Charles Chaplin
16 Nisan 1889-25 Aralýk 1977
F
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67
“Askerler!
izleri aldatan, sizleri köle gibi
kullanan, ne yapmanýz gerektiðini, nasýl düþünmeniz gerektiðini ve nasýl ölmemiz gerektiðini söyleyen bu zalimlere asla boyun eðmeyin. Sizleri bir hayvan terbiye eder gibi þartlandýrýp topun aðzýna sürenlere boyun eðmeyin. Kafalarý ve kalpleri bir makine gibi olan bu adamlara
boyun eðmeyin. Sizler birer makine
deðilsiniz. Sizler insansýnýz! Kalbiniz
insanlýk sevgisiyle dolup taþmaktadýr!
Nefret etmeyin! Yalnýzca sevilmeyenler nefret eder... sevilmeyenler
ve anormal olanlar!
Askerler!
Kölelik uðruna savaþmayýn! Özgürlük için savaþýn! St Luke’un Ýncil’inin on yedinci bölümünde cennetin
tek bir adamda ya da bir grup insanda deðil tüm insanlarýn içinde olduðu
yazýlýdýr. Siz insanlar güçlüsünüz.
Makineleri yapacak güce sahipsiniz.
Mutluluðu yaratacak güç sizdedir!
Bu hayatý özgür ve güzel kýlacak güce sizler sahipsiniz. Bu hayatý olaðanüstü bir maceraya çevirecek olan
yine sizlersiniz. Öyleyse, demokrasi
adýna bu gücü kullanalým ve birleþelim. Yeni bir dünya için savaþalým.
Herkese çalýþma þansý verecek,
gençlere gelecek, yaþlýlara güvenlik
saðlayacak bir dünya için savaþalým.”
S
A
dý 17. yüzyýl bilimsel devrimi ile birlikte anýlan en önemli bilim adamlarýndan
birisi olan Galileo, fizik, matematik
ve astronomi gibi konularda çýðýr açan çalýþmalar yapmýþ ve ilgisi daha
çok hareket üzerinde yoðunlaþmýþtý.
Bu alandaki çalýþmalarýnýn sonucunda klasik mekaniðin temellerini kurmuþ, güneþ merkezli astronomi sisteminin fiziðini geliþtirmiþtir. Aristoteles’e göre, her hareket
onu hareket ettiren bir kuvvet sonucu meydana gelirdi; cisim bu
kuvvet kendisini hareket ettirdiði
sürece hareket ederdi.
Galilei, günlük gözlemlere uyan bu Aristotelesçi yaklaþýmý eylemsizlik prensibi ile yýkmýþtýr. Eylemsizlik prensibine göre, kendi haline býrakýlan cisim, herhangi bi
kuvvet etkisinde kalmadýðý sürece,
durumunu korur, yani hareket halinde ise hareketine, sükunet halinde ise sükunetine devam eder.
Galilei’nin üstü kapalý olarak ifade ettiði, Newton’un ise formüle
ettiði bu prensip ile yeni bir hareket
kavramý ileri sürülmüþ oldu. Buna
göre, hareket cisimde bir deðiþiklik
yapmaz; hareket bir durumdur, bir
noktadan baþka bir noktaya geometrik bir geçiþtir; durma da harekete karþýt baþka bir durumdur.
Durma için kuvvet uygulanmasý gerekmiyorsa, hareket için de kuvvet
uygulanmasý gerekmez; hareketin
hýzýnýn dðiþmesi için ise kuvvet gerekir. Eylemsizlik, içinde bulunduðumuz Dünya’da gözlemlenemez;
ancak ideal koþullar altýnda böyle
bir durum meydana getirilebilir.
Galileo Galilei
(1564 -1642)
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68
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69
Zaten Galilei’nin deneyleri de düþünce deneyleri idi.
Galilei için gerçek dünya, matematik baðýntýlarýn dünyasý, Platon’un deyimi ile idealar dünyasý idi. Ýçinde yaþadýðýmýz dünyayý anlamak için, idealar dünyasýndan
bakmak gerekliydi.
Mükemmel yuvarlaklýktaki toplar, sürtünmesiz düzlemler üzerindeki hareketlerini, yalnýzca idealar
dünyasýnda sonsuza dek sürdürürlerdi. Doða, geometrik harflerle
(eðrilerle, dairelerle, üçgenlerle)
yazýlmýþ bir kitap gibiydi; doðayý anlamak için, bu dili bilmek gerekiyordu.
