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DIFFERING FROM PRINT OR BEING ONLINE NEWSPAPER:
A RESEARCH ABOUT THE ONLINE COUNTERPARTS OF TURKISH
NEWSPAPERS
HALUK BİRSEN
Anadolu University
(Turkey)
Abstract
Turkey met the internet in 12 April 1992 with METU-Washington connection. After two
years from this connection, Zaman Newspaper was the first Turkish Newspaper on the
Internet in 2 December 1995 and Milliyet, Hurriyet, Sabah and Aksam followed Zaman.
The first independent news site of Turkey “Xn” was established in 25 January 1996.
This study aims to measure Turkish newspapers online version interactivity levels. Also this
study researches how online versions differs their contents with the help of new technology
from print ones.
Research will describe the current conditions because of that reason; scanning models are
used in this study. While researching differences of Turkish newspapers content at online
and print versions, comparing analyses which is one of the scanning model methods, are
used. In this study which describes current conditions, seven issues of each newspaper were
examined in different time periods between September 2002 and January 2003. It is planed
to examine every other day in a fifteen day period. With the help of this method every single
week day’s newspaper editions (newspapers in Turkey usually give different supplements on
different week days) will be examined. Milliyet, Hurriyet, Zaman, Radikal, Star, Akşam,
Turkiye, Yeni Safak, Vakit, Gunes, Haberturk newspapers’ online and print versions will be
compared and investigate in this study.
DIFFERING FROM PRINT OR BEING ONLINE NEWSPAPER:
A RESEARCH ABOUT THE ONLINE COUNTERPARTS OF TURKISH NEWSPAPERS
Introduction
Since Turkey met the internet in 12 April 1992 with METU (Middle East Technical University)Washington connection, Internet has proceeded very fast in Turkey’s conditions. There are 3.7
million internet users (see Turknet.com, 2002). At the end of millennium Radikal newspaper’s
head line was “1 million click at 2000”(see Radikal, 1999). Despite economic crises, wars near the
borders, numbers of internet users have increased 609 %. An other words there were 322
thousand users at 2000 and today numbers of users who access internet are 3.7 million.
On the other hand, there are 34 daily newspapers in Turkey and daily average circulation of
these newspapers is 3.5 million. 25 of them have an online version. In addition to these sites
most of TV channels give place to news at their own sites. There are also independent news
sites. These results show us, Turkish internet users can read news from nearly 30 different sites
(see. Medyatava, 2003).
One of the most important stages of Turkish online journalism was lived with the economic
crises. All television channels, newspapers and magazines were discharged many journalists.
Unemployed journalists turn their face to internet and began to set up their news sites. In the
course of time some of them join together. Umur Talu who is one of the discharged journalists
said that internet gave a big chance to journalists to be free from hegemonic media environment
and the new technology carried one of the oldest communication technologies, writing. This was
most exiting characteristics of internet. ( see Talu, 1999).
Understanding Internet
Internet does not use only writing. It uses pictures, photographs, animations, videos, voices,
because of that reason internet called a hybrid medium. (see Lapham, 1995) It is not a
newspaper, radio or television. Internet is more than them. It is a new communication structure.
This communication is described “Internet-based, computer mediated communication” term by
December. In this term, Internet based communication means that, at data level, it conforms to a
particular set of data communications protocols. This protocol is called TCP-IP. It defines the
rules for data exchange on the internet. The function of computer as used for communication is
not to provide computational capability, but to provide a platform for the operating system and
software applications to support network data transmission and user applications. On the
internet, the relationships among computers commonly follow the client-server models. Like
TCP-IP, client server model is a unifying characteristic of internet communication. A server is a
computer and its associated hardware and software applications that act as a repository for
information files and software programs. The server sends this information by request across the
network to users of client software. Mediation is the process of intervening or coming between.
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For internet communication, mediation also involves literally putting a message into media, or
encoding a message into electronic, magnetic, or optical patterns for storage and transmittal. A
message on the internet is encoded, stored and transmitted according to the rules of the clintserver application and the TCP-IP protocol suite.
