Baskı önizleme - Eğitim Bilim Toplum

.
Hakemli Makale
.5ó=/(5óg7(/(0('(6$9$ô/$5,1ó.7ó6$'ó(7.,/(5ó
h=(5ó1(%ó57$57,ô0$1
$'LVFXVVLRQ$ERXW(FRQRPLF,PSDFWVRI:DUVRQ3RVWSRQLQJ
&ULVHV
%HUQD8\PD]*
Öz
0DNDOHGH NUL] RUWDODPD NkU RUDQODU×QGDNL GüPH HùLOLPL QHGHQL\OH VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQLQ
W×NDQPDV× RODUDN WDQ×PODQP×ü YH EX HùLOLPL WHUVL \|QGH KDUHNHWH JHoLUHELOHFHN HWNHQOHU
WDQ×PODQP×üW×U 6|] NRQXVX NUL]OHUH QHGHQ RODQ JHOLüPHOHU YH NUL]OHUL |WHOH\HELOHQ HWNHQOHU
V×QDvoHYULPYHX]XQGDOJDVUHoOHULQGHIDUNO×O×NODUJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU0DNDOHGHJHQLüLoHULùL\OH
VDYDüODU×QV×QDvoHYULPOHUYHX]XQGDOJDODUV×UDV×QGDNLNUL]OHUL|WHOHPHGHNLHWNLOHULKHPWHRULN
RODUDN LQFHOHQPLü KHP GH \×OODU× DUDV×QGD \DüDQP×ü RODQ VDYDüODU×Q HWNLOHUL LOJLOL
LNWLVDGvYHULOHUDUDF×O×ù×\ODDPSLULNRODUDNV×QDQP×üW×U
$QDKWDU6|]FNOHU.UL].UL]LQgWHOHQPHVL6DYDü×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHUL
$EVWUDFW
,QWKLVSDSHUFULVLVLVGHÀQHGDVWKHEORFNDJHRIWKHFDSLWDODFFXPXODWLRQGXHWRWKHODZRI
WHQGHQF\RIWKHUDWHRISURÀWWRIDOODQGIDFWRUVZKLFKFRXOGFKDQJHWKHGRZQZDUGWUHQGRIWKH
DYHUDJHSURÀWUDWHLQWKHRSSRVLWHGLUHFWLRQDUHDOVRSUHVHQWHG)DFWRUVOHDGLQJWRFULVHVDQGWKH
RQHVGHIHUULQJWKHFULVHVVKRZGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHSURFHVVRIEXVLQHVVF\FOHVDQGORQJZDYHV,Q
WKLVSDSHUWKHHIIHFWVRIZDUZLWKLWVEURDGFRQWHQWRQSRVWSRQLQJWKHFULVHVLQWKHSURFHVVRI
EXVLQHVVF\FOHVDQGORQJZDYHVKDYHEHHQH[DPLQHGWKHRUHWLFDOO\0RUHRYHUWKHHIIHFWVRIWKH
ZDUVEHWZHHQDQGKDYHEHHQWHVWHGHPSLULFDOO\E\XVLQJUHOHYDQWHFRQRPLFGDWD
.H\WRUGV&ULVLV3RVWSRQLQJ&ULVHV(FRQRPLF,PSDFWVRI:DU
úVWDQEXOhQLYHUVLWHVLúNWLVDW)DNOWHVL0DOL\H%|OP<UG'Ro'UIEX\PD]#LVWDQEXOHGXWU
(ùLWLP%LOLP7RSOXP'HUJLVL&LOW6D\×45 .×ü6D\ID
(GXFDWLRQ6FLHQFH6RFLHW\-RXUQDO9ROXPH,VVXH45 :LQWHU3DJH
83
.UL]OHULgWHOHPHGH6DYDüODU×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHULh]HULQH%LU7DUW×üPD
*ú5úû
.UHVHO NUL] VUHoOHULQGH NUL]LQ HWNLOHULQL KDÀÁHüWLUHELOHFHN RODV× ELU VDYDü
EHNOHQWLVL JQGHPH JHOPHNWHGLU %X EHNOHQWLQLQ WHPHO QHGHQL |]HOOLNOH
.UL]LVRQUDV×QGD\DüDQP×üRODQ,,'Q\D6DYDü×|UQHùLGLUg\OHNL,,
'Q\D 6DYDü× VRQUDV×QGD ´NDO×F× VLODK HNRQRPLVL WHRULVL· DUDF×O×ù×\OD DVNHUv
KDUFDPDODU×QNDSLWDOLVWVLVWHP]HULQGHNLLVWLNUDUVDùOD\×F×UROLIDGHHGLOPLü
YH ´8]XQ 'DOJDODU 7HRULVLµ DGO× HVHULQGH ,, 'Q\D 6DYDü×·Q×Q HWNLOHULQL
LQFHOHPLü RODQ (UQHVW 0DQGHO X]XQ GDOJDQ×Q DüDù× VDO×Q×P×Q×Q VH\ULQL
GHùLüWLUPHGHVDYDüD|QHPOLELU\HUYHUPLüWLU
,,'Q\D6DYDü×·QGDQVRQUDNLVDYDüODU×QD\Q×HWNL\HVDKLSROXSROPDG×NODU×
LVHWDUW×üPDNRQXVXGXU
*QP]GH \DüDQDQ VDYDüODU NUL]OHULQ |WHOHQPHVL LoLQ JHUHNOL RODQ
LNWLVDGL NRüXOODU× VDùODPDGD \DUG×PF× ROPDNWD P×G×U" <DQL VDYDü NUL]H
o|]PROXüWXUPDNWDP×G×U"
84
<RNVD JQP]GHNL VDYDüODU VDGHFH YDURODQ LNWLVDGL GHùHUOHULQ
E|OüPQPHWNLOHPHNWHGLU"
%X VRUXODUOD |]HWOHQHELOHQ WDUW×üPDODU×Q WHPHOLQGH VDYDüODU×Q WDULK ER\XQFD
JHoLUPLüROGXNODU×GHùLüLP|QHPOL\HUHVDKLSWLU$\U×FDIDUNO×NUL]WHRULOHULGH
KHPNUL]LQWDQ×P×QGDKHPGHEXQDEDùO×RODUDNVDYDü×QLNWLVDGLHWNLOHUL]HULQGH
GHD\U×üPDNWDG×UODU%XoHUoHYHGHPDNDOHQLQLNLDPDF×EXOXQPDNWDG×U%LULQFL
DPDF× DVNHUv KDUFDPDODU×Q VDYDü VDQD\LLQLQ YH VDYDüODU×Q LNWLVDGv HWNLOHUL
]HULQGHNL WHRULN WDUW×üPDODU×Q NDSVDP×Q×Q JHQLüOHWLOPHVLGLU 0DNDOHQLQ
LNLQFLDPDF×LVH·OHULQEDü×LWLEDUL\OH\DüDQDQVDYDüODU×QLNWLVDGvHWNLOHUL
NRQXVXQD LOJLOL YHULOHULQ DQDOL]L DUDF×O×ù×\OD NDWN× VXQPDNW×U %X NDSVDPGD
PDNDOHGH|QFHOLNOHNUL]LQWDQ×P×\DS×ODFDNYHNUL]GHQo×NPDGDJHUHNOLRODQ
JHOLüPHOHULIDGHHGLOHFHNWLU'DKDVRQUDVDYDü×QEXNDSVDPGDNLLNWLVDGLURO
WHRULNRODUDNWDUW×ü×ODFDNW×U6RQRODUDNVDYDüODU×QWDULKER\XQFDJHoLUGLNOHUL
G|QüPOHUH GLNNDW oHNLOHUHN \×OODU× DUDV×QGD \DüDQP×ü RODQ
VDYDüODU×QLNWLVDGLHWNLOHULDQDOL]HGLOHFHNWLU
6HUPD\H%LULNLPLQLQ7×NDQPDV×.UL]
5HNDEHWQHGHQL\OHHPHùLQUHWNHQOLùLQL\NVHOWPHNLoLQDUW×U×ODQWHNQRORMLN
JHOLüPHOHU VHUPD\HQLQ RUJDQLN ELOHüLPLQL \NVHOWHUHN RUWDODPD NkU RUDQ×Q×
GüUPHNWHYHVHUPD\HELULNLPNUL]LQHJLUPHNWHGLU.kUO×O×ù×Q]DPDQLoLQGHNL
VH\ULVHUPD\HQLQLNLRUDQ×DUW×GHùHURUDQ×YHVHUPD\HQLQRUJDQLNELOHüLPL
QDV×O EHOLUOHGLùLQH EDùO× RODUDN GHùLüPHNWHGLU 7RQDN .UL]
Berna Uymaz
VHUPD\HELULNLPLQLQW×NDQPDV×YHJHQLüOHWLOPLü\HQLGHQUHWLPVUHFLQGHELU
GXUDNODPDG×U0DQGHOYHD\Q×VUHoNDSLWDOLVW\HQLGHQUHWLPLQ
KHP W×NDQPDV× KHP GH \HQLGHQ UHWLPLQ ELU ELoLPLGLU 6DYUDQ .DSLWDOLVWVLVWHPGHVHUPD\HELULNLPLNUL]LQLHOHDO×UNHQEDVLWV×QDvoHYULPOHU
YHX]XQGDOJDODUDUDV×QGDNLIDUNO×O×NODUGDQV|]HWPHNJHUHNPHNWHGLU
7DEOR6×QDvdHYULPOHUYH8]XQ'DOJDODU×Q.DUü×ODüW×U×OPDV×
6,1$Íd(95ú0
‡ hONHED]×QGDVDELWVHUPD\H
\DW×U×PODU×Q×Q|PUQH
EDùO×G×U
8=81'$/*$
‡ 'Q\DJHQHOLQGHRUWDODPDNkURUDQODU×Q×Q
VH\ULQHEDùO×G×U
‡ .UL]LQ|WHOHQPHVLPHYFXWELULNLPWDU]×QGD
N|NOGHùLüLPLJHUHNWLULU
‡ .UL]LQ|WHOHQPHVLPHYFXW
ELULNLPWDU]×Q×QGHùLüLPLQL
‡ úOHUOH\LüLQGHPHNDQLNELUVUHo\RNWXU
JHUHNWLUPH]
‡ 3HUL\RGLNWLU
‡ (YUHOHULVLVWHPHLoVHO
PHNDQL]PDODUFDüHNLOOHQLU
‡ (YUHOHUGHLoVHOHNRQRPLN\DVDODUG×ü×QGD
IDUNO×XQVXUODUGDHWNLOLGLU'XUDNOD\DQX]XQ
GDOJDGDQo×N×üWD\DQLVDYDüODU×QNUL]HJLUPHGH
GHùLOo×NPDGDHWNLOHULDUDüW×U×OPDO×G×U
.D\QDN0DQGHO
6×QDv oHYULPOHU X]XQ GDOJDODU×Q LoLQGH \HUDODQ N×VD VUHOL GDOJDODQPDODUG×U
YH V×QDv oHYULPLQ X]XQOXùX VDELW VHUPD\HQLQ NWOHVHO ELoLPGH \HQLOHQPH
VUHVLQHEDùO×G×U0DQGHO%XQDNDUü×QGQ\DoDS×QGDJHQHONkU
RUDQODU×Q×Q KDUHNHWLQH EDùO× RODQ X]XQ GDOJDODUGD LVH NUL]H JLULü NDSLWDOLVW
UHWLPWDU]×Q×QKDUHNHW\DVDODU×QFDEHOLUOHQPHNWHGLUYHJHQHOOLNOHRUWDODPDNkU
RUDQ×Q×QD]DOPDV×\ODJHUoHNOHüPHNWHGLU0DQGHO$QFDNWHUVL
GXUXPGDGXUDNOD\DQELUX]XQGDOJDGDQJHQLüOH\HQELUX]XQGDOJD\DJHoLüWH
NkURUDQODU×Q×QURORWRPDWLNRODUDNLüOHYJ|UPHPHNWHVUHoD\U×FDLNWLVDWG×ü×
IDNW|UOHULQGHHWNLVL\OHVDùODQDELOPHNWHGLU0DQGHO8]XQGDOJDODU
\DQLNDSLWDOLVWJHOLüPHHùULVLGHYULPOHUVDYDüODUWHNQLNWHNLGHùLüPHOHU\HQL
GRùDOND\QDNODU×QNHüÀNDSLWDOLVWVLVWHPHHNOHQHQ\HQLONHOHUJLELG]HQOL
ROPD\DQYHHNRQRPLG×ü×IDNW|UOHULQGHHWNLVL\OHELoLPOHQPHNWHGLU7URoNL
>@
.DSLWDO·LQFLOGLQGHDNWDU×ODQHWNHQOHULQV×Q×ÁDQG×UPDV×\DS×OG×ù×QGDJHQHO
RODUDN NkU RUDQ×QGDNL GüPH\H EDùO× NUL]LQ |WHOHQPHVL LoLQ VHUPD\HQLQ o
LPNkQ×EXOXQPDNWDG×U%XQODU0RVHOH\
85
.UL]OHULgWHOHPHGH6DYDüODU×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHULh]HULQH%LU7DUW×üPD
DúüoLEDü×QDGüHQNkU×DUW×UPDN\DQLDUW×GHùHURUDQ×Q×\NVHOWPHN
0XWODN DUW×GHùHU UHWLPL VDGHFH LüJQQQ X]DW×OPDV×\OD DUW×U×ODELOLUNHQ
QLVSL DUW×GHùHU UHWLPL LüLQ WHNQLN VUHFLQLQ YH WRSOXPVDO ELOHüLPLQ
GHùLüLNOLNOHULQHGHEDùO×G×U0DU[(QJHOV
EhUHWNHQROPD\DQHPHùLQUHWNHQHPHùHRODQRUDQ×Q×GüUPHN
.DSLWDOLVWVLVWHPGHELUHPHùLQUHWNHQHPHNVD\×ODELOPHVLLoLQFUHWOLHPHN
ROPDV× DUW×GHùHU UHWPHVL YH UHWLPLQ G|QüWUF ELU IDDOL\HWLQL \HULQH
JHWLUPHVL JHUHNOLGLU 0RKXQ %X QHGHQOH NDSLWDOLVW VLVWHPGH
UHWNHQYHUHWNHQROPD\DQHPHNDUDV×QGDNLRUDQDUW×GHùHULQGROD\×V×\ODGD
NkURUDQ×Q×Q]HULQGHHWNLOLGLU
FúüoLEDü×QDGüHQVHUPD\H\LD]DOWPDN\DQLVHUPD\HQLQGHùHUVL]OHüPHVL
86
.kU RUDQ×Q× DUW×UPDQ×Q \|QWHPOHULQGHQ oQFV NDSVDP×QGD LüoL EDü×QD
GüHQ VHUPD\H\L D]DOWDUDN VHUPD\HQLQ GHùHUVL]OHüPHVLQLQ WHPHO \ROX
NkUODUGDNL Güü YH ERUoODUGDNL DUW×ü VRQXFXQGD \DüDQDQ ÀUPD LÁDVODU×
DUDF×O×ù×\ODROXüPDNWDG×U´6HUPD\HQLQGHùHUVL]OHüPHVLµWRSODPVHUPD\HQLQ
GüNUHWNHQOLNWHoDO×üDQNHVLPOHULQLQ\XNDU×GDV|]HGLOHQLÁDVODUVUHFLQGH
UHWLPGHQ D\U×OPDV×\OD UHWNHQOLùLQ DUW×U×OPDV×QD \RODoPDNWDG×U 6DYUDQ
)DDOL\HWOHULQL VUGUHELOHQ ÀUPDODU LÁDV HGHQ ÀUPDODU×Q UHWNHQ
YDUO×NODU×Q×oRNGüNÀ\DWWDQVDW×QDOPDYHEX\ROODLüoLEDü×QDGüHQVHUPD\H
\DW×U×P PLNWDU×Q× D]DOW×S NkU RUDQ×Q× \NVHOWPH RODQDù× EXODELOPHNWHGLUOHU
0RVHOH\
0DU[ NUL]OHULQ PHYFXW oHOLüNLOHULQLQ JHoLFL YH ]RUD GD\DQDQ
o|]POHULEXOXQGXùXQXYHV|]NRQXVXo|]POHULQER]XOPXüGHQJH\LELUVUH
LoLQ WHNUDU NXUDQ üLGGHWOL SDWODPDODU ROGXNODU×Q× EHOLUWPLüWLU %X NDSVDPGD
LNLQFLE|OPGHDVNHULKDUFDPDODULOHVDYDüVDQD\LQLQYHoQFE|OPGHLVH
VDYDü×Q LNWLVDGL HWNLOHULQLQ NUL]LQ |WHOHQPHVLQGHNL UROOHUL DQDOL] HGLOHFHNWLU
+HULNLE|OPNRQX]HULQGHNLIDUNO×J|UüOHUDUDV×QGDNLWDUW×üPDODU×DQDOL]
edecektir.