Hareket, cisimde bir deðiþiklik
meydana getirmediðine göre, cisim
ayný anda birden fazla harekete sahip olabilir. Bu hareketler birbirini
engellemez ve birleþerek tek bir yörünge izler. Buradan, fýrlatýnlan bir
merminin, düzgün doðrusal hareket ile serbest düþme hareketinin
bileþkesi olan parabol biçiminde bir
yörünge izlediðini göstermiþtir.
Galileo’nun hareket konusunda çözüm getirdiði bir diðer konu
da serbest düþme hareketi ile ilgilidir. Düþen bütün cisimlerin ayný ivmeye sahip olduðunu göstererek,
serbest düþmenin sabit ivmeli bir
hareket olduðunu saptamýþ ve serbest düþmede alýnan yolun zamanýn karesiyle orantýlý olduðunu
(S=1/2 gt2) göstermiþtir.
Sonuç olarak, Galilei’nin mekanik konusunu matematikselleþtirmeyi baþardýðý söylenebilir. Düzgün
ve sabit ivmeli hareketleri tanýmlamýþ ve matematiksel formüllerini
vermiþtir. Modern hareket kavramýný Galilei’ye borçluyuz.
Galilei teleskopu astronomik
amaçla kullanan ilk bilim adamýdýr.
1609 yýlýnda yaptýðý bir teleskopla
önemli gözlemler yapmýþ ve bu
gözlemleri Yýldýz Habercisi (Siderius Nuntius) adlý kitabýnda vermiþtir.
Onun astronomide yaptýðý
gözlemler, güneþ merkezli sistemi
desteklediði, aristoteles fiziðinin geçerli olmadýðýný kanýtladýðý için oldukça önemlidir. En önemli gözlemleri Ay ve Güneþ gözlemleridir.
Ayda kraterlerin, daðlarýn ve vadilerin olduðunu görmüþ ve bunun
Ay ile Yer’in ayný maddelerden yapýldýðýnýn kanýtý olduðunu söylemiþtir.
Güneþi gözlemlemiþ ve Güneþ üzerinde bulunan gölgelerin
Güneþ’in üzerinde yer alan lekeler
olduðunu kanýtlamýþtýr. O zamanlarda, Güneþ üzerinde görünen lekelere iliþkin iki açýklama bulunmaktaydý. Bunlardan birincisine
göre, bu leke, Merkür’ün Güneþ’in
önünden geçerken oluþan gölgesiydi. Ancak Galilei bunun olanaksýz olduðunu söyler.
Çünkü Merkür’ün Güneþ’in önünden geçiþi yaklaþýk yedi saat
sürmektedir, ancak bu lekeler yedi
saatten çok daha fazla Güneþ’in üzerinde yer almaktaydýlar. Ýkinci açýklamaya göre, bu lekeler, Güneþ
ve Yer arasýnda bulunan küçük
gökcisimlerine aittir. Oysa bu lekeler küçük cisimlerin gölgeleri olsalardý, gözlem yerine baðlý olarak,
Güneþ üzerinde farklý konumlarda
olmalýydýlar.
Galilei, Orion kümesini gözlemlemiþ ve daha önce bulut olduðu varsayýlan bu kümenin gerçekte
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71
yýldýzlardan oluþtuðunu bulmuþtur.
Yine Samanyolu’nun yýldýzlardan
oluþtuðunu tespit etmiþtir. Jüpiter’i
gözlemlemiþ ve Jüpiter’in çevresinde dolanan dört yýldýz belirlemiþtir.
Bunlarýn Jüpiter’in etrafýnda
dönen uydular olduklarýný bulmuþ
ve Jüpiter’le birlikte uydularýný, “adeta minyatür bir Güneþ sistemi” olarak tasvir etmiþtir. Satürn’ün halkasýný gözlemlemiþ ancak teleskopu
güçlü olmadýðý için gezegenin halkasýný iki yapýþýk parça olarak görmüþ ve bunlarý uydu zannetmiþtir.
Gezegenin periyodik özelliðinden dolayý halka bir müddet sonra
kaybolmuþ ve bu parçalarý göremeyen Galilei bu olaya çok þaþýrmýþtýr. Onun bu þaþkýnlýðý sonrasýnda yazdýðý cümleler ilginçtir:
“Galiba Satürn onlarý yedi” Galilei
ayrýca Venüs’ü gözlemlemiþ ve
Venüs’ün safhalarý olduðunu tespit
etmiþtir. Bu gözlem, Copernicus’un ne kadar haklý olduðunun
bir göstergesiydi.