A message on the internet can be distributed from a sender to receivers according to a variety of
schemes, including following:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Point to pint
Point to multipoint
Point to server broadcast
Point to server narrowcast
Server broadcast
Server narrowcast
Internet based communication is essentially human communication via internet computer
network, so any definition of Internet communication necessary involves defining human
communication itself. Human communication can be characterized as a process in which people
exchange symbols. The process of symbol exchange occurs in the context of internet
communication with mediation characteristics as described above, following the client server
model for information exchange and the TCP-IP protocol suite for data exchange. (see
December, 1996)
On the contrary of December, Moris and Ogan looks at the internet rather than computer
mediated communication as whole, in order to place the new medium with in the context of
other mass media. The internet plays with the source-message-receiver features of the
traditional mass communication model. Internet communication takes many forms. Producers
and audiences on the internet can be grouped in to four categories:
•
•
•
•
One to one asynchronous communication such as e-mail.
Many to many asynchronous communication such as Usenet, electronic bulletin boards.
Synchronous communication that can be one to one, one to few, one to many and can be
organized around a topic, the construction of an object (e.g., chat rooms).
Asynchronous communication generally characterized by the receivers need to seek out
the site in order to access information, which may involve many to one, one to one, one
to many source –receiver relationships (e.g., websites, gophers and ftp sites) ( see Moris
&Ogan, 1996).
•
According to Rafaeli there are five defining qualities of communication on the net. These are
•
•
Multimedia: Text, voice, pictures, animation, video, virtual-reality motion codesare
already being conveyed on the net. The nets capacity for addressing the senses far
surpasses that of any other medium.
Hypertextuality: Hypertext is a structure that is assumed to be more compatible with
the inherent characteristics of digital media than traditional narrative forms. Hypertext
213
•
•
•
is defined as a narrative form that does not exist until readers produce it through a
series of choices made according to their desires and interests (see Huesca & Dervin,
1999).
Packet switching: The organizing principle for routing traffic (switching) has always
been a focus of communication research. In mass media it was called “gatekeeping”. On
the net, due to historical reasons perpetuated by the discovering of other functions, the
organizing principle is to have no organization, or deliberate, orderly, anarchy. The
message keeps its own gate; carries its own homing device.
Synchronicity: The Net stretches the edges of the synchronicity continuum.
Communication on the net travels at unprecedented speed.
Interactivity: By interactivity we mean extend to which communication reflects back on
itself, feed on and responds to the past. Communication on the net serves to higliht the
role of interactivity. Interactivity is behind the issues of moderated or un moderated
computer mediated communication groups. ( for overview, see Newhagen & Rafaeli,
1996).
Importance of Interactivity
The potential of interactivity has been among the more heavily discussed characteristics of the
internet. ıt is important to avoid making the assumption, however, that the internet is
synonymous with interactivity (Paul; 2001).Interactivity is the primary characteristic of new
technologies and it has caused a considerable reassessment of communication research (see
Kenney, Gorelik, Mwangi, 2001; Morris & Oagan, 1996; Pavlik, 1996; Rafaeli & Sudweeks, 1997;
Heeter, 1989).
In 1989 Carrie Heeter identified the six dimensions of interactivity. These are Complexity of
choice, Efforts users must exert, Responsiveness to the user, monitoring information use, ease of
adding information and facilitation of interpersonal communication (see Heeter, 1989). Her
definition is one of the few analyses of interactivity that offers specific, measurable dimensions
(see McMillan, 1998; Kenney, Gorelik, Mwangi, 2001).
Complexity of Choice: Online newspapers designers want to give more chance users with the help
of hyperlinks to navigate through the site. As an audience is provided with more choices, the
level of interaction that is required in order for a viewer to make choice increases.
Efforts Users must Exert: This dimension is defined as “the amount of effort a user of a media
system must exert to access information.