$VNHUv+DUFDPDODUYH6DYDü6DQD\LLQLQúNWLVDGL(WNLOHUL
$VNHUv KDUFDPDODU YH VDYDü VDQD\LLQLQ HWNLOHUL IDUNO× NUL] WHRULOHUL DUDV×QGD
WDUW×üPD NRQXVXGXU +HU NUL] WHRULVL NUL]LQ Do×NODQPDV×QGD WHPHO DOG×ù×
IDNW|UOHUEDùODP×QGDDVNHUvKDUFDPDODUYHVDYDüVDQD\LLQLQLNWLVDGLHWNLOHULQL
IDUNO×RODUDN\RUXPODPDNWDG×U%XQDJ|UH
Berna Uymaz
.UL]LQ VHUPD\HQLQ RUJDQLN ELOHüLPLQLQ \NVHOPH HùLOLPLQH EDùODQG×ù×
WHRULGH DVNHUv KDUFDPDODU YH VDYDü VDQD\LLQLQ URO VHUPD\HQLQ RUJDQLN
ELOHüLPLQLEHOLUOH\HQIDNW|UOHU]HULQGHNLHWNLOHULQHJ|UH\RUXPODQPDNWDG×U
6|] NRQXVX WHRUL\H J|UH |QFHOLNOH UHWLP DODQ×QGDNL JHOLüPHOHU NUL]L
|WHOH\HELOGLùLQGHQ WDOHS \DUDWPDGD URO RODQ DVNHUv KDUFDPDODU×Q NUL]L
|WHOHPHGHGRùUXGDQHWNLVLEXOXQPDPDNWDG×U6|]NRQXVXNUL]WHRULVLQGH
DVNHUvKDUFDPDODUYHVDYDüVDQD\LNRQXODU×VHUPD\HQLQRUJDQLNELOHüLPL
DUW×GHùHURUDQ×VHUPD\HQLQGHùHUOHQPHVLYHVHUPD\HQLQGHùHUVL]OHüPHVL
VUHoOHULQHNDWN×ODU×EDùODP×QGDDQDOL]HGLOPHNWHGLU
.kUV×N×üPDV×WHRULVLQGHNUL]LQQHGHQLDUWDQFUHWOHUQHGHQL\OHNkU×QPLOOL
JHOLUGHQ DOG×ù× SD\×Q V×N×üPDV×G×U YH EX NDSVDPGD DVNHUv KDUFDPDODU LOH
VDYDüVDQD\LLQLQFUHWOHU]HULQGHNLHWNLVL|QHPWDü×PDNWDG×U6|]NRQXVX
oHUoHYHGHVDYDüG|QHPOHULQGHNLYHVDYDü×QKHPHQVRQUDV×QGDNLWRSOXPVDO
PFDGHOHOHUVHQGLNDODüPDJUHYoDO×üPDVDDWOHULYEVRQXFXQGDFUHWOHULQ
DUW×U×OPDV×QDYH\DGüUOPHVLQH\RODoDQGXUXPODU|QHPWDü×PDNWDG×U
.UL]LQQHGHQLQLHNVLNWNHWLPGHJ|UHQWHRULGHDVNHUvKDUFDPDODUYHVDYDü
VDQD\LHIHNWLIWDOHELDUW×U×F×ELUHWNL\HVDKLSOHUVHNUL]L|WHOH\HELOPHNWHGLUOHU
%XDo×GDQDVNHULKDUFDPDODULOHVDYDüVDQD\LLQLQ|]HOOLNOHLoYHG×üWLFDUHW
KDGOHULYHE|OüPNRQXODUׁ]HULQGHNLHWNLOHULQLQLQFHOHQPHVL|QHPOLGLU
.UL]LQ UHWLP YH WNHWLP PDOODU× UHWHQ VHNW|UOHU DUDV×QGDNL VRUXQODUGDQ
ND\QDNODQG×ù×Q× LIDGH HGHQ RUDQW×V×]O×ùD EDùO× NUL] WHRULVLQGH |]HOOLNOH
VDYDüVDQD\LLQLQV|]NRQXVXVHNW|UOHUHHWNLVLEDN×P×QGDQDQDOL]LJHUHNOLGLU
<XNDU×GD HOH DO×QDQ WHRULOHU NUL]LQ WHN QHGHQH EDùO× RODUDN Do×NODPDV×Q×
\DSPDNWD YH DVNHUv KDUFDPDODU LOH VDYDü VDQD\LLQLQ NUL]GHNL HWNLOHULQL
GHEXNDSVDPGDHOHDOPDNWDG×UODU.UL]LQELUGHQoRNQHGHQHGD\DQG×ù×Q×
LIDGH HGHQ WHRULGH LVH DQDOL]OHU NRQXQXQ KHP UHWLP KHP GH WNHWLP
DODQODU×QGDNLHWNLOHULQHEDùO×RODUDNLOHUOHPHNWHGLU
<XNDU×GDLIDGHHGLOHQIDUNO×NUL]WHRULOHULEDùODP×QGDDVNHUvKDUFDPDODU×QYH
VDYDü VDQD\LLQLQ olumlu iktisadi etkilerinin ROGXùXQX LIDGH HGHQ WHRULOHULQ
JHQHOoHUoHYHOHULDüDù×GDVXQXOPDNWDG×U%XQDJ|UH
6DYDü VDQD\LLQGH UHWLOHQOHU ONV PDOODU×Q \HQLGHQUHWLP VUHFLQGH
NXOODQ×OPDPDV×QGDROGXùXJLEL\HQLGHQUHWLPVUHFLQHJLUPHGLNOHULQGHQ
HNRQRPLGHQ ´V×]×QW×µ RODUDN NDEXO HGLOLUOHU %|\OHFH VDYDü VDQD\LLQGHNL
87
.UL]OHULgWHOHPHGH6DYDüODU×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHULh]HULQH%LU7DUW×üPD
VHUPD\HQLQRUJDQLNELOHüLPLQLQ\NVHNOLùLVLYLOUHWLPDODQODU×Q×HWNLOHPH]
YHFUHWOHULDUW×UPD].LGURQE+DUPDQYH6ZHH]\
$VNHUvKDUFDPDODUYHVDYDüVDQD\LLQGHNXOODQ×ODUDNLVUDIHGLOHQND\QDNODU
YH SODQO× UHWLP VUHFL Dü×U× UHWLPH o|]P LPNkQ× VXQDU %DUDQ 6ZHH]\YH.LGURQE7HNHOFLNDSLWDOL]PGHLNWLVDGLDUW×ù×Q
HPLOPHVLQGHDVNHUvKDUFDPDODU×Q|QHPLEXOXQPDNWDG×U%DUDQ6ZHH]\
6|]NRQXVXDODQODUGDNLWHNQRORMLNJHOLüPHOHUUHWNHQOLùLDUW×U×U0DQGHO
YHYROLOH2·&RQQRU
88
$VNHUvKDUFDPDODUYHVDYDüVDQD\LLQLQVHUPD\HLoLQ\HQLELUELULNLPDODQ×
VXQPDODU×YHLNWLVDGLGDOJDODQPDODUGDQHWNLOHQPH\HQ\DS×ODU×GD|QHPOLGLU
/X[HPEXUJ >@ YH *HRUJLRX $VNHUv
KDUFDPDODU YH VDYDü VDQD\L |]HO VHNW|UOH \DS×ODQ UHWLP DQODüPDODU×\OD
WDOHELQ DUW×U×OPDV×QD LPNkQ YHUGLNOHUL LoLQ NDSLWDOLVW VLVWHPGH YDURODQ
WDOHSHNVLNOLùLQLJLGHUPHNWHGLUOHUYHGXUJXQOXNWDQo×NPDGDROXPOXHWNL\H
VDKLSWLUOHU%DUDQ6ZHH]\3LYHWWLYH'XQQH&RXORXPE
'LùHU ONHOHUL GH XOXVODUDUDV× VLODK DQODüPDODU× DUDF×O×ù×\OD
GRPLQR HWNLVL\OH JHOLüWLUHUHN GQ\D oDS×QGD LNWLVDGv FDQODQPD\D NDWN×
VDùODQPDNWDG×U.LGURQ
2\VD\XNDU×GDNLJ|UüOHULQWHUVLQHDVNHUvKDUFDPDODU×QYHVDYDüVDQD\LLQLQ
NUL]OHU EDùODP×QGD olumsuz iktisadi etkilere QHGHQ ROGXNODU×Q× LIDGH HGHQ
J|UüOHUGHEXOXQPDNWDG×UgUQHùLQ
6DYDüVDQD\LLQGHNLVHUPD\HQLQRUJDQLNELOHüLPLQLQ\NVHNOLùLQHGHQL\OH
EXVHNW|UGHLVWLKGDP\DUDW×OPDV×PPNQGHùLOGLU.LGURQ
$VNHUv KDUFDPDODU HNRQRPLGHQ V×]×QW× GHùLO VHNW|UOHU DUDV× WUDQVIHUGLU
YH VHUPD\HQLQ RUJDQLN ELOHüLPLQL GüUPH]OHU ELODNLV VLYLO DODQODUD GD
WHNQRORML\D\DUDNVSLQRIIHWNLVL\OHRQX\NVHOWLUOHU.LGURQ
6LODKODU×Q UHWLP |QFHVL V|]OHüPHOHUOH VDW×üODU× JDUDQWLOHQGLùL LoLQ VDYDü
VDQD\LLQGHWHNQRORMLQLQJHOLüWLULOPHVLJHUHNOLROPDG×ù×QGDQVDYDüVDQD\L
VLYLODODQODUDJ|UH]DPDQODUHWNHQOLNWHJHULNDO×U:ULJKW
6|] NRQXVX DODQODU×Q ÀQDQVPDQ×Q×Q FUHWOHU ]HULQGHQ \DS×OPDV×
GXUXPXQGD VDYDü VDQD\L YH DVNHUv KDUFDPDODU WNHWLP PDOODU×QD RODQ
Berna Uymaz
WDOHELQ DUWPDV×QD LPNkQ VDùOD\DPD] YH WDOHS HNVLNOLùLQH GH o|]P
VXQDPD] 0DQGHO %DUDQ 6ZHH]\ %|OP YH
.LGURQD
%XoHUoHYHGHDVNHUvKDUFDPDODUYHVDYDüVDQD\LNUL]OHUL|WHOH\HPH]VDGHFH
LOJLOLDODQODUGDNLVHUPD\HGDUODUDDVNHUvV×QDvNRPSOHNVOHUH\DUDUVDùODQ×U
YH VHUPD\HQLQ PHUNH]LOHüPHVLQL K×]ODQG×UDUDN NUL] VUHFLQL WHWLNOHUOHU
0DQQYH6KDZYH2·&RQQRU
<XNDU×GDLIDGHHGLOPLüRODQIDUNO×WHRULOHULQRGDNODQG×NODU×DODQODUoHUoHYHVLQGH
JHQHO RODUDN DUW×GHùHU RUDQ×Q× DUW×UPDGD VHUPD\HQLQ RUJDQLN ELOHüLPLQLQ
\NVHOLüLQL\DYDüODWPDGDYHWNHWLPPDOODU×QDRODQWDOHELDUW×UPDGDNLHWNLOHULQH
EDùO×RODUDNDVNHUvKDUFDPDODUYHVDYDüVDQD\LQLQNUL]OHULQ|WHOHQPHVLQHYH
VHUPD\HELULNLPLQHNDWN×ODU×\RUXPODQPDNWDG×UgUQHùLQJHUoHNOHüPHVRUXQX
NDUü×V×QGD VDYDü VDQD\LLQGH GLùHU VHNW|UOHUH QD]DUDQ VHUPD\HQLQ RUJDQLN
ELOHüLPLQLQGüNROPDV×JHUHNOLGLU0DQGHOYHDVNHUvKDUFDPDODU
LOH VDYDü VDQD\LLQLQ WNHWLP PDOODU×QD RODQ WDOHEL DUW×UPDGD URO ROPDO×G×U
0DQGHO$VNHUvKDUFDPDODUYHVDYDüVDQD\LLQLQDUW×GHùHURUDQ×