Batlamyus sisteminde Venüs,
sürekli belli bir uzaklýkta olmalýydý
ve sadece hilal þeklinde görülmeliydi. Oysa gözlemler, Venüs’ün bazen çok yakýn bazen de çok uzakta
olduðunu göstermekteydi. Ayrýca
Venüs, sadece hilal olarak deðil,
deðiþik hallerde de görünmekteydi.
Bu ise ancak Copernicus sistemi ile
açýklanabilirdi. Bu da Güneþ merkezli sistemi doðruluyordu.
H
egel kendinden önceki tüm
bir felsefeyi süzgeçten geçirerek felsefeyi en yüksek
noktaya çýkarýr. Ama bu nokta, onun
ölüm tahtýdýr. Çünkü artýk sanayi
devrimi geliþmiþ, teknik geliþme ve
tekniðin ihtiyaçlarýnýn kamçýladýðý doða bilimleri þaha kalkmýþ, dev adýmlarýyla ilerlemektedir. Artýk tüm bu alanlardan kovulur felsefe. Söze bizzat doða bilimlerinin, pratiðin kendisi
kalmýþtýr. Týpký göksel krallýðýn ve onun yeryüzündeki temsilcilerinin taçlý kafalarýnýn sokaklara fýrlatýlmasý gibi, Hegel ile en üst aþamasýna ulaþan
göksel koltuðundaki felsefe de ölümcül darbeyi alýr. Artýk felsefe olarak
felsefe, kesinlikle sona erer. Felsefeye bilgi teorisi/bilgi felsefesi alaný kalýr. Marx’ýn daha “Feuerbach Üzerine Tezler”inde vurguladýðý devrimci
pratik, her türlü felsefi spekülasyonu
bir kenara atar. Maddi toplumsal yaþam, onun üzerinde hareket ettiði
zemin, toplumbilimin, tarihsel materyalizmin uðraþý alaný olur. Tarih bir
bilim olarak geliþir. Maddenin her tür
hareketi, fizik ve kimya gibi doða bilimlerinin egemenlik alanýnda geliþir.
Artýk sistem ve sistem felsefelerine
yer yoktur. Geriye ölümsüz olarak
yöntem kalýr.
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73
Hegel’in geliþtirdiði o muazzam
devrimci yöntem: diyalektik. Maddenin, toplumun ve bilincin hareket yasasý olarak diyalektik... Bu yöntemin
bilgi teorisi açýsýndan taþýdýðý önem
ve böyle bir bilgi teorisinin tüm bilim
dallarý için ne denli önemli olduðu,
Engels tarafýndan, “Doðanýn Diyalektiði” adlý çalýþmasýndaki makalelerinde görülebilir.
Sonuç olarak, Hegel’in elinde
belirli bir düzene giren “düþünsel miras” Hegel’in bu mirasa olaðanüstü
katkýlarý... tüm bunlar, sanki Marksizmi yaratmak içindir! Marx ve
Marksizm, kesin olarak bu miras üzerinde yükselir. Onun üç kaynaðýndan biri olan Alman felsefesi, özünde salt bir felsefe deðil, “düþünce tarihi”nin en yetkin halidir. Marx, her
þeyden önce Hegel’in omuzlarýnda
yükselir.
Sevinç İşçileri
Buluştu
74
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Kış ‘08
79
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80
Kış ‘08
Bahar Derin
Munzurla
Birlikte Akmak
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Kış ‘08
81
D
ersim… Oy Dersim! Kim bilir neler yaþanmýþ buralarda… Munzur nehrinin etrafý yüksek tepelerle çevrili. Sanki daðlar, tepeler Munzur’u
korumak istemiþ gibi.
Evler nasýl da yükseklere
yapýlmýþ taa tepelerin
baþýna. Ama tam köy usulü çatýlar yan yana kütüklerden oluþuyor, sonra onu çamurla sývamýþlar ve üstünden silindirle
geçmiþler. Evlerin etrafýnda üç beþ inek, birkaç
tavuk ve tezek kokusu
var. Evlere giden yollarsa ancak idmanlýlarýn çýkabileceði türden, dimdik.