Responsiveness to The Users: According to Paul, this dimension is based on Rafaeli’s concept of
“how “actively responsive” a medium is to its users”. Active response refers to the degree to
which communication between a media system and its users can resemble the highly
sophisticated processes of human interaction (see Paul, 2001). Usually, reporters or editors
simply answer e-mail questions from users of their online site. Computer response is possible,
and ultimate machine interactivity is achieved when communication roles of human and
214
machine are interchangeable. Online newspapers can achieve lesser levels of responsiveness by
programming instructions, help pages and error messages (see Kenney, Gorelik, Mwangi, 2001).
Facilitation of Interpersonal Communication: Internet technology provides the opportunity for users
to send and receives messages directly. Chatrooms, instant messages, teleconferencing, on line
discussions are the examples.
Ease of Adding Information: As technology has evolved, an increasing number of opportunities for
users to become a source of information that can be communicated to a mass audience. If online
web sites make it easy for users to add information, then they empower users. Some online
newspapers allow users to add the following types of information: Web pages, hobby and
special interest pages, announcements, reviews, cultural and entertainment events.
Monitoring Information Use: A monitoring device is defined as any explicit means by which a web
site operator can record who has visited the site and or which part of the site they visited. On the
internet, the use of cookies provides examples of attempts to trace audience usage patterns of
the World Wide Web (see Paul, 2001). The potential for continuous monitoring of system use has
implications for billing and for programming system content to meet user interests (see, Kenney,
Gorelik, Mwangi, 2001).
Newspapers on the Net
Weakness of feedback which is most lean specialty of traditional mass media is transformed an
interactive communication on the internet said McAdams (see McAdams, 1996). Lapham said
“newspapers must describe their targets again” and he defend easy access to interests,
newspapers, editors, reporters, fast and easy distribution of news are increased interest of young
generations to internet (see Lapham, 1995). According to Guissiani newspapers are no longer a
product. It becomes a place. A place where people from the community stop by, make contacts
and come back again to build a common future (see Guissiani, 1997).
While a journalist is writing for a printed paper or a magazine, he is always confronted with the
space problem, but online media can solve this problem with the help of unlimited virtual space
which is called cyberspace. It would be possible to satisfy the interests and the level of
knowledge of each and every single reader (see Guissiani, 1997).
Online newspapers readers do not differ from print readers who can scan headlines. But news
stories on the web offer more diversions and problems. With a multitude of links to others sites
and technology that causes poor readability and slow download time, getting and keeping
readers attention is more difficult online than print (see Rich, 1998).
On the other hand the distinguishing characteristic of the World Wide Web is hypertext,
clickable links to other information on the same or other web pages. Hypermedia adds audio,
visual and video links. The result is nonlinear information, a format that allows users to read
and access information in any order they choose (see Rich, 1998).
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Method
This study aims to research how online versions differs their contents with the help of new
technology from print ones. Research will describe the current conditions because of that reason;
scanning models are used in this study. While researching differences of Turkish newspapers
content at online and print versions, comparing analyses which is one of the scanning model
methods, are used. In this study which describes current conditions, seven issues from each
newspaper in a two weeks time section was searched. But all newspapers’ archives were not
accessed. Seven issues of each newspaper were examined in different time periods between
September 2002 and January 2003.
It is planed to examine every other day in a fifteen day period. With the help of this method
every single week day’s newspaper editions (newspapers in Turkey usually give different
supplements on different week days) will be examined. Hurriyet, Star, Milliyet, Zaman, Akşam,
Güneş, Turkiye, Habertürk, Yeni Safak, Vakit, Radikal, Mİlli Gazete, newspapers’ online and
print versions will be compared and investigate in this study.
As Guissiani emphasize that there is a limited space on traditional newspapers. This problem
forces journalists to write less detailed and forces the editors to publish less news. On the other
side internet has unlimited space. The first independent variability of this study is “unlimited
nature of cyberspace”; therefore
H-1. Online versions contain more and detailed news than print counterpart.
Zaman Newspaper was the first Turkish Newspaper on the Internet in 2 December 1995 and
Milliyet, Hurriyet, Sabah and Aksam followed Zaman. Thesse newspapers have high circulation
today (Table-1).
Tabble 1. Circulations of Newspapers.