YHVHUPD\HQLQRUJDQLNELOHüLPLQHHWNLOHULEXDODQODU×QÀQDQVPDQ×YHEXQODU×Q
FUHWOHU]HULQGHNLHWNLVLQLQDQDOL]LQLJHUHNWLUPHNWHGLU*RWWKHLO
5LGGHOOYH0DQGHO$QFDNLIDGHHGLOHQWP
DODQODUGDIDUNO×J|UüOHUEXOXQPDNWDG×U6|]NRQXVXEDüO×NODU×QJHQLüWDUW×üPD
DODQODU×Q× J|VWHUPHN Do×V×QGDQ |UQHùLQ VHUPD\HQLQ RUJDQLN ELOHüLPL DQDOL]
HGLOGLùLQGH.LGURQE+DUPDQYH6ZHH]\·HJ|UH
VDYDü VDQD\L VHUPD\H\RùXQGXU$QFDN VDYDü VDQD\L GLùHU VLYLO VHNW|UOHUOH
HWNLOHüLP LoLQGH GHùLOGLU YH EX QHGHQOH EX VHNW|UGHNL \NVHN VHUPD\HQLQ
RUJDQLN ELOHüLPL GLùHU DODQODUGDNL VHYL\H\L \NVHOWPH] 0DQGHO·H YHYROYH2·&RQQRU·DJ|UHLVH
WDP WHUVLQH VDYDü VDQD\LLQGHNL \NVHN VHUPD\HQLQ RUJDQLN ELOHüLPL GLùHU
DODQODUDGD\D\×O×UVSLQRIIHWNLVL5LGGHOO·DJ|UHLVHVHNW|UQ
IDUNO×DODQODU×QGD\LQHIDUNOׁUHWLPWDU]ODU×YDUG×UYHVHNW|UGHNLVHUPD\HQLQ
RUJDQLN ELOHüLPL NRQXVXQGD ELU JHQHOOHPH \DS×OPDPDO×G×U 'ROD\×V×\OD KHP
IDUNO×NUL]WHRULOHULKHPGHNRQXQXQJHQLüNDSVDP×DVNHUvKDUFDPDODUYHVDYDü
VDQD\LLQLQNUL]OHUNDUü×V×QGDROXPOXYH\DROXPVX]RODUDNGHùHUOHQGLULOPHOHUL
]HULQGHNLWDUW×üPDODU×QLOHUOHPHVLQGHHWNLOLROPDNWDG×U
6DYDü×QúNWLVDGv(WNLOHUL
6DYDü NRQXVXQXQ LNWLVDGL HWNLOHULQLQ LQFHOHQPHVLQGH |QFHOLNOH VDYDü×Q
WDULKVHORODUDNJHoLUGLùLG|QüPHYXUJX\DS×ODFDNW×U%XUDGDDPDo|]HOOLNOH
,,'Q\D6DYDü×LOH\×OODU×DUDV×QGD\DüDQDQVDYDüODU×Q|]HOOLNOHUL
89
.UL]OHULgWHOHPHGH6DYDüODU×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHULh]HULQH%LU7DUW×üPD
DUDV×QGDNL IDUNO×O×ù× RUWD\D NR\PDNW×U 6DYDü×Q LNWLVDGL HWNLOHUL ]HULQGHNL
V|]NRQXVXWDUW×üPDODUDNDWN×VXQPDNDPDF×\ODPDNDOHQLQVRQDOWEDüO×ù×QGD
LVH\×OODU×DUDV×QGDNLVDYDüODU×QLNWLVDGLHWNLOHULYHULOHUDUDF×O×ù×\OD
analiz edilecektir.
a) 6DYDüODU WDULK ER\XQFD V×UDV×\OD LONHO VDYDü DQWLN VDYDü PRGHUQ VDYDü
YH NoN VDYDü JLEL IDUNO× LVLPOHU DOP×üODUG×U ·O \×OODUGDQ LWLEDUHQ
HQGVWUL\HOYHELOLPVHOWHNQLNOHULQNXOODQ×OG×ù×WRS\HN€QVDYDüWDU]×´PRGHUQ
VDYDüµRODUDNLVLPOHQGLULOPLüYHEXVDYDüWDU]×WDPJHOLüPLüKDOL\OHLONRODUDN
$%' úo 6DYDü×·QGD J|UOPüWU 0RGHUQ VDYDü×Q HQ |QHPOL
|UQHùLLVH,,'Q\D6DYDü×·G×U%XQDNDUü×QJQP]GHNLVDYDüüHNOL´NoN
VDYDüµ RODUDN DGODQG×U×ODQ YH WRS\HN€Q GHùLO ELOJLVD\DU VLVWHP DQDOL]L YH
VLPODV\RQODUDUDF×O×ù×\ODV×Q×UO×RODUDNLOHUOH\HQVDYDüWUGU·WHELWHQ
9LHWQDP6DYDü×LON´NoNVDYDüW×Uµ*UD\
YH0QNOHU6DYDüODU×QG|QüPLQFHOHQGLùLQGHJHQHORODUDN
\]\×OGD·OHUHGHNVUPüRODQPRGHUQVDYDüODUYHVRQUDV×QGDNL´NoN
VDYDüµ RODUDN DGODQG×U×ODQ VDYDüODU DUDV×QGDNL D\U×P VDYDüODU×Q LNWLVDGv
HWNLOHUL]HULQGHNLWDUW×üPDQ×QDOW\DS×V×Q×ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U
90
\]\×OGD6RùXN6DYDü·DGHNVDYDüODUGDONHOHUYHRQODU×QG]HQOLRUGXODU×
NDUü× NDUü×\D JHOPLüOHUGLU %XQD NDUü×O×N 6RùXN 6DYDü G|QHPLQGH VDYDü
KDOLQGHRODQODUEORNODUG×U6RùXN6DYDüVRQUDV×QGDLVHoRùXQOXNODD]JHOLüPLü
ONHOHUGHNLLoVDYDüODUGDVLYLOKDONODUoHüLWOLDPDoODUGRùUXOWXVXQGDELUDUD\D
JHOPLüJUXSODUVDYDüP×üODUG×U6RùXN6DYDüG|QHPLQHGHNRODQVDYDüODUGQ\D
oDS×QGDWRS\HN€QVDYDüODULNHQ\]\×O×QVRQODU×QGDLVHoRùXQOXNODVDYDüODU
NXUDOODU× YH VWDQGDUWODU× ROPD\DQ G]HQVL] JoOHULQ YH\D SDUDO× DVNHUOHULQ
NDW×OG×ù× VLYLO |OP RUDQODU×Q×Q DUWW×ù× QNOHHU VLODKODU×Q NXOODQ×P× WHKGLGL
DOW×QGDV×Q×UO×YHGüN\RùXQOXNOXDQFDN\NVHNüLGGHWLoHUHQKDÀIVLODKODUOD
X]XQ VUHOHU ER\XQFD VUGUOHQ YH ´oDW×üPDµ RODUDN DQ×ODQ H\OHPOHUHLo
VDYDüODUDG|QüPüOHUGLU.DOGRUYH<DOo×QND\D
6|] NRQXVX VDYDüODUGD JHQHOOLNOH KDYD NXYYHWOHULQLQ NXOODQ×P× HWNLQ
URO DOPDP×üNHQ WIHN URNHWDWDU KDYDQODU YH GLùHU KDÀI SL\DGH VLODKODU×
NLWOHLPKDVLODKODU×Q×Q\HULQHNXOODQ×OP×üODUG×U<DOo×QND\D
7PEX|]HOOLNOHUL\OH\HQLVDYDü×QVRQXFXDVNHUvNXYYHWOHULQ]DPDQYH
PHNkQD\RùXQODüW×U×OPDV×\HULQHGDù×W×OPDV×QDEDùO×RODUDNEHOLUOHQPHNWHGLU
0QNOHU
0RGHUQ VDYDüODUGDQ IDUNO× RODUDN QLKDL PXKDUHEHQLQ ROPDG×ù× YH QDGLUHQ
oDW×üPDQ×Q JHUoHNOHüWLùL V|] NRQXVX ´NoN VDYDüODU×Qµ HNRQRPLVLQLQ
|]HOOLNOHULLVH\NVHNLüVL]OLNRUDQ×\NVHNLWKDODWRUDQ×YHPHUNH]LROPD\DQ
Berna Uymaz
\|QHWLPGLU 0QNOHU %|\OHFH WP ND\QDNODU×Q VDYDü
LoLQ NXOODQ×OG×ù× À\DWODU UHWLP WNHWLP YH E|OüP NRQXODU×Q×Q GHYOHWLQ
NRQWUROQGH JHUoHNOHüWLùL WRS\HN€Q ELU VDYDü HNRQRPLVLQLQ X\JXODQPDG×ù×
´NoN VDYDüODUGDµ GüN \RùXQOXN QHGHQL\OH VDYDü VRQUDV× \HQLGHQ
\DS×ODQPD IDDOL\HWOHULQH GH JHUHN NDOPDPDNWDG×U +REVEDZQ .DOGRU<DOo×QND\D.oNVDYDüODUGDDVNHUvDODQGDNL
WHNQRORMLNJHOLüPHOHUVDYDü×QVUHVLQLN×VDOWPD\|QQGHHWNLOLROVDGDG]HQVL]
RUGXODUOD oDW×üPDODU YH VL\DVDO HWNLOHU VUH\L X]DWPDGD HWNLOL ROPDNWDG×U
$QJVWURP+REVEDZQ<DOo×QND\DYH*LGGHQV
7HNQRORMLQLQDVNHUvDODQGDQVLYLODODQDDNWDU×OPDV×\HULQHWHUVLQH
VLYLODODQGDQDVNHUvDODQD$U*HGHVWHùLVDùODQPDNWDG×U0DFNHQ]LH
)UDQW]HQYH'XQQH&RXORPE7HNQRORMLNJHOLüPHOHUOH
VDYDüODUKHSGDKDJHQLüDODQODUD\D\×ODELOPHNWHGLU<DOo×QND\D
$WRP ERPEDV× |UQHùLQGHQ JLGLOLUVH NRQWURO HGLOPHVL JoOHüPHNWHGLU YH EX
QHGHQOH GH GDKD D] UDV\RQHOOHüPHNWHGLU *HOLüWLULOHQ \NVHN WDKULS JFQH
VDKLS VLODKODU×Q NXOODQ×OPDPDV×QD \|QHOLN SROLWLN VUHo NoN VDYDüODU
G|QHPLQGH|QHPND]DQPDNWDG×U*LGGHQV
%X oHUoHYHGH PRGHUQ VDYDü |UQHùL RODQ ,, 'Q\D 6DYDü× VLYLO UHWLPH
WHNQRORML\D\P×üDü×U×ELULNLPLHQJHOOHPLüWDKULEDWJFVRQXFXVHUPD\HQLQ
RUJDQLNELOHüLPLQLGüUPüYHNDPXKDUFDPDODU×GDLPLVLODKHNRQRPLVLYH
\HQL \DW×U×P DODQODU× VHUPD\H LoLQ WDOHS RODQDNODU×Q× DUW×UP×üW×U %|\OHFH ,,
'Q\D6DYDü×·Q×QNkURUDQODU×Q×QGüPHHùLOLPLQL\DYDüODWDUDNX]XQGDOJDQ×Q
\NVHOPHVLQH NDWN× VXQGXùX LIDGH HGLOPLüWLU .oN VDYDüODU×Q HWNLOHUL LVH
WDUW×üPDO× ELU DODQG×U $üDù×GDNL DOW EDüO×NWD \×OODU× DUDV×QGDNL
VDYDüODU×LIDGHHGHQ´NoNVDYDüODUµ×QJHQHO|]HOOLNOHULoHUoHYHVLQGHLNWLVDGv
etkileri teorik olarak analiz edilecektir.