A
kþamlarý
mavi
köprünün kenarýnda Munzur’un
deli akan suyunu serinlikte seyredenlere Önsöz’ümüzü götürüyorduk. Nasýlda çabuk tükeniveriyordu ellerimizde.
Önsözle ilgili bir yorum
duyulmaya deðer Fransa’da yaþayan Dersimli
bir kadýn þiirle ve edebiyatla uðraþýyor. Bir geliþinde Tunceliler Derneði’nde Önsöz’ün 3. (Kürt
dili ve edebiyatý) sayýsýyla
karþýlaþmýþ. Önce biraz
göz atmýþ etkilenmiþ, dernektekilere eve götürüp
okuyabilir miyim geri getiririm demiþ. Sonra evde
okuyunca derneðe gitmiþ
ve demiþ ki kusura bakmayýn ama ben bunu alýyorum ve size vermiyorum demiþ. Ben Türkiye’de böyle bir kültür sanat dergisi olduðunu bilmiyordum. Çok güzel,
çok içten, dolu dolu. Abone olmak istiyorum.
Çýkaran arkadaþlara binlerce teþekkür. Açýkcasý
birçok kültür sanat dergisi okudum ama bu kadar
gerçeðine, doyurucusuna rastlamadým. Tabi
benim aðzým kulaklarýmda dinliyorum.
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Fotoğraf
Aydın Orak
Kış ‘08
83
D
evrim için döndük analar, yarýnlar için, baþka
bir dünya için, umutlarýmýz için, nice nice Dersimlere geri dönmek için, güneþ için, toprak için, su için, özgürce yaþamak, özgürce gülmek,
özgürce düþünmek için,
sürgün hasretlerimizin
son bulmasý için, sevdiklerimize kavuþmak için,
deðerlerimiz için, insan
için, insanlýk için, Munzur’un o coþkun akýþýný
dört bir yana yaymak için…
Şu sokaktan az önce kahramanlar geçti
gördün mü?
Yüzlerinde tarihi taşıyorlardı
Gözlerinde alev alev
bir ateş yanıyordu
Geleceğe bakıyorlardı
Umutla bekledikleri
Beklemekle yetinmedikleri
Uğruna
ömürlerini
verdikleri
geleceğe
Hece hece söktükleri
tarih derslerini bırakıyorlardı
önleri sıra akıp giden
günlerin dereciğine
Yaralarından sızan
kanlarla yıkıyorlardı
Nazım Akarsu
sokakların kaldırımlarını
Anılarını süsleyen sokak
fenerlerini
başlarının ışıltısıyla
aydınlatıyorlardı
Şu sokaktan az önce kahramanlar geçti
gördün mü?
İnsanlığın sevdasını
taşıyorlardı
yürek yüreğe
özlemle
güzel mi güzel gülümsüyorlardı
Şu sokaktan az önce ölümsüzleşenler geçti
gördün mü?
31 Temmuz 2008
84
Elif Can
N
Saðcý mýsýn
Solcu musun?
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Demet Demeter
E
rmenilerin tarihinin, Ermeni halkýnýn yaþadýklarýnýn
somutlandýðý isim, Sarkis
Çerkezyan… Yaþamýyla
bir tarihe ýþýk tutuyor.
Tozlu raflarda olmayan
ama her þeyiyle gün be
gün, an be an yaþanan
Ermeni tarihine... Sarkis
amcayý ziyaret etmekten
bahsediliyor ve hemen
dahil oluyoruz bu ziyarete. Yanýmýza bir fotoðraf
makinesi, bir de kayýt cihazý alýyoruz. Anlatacaklarýnýn hiçbirini kaçýrmak
istemiyoruz çünkü. Ne
de olsa canlý bir tarih
Sarkis amcamýz...