NEWSPAPER
HÜRRİYET
STAR
MİLLİYET
ZAMAN
AKŞAM
GÜNEŞ
TÜRKİYE
HABERTÜRK
YENİ ŞAFAK
A.VAKİT
RADİKAL
MİLLİ GAZETE
CİRCULATİON
463.236
353.783
276.408
234.846
206.136
131.710
125.798
69.588
68.298
55.381
46.608
13.116
WEB ADRESS
http://www.hurriyetim.com/
http://www.stargazete.com.tr
http://www.milliyet.com.tr/
http://www.zaman.com.tr/
http://www.aksam.com.tr
http://www.gunes.com
http://www.turkiyegazetesi.com/
http://www.haberturk.com/
http://www.yenisafak.com
http://www.vakit.com.tr
http://www.radikal.com.tr/
http://www.milligazete.com.tr
216
Newspapers which have high circulation had been first on the net and they have been
continuing to exist since they founded on the net. This means that they are more experienced
than the newspapers which have low circulation. Also the newspapers which have high
circulation are big companies, so they must have greater awareness of interactivity; they must
have well trained staff to develop interactive features.
Internet has an economic value, on this occasion these newspapers online versions must capture
audience attention and can take advertisement. So, the second independent variable of this
study is “circulations of newspapers”; therefore
H-2. Online versions of the newspapers which have high circulation are more interactive than
online versions of low circulated newspapers.
Internet has some specialties such as multimedia, hypertext, packetswitching, synchronicity,
interactivity. These natural specialties are differ internet from traditional mass media. When
online newspapers which are counterpart of a print newspaper are published on the net, every
single newspaper begin the use most of these features.
Of course every site has to be hypertextual and has to use packet switching but nobody can’t
know how much online newspapers are interactive and how they are using multimedia and
synchronicity. Although online newspaper use same news and content with print counterpart, if
they are using internet’s features, their contents naturally differ from print versions content. The
third independent variable of this study is “specialties of internet”. So;
H-3. Online counterparts of the newspapers are differed from print version.
Unit of Analysis
Web sites vary in size, some of them has 28 page such as Milli Gazete and some of them has a
couple of hundreds page such as Hürriyet, and coding an entire web site could be extremely
time consuming. To make coding feasible except searching number of news, the unit of analysis
was the home page, which provides consistency across the sample at the first step. This study
analyzes the key part of Web sites, “their front doors, but not the entire sites.
This study examines all of the news elements on the home page of online newspapers, including
news stories with their hyperlinks, multimedia additives and as well as any text or other media
supplied by users of online newspapers and any other features that serve to inform or entertain
users.
Newspapers and their online counterparts were determined from dorduncukuvvetmedya.com,
medyatava.com. and the three Turkish search engine which are arabul.com, netbul.com and
super online. To determine the interactivity level of online counterparts a measuring system
developed. A score was given to each subtitle of each dimension and these scores showed the
interactivity level of site. This measuring index was formed 20 titles. Each title of index had 5
217
point value. The highest score is 100 and the lowest score is 0. High interactivity is 70-100,
moderate interactivity is 40-69, and low interactivity is 0-39. Then news was counted in both
print and online versions and compare. In this study two newspaper and their online versions
could not examined. These newspapers are Sabah and Cumhuriyet. Both of them are applying a
subscription system. Some newspapers have only sports or economic contents. These
newspapers ejected from the study.
Findings
As an audience is provided with more choices, the level of interaction will increase. On the other
hand if finding links is difficult, user’s interaction will decrease. To increase interactivity
designers can use search engines, add some links which is related with news stories, add date
and time last minute news, make all news available from the home page. Online newspapers
made the following choices available to users:
•
•
•
•
73 % of online versions had a search engine;
55 % of online versions had access to all news from the home page;
27 % of online versions add some links which is related with news story
83 % of online versions add date and time to last minute news
Each subtitles of “complexity of choice” dimension had 5 point value. The scores of online
counterparts are below:
Table 2: Complexity of Choice
NEWSPAPER
HÜRRİYET
STAR
MİLLİYET
ZAMAN
AKŞAM
GÜNEŞ
TÜRKİYE
HABERTÜRK
YENİ ŞAFAK
VAKİT
RADİKAL
MİLLİ GAZETE
SCORES
20
10
15
15
15
10
10
10
10
5
20
5
“Effort users must exert” dimension is defined as “the amount of effort a user of a media system
must exert to access information. At this part of study five titles were determined to measure the
efforts user must exert.