b).oNVDYDüODU×QLNWLVDGvHWNLOHUL]HULQH\DS×ODQWDUW×üPDWDULKVHORODUDN
EX VDYDü×Q JHUHN LoHULùL YH DPDF× JHUHNVH LüOH\Lü PHNDQL]PDV×Q×Q HVNL
LONHO DQWLN YH PRGHUQ VDYDüODUGDQ IDUNO×ODüP×ü ROPDV×QD GD\DQPDNWDG×U
.oN VDYDüODU×Q oRùX VDGHFH DWHüOL VLODKODU JLEL GüN \RùXQOXNOX DUNDLN
VDYDü ELoLPOHULQH G|QüPHNWH VDYDüODUGD NXOODQ×ODQ KDÀI VLODKODU LoLQ
HùLWLPHJHUHNROPDG×ù×QGDQYHG]HQOLRUGXODUROXüWXUXOPDG×ù×QGDQVDYDü×Q
PDOL\HWL GüPHNWHGLU $QFDN GLùHU \DQGDQ VDYDü DODQ×Q×Q ELOJLVD\DUOD
\|QHWLOPHVLQH YDUDQ VW G]H\ WHNQRORMLGHQ \DUDUODQ×OPDNWD YH VDYDü×Q
PDOL\HWL \NVHOPHNWHGLU 0QNOHU %X |UQHNWHNL JLEL
VRQUDV×QGDNL GHSUHVLI X]XQ GDOJD G|QHPLQLQ LNWLVDGL |]HOOLNOHUL LOH
\LQHEXG|QHPGHNLVDYDüWDU]×Q×QLüOH\LüLDUDV×QGDNLoHOLüNLOHUYHV|]NRQXVX
VDYDüODU×QNDUPDü×N\DS×V×NoNVDYDüODU×QLNWLVDGvUROQQWDUW×ü×OPDV×Q×Q
91
.UL]OHULgWHOHPHGH6DYDüODU×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHULh]HULQH%LU7DUW×üPD
|QHPOL QHGHQOHULQGHQGLU %X WDUW×üPDQ×Q WDUDÁDU×Q×Q J|UüOHULQL |]HWOHPHN
DPDF×\ODDüDù×GDVDYDü×QVHUPD\HELULNLPLDo×V×QGDQUROQROXPOXEXODQYH
\HWHUVL]EXODQWHRULOHULQJHQHOKDWODU×oL]LOPH\HoDO×ü×OP×üW×U
92
.oNVDYDüODU×QVHUPD\HELULNLPLQHROXPOXHWNLVLQLYXUJXOD\DQJ|UüOHUGHQ
ED]×ODU×VDYDü×QNDSLWDOLVWVLVWHPLQJHQHOoHOLüNLOHULQHELUo|]P\DUDWPDG×ù×Q×
DQFDNWHNLOVHUPD\HGDULoLQNkUVDùODPDLPNkQ×\DUDWW×ù×Q×LIDGHHWPHNWHGLUOHU
%XNDSVDPGDGDLPLVLODKHNRQRPLVLNDSLWDOLVWVLVWHPLQVRUXQODU×LoLQVDGHFH
N×VD VUHOL YH oHOLüNLOL o|]POHU VXQDELOPHNWHGLU &RXORPE %HOOLDV 6DYDüJHQHORODUDNNDSLWDOLVWVLVWHPLQVUHNOLOLùLQLQVDùODQPDV×Do×V×QGDQ
GHùLODQFDNWHNLONDSLWDOLVWDo×V×QGDQUDV\RQHOOLùLQLVUGUHELOPHNWHGLUg\OH
NLNoNVDYDüODUGDVDYDü×QVUHVLYHüHNOLQLEHOLUOHPHNLoLQKDONWDQWRSODQDQ
YHUJLOHUOH NUHGL YH ERUoODUOD WDNYL\H HGLOHQ ELU GHYOHW KD]LQHVL ]HULQGHQ
SODQODPD\D JLGLOPHPHNWHGLU %XQXQ \HULQH VDYDü×Q NHQGLVL KLoELU VL\DVL
NRQWUROYHV×Q×UODPD\DWDELROPDGDQLNWLVDGv\DüDP×QELUSDUoDV×KDOLQLDOP×üW×U
%X NDSVDPGD NoN VDYDüODUGD GHYOHWOHULQ \HULQL DOP×ü RODQ |]HO DNW|UOHU
\HUHO VDYDü ORUWODU× JHULOOD JUXSODU× SDUDO× DVNHUOLN üLUNHWOHUL XOXODUDUDV×
|UJWOHULoLQVDYDüYHULPOLELUIDDOL\HWDODQ×Q×ROXüWXUPXüWXU.oNVDYDüODU
|QFHVLQGHGHPHYFXWRODQV|]NRQXVXGXUXPODUGLùHUVDYDüWUOHULQGHQIDUNO×
RODUDN NoN VDYDüODU×Q oRùXQXQ RGDN QRNWDV× YH DPDF× KDOLQH JHOPLüWLU
0QNOHU%|\OHFHVDYDü\×OODU×QGDVHUPD\HELULNLPLQGH
GLùHU VHUPD\HGDUODUD QD]DUDQ GDKD ID]OD LPNkQ EXOPXü WHNLO NDSLWDOLVW LoLQ
VDYDü]HQJLQOHüPHRODQDù×Q×YHUGLùLLoLQUDV\RQHOGLU
7DULKVHO RODUDN VDYDüODU×Q IDUNO×ODüDUDN NoN üHNOH G|QüPHVLQL GLNNDWH
DOPDGDQYHVDYDü×Q\LQHWRS\HN€QRODUDN\DüDQPDV×RODV×O×ù×QDEDùO×RODUDN
DQDOL]LQL VXQDQ 0DQGHO ,, 'Q\D 6DYDü× |UQHùLQGHQ \ROD
o×NDUDN ·OHU LWLEDUL\OH VUHQ GHSUHVLI X]XQ GDOJDGDQ o×NDELOPHGH \LQH
PXKWHPHO ELU VDYDüD URO YHUPHNWHGLU 0DQGHO·H J|UH GHULQOHüHQ NUL]GH
UHWNHQOLNWHNL DUW×ü VHUPD\HQLQ RUJDQLN ELOHüLPLQGHNL \NVHOPH\L WHODÀ
HGHPHGLùL VUHFH NkU RUDQODU×Q×Q GüPH HùLOLPL VUHFHNWLU 6|] NRQXVX
GXUXPXQ G]HQOH\LFLVL YH ´WHN \×N×F× X\XP VDùOD\×F×µ RODUDN WRS\HN€Q
HWNLOHUL\OH VDYDü LIDGH HGLOPLüWLU $\U×FD 0DQGHO DVNHUv
KDUFDPDODU×QYHVDYDüVDQD\LLQLQJHoNDSLWDOL]PG|QHPLQGHVDYDüV×UDV×QGDNL
GüNFUHWYHHPHN\RùXQoDO×üPDDUDF×O×ù×\ODVHUPD\HELULNLPLLoLQROXPOX
HWNLOHUVXQDELOGLNOHULQLVDYXQPXüWXU
$\U×FD HNVLN WNHWLPFL J|Uü NDSVDP×QGD NUL]LQGHQ EHUL NDSLWDOL]PLQ
\DüDP×ü ROGXùX HQ NDSVDPO× NUL] RODUDN LIDGH HGLOHQ ·GDNL NUL]LQ
ÀQDQVDOODüPD VUHFLQGHNL HNVLN WNHWLPH EDùO× VRUXQODUGDQ ND\QDNODQG×ù×
Berna Uymaz
J|Uü WHPHO DO×QDUDN V|] NRQXVX NUL]LQ o|]PQGH VDYDü \LQH JQGHPH
JHWLULOPLüWLU 6DYDü DUDF×O×ù×\OD HVNL NXUXPODU×Q HVNL WHNQRORMLQLQ YH HVNL
VHUPD\H ELULNLPL \|QWHPOHULQLQ VRQODQG×U×OPDV× DUDF×O×ù×\OD WHNUDU NUL]GHQ
NXUWXOXQDELOHFHùLLIDGHHGLOPLüWLU<HOGDQD
.oN VDYDüODU×Q NUL]OHUL |WHOHPHGHNL HWNLOHULQLQ \HWHUVL] ROGXùXQX LIDGH
HGHQ J|UüOHUGH LVH NRQX ]HULQH |QFHOLNOL WDUW×üPD VDYDü DUDF×O×ù×\OD \HQL
DUW×GHùHULQ \DUDW×OPDV× YH\D VDYDü×Q VDGHFH YDURODQ DUW×GHùHULQ WUDQVIHULQL
VDùODPDVׁ]HULQHGLU6DYDüWDDUW×GHùHUUHWLPLQLQROPDG×ù×Q×VDYXQDQJ|UüH
J|UHHùHUVDYDü|QFHVLQGHNXOODQ×OPD\DQND\QDNODUVDYDüQHGHQL\OHNXOODQ×PD
VRNXOX\RUVD DUW×GHùHU UHWLPLQGH DUW×ü \DüDQDELOPHNWHGLU %X oHUoHYHGH
VDYDü|QFHVLQGHNLLVWLKGDPYHV|PUVDYDüYHVRQUDV×QGDDUW×\RUVDVDYDü
DUW×GHùHUL DUW×U×\RU GHQHELOPHNWHGLU $NVL KDOGH VDYDü NXOODQ×OPDNWD RODQ
ND\QDNODU×Q VDGHFH E|OüPQ HWNLOHPHNWHGLU 3DOD .RQX\D
Do×NO×NJHWLUPHNDPDF×\ODNoNVDYDüODUGDQIDUNO×RODUDN,,'Q\D6DYDü×·Q×Q
|]HOOLNOHULYHHWNLOHULKDW×UODQPDO×G×U
,, 'Q\D 6DYDü× V×UDV×QGD UHWLP DUW×ü× EDüWD oRN VD\×GD VLODK ROPDN
]HUH VDYDü V×UDV×QGD JHUHNOL RODQ WP LKWL\DoODU×Q NDUü×ODQPDV× QHGHQL\OH
JHUoHNOHüPLüWLUgUQHùLQ,,'Q\D6DYDü×·QGDWPVLODKVLVWHPOHULLoLQSHWURO
WUHYOHUL NXOODQ×OP×üW×U 6RQGDM \DSPDN o×NDQ SHWURO UDÀQH HWPHN UQ
FHSKH\H WDü×PDN YH FHSKH\L GHVWHNOH\HQ IDEULNDODUGDNL IDDOL\HWOHU VDYDü
QHGHQL\OH DUWDQ UHWLPLQ VDGHFH |QHPOL ELU NDo |UQHùLGLU %|\OHFH VDYDü
\×OODU×QGD ,, 'Q\D 6DYDü×·Q×Q WRS\HN€Q KDOLQL J|VWHULU üHNLOGH NLWOHVHO ELU
UHWLP DUW×ü× \DüDQP×üW×U )ULHGPDQ 6DYDü VRQUDV×QGD LVH
VDYDüLoLQJHOLüWLULOPLüRODQWHNQRORMLOHULQVLYLODODQODUD\D\×OPDV×\ODUHWLP
DUW×ü× GHYDP HWPLüWLU 2\VD ·OHU LWLEDUL\OH NoN VDYDüODU G|QHPLQGH
WRS\HN€Q VDYDüODU×Q ELWLüL\OH VDYDü G|QHPOHULQGH VDYDüD \|QHOLN NLWOHVHO
UHWLP GH D]DOP×üW×U$VNHULQ YHULPOLOLùLQL DUW×U×F× \NVHN WHNQRORML\H VDKLS
VLODKODULKWL\DoGX\XODQDVNHUOHULQVD\×V×Q×D]DOWP×üW×U$\U×FDVDYDüWDGüPDQ×Q
|QHPOLPHNkQODU×KDNN×QGDLVWLKEDUDWYHYHULDN×ü×QDVDKLSROPDNELOJLVD\DU
YHLOHWLüLPWHNQRORMLOHULQGHLOHUOHPHOHULOHVLODKODU×QDUWDQLVDEHWNDELOL\HWOHUL
GH UHWLPGH YH LPKDGD GLùHU JLUGLOHUH RODQ LKWL\DF× D]DOWP×üW×U )ULHGPDQ
LOH7RIÁHU7RIÁHU6|]NRQXVXJHOLüPHOHU
DUDF×O×ù×\ODNoNVDYDüODUG|QHPLQGHVDYDü×QLKWL\DoODU×LoLQG|QüWUOHQ
VLYLOUHWLPDODQODU×QDJHUHNNDOPDP×üDQFDNVLYLOUHWLPDODQODU×Q×QNHQGL
IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ\UWOPHVLGHVDYDüQHGHQL\OHVHNWH\HXùUDW×OPDP×üW×U%XQD
J|UH UHWLOPLü RODQ GHùHUOHUH HO NR\PD ELoLPL RODUDN WDQ×PODQDQ NoN
VDYDüODUGD\HQLDUW×GHùHUUHWLPLQLQVRUJXODQPDV×JHUHNPHNWHGLU
93
.UL]OHULgWHOHPHGH6DYDüODU×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHULh]HULQH%LU7DUW×üPD
94
(PHNJFQQ E\N ELU N×VP×Q× HPHQ RUGX UHWLP YH WNHWLP PDOODU×
UHWPHGLùLQGHQ UHWLP VUHFLQGHNL HPHNJFQ VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQGHNL
LüOHYLQL JHUoHNOHüWLUHPHGLùL RUGXGD J|UHYOHQGLUGLùLQGHQ DVNHUOHU UHWLPGH
EXOXQPDG×NODU×QGDQ DUW×GHùHU UHWPH]OHU VDYDü G|QHPOHULQGH DUW×GHùHU
UHWLPL D]DOPDNWDG×U %XNKDULQ >@ 8]PDQODüP×ü HPHN
V|] NRQXVX LVH GXUXP GDKD QHW J|]OHQPHNWHGLU dQN X]PDQODüPD KHP
UHWNHQOLùL DUW×UDUDN KHP GH FUHWOHUGH Güü VDùOD\DUDN \HQLGHQ UHWLP
VUHFLQLQ PDOL\HWOHULQL GüUPHNWHGLU 2·&RQQRU %X QHGHQOH
VDYDüODUGD|OHQX]PDQODüP×üLüoLOHULQoDO×üW×NODU×VHNW|UOHUGHKHPUHWNHQOLN
GüHELOLUKHPGHFUHWOHU\NVHOHELOPHNWHGLU.oNVDYDüG|QHPLQGHELOLüLP
WHNQRORMLOHUL VDYDü VDQD\LLQGH JHOLüWLULOPHPHNWH EXQODU JHOLüPLü NDSLWDOLVW
ONHOHULQVLYLO|]HOÀUPDODU×QGDQVDW×QDO×QPDNWDG×U'XQQH6XUU\
YHVDYDüVDQD\LLQLQ|]HOVHNW|ULOHELUOLNWHIDDOL\HWJ|VWHUHQELU\DS×\D
G|QüPHVLND\QDNODU]HULQGHNLUHNDEHWL|QHPOLN×OP×üW×U·OHUGHVLODK
UHWLPL G×ü×QGD NXOODQ×P× PPNQ ROPD\DQ WHNQRORMLOHULQ JHOLüWLULOPHVL\OH
YHVDYDüVDQD\Lo×NW×ODU×Q×QUHWLPOHULQLQVLYLOUHWLPDODQODU×QGDQROGXNoD
IDUNO×ODüPDV× VRQXFXQGD VDYDü VDQD\LLQLQ VLYLO UHWLP DODQODU×QD WHNQRORML
\D\PDV× \DQL VDYDü VDQD\LLQLQ ´VSLQ RIIµ HWNLVL WDUW×ü×O×U KDOH JHOPLüWLU
0DFNHQ]LH )UDQW]HQ YH 'XQQH &RXORPE $\U×FDVDYDüVDQD\LLQGHVHUPD\HQLQRUJDQLNELOHüLPL\NVHOPLüNHQVDYDüODU×Q
KDÀI VLODKODUOD VUGUO\RU ROPDV× NoN VDYDüODU×Q oHOLüNLOL \DS×V×Q× GD
VHUJLOHPHNWHGLU ·OHUGHQ VRQUD DUW×GHùHUL DUW×UDFDN \HQL ELU WHNQRORMLN
GHYULPLQ G|UGQF WHNQRORMLN GHYULPLQ JHUoHNOHüPHPLü ROPDV× YH YHUL
WHNQRORML\OH HPHNJFQQ V|PUOPHVLQLQ ELU V×Q×UD JHOPLü ROPDV× NoN
VDYDüODU G|QHPLQGH DUW×GHùHU UHWLPLQLQ J|UHFH GüN VHYL\HVL KDNN×QGDNL
yorumu desteklemektedir.