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Kış ‘08
Kazım Demir
Bir İşçinin Kalemi Eriyor
Nasırlı Ellerinde
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Kış ‘08
Oyuncak
Okurlardan / Aliþer
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XrsZlnsjqsnrsolnskrsjpsdlsXrjsVrsfrsfqdsmqsopshqsiqshqscrbsmrskljasGsXrsZlnsps]pnskqsjps_s]rshrjsmlsdrsXrshrsZlsnln
_s`qsopnskqsjrhsnrsirjsfrsesmrnsdgskrnskrskqismpscpos]rhskqismqskpsYqshrsZrnsjrosmrsorsrmsklosirskrnsdls[
XrjsesXrsZlnsqfsorsRlnskrs]rhsmrsolsils`lshgskgismrskljasB_ns^qsXqshqskqYsoemsirshrscrbsmrsirsdlhsmrsjros^rsmro
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mqsopsnpnsrosklnskrn\s^qsXqsGsXqsnrshlsW_jsi_srmsflsnrsrmsilbsflas
102
Kış ‘08
Ehğtro Hğaviso
N
rsorskqsnp`SpnspjsmpsipsYqskesZrsdls^qsoqsZp\snqsoqskqhsdqsdqsnqsnpnsfrsirsilsnrshrsjlnsdpds[
mpsYqshrZsigosmgs^qs]qoasJr`sceshgspsdqshrZsigosmrosWp]skgosir`asJrhsmrskrs]psiqns[
mqsopns_s`qsopnskqskesmrsblosjqnsVrnsfesmensVrs]rsmrsolsnl`s]psiqnsmqsopnsldsmrjsmlsZlnskrnslds[
mrsnloasCbsfqscUhsmqsWrsYrsnlnsdpdsmpsYqs]psdqsmpsemskgsZgs`rsirnsmroskr\shrhsmrskrsjps^qn]smqosYqs]esXgjs[
mrosfeVsmrsnlV\sWqVscposmpjsfqsqYsqYshrhsmrsXlsmrsolnsqYsmqsopsnpnsjrsVlsmrsolsnls]rsmrosmroasBpfsfpjsmqsopsWqosqYs[
kqnscpsor`sfqsoqshrsZlsYqscpsor`skrsilsdlosgsngspdsfqosmqoasKqosjqdsdqsYqsdqsYqsYqsoposYqsWrshloskgsrsmrs[
olsnlshrsVrosmros^qn]smqsopnsVqbsmqsopnskqnasPrsrfsmqosXqs^qs`pVsfeVsmrskljsmrsolsfqsoqshrsZlsYqsilsdlosgsnghs[
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]rsmls]losVlsmrosmrsrsfqbshrsjlV\scposd_soqsqfsorsRlnskrslsdlsnlosmrosYqsrsfqsbpnsjUs`qskgosirsdlsnrshrsjlnscpo
`rsirnskr\srsfqsbpnsWqospsjpsfrsorsRlsnrskrsWrsUnsXqskqnsWrs`losmrskljsmrsolsk_`s^_nsfrbsmrsolshqosmqbsfpsoposmqoa
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h_js]qscposfrsYrshlsjeshrosmroasJrhsmrsXlsmroskrnsfeVsmrsnrnsfqsoqshrsZlsnlscgsfrsYrsnlnsps]pnskqsqsopsfposmqo\
ilsdlosgsngsngsqsopsfpsmqnsfqsoqshrsZlsnlns_s`qsopsnqsqsjqosmqosYqscposd_soqsjrsYgoskgjsfrnsdensorscpsor`skr
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brsZrsrjsfrsolsmrsrjsfrsolsmrs^qmskpsYqs`rsirnsmrsdeshgfsmrnskl\sps]qsopsZpnskqnsjeVsfgsYqs^qsmqsnqjsWrsmpsnq
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klisqskqnsjpsbpsesmrsorjscpsmpsnpsopisYqsbpsRrsmlsefsmroscqsnpisqisopisrmsflnskrskloasQsVemsmensjqsWrsnqf
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VemsmensJgsnrnsfrnsolsmrsolsrsorsdlnskrsqnsJgsnrnsmls^Uso_snqnskp
rsirsesJgsnrnsmlskqsZpmskqs^U]siqnscposfrnsolhsklasJgsnrnsips[
fesmes/psdpnskqsesngnshgoskg\sjeisbg\sjroskqb\sjlshlsesmrnsQsnrskes[
mgskgoas Eorcs`ens Te`sfqsVqSkqns lsblsZlsnls hrnsdlsflos QsnrskesmgShr
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lsbljskpsmqsiqs^qsmqsnqsZpasMrZscrbsmrsolnskrshrsjlsmrnsrsfqbsmqoskq\sVpsbpsopsmqn
WZrsYpdsmqosmqsfrnsolsQsVemsmenSkrns^_snqsbpsr]sirsdlspdsfqsnpoasJrhsmrsqYsmqsopns[
kqsWqosrjsbri\sjl`smlsqosjqjsmpsehsnrsnrnsWesoensmroskr\s]rsmlsnrnsjqsiqns]qskq\
cqmsjpskqsfrnsolsQsVemsmenSgns]rmsklsZlsmposkqnsqsdpnsmqsnpmsipbsYqs^_sn_si_s`q
jrskros^qmsipbsfpo\sjpiscpsmpoasJejsdrscgsWesoenskqsnpsmqnsbqhsWqiscgsjrskrosehs[
nrjsWqiskqscgsjrskrospnsdrnsXlmsesmrscpsmposiphskp?sNpiscpsmqscpsmposjpLsQsirscpsmps[
nqnscposbqhsYrosjp\seskr\sk_nshrsil`skrsWrsmqnscrs`ls^_s`qmsmpjsmqsopnshrsbrnsirjsfrsems[
kgsZgskgoas
Kış ‘08
103
Kahramanlýk Üstüne
“Ne yazýk o ülkeye ki
Kahramanlara ihtiyaç duyuyor”
Bertholt Brecht
N
N
iye yaþýyoruz?