$UW×GHùHUUHWLPLDo×V×QGDQVDYDü×QQHGHQROGXùX\×N×P×QVDYDüVRQUDV×QGD
\HQLGHQ UHWLP LoLQ LPNkQ VDùODPD |]HOOLùL GH |QHP WDü×PDNWDG×U *UDQW
$\U×FDVHUPD\HQLQNUL]OHUOHPDOLRODUDNGHùHUVL]OHüPHVLG×ü×QGDVDYDü
VHUPD\H\L À]LNVHO RODUDN GD WDKULS HGHUHN GHùHUVL]OHüWLUPHNWHGLU 0DQGHO
%XoHUoHYHGHJHQHORODUDNVDYDüKHPIDEULNDODU×QYHPDNLQHOHULQ
KHPGHDOW\DS×Q×QÀ]LNVHO\×N×P×YHWDKULEDW×\ODVHUPD\HQLQGHùHUVL]OHüPHVLQL
DUW×UDELOPHNWHGLU 6|] NRQXVX GHùHUVL]OHüPH HùHU WDKULS HGLOHQ UHWLP
IDNW|UOHUL HVNL YH GüN UHWNHQOLNWH oDO×üW×U×ODQ UHWLP IDNW|UOHUL\VH
KHP À]LNL KHP GH PDOL ELU GHùHUVL]OHüPH\H QHGHQ RODELOPHNWHGLU 2\VD
NoN VDYDüODUGD DUW×GHùHU UHWLPLQLQ YH VHUPD\HQLQ GHùHUVL]OHüPHVLQLQ
|QQGHNLHQJHO,,'Q\D6DYDü×·QDQD]DUDQNoNVDYDüODU×QGüNWDKULEDW
|]HOOLNOHULGLU ,, 'Q\D 6DYDü×·QGD GüN LVDEHW RUDQ×QD VDKLS VLODKODU YH
Berna Uymaz
ERPEDODU NXOODQ×OP×üW×U 6LYLODVNHU D\U×P×Q×Q ROPDG×ù× ,, 'Q\D 6DYDü×
JLEL WRS\HN€Q VDYDüWD KHU üH\ PHüUX KHGHI ROPXüWXU %X QHGHQOH ,, 'Q\D
6DYDü×·Q×QND]DQ×OPDV×DWRPERPEDV×QGDROGXùXJLELGüPDQWRSOXPXQJHUHN
QIXVXQXQJHUHNVHDOW\DS×V×Q×QNLWOHVHOKDOGH]DUDUJ|UPHVLQHEDùO×ROPXüWXU
%X GXUXPXQ DNVLQH NoN VDYDüODUGD VLODKODUGDNL WHNQRORMLN JHOLüPHOHU LOH
X]D\J|]HWOHPHVLVWHPOHULDUDF×O×ù×\ODXODü×ODQ\HWHUOLYHULOHUVRQXFXQGDLVDEHW
LPNkQ×DUWPDNWDG×U%|\OHFHNoNVDYDüODUGDWHNELUKHGHÀQ\×N×P×LoLQWP
GüPDQüHKULQLQWDKULEDW×QDJHUHNNDOPDPDNWDG×U)ULHGPDQ
YH7RIÁHU 7RIÁHU %X oHUoHYHGH VRQUDV×QGDNL
G|QHPNLWOHLPKDVׁ]HULQHNXUXOXRODQWRS\HN€QPRGHUQVDYDüODU×QELWWLùL
VDYDüODUGD ERPEDUG×PDQODU×Q D]DOG×ù× YH E|\OHFH VDYDü×Q E\N PLNWDUGD
VHUPD\HQLQGHùHUVL]OHüPHVLQLVDùOD\DPDG×ù×NoNVDYDüG|QHPLGLU
(NVLNWNHWLPFLWHRULDo×V×QGDQNUL]LQo|]PN×V×WO×WNHWLPLQDUW×U×OPDV×QD
\DQL WDOHELQ DUW×U×OPDV×QD EDùO×G×U$QFDN \]\×O×Q LNLQFL \DU×V×QGD DUW×N
NDSLWDOLVW GHYOHWOHUFH HOH JHoLULOPHPLü GQ\D SD]DUODU× NDOPDP×üW×U %D]×
|QHPOLLVWLVQDODUG×ü×QGDV×Q×U|WHVLDVNHUvIHWLKOHUELWPLüWLUúoVDYDüODU×QWRSODP
VDYDüODULoLQGHNLSD\×DUWP×üW×U7LOO\%XQHGHQOHUOHVDYDü\HQL
SD]DUODUROXüWXUPDPDNWDVDGHFH|QFHGHQSD\ODü×OP×üRODQSD]DUODU×QGDù×O×P×
WHNUDU GHùLüPHNWHGLU 6|] NRQXVX RODQ ONHOHU DUDV×QGDNL SD]DU UHNDEHWLGLU
6DYDü GQ\D EXUMXYD]LVLQLQ ELU N×VP×Q× G|QHPVHO RODUDN \RNVXOODüW×U×UNHQ
GLùHUELUN×VP×Q×JoOHQGLUPHNWHGLU0DQGHOYH1LW]DQ
%LFKOHU%|\OHFHNDSLWDOLVWVLVWHPGQ\DoDS×QGDELUEWQRODUDN
HOH DO×QG×ù×QGD VLVWHP LoLQ \HQL WDOHS LPNkQODU× \DUDW×OPDP×ü ROPDNWDG×U
$\Q× üHNLOGH VDYDü ]DPDQ×QGD ELU HQGVWULQLQ NkU RUDQODU×Q× DUW×UDELOPHVL
DQFDNEDüNDELUHQGVWULQLQ]DUDU×QHWLFHVLQGHJHUoHNOHüHELOPHNWHGLU&OLII
*HQHO DQODPGD VDYDü VDYDüWDNL \×N×P×Q WHNUDU LQüDDV×Q× YH \HQLGHQ
\DS×ODQPD\× JHUoHNOHüWLUHQ VHNW|UOHUH NkU VDùODPDNWDG×U 3DOD $\U×FD VDYDüWD GHùLüLP VUHFLQLQ VSHNODWLI KDUHNHWOHULQ VRQXFXQGD GD
\NVHN VDYDü NkUODU× ROXüDELOLU 6DYDü G|QHPLQGH VHUPD\HOHULQL EDQNDODUGD
VSHNODV\RQLVW DPDoOD WXWDQODUOD WLFDUL LüOHPOHUGH GHùHUOHQGLUHELOHQOHU
DUDV×QGD\DQLWLFDUHWOHXùUDüDQODUYHÀQDQVNDSLWDODUDV×QGDE|OüPLOLüNLOHUL
JHOLüLU %XNKDULQ >@ 6HNW|UOHU DUDV×QGD JHUoHNOHüHQ EX
GXUXP GD DUW×GHùHULQ UHWLPLQL GHùLO \HQLGHQ E|OüPQ J|VWHUPHNWHGLU
6DYDüWDJDOLSONHQLQJHOLULGHPDùOXSONHQLQDOH\KLQH\NVHOPHNWHGLU\DQL
\LQHELUWUDQVIHUV|]NRQXVXGXU&OLII'ROD\×V×\ODEXNDSVDPGDVDYDüWD
\DüDQDQGDKD|QFHUHWLOPLüRODQDUW×GHùHULQHOGHùLüWLUPHVLGLU%XQHGHQOH
DUW×GHùHU UHWLPLQL HWNLOHPHGLùL VUHFH VDYDü×Q VHUPD\H ELULNLPL NUL]LQLQ
|WHOHQPHVLQHGHHWNLVL\RNWXU
95
.UL]OHULgWHOHPHGH6DYDüODU×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHULh]HULQH%LU7DUW×üPD
.oNVDYDüODUGDDUW×GHùHUNRQXVX\XNDU×GDNLoHUoHYHGHDQDOL]HGLOGLùLQGH
VDYDü VDGHFH Dü×U× ELULNPLü VHUPD\HQLQ ROGXùX VDYDüODU× GLùHU ONHOHULQ
V×Q×UODU× LoLQGH \DSDQ YH WDKULS HGLOHQ ONHOHUH VDYDü VRQUDV× \DUG×P DG×
DOW×QGDND\QDNDU]HGHQONHOHULQXOXVODUDUDV×DUW×GHùHULPONHGLQPHOHULQH
\DUDPDNWDG×U &DUFKHGL D 6|] NRQXVX YDURODQ DUW×GHùHULQ WUDQVIHUL
VHUPD\H JUXSODU× DUDV×QGDNL E|OüPGHQ YH V×Q×ÁDU DUDV× PFDGHOHGHQ
GRùPDNWDG×U3DOD6DYDüGQ\DJHQHOLQGHDUW×GHùHULQDUWPDV×Q×
VDùODPDGDQ VDGHFH E|OüPQ HWNLOHPHNWHGLU (WNL DODQODU× EDN×P×QGDQ
GDKD NoN oDSO× YH E|OJHVHO V|] NRQXVX VDYDüODU VDELW VHUPD\HQLQ JHQHO
WP NDSLWDOLVW VLVWHPL NDSVD\DQ VLVWHPLQ VRUXQODU×QD o|]P VDùOD\×F× ELU
GHùHUVL]OHüPHVLQHYHGQ\DoDS×QGDVHUPD\HELULNLPLQLQVUPHVLQH\|QHOLN
LPNkQ×GDVDùOD\DPDP×üODUG×U,QWHUQDWLRQDO%XUHDXRI5HYROXWLRQDU\3DUW\
96
F0DNDOHQLQVRQN×VP×QGDVDYDüODUYHLOJLOLLNWLVDGvYHULOHULQDQDOL]L\OH
\×OODU×DUDV×QGDNLVDYDüODU×QLNWLVDGvHWNLOHULKDNN×QGDNLWDUW×üPD\DNDWN×
VXQXOPD\D oDO×ü×ODFDNW×U %X DPDoOD EXUD\D GHN WHRULN RODUDN DQODW×ODQODU×
GHVWHNOHU üHNLOGH &RUUHODWHV RI :DU6DYDü×Q .RUHOkV\RQODU× 3URMHVL &2:
6DUNHHV :D\PDQ LOH 8SSVDOD &RQÁLFW 'DWD 3URJUDP8SSVDOD
dDW×üPD 9HUL 3URJUDP× 8&'3 WDUDI×QGDQ KD]×UODQDQ VDYDü YHULOHUL
LQFHOHQPLüWLU
\×OODU× DUDV×QGD WRSODP VDYDü \DüDQP×üW×U VDYDü×Q WDQHVLVDYDü×QELUWDUDI×QGDGHYOHWLQROGXùXLoVDYDüODULoVDYDüG×üVDYDü4
WDQHVLONHOHUDUDV×VDYDüWDQHVLLVHGHYOHWG×ü×DNW|UOHUDUDV×QGDNLVDYDüW×U
7PVDYDüODU×Q·VDGHFHELU\×OVUHQVDYDüODUNHQJHUL\HNDODQ·VL
ELU \×OGDQ X]XQ VUHOL VDYDüODUGDQ ROXüPXüWXU 6DYDüDQ ONHOHULQ ·V×
JHOLüPLü5ONHOHUYHJHUL\HNDODQLVHD]JHOLüPLüONHOHUGLUg]HWOH
DUDV×QGDNLVDYDüLoLQGHHQ\D\J×QüHNLOX]XQVUHOLYHD]JHOLüPLü
ONHOHULQGkKLOROGXùXLoND\QDNO×G×üND\QDNO×LoVDYDüODUG×U
6DYDüYHULOHULG×ü×QGDNoNVDYDüODU×QG|QHPLRODQDUDV×G|QHPLQ
GHLNWLVDGL|]HOOLNOHULDQDOL]HGLOPLüWLU<XNDU×GDEDKVHGLOGLùLJLEL·OHULQ
EDü× LWLEDUL\OH KHP VDYDüODU NoN VDYDü üHNOLQH G|QüPüOHUGLU KHP GH
EX \×OODUGD X]XQ GDOJD GüPH VH\ULQH JLUPLüWLU ·OL \×OODU×Q EDü×QD GHN
L]OHQPLüRODQX]XQGDOJDODU×QHYUHOHULDüDù×GDNL7DEOR·GH\HUDOPDNWDG×U
Berna Uymaz
7DEOR<]\×O×Q6RQXLOH<×O×$UDV×QGDú]OHQHQ8]XQ'DOJDODU
8]XQ'DOJD
8]XQ'DOJD
8]XQ'DOJD
8]XQ'DOJD
<NVHOLü*HQLüOHPH(YUHVL
'üü'XUJXQOXN(YUHVL
.D\QDN%DUVRF
7DEOR ·GH J|VWHULOGLùL ]HUH DUDV×QGD X]XQ GDOJDQ×Q GüPH
HYUHVLQLQVUGù NDEXOHGLOGLùLQGHGLùHUIDNW|UOHULQ\DQ× V×UD V|] NRQXVX
G|QHPGH \DüDQDQ NoN VDYDüODU×Q GD NUL]H o|]P ROXüWXUDPDG×NODU×Q×
V|\OHPHNPPNQGU0DNDOHGHEXGXUXPXQQHGHQOHULQLQLQFHOHQPHVLLoLQ
NoNVDYDüODU×QRUWDODPDNkURUDQ×Q×\NVHOWLFLJHOLüPHOHUGH\DQLDUW×GHùHU
RUDQ×QGDUHWNHQHPHùLQSD\×QGDYHVHUPD\HQLQGHùHUVL]OHüPHVLQGHNLUROOHUL
DQDOL] HGLOHUHN VDYDüODU×Q VRQ X]XQ GDOJDGDNL HWNLOHUL LQFHOHQPLüWLU$QFDN
VRQUDV×VDYDüODU×Q\DüDQG×ù×WPONHOHULoLQEXNDSVDPGDLOJLOLYHULOHU
ROPDG×ù×QGDQ NRQX JHQHO VUHFL J|VWHUHELOHFHN NH\QHV\HQ YHUL VHWOHULQLQ
\RUXPODQPDV×\OD DQDOL] HGLOPLüWLU g\OH NL VDYDü YH DUW×GHùHU UHWLPL LoLQ
LPDODWVDQD\LNDWPDGHùHULVDYDüYHUHWNHQHPHùLQSD\×QGDNLGHùLüLPLoLQ
UHWLP DODQ×Q× WHPVLOHQ LPDODW VDQD\L NDWPD GHùHULQLQ *6<ú+·GHNL SD\×
VDYDüYHVHUPD\HQLQGHùHUVL]OHüPHVLNRQXVXQXQDQDOL]LQGHLVHVDYDü×QQHGHQ
ROGXùX\×N×PVRQUDV×QGDNL\HQLGHQ\DS×ODQPDIDDOL\HWOHULQLL]OHPHNDPDF×\OD
VDELWVHUPD\H\DW×U×PODU×YHLQüDDWVHNW|UYHULOHULLQFHOHQPLüWLU%XNDSVDPGD
LQFHOHQHQ YHULOHU ü|\OHGLU 6DYDü YHULVL LoLQ 6DUNHHV :D\PDQ YH
*OHGLWVFKYGLPDODWVDQD\LNDWPDGHùHUYHULVLYH*6<ú+YHULVLLoLQ
8167$76EVDELWVHUPD\H\DW×U×PODU×VHULVLLoLQ8167$76D
YH 8167$76 E LQüDDW VHNW|U NDWPD GHùHU VHULVL LoLQ 8167$76
D YH 8167$76 E YH JHOLüPLü YH D]JHOLüPLü ONHOHU D\U×P× LoLQ
0DGGLVRQ
$üDù×GDNLDQDOL]OHUGH\×OODU×DUDV×QGDNLVDYDü×Q\DüDQG×ù×KHU
ONHLoLQVDYDü\×OODU×QGDNLLOJLOLYHULVHULVLDQDOL]HGLOPLüWLUgUQHùLQELUVDYDü
ONH DUDV×QGD JHUoHNOHüPLüVH EX ONHOHULQ KHU ELULQLQ VDYDü |QFHVLQGHNL
\×O VDYDü V×UDV× YH VDYDü VRQUDV×QGDNL LOJLOL YHUL VHULVL NDUü×ODüW×U×ODUDN
YHULOHUGHNLGHùLüLPL]OHQPLüYHEHQ]HUVH\LUOHUJUXSODQG×U×ODUDNWP|UQHNOHU
LoLQGHNL \]GHOHUL KHVDSODQP×üW×U %|\OHFH HOGH HGLOHQ \]GHOLN RUDQODU×Q
\RUXPODQPDV×\ODVDYDüODU×QX]XQGDOJDODUGDNLYHV×QDLoHYULPOHUGHNLHWNLOHUL
KDNN×QGDELUJHQHOOHPH\DSPDNKHGHÁHQPLüWLU
97
.UL]OHULgWHOHPHGH6DYDüODU×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHULh]HULQH%LU7DUW×üPD
\×OODU×DUDV×QGDNLVDYDüODU×QLNWLVDGLHWNLOHULQLQDQDOL]VRQXoODU×Q×
7DEOR|]HWOHPHNWHGLU.
7DEOR.oN6DYDüODU×Q8]XQ'DOJDODUYH6×QDvdHYULPOHUGHNL(WNLOHUL
$UDüW×U×ODQ
$UW×GHùHULQ
DUW×U×OPDV×
98
2UWDODPD
.kU
2UDQODU×Q×Q
'üPH
Üretken
(ùLOLPLQLQ
(PHùLQ
gWHOHQPHVL
3D\×Q×Q
<NVHOWLOPHVL
6×QDv
dHYULPOHU
.XOODQ×ODQ
9HUL
úPDODWVDQD\L
NDWPDGHùHUL
$QDOL]LQ6RQXFX
'HùHUOHQGLUPH
6DYDüODUGDYDURODQ
DUW×GHùHUUHWLPL
VUPü
6DYDü|QFHVLGüHQ
DUW×GHùHUVDYDüWD
\NVHOPHPLü
WHNQRORMLN
GHYULPLQ
JHUoHNOHüPHPLü
ROPDV×DUW×GHùHULQ
GüNVHYL\HVLQLQ
|QHPOLELUQHGHQL
'LùHUIDNW|UOHULQ
\DQ×V×UDNoN
$]JHOLüPLüONHOHUGH
VDYDüODUGD
SD\DUWP×üDQFDN
X]XQGDOJDQ×Q
JHOLüPLüONHOHUGH
yükselme
úPDODWVDQD\L SD\GüPü
DüDPDV×QD
NDWPDGHùHUL 'üHQSD\×
JHoLULFLHWNLOHU
7RSODPNDWPD \NVHOWHQVDYDü
J|UOPHGL
|UQHùLWRSODP
GHùHU
VDYDüODU×Q·VLQGH
J|UOPü
6HUPD\HQLQ
'HùHUVL]
OHüPHVL
6DYDüWDVV\YH
LQüDDWVHNW|UNDWPD
6DELWVHUPD\H
GHùHULDUWP×ü7P
\DW×U×PODU×
VDYDü|UQHNOHULQLQ
VV\YHLQüDDW
·LQGHVDYDüWD
VHNW|UNDWPD
GüHQVH\LU
GHùHUL
VDYDüVRQUDV×QGD
yükseliyor.
6×QDv
dHYULPOHULQ
*HUoHNOHüPHVL
7PVDYDü
|UQHNOHULQLQ
6DELWVHUPD\H
·XQGDVDYDü×Q
\DW×U×PODU×YH
|QFHVLQGHYH\D
LQüDDWVHNW|U
VDYDüWDGüHQVH\LU
NDWPDGHùHUL
VDYDüVRQUDV×QGD
yükseliyor.
.D\QDN8\PD]<×OPD]
.oNVDYDüODUGD
ONHED]×QGDV×QDv
oHYULPOHUYHEXQD
EDùO×\HQLELU
sermaye birikimi
VUHFLQHJHoLULFL
HWNLJ|]OHQPHGL
Berna Uymaz
<DS×ODQ DQDOL]OHUGH VDYDü \×OODU×QGD LOJLOL ONHOHUGH FUHWOHULQ DUW×U×OPDG×ù×
YDUVD\×P× \DS×OP×üW×U 7DEOR |QFHOLNOH \×OODU× DUDV×QGDNL VDYDü×QX]XQGDOJDQ×QJ|VWHUJHVLRODUDNGQ\DoDS×QGDRUWDODPDNkURUDQ×Q×
\NVHOWLFL HWNLOHUH QHGHQ ROXS ROPDG×NODU×Q× J|VWHUPHN DPDF×\OD VDYDüODU×Q
DUW×GHùHURUDQׁUHWNHQHPHùLQSD\×YHVHUPD\HQLQGHùHUVL]OHüPHVLNRQXODU×
oHUoHYHVLQGHNLHWNLOHULQLVXQPDNWDG×U7DEOR·QVRQVDW×U×LVHEXVDYDüODU×Q
VDYDü \DüD\DQ ONHOHU ED]×QGD V×QDL oHYULPOHUGHNL HWNLOHULQL |]HWOHPHNWHGLU
%|\OHFH7DEOR·HGD\DQDUDNVDYDüODU×QX]XQGDOJDODUYHV×QDLoHYULPOHUGHNL
HWNLOHULKDNN×QGDüXüHNLOGHELU\RUXP\DS×OPDV×PPNQJ|UOPHNWHGLU
‡ .oNVDYDüODUVDYDüDQONHOHUGHVDYDü|QFHVLEDU×üG|QHPLQGHNLLPDODW
VDQD\LQLQ*60+LoLQGHNLSD\×Q×QDUWPDNWDRODQVH\ULQLGHùLüWLUPHPLüOHUGLU
'ROD\×V×\OD NoN VDYDüODUGD oRùXQOXNOD DUW×GHùHU UHWLPLQLQ D]DOG×ù×
V|\OHQHELOLUDQFDNVDYDü|QFHVLQGHDUW×GHùHUUHWLPLQLQGüPHNWHROGXùX
|UQHNOHUGHNLVH\LUOHULVH\NVHOWLOHPHPLüWLU'|QHPER\XQFDDUWPDNWDRODQ
DUW×GHùHULQX]XQGDOJDQ×QGHSUHVLIHYUHVLQGHQo×NPDGDHWNLOLRODPDPDV×
V|] NRQXVX DUW×GHùHULQ GüN VHYL\HVL LOH Do×NODQDELOPHNWHGLU g\OH NL
·OHULWLEDUL\OHYDURODQWHNQRORMLNJHOLüPHOHULQDUW×GHùHULDUW×UPDV×QGD
ELU V×Q×UD XODü×OP×ü YH \HQL ELU WHNQRORMLN GHYULPLQ JHOLüWLULOHPHPHVL
GROD\×V×\OD DUW×GHùHUGH DUW×ü X]XQ GDOJD\× \NVHOWHFHN VHYL\H\H
o×NDU×ODPDP×üW×U
‡ .oNVDYDüODUGDUHWNHQDODQODU×QJHOLüLPLQGHGHVDYDü|QFHVLQGHYDURODQ
GüPHVH\ULGHùLüPHPLüWLULWLEDUL\OHUHWNHQDODQODUGDJHUoHNOHüHQ
GüN VHYL\HGHNL NkU RUDQ× QHGHQL\OH UHWLP DODQODU×QGD UHWLOPLü RODQ
DUW×GHùHU UHWNHQ ROPD\DQ DODQODUGD E|OüOPüWU %X üHNLOGH GQ\D
JHQHOLQGH UHWNHQ ROPD\DQ ELU DODQ RODUDN WDQ×PODQDQ KL]PHWÀQDQV
VHNW|U *6<ú+·GH GLùHU VHNW|UOHUH N×\DVOD GDKD ID]OD SD\D VDKLS KDOH
JHOPLüWLU *HOLüPLü YH D]JHOLüPLü ONHOHUGH NoN VDYDü×Q VRQXFXQGD
UHWNHQ YH UHWNHQ ROPD\DQ IDDOL\HWOHULQ DODQODU×Q JHOLüLPLQGH RUWD\D
o×NDQ ED]× IDUNO×O×NODU LVH ONHOHULQ VDYDü \DüDPDV×QD EDùO× GHùLO
VDYDüODUGDQ EDù×PV×] RODUDN V|] NRQXVX ONHOHU DUDV×QGDNL VDQD\L YH
KL]PHWVHNW|UOHULQLQHNRQRPLGHNLIDUNO×JHOLüLPL\OHDo×NODQP×üW×U
‡ 6DELWVHUPD\H\DW×U×PODU×YHLQüDDWVHNW|UNDWPDGHùHUVHULVL]HULQGHQ
\DS×ODQ DQDOL]OHU VRQXFXQGD NoN VDYDüODU×Q QHGHQ ROGXNODU× GüN
WDKULEDW×Q X]XQ GDOJDQ×Q \NVHOPHVLQGH HWNLOL RODELOHFHN VHUPD\HQLQ
GHùHUVL]OHüPHVL VUHFLQLQ \DüDQPDV×Q× GD VDùOD\DPDG×ù× J|UOPüWU
%|\OHFHNoNVDYDüODU×Q,,'Q\D6DYDü×JLELWRS\HNQVDYDüODUGDQIDUNO×
RODUDN X]XQ GDOJD\× \NVHOPH \|QQGH JHOLüWLUPHGH HWNLOL RODPDG×NODU×
99
.UL]OHULgWHOHPHGH6DYDüODU×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHULh]HULQH%LU7DUW×üPD
J|VWHULOPLüWLU $\U×FD VDELW VHUPD\H \DW×U×PODU× YH LQüDDW VHNW|U NDWPD
GHùHUYHULOHULLQFHOHQGLùLQGHNoNVDYDüODUV×UDV×QGDVDYDüDQONHOHUGHNL
V×QDvoHYULPOHUGHNLGHùLüLPVDYDü|QFHVLYDURODQVH\ULQVDYDüHVQDV×QGD
YH\D VDYDü×Q HUWHVL \×O×QGD GHùLüLPL WP VDYDüODU×Q VDGHFH ·XQGD
J|UOPüWU 'ROD\×V×\OD VRQUDV×QGDNL VDYDüODU×Q oRùXQXQ VDYDü
\DüD\DQ ONHOHUGHNL V×QDv oHYULPOHULQ VH\ULQL GH HWNLOH\HPHGLNOHULQL
V|\OHPHNPPNQGU
6RQXo
NUL]LVUHFLQGHRODV×ELUVDYDü×QNUL]GHQo×NPDGDHWNLOLRODFDù×Q×Q
LIDGHHGLOGLùLELUG|QHPLoHULVLQGH\L]%XQHGHQOHJQP]GHJHQLüDQODP×\OD
VDYDü×QQHGHQRODELOHFHùLLNWLVDGLHWNLOHULQNDYUDQPDV×|QHPWDü×PDNWDG×U