Çalýþmak için
mi, yoksa yaþamak için mi çalýþýyoruz?
On-oniki saat çalýþýyoruz.
Peki, güzel de insanlýða
bir katkýsý var mý bunun?
Yok, kesinlikle tam tersi,
biz daha uzun saatler çalýþtýkça insanlýk o kadar
dibe vuruyor (merak eden ekonomi-politika okusun). Hepimizin fiziksel ve ruhsal saðlýðýyla oynandýðýný, bu durumun
deðiþtirilmesinin bilinçli,
duyarlý, yürekli insanlarla
(kahramanlar) mümkün
olabileceðini görmeliyiz.
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jrWsorsirnsmljsmrsolsil`sRpmismqoskqsjpsmqsoqscqns`qsiq`asTposjqsoqsWqosbqhsXrnsmlsklo\shrsbrsnloas@q
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cpsmpnsXpsips`pnsdrZsmrsirsdlsnlshrsVrscpmsiqsip`sps]pnsRqmsdqsRqsYqscpsmpismqskqspms^psmqnsiqsip`s^qs[
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mpofsfpi\scps`pisjpskqsZpsbpj4sKrskqshpnsXqsjrWsorsirnssesmgnsigsheo4s
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mqsopsrsZlosesmrscpsmpoasJ_soqjscgsh_`skqns^qsoqjsmpasHqsdqsmrsjgosfrosirshrs]rsmlbsflsZlnspnsdrnsmljsfrs[
orsRlnskrnsmpn]sqskpsmqscpsmposdpn\scqnsXqsqnsfors/pjsesmrsnlskrscg\snqskqosdpsnp`?sCbsfqscgsnejsfrskr
RpsoqsYqosiqshqscrbsmlshesog`asNrhs^lskesmgscrsjlbsmro\scgsogbsigbscposh_`\sjghsogjsmrsolscposcpsopsnq
kqZsiqshqnsfpmsjpsmqo\siqsmrnsjesmpjscposogWsWrsmpLsKrskpsdpmsjpsnpn\sclsorsjlnsjrsorsjrsorsk_sb_nsiqs[
hp\sgsngfsfgsng`sig=sjrWsorsirnsemsirjs6pnsdrnsjrmsirj5sps]pns]ljsfljshesmrasErsirisirskrmshr
hej\sfrjskposhej\sWrfsfrshrVsfljsmrsolsnls`lsrnsmrshrnsmrsolnsdrshlsdlscpsmqsfrfsipnsqskpsXpskqsZpm\spbsfqsjrWs[
orsirnsmljscgsorskrskqYsoqshqs^psopsheo.sMeZsogsYqs^qsoqjsmpsemskgsZgsngscpmskpsZpn\spnsdrnsmlsZlnsjgos[
fgsmgsbgsngn\skqYsopsipn\sjesmqjsfpsRpnsUsn_sn_srs]rsXrsZlsnlsk_sb_nsk_sZ_nskrYsorsnlsbls^Us`_sn_sjloVs[
irskrnshrsVrscpmsiqjsfqasErsopWshrsVlsmrnsmrsolnskqsZqsopsnpsYqsoqsXqjsfpoa
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hrscpmsiqjsps]pnsjqnskpsmqsopnskqnscqjsmqnsiqshqns6jqnskpsjqnskpsmqsopnskqnscpsmq5sbqhsmqsoqspis`rsrsfros[
104
Kış ‘08
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psdqsUsnqisdqskpsZpsnp`sbqshpnshrsbrsilnsjqnskpsdpsemsirsdls6]ejsbqhsipspdsfpshesog`45as<Uhsmqsk_sb_snqs[
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UsnqisdqskpsZpsnp`sbqhsmqoskqscgsj_siqskqsesmrsXrjsfloasGnsmrosrs]lsdlnskrnscposdesognshejasQhsolsXrscg
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k_sb_nsiqshqscrbsmrsklsZlsnl`srnskrnspsfpscrsoqnsWp]sjrosblsmrbsirsklsZlsnl`srsirsYrosesmrnsYqsdps`pnsmqsfrs[
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mqshpn.s
“...
sosyalizm:
el kapýsýnýn yokluðu deðil de
imkansýzlýðý
devirmek daðlarý el birliðiyle
ama elimizin öz biçimini
öz sýcaklýðýný yitirmeden
sevgilimizin bizden ne þan, ne para
vefadan baþka bir þey beklemeyiþi
sosyalizm:
yani yurttaþ ödevi sayýlmasý bahtiyarlýðýn
yahut mesela esefsiz, güvenle, emniyetle
gölgeli bir bahçeye girer gibi
girebilmek usulcacýk ihtiyarlýða
ve hepsinden önemlisi, çocuklarýn
ama bütün çocuklarýn
kýrmýzý elmalar gibi gülüþü...”
MrsWrsnqsemsdgn?s*ZsogsnrsjrYs^rsqfsiqshqskqZsiq`sip?
Krskpses`rsirns]Us`_isps]pnsjemsmrsolsdlsYrsirs`rsirsnlas
HrsrsmqsdqRs6ToqXWfSqs^Unskqosiq5sjrWsorsirnsemsirs`rsirsnlaaa
Kış ‘08
105
Kil Tabletlerde Dirilen Ninova
Ayak izlerindeki
saklı geçmiş izlerini
kim izler durmadan
ay ışığı altında
kara perçem içinde
sular nereye akar.
Kavrulan toprak
dam altında
söylenceler yükselir
bereketli hilal yüzünde
Susmaz şarkısı binlerce yıl
kara sabanın izinde
yürür açlığa
Ninova’nın çocukları,
Atila Oğuz
oyuncaksız oyunlarıyla
bakışları kararmaz bir tek
güleç yüzlü Kürt çocukların.
Umutsuz bakışlar arasında
buharlaşır umutları
göz yaşların da
kuru çölün ortasında
Hevlerden kurtulan canların
Kil tabletler konuşur
virane sarayda
birden fazla ses verir öyküleri,
spatulalar, fırçalar toprağı temizler
dillenir sözcükler
Musul yakınlarında.
Revşa’nın kara gözleri
uzun saçları
savrulur gün ortasında
kül öyküler üzerine
Zaman Baver olur
ışıldar kil tabletlerde
Revşa’nın dizeleri çoğalır
106
Kış ‘08
göğü kaplarcasına
aşk seli kaplar yüreğini
aşkı ayırabilir mi
İsa’dan önce
İsa’dan sonraki zaman
Doğar mı güneş
her iki yüreğe aynı anda,
susar mı dört parçaya
bölünen yürek
Revşa! Elini uzatsa
dokunacak günün öncesine
gülümseyecek barakalar taş duvarlar
Dokundu eli Baver’in kine
uranos karardı ardına kadar
çılgın bir yağmur
peşinden çakan şimşek
aldı Baver’in yüreğini güneşe dek
Söndü Revşa’nın bakışlarında
yaşamın ışığı
çıkarıp yüreğini
bağlayıp yaşmağının ucuna
fırlatıp attı göğün
karanlık kalbine
Tek katlı sedir ağacından çatılı
Ninova tarihin harabeleri arasında
sımsıcak bakar orta doğuya
Ne gözler
ne yüzler gördü
başka başka dillerden
dinledi nice ağıtları
Toprak kurudu çöl oldu
kurumadı Ninova’nın göz yaşları
asırlar boyu
Bir umut daha var
yakılan son ağıtta
hadi gayret
Kış ‘08
107
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Kış ‘08
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110
Kış ‘08
Mahmud Derviş’in Ardından
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Kış ‘08