100
.RQXQXQ DQDOL]L VDYDü NRQXVXQXQ JHQLü oHUoHYHVLQL LQFHOHPHQLQ \DQ× V×UD
NUL] WHRULOHULQL LQFHOHPH\L YH E|\OHFH NUL]L WDQ×PODPD\× GD JHUHNWLUPLüWLU
0DUNVLVWNUL]WHRULOHULNUL]LQQHGHQLRODUDNRUWDODPDNkURUDQODU×QGDNLGüü
WHPHODOPDODU×QDUDùPHQEXGüüQQHGHQL]HULQGHQD\U×üPDNWDG×UODU%X
D\U×üPD\DEDùO×RODUDNKHUELUNUL]WHRULVLDo×V×QGDQNUL]GHQo×NPDQ×QJHUHNOHUL
GH IDUNO×ODüPDNWDG×U 6DYDü×Q NUL]GHNL HWNLOHUL ]HULQGHNL WDUW×üPDQ×Q WHPHO
QHGHQOHULQGHQELULV|]NRQXVXIDUNO×NUL]WHRULOHULGLU
6DYDü NRQXVXQXQ JHQLü oHUoHYHVL GH NRQXQXQ HQ D] o IDUNO× DODQGD HOH
DO×QPDV× JHUHNWLùLQL J|VWHUPHNWHGLU %XQODU DVNHUL KDUFDPDODU VDYDü
VDQD\L YH VDYDü×Q NHQGLVLGLU 0DNDOHGH LQFHOHQHQ LON WDUW×üPDO× DODQ DVNHUv
KDUFDPDODU×QVDYDüVDQD\LLQLQYHJHQHORODUDNVDYDü×QVHUPD\HELULNLPLYH
GROD\×V×\ODNUL]]HULQGHNLLNWLVDGvHWNLOHULQLQIDUNO×NUL]WHRULOHULDUDV×QGDNL
DQDOL]LGLU0DNDOHGHHOHDO×QDQGLùHUWDUW×üPDO×DODQLVHLONNRQXLOHEDùODQW×O×
RODUDN\]\×O×QVRQoH\UHùLQGHNLJHQHOVDYDüüHNOLRODQNoNVDYDüODU×Q
LNWLVDGvHWNLOHUL]HULQHGLU
%XoHUoHYHGHPDNDOHGH|QFHOLNOHDVNHULKDUFDPDODUVDYDüVDQD\LYHVDYDü×Q
LNWLVDGLHWNLOHUL]HULQGHNLIDUNO×NUL]WHRULOHULDUDV×QGDNLWHRULNWDUW×üPDODUHOH
DO×QP×üW×U 0DNDOHGH WHPHO DO×QDQ J|Uü RODUDN NUL]LQ VHUPD\HQLQ RUJDQLN
ELOHüLPLQGHNL \NVHOLüH EDùO× ROGXùX LIDGH HGLOGLùLQGH |]HOOLNOH DVNHUL
KDUFDPDODU×QUROQQLNLQFLOSODQGDNDOG×ù×V|\OHQHELOLUg]HOOLNOHGH\\·GH
\HQL HOH JHoLULOPLü \HQL NDSLWDOLVWOHüPLü SL\DVDODU EXOXQPDG×ù×QGDQ DVNHUL
KDUFDPDODU YH VDYDü DUDF×O×ù×\OD HOGH HGLOHQ \HQL SD]DUODU×Q DUW×GHùHULQ
JHUoHNOHüPHVRUXQXNDUü×V×QGDNLURO\DQLVDYDü×QSD]DUVDùODPDLPNkQ×GD
N×V×WODQP×üW×U %X QHGHQOH PDNDOHGH VDYDü×Q NUL]OHUL |WHOHPHGHNL UROQQ
VHUPD\HOHU DUDV×QGDNL UHNDEHW QHGHQL\OH \NVHOHQ VHUPD\HQLQ RUJDQLN
Berna Uymaz
ELOHüLPLQGHNLDUW×üDEDùO×RODUDNGüHQRUWDODPDNkURUDQODU×Q×\NVHOWPHGHNL
NDWN×V×QDGD\DO×ROGXùXLIDGHHGLOPLüWLU<DQLNUL]L|WHOHPHNDo×V×QGDQVDYDü×Q
HWNLOHUL DUW×GHùHU \DUDW×S \DUDWPDPDV× UHWNHQ HPHùLQ SD\×Q× \NVHOWPHVL
YHVHUPD\HQLQGHùHUVL]OHüPHVL]HULQGHQLQFHOHQPLüYHVDYDü×QNUL]LRUWDGDQ
NDOG×UDELOHFHùL\|QQGHNLJ|UüOHUEXEDùODPGDWDUW×ü×OP×üW×U%XNDSVDPGD
VDYDü×Q FUHWOHULQ GüUOPHVL oDO×üPD VDDWOHULQLQ DUW×U×OPDV× YH KHU WUO
QLVSL DUW×GHùHU UHWLPLQL DUW×UDFDN \|QWHPOHULQ X\JXODQPDV×QD RODQDN
VDùOD\DELOGLùL |OoGH HWNLOL RODELOHFHùL LIDGH HGLOPHNWHGLU 6DYDü V×UDV×QGD
DUW×GHùHULQ UHWLOGLùL IDDOL\HWOHULQ EDU×ü G|QHPOHULQGHNL VHYL\HOHULQH J|UH
DUW×U×ODELOPHVL |UQHùLQ ÀQDQV YH KL]PHW VHNW|UOHULQLQ SD\ODU×Q×Q GüPHVL
NDUü×V×QGD VDQD\L VHNW|UQQ SD\×Q×Q DUW×ü× EX DODQODUGD LVWLKGDP HGLOHQ
UHWNHQHPHùLGHDUW×UDUDNVDYDüV×UDV×QGDFUHWOHUGH\NVHOPHROPD\DFDù×
YDUVD\×P×\OD DUW×GHùHUL \NVHOWPH LPNkQ× LQFHOHQPHOLGLU $\U×FD VDYDü×Q
WDKULEDWJFQHEDùO×RODUDNVHUPD\HQLQGHùHUVL]OHüPHVLQHQHGHQRODELOPHVL
GH LQFHOHQPHVL JHUHNOL ELU GLùHU DODQG×U 7P EX DODQODUGD VDYDü×Q HWNLOHUL
NRQXVX DVNHUv KDUFDPDODU YH VDYDü VDQD\LLQLQ HWNLOHULQGH ROGXùX JLEL
WDUW×üPDO×ELUDODQG×U
7HRULN DODQODUGDNL IDUNO× J|UüOHULQ DQDOL]LQGHQ VRQUD PDNDOHQLQ VRQ
N×V×PODU×QGD LVH VDYDüODU×Q WDULKVHO RODUDN JHoLUGLùL G|QüPOHU DQDOL]
HGLOPLüWLU g]HOOLNOH ,, 'Q\D VDYDü× LOH ·OHU VRQUDV×QGDNL JHQHO VDYDü
üHNOLRODQGüN\RùXQOXNOXX]XQVUHOL´NoNVDYDüODUµNDUü×ODüW×U×OP×üW×U
,,'Q\D6DYDü×|UQHùLQGHJ|UOGù]HUHNUHVHOYHWRS\HN€QELUüHNLOGH
\DüDQDQ VDYDüODU VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQL ROXPOX ELU üHNLOGH HWNLOHPLüOHUGLU
2\VD NoN VDYDüODU×Q LNWLVDGL HWNLOHUL WDUW×ü×OPDNWDG×U %X oHUoHYHGH IDUNO×
NUL] WHRULOHUL DUDV×QGD VUGUOPü RODQ VDYDü×Q LNWLVDGv HWNLOHUL ]HULQGHNL
WDUW×üPD\D PDNDOHGH \×OODU× DUDV×QGD VDYDüDQ ONHOHULQ LOJLOL
YHULOHULDQDOL]HGLOHUHNNDWN×VXQXOPD\DoDO×ü×OP×üW×U%XQDJ|UH·OHUGHQ
JQP]H DüDù× VDO×Q×P× VUHQ D\Q× X]XQ GDOJDGD \DüDQDQ VDYDüODU×Q
|]HOOLNOHULGLNNDWHDO×QG×ù×QGDYHLOJLOLYHULOHUDQDOL]HGLOGLùLQGHoRùXQOXNOD
EX VDYDüODU×Q NoN VDYDüODU×Q NUL]LQ |WHOHQPHVLQGHNL LüOHYOHULQLQ GüN
ROGXùXJ|UOPüWU.oNVDYDüODUVDGHFHGDKD|QFHGHQ\DUDW×OP×üRODQDUW×
GHùHULQ VHUPD\HOHU DUDV×QGD \HQLGHQ E|OüPQ HWNLOH\HUHN ED]× VHUPD\H
JUXSODU×LoLQNkUVDùODPDNWDG×UODU%|\OHFHEDüWDVLODKWFFDUODU×ROPDN]HUH
´VDYDü ]HQJLQOHULµ ROXüPDNWDG×U 6RQXo RODUDN NoN VDYDüODU×Q ,, 'Q\D
6DYDü×JLELWRS\HN€Q\DüDQP×üRODQVDYDüODUGDQIDUNO×RODUDNLNWLVDGvDODQGD
NDSLWDOLVWVLVWHPLQoHOLüNLOHULLoLQo|]PVDùOD\DPDG×NODU×GüQOPHNWHGLU
101
.UL]OHULgWHOHPHGH6DYDüODU×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHULh]HULQH%LU7DUW×üPD
'ú3127/$5
%X PDNDOH GRNWRUD WH]LPGHNL WHPHO EXOJXODU×Q |]HWOHQPHVL\OH
ROXüWXUXOPXüWXU
1NOHHUVDYDüo×NPDULVNLGHYOHWG×ü×DNW|UOHUDUDV×QGD\DüDQDQVUHVLX]XQ
DQFDNGüN\RùXQOXNOXVDYDüODUDQHGHQROPXüYH\]\×O×QVRQXQGD
VDYDü NHOLPHVLQLQ \HULQH ´VLODKO× oDW×üPDµ NDYUDP× NXOODQ×OPDNWDG×U
<DOo×QND\D
VDYDü×QOLVWHVLLoLQ%N]8\PD]<×OPD]
8OXVODUDUDV× EDùODQW×ODU \HQL VDYDü üHNOLQLQ Lo ND\QDNO×G×ü ND\QDNO×
YH\D \HUHONUHVHO RODUDN V×Q×ÁDQG×U×OPDV×Q× ]RUODüW×UPDNWDG×U .DOGRU
%X QHGHQOH VDYDüODU×Q G×ü GHVWHN ROPDNV×]×Q Lo VDYDü RODUDN
V×Q×ÁDQG×U×OPDV× JQP]GH PPNQ J|]NPH]NHQ Lo VDYDüODU×Q G×ü
ND\QDNO×VDYDüLOHELUOLNWHHOHDO×QPDV×GDKDDo×NOD\×F×J|]NPHNWHGLU%X
oHUoHYHGHPDNDOHGH´LoVDYDüG×üVDYDüµWHULPLKHULNLVDYDüWDU]×Q×LIDGH
HWPHNLoLQNXOODQ×ODFDNW×U
102
'Q\D*6<ú+·VLQLQ·LQLROXüWXUDQYHEXQXQLoLQGHNLSD\ODU×Do×V×QGDQ
V×UDODQ×ü× LOH LON ·\H JLUHQ ONHOHUGHQ VDYDü \DüDP×ü RODQODU JHOLüPLü
ONHOHUNDWHJRULVLQGHHOHDO×QP×üODUG×U
+HVDSODPD\|QWHPLQLQD\U×QW×V×LoLQ%N]8\PD]<×OPD]
.$<1$.d$
$QJVWURP - ´,QWURGXFWLRQµ 5HWKLQNLQJ WKH 1DWXUH RI :DU (G
,VDEHOOH'X\YHVWH\Q-DQ$QJVWURP86$5RXWOHGJH
%DUDQ36ZHH]\30RQRSRO\&DSLWDO$Q(VVD\RQWKH$PHULFDQ
(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO2UGHU1HZ<RUN0RQWKO\5HYLHZ3UHVV
%DUVRF & .DSLWDOL]PLQ dDUNODU× 0DUNVLVW úNWLVDGL$QDOL] gùHOHUL
úVWDQEXO<D]×Q<D\×QF×O×NdHY%OHQW7DQDWDU
%XNKDULQ 1 >@ (FRQRPLD GHO 3HULRGR GL7UDVIRUPD]LRQH /H
7UDQVL]LRQL 6RFLDOLVWH H /LEHUWDULH 0LODQR -DFD %RRN dHY&ODXGLR
3DSLQL
Berna Uymaz
&DUFKHGL * D ´3ROLWLFKH .H\QHVLDQH &ULVL )LQDQ]LDULH H *XHUUHµ
3URWHR QR ZZZSURWHRUGEFXELWDUWLFOHSKS"LGBDUWLFOH &OLII 7 ´7KH 1DWXUH RI 6WDOLQLVW 5XVVLDµ 0DU[LVW 7KHRU\ $IWHU
7URWVN\6HOHFWHG:ULWLQJV/RQGRQ%RRNPDUNV9ROXPH·GHQ
DNWDUDQ ZZZPDU[LVWVRUJDUFKLYHFOLIIZRUNVVWDOUXVVLQGH[KWP
&RXORPE)%HOODLV5´7KH0DU[LVW$QDO\VLVRI:DUDQG0LOLWDU\
([SHQGLWXUHV %HWZHHQ &HUWDLQW\ DQG 8QFHUWDLQW\µ 'HIHQVH DQG 3HDFH
(FRQRPLFV5RXWOHGJH9RO²
'XQQH - 3DXO 6XUU\ ( ´$UPV 3URGXFWLRQµ 6,35, <HDUERRN
2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
'XQQH-3DXO&RXORPE)´3HDFH:DUDQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO6HFXULW\
(FRQRPLF7KHRULHVµ'LVFXVVLRQ3DSHUV8QLYHUVLW\RIWKH:HVWRI
(QJODQG 'HSDUWPHQW RI (FRQRPLFV KWWSFDUHFRQRUJXN'3VSGI
)UDQW]HQ'-*URZWKDQG&ULVLVLQ3RVW:DU&DSLWDOLVP:RUFHVWHU
'DUWPRXWK
)ULHGPDQ**HOHFHN<×O²<]\×OúoLQgQJ|UOHUúVWDQEXO
3HJDVXV<D\×QODU×dHY,EUDKLPûHQHU(QYHU*QVHO
*HRUJLRX * ´7KH 3ROLWLFDO (FRQRP\ RI 0LOLWDU\ ([SHQGLWXUHµ
&DSLWDO&ODVVQRZZZFVHZHERUJXNSGIVB
SGI
*LGGHQV$ 8OXV 'HYOHW YH ûLGGHW úVWDQEXO .DONHGRQ <D\×QODU×
dHY&XPKXU$WD\
*RWWKHLO)0´0DU[YHUVXV0DU[LVWRQWKH5ROHRI0LOLWDU\3URGXFWLRQ
LQ&DSLWDOLVW(FRQRPLHVµ-RXUQDORI3RVW.H\QHVLDQ(FRQRPLFV6XPPHU
*UDQW7´:LOO7KHUH%H$6OXPS"µ7KH8QEURNHQ7KUHDGZZZ
WHGJUDQWRUJDUFKLYHJUDQWVOXPSKWP
103
.UL]OHULgWHOHPHGH6DYDüODU×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHULh]HULQH%LU7DUW×üPD
*UD\ & + 3RVWPRGHUQ 6DYDü<HQL dDW×üPD 3ROLWLNDV× úVWDQEXO
$OID<D\×QODU×dHY'HU\D.|PUF
+DUPDQ & ´7KH ,QFRQVLVWHQFLHV RI (UQHVW 0DQGHOµ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
6RFLDOLVP VW VHULHV 1R $UDO×N 2FDN ·GHQ
DNWDUDQ ZZZPDU[LVWVRUJKLVWRU\HWROZULWHUVKDUPDQPDQGHO
KWP
+REVEDZQ(.×VD<]\×O$ü×U×O×NODUdDù×úVWDQEXO
6DUPDO<D\×QODU×dHY<DYX]$ORJDQ
+REVEDZQ ( .UHVHOOHüPH 'HPRNUDVL YH 7HU|UL]P úVWDQEXO
$JRUD.LWDSO×ù×dHY2VPDQ$N×QKD\
,QWHUQDWLRQDO%XUHDXRI5HYROXWLRQDU\3DUW\´7KH(FRQRPLF5ROHRI
:DULQ&DSLWDOLVP·V'HFDGHQW3KDVHµ5HYROXWLRQDU\3HUVSHFWLYHVZZZ
LEUSRUJHQJOLVKUHYROXWLRQDU\SHUVSHFWLYHVWKHHFRQRPLF
UROHRIZDULQFDSLWDOLVPVGHFDGHQWSKDVH
104
.DOGRU01HZDQG2OG:DUV2UJDQL]HG9LROHQFHLQD*OREDO(UD
8.3ROLW\3UHVVQGHGW
.LGURQ0´$3HUPDQHQW$UPV(FRQRP\µ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6RFLDOLVP
VWVHULHV1R·GHQDNWDUDQZZZPDU[LVWVRUJDUFKLYHNLGURQ
ZRUNV[[SHUPDUPVKWP
.LGURQ0D,O&DSLWDOLVPR2FFLGHQWDOHGHO'RSRJXHUUD%DUL/DWHU]D
.LGURQ0E´0DJLQRW0DU[LVP0DQGHO·V(FRQRPLFV,QWHUQDWLRQDO
6RFLDOLVP VW VHULHV 1R 1LVDQ0D\ìV ·GDQ DNWDUDQ
ZZZPDU[LVWVRUJDUFKLYHNLGURQZRUNVPDJLQRWKWP
/X[HPEXUJ5>@6HUPD\H%LULNLPLúVWDQEXO%HOJH<D\×QODU×
%VNdHY7D\IXQ(UWDQ
0DFNHQ]LH ' ´0LOLWDULVP DQG 6RFLDOLVW 7KHRU\µ &DSLWDO &ODVV QR KWWSZZZFVHZHERUJXNLVVXHVKWPO"[ Berna Uymaz
0DGGLVRQ$3HUVSHFWLYH2Q*OREDO(FRQRPLF3URJUHVVDQG+XPDQ
'HYHORSPHQW(FRQRPLF 3URJUHVV 7KH /DVW +DOI &HQWXU\ LQ +LVWRULFDO
3HUVSHFWLYH$QQXDO6\PSRVLXPZZZJJGFQHWPDGGLVRQ
0DQGHO ( .DSLWDOLVW *HOLüPHQLQ 8]XQ 'DOJDODU× úVWDQEXO <D]×Q
<D\×QF×O×NdHY'RùDQ,ü×N
0DQGHO(/DWH&DSLWDOLVP/RQGRQ1HZ<RN9HUVREVNdHY
-RULV'H%UHV
0DQGHO(0DUNVLVW(NRQRPL(O.LWDE×úVWDQEXOg]JUhQLYHUVLWH
.LWDSO×ù×1REVNdHY2UKDQ6XGD
0DQQ 0 ´7KH 5RRWV DQG &RQWUDGLFWLRQV RI 0RGHUQ 0LOLWDULVPµ
1HZ/HIW5HYLHZ1R0DUW1LVDQ
0DU[.E>@.DSLWDOhoQF&LOW$QNDUD6RO<D\×QODU×
EVNdHY$ODDWWLQ%LOJL
0DU[ . (QJHOV ) >@ $OPDQ ,GHRORMLVL )HXHUEDFK
$QNDUD6RO<D\×QODU×EVNdHY6HYLP%HOOL
0RKXQ6´+HU(PHN'HùHU<DUDW×UP×"µ$OIUHGR6DDG)LOKR(G
.DSLWDOL]PH5HGGL\H0DUNVLVW%LU*LULüúVWDQEXO<RUGDP.LWDSdHY
$VO×(QJLQ
0RVHOH\ ) ´0DUNVLVW .UL] 7HRULVL YH 6DYDü 6RQUDV×QGD $%'
(NRQRPLVLµ$OIUHGR6DDG)LOKR(G.DSLWDOL]PH5HGGL\H0DUNVLVW%LU
*LULüúVWDQEXO<RUGDP.LWDSdHYûNU$OSDJXW
0QNOHU+<HQL6DYDüODUúVWDQEXOúOHWLüLP<D\×QF×O×NdHY=HKUD
$NVX<×OPD]HU
1LW]DQ-%LFKOHU6´&KHDS:DUVµ(FRQRP\RIWKH2FFXSDWLRQ
6RFLR (FRQRPLF %XOOHWLQ 1R ·GHQ DNWDUDQ 0XQLFK 3HUVRQDO
5H3(F $UFKLYH 035$ 1R KWWSPSUDXEXQLPXHQFKHQ
GH
2·&RQQRU-7KH)LVFDO&ULVLVRIWKH6WDWH1HZ<RUN6W0DUWLQ·V
3UHVV
105
.UL]OHULgWHOHPHGH6DYDüODU×QúNWLVDGL(WNLOHULh]HULQH%LU7DUW×üPD
2·&RQQRU-´3URGXFWLYHDQG8QSURGXFWLYH/DERU3ROLWLFV6RFLHW\
1R
3DOD*´/R6YLOXSSR(FRQRPLFR&DSLWDOLVWLFRH/D*XHUUD/D&ULVL
'HOO·DFFXPXOD]LRQH0RQGLDOHH,O7UDVIHULPHQWRGL3OXVYDORUHµ$WKDQRU
0RQGRGL*XHUUD5RPD0HOWHPL(GLWRULQR
3LYHWWL 0 ´0LOLWDU\ 6SHQGLQJ DV D %XUGHQ RQ *URZWK DQ
8QGHUFRQVXPSWLRQLVW &ULWLTXHµ &DPEULGJH -RXUQDO RI (FRQRPLFV QR
KWWSFMHR[IRUGMRXUQDOVRUJFJLFRQWHQWFLWDWLRQ
5LGGHOO 7 ´0DU[LVP DQG 0LOLWDU\ 6SHQGLQJµ -RXUQDO RI 3RVW
.H\QHVLDQ(FRQRPLFV<D]
6DUNHHV0HUHGLWK5:D\PDQ)5HVRUWWR:DU²&4
3UHVV&2:KWWSZZZFRUUHODWHVRIZDURUJ
106
6DYUDQ 6 ´%XQDO×P 6HUPD\HQLQ <HQLGHQ<DS×ODQPDV× <HQL
/LEHUDOL]Pµ1DLO6DWO×JDQ6XQJXU6DYUDQ'HU'Q\D.DSLWDOL]PLQLQ
%XQDO×P×úVWDQEXO$ODQ<D\×QF×O×N
6KDZ0'LDOHFWLFVRI:DU$Q(VVD\LQWKH6RFLDO7KHRU\RI7RWDO
:DUDQG3HDFH8.3OXWR3UHVVKWWSZZZWKHJOREDOVLWHDFXN
SUHVVVKDZKWP
6ZHH]\3DXO07KH7KHRU\RI&DSLWDOLVW'HYHORSPHQW1HZ<RUN
0RGHUQ5HDGHU
7LOO\&=RU6HUPD\HYH$YUXSD'HYOHWOHULQLQ2OXüXPXúVWDQEXO
úPJH.LWDEHYLdHY.XGUHW(PLURùOX
7RIÁHU$7RIÁHU+<]\×O×QûDIDù×QGD6DYDüYH6DYDü.DUü×W×
0FDGHOHúVWDQEXO6DEDK.LWDSODU×dHY0HKPHW+DUPDQF×
7RQDN $ ´.UL]L $QODUNHQµ dDO×üPD YH 7RSOXP úVWDQEXO 1R
7URoNL / >@ ´.DSLWDOLVW *HOLüPH (ùULVLµ *QGHOLN +D\DW×Q
6RUXQODU×úVWDQEXO<D]×Q<D\×QF×O×N
Berna Uymaz
8167$76 D *'3 DQG ,WV %UHDNGRZQ DW &RQVWDQW 3ULFHV LQ
1DWLRQDO&XUUHQF\1DWLRQDO$FFRXQWV0DLQ$JJUHJDWHV'DWDEDVH(NLP
KWWSXQVWDWVXQRUJXQVGVQDDPDGQO/LVWDVS
8167$76 E *URZWK 5DWH RI *'3 DQG ,WV %UHDNGRZQ 1DWLRQDO
$FFRXQWV 0DLQ $JJUHJDWHV 'DWDEDVH KWWSXQVWDWVXQRUJXQVGVQDDPD
GRZQORDGV'RZQORDG*'3JURZWK86'FRXQWULHV[OV
8&'38SSVDOD&RQÁLFW'DWD3URJUDP'HÀQLWLRQ8SSVDOD8QLYHUVLW\
ZZZXFGSXXVHGDWDEDVH
8\PD]<×OPD])%<]\×OGD6DYDüODU×Q8]XQ'DOJDODUYH6×QDv
dHYULPOHUGHNL (WNLOHUL úh 6RV\DO %LOLPOHU (QVWLWV 0DOL\H$QDELOLP
'DO×<D\×PODQPDP×ü'RNWRUD7H]LúVWDQEXO
:ULJKW ( 2 ´0DUNVLVW %LULNLP YH %XQDO×P 7HRULVLQGH $OPDü×N
3HUVSHNWLÁHUµ1DLO6DWO×JDQ6XQJXU6DYUDQ'HU'Q\D.DSLWDOL]PLQLQ
%XQDO×P×úVWDQEXO$ODQ<D\×QF×O×NdHY1DLO6DWO×JDQ
<DOo×QND\D+6DYDü8OXVODUDUDV×úOLüNLOHUGH*o.XOODQ×P×$QNDUD
úPJH.LWDSHYL
<HOGDQ(D´2QWKH1DWXUHDQG&DXVHVRIWKH&ROODSVHRIWKH:HDOWK
RI1DWLRQV7KH(QGRID)DFDGH&DOOHG*OREDOL]DWLRQµ3(5,
3ROLWLFDO (FRQRP\ 5HVHDUFK ,QVWLWXWH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0DVVDFKXVHWWV
$PKHUWV :RUNLQJ 3DSHU 6HULHV 86$ 1XPEHU KWWSZZZ
SHULXPDVVHGXÀOHDGPLQSGIZRUNLQJBSDSHUVZRUNLQJBSDSHUVB
:3SGI
107