218
Weather, stocks, archive, writers and last minute pages are looked for and measured user’s steps
to access these links. Five categories and scores of each categories were determined 1 Click 5
point, 2Click 4 point, 3 Click 3 Point, 4 Click 2 Point and lost 1 Point. According to this
classification and scoring system,
•
•
•
•
•
Users can access to weather information with 1 Click from 55 %, with 2 Click
from 27 % of online versions. Weather information could have not found at 18 %
of online versions.
Users can access to stock information with 1 Click from 55 %, with 2 Click from
18 %, with 3 Click from 9% of online versions. Stock information could have not
found at 18 % of online versions.
Users can access to last minute news with 1 Click from 83 % of online versions.
Last minute news could have not found at 17 % of online versions.
Users can access to archive with 1 Click from 91 % of online versions. Archive
could have not found at 9 % of online versions.
Users can access to writers with 1 Click from 100 % of online versions.
“Efforts Users must Exert” dimensions scores of news papers are below:
Table 3: Efforts Users must Exert
NEWSPAPER
HÜRRİYET
STAR
MİLLİYET
ZAMAN
AKŞAM
GÜNEŞ
TÜRKİYE
HABERTÜRK
YENİ ŞAFAK
VAKİT
RADİKAL
MİLLİ GAZETE
SCORES
25
18
23
25
24
17
17
20
25
17
25
21
All newspapers give an address, telephone number or e-mail address for their readers to access
newspaper, editor or reporter. This application is using on internet generally by e-mail. At this
stage, “responsiveness to the user” dimension was measured.
Two titles were determined. First one is mail to reporter and second one is mail to web master or
editor. First of all weather there was an e-mail address or not. If there was an e-mail address a
standard mail sends to all newspapers. Than check weather they were answer or not. Each of
219
two categories has 5 point. If they have an e-mail address to editor or reporter, they took 2 point.
If they are answer the mail they took three points.
•
•
•
None of the newspapers gave reporters e-mail address.
83 % of online versions gave editors or web maters e-mail addresses. 17% of
online counterparts did not give editors or web masters e-mail addresses.
90 % of e-mails were answered. On the other hand 10 % of e-mails were not
answered.
“Responsiveness of the Users” dimension scores are below:
Table 4: Responsiveness of the Users
NEWSPAPER
HÜRRİYET
STAR
MİLLİYET
ZAMAN
AKŞAM
GÜNEŞ
TÜRKİYE
HABERTÜRK
YENİ ŞAFAK
VAKİT
RADİKAL
MİLLİ GAZETE
SCORES
5
5
5
2
5
2
5
2
0
2
5
5
There are four kinds of interpersonal communication facilities. These are chat rooms, discussion
groups, surveys, e-mail addresses.
•
•
•
•
9 % of online versions have Chatrooms. 91 % of online versions have not
Chatrooms.
9 % of online versions have discussion groups. 91 % of online versions have not
discussion groups.
36 % of online versions have surveys. 64 % of online versions have not surveys.
64 % of online versions have e-mail addresses. 36 % of online versions have not
e-mail addresses.
“Facilitations of interpersonal communication” dimension scores of twelve online versions are
below:
220
Table 5: Facilitations of Interpersonal Communication
NEWSPAPER
HÜRRİYET
STAR
MİLLİYET
ZAMAN
AKŞAM
GÜNEŞ
TÜRKİYE
HABERTÜRK
YENİ ŞAFAK
VAKİT
RADİKAL
MİLLİ GAZETE
SCORES
20
5
5
5
10
0
0
5
0
5
10
5
Users become a source of information with internet. New technology makes it easy for users to
add information. Some online newspapers allow users to add the following types of
information: Web pages, hobby and special interest pages, announcements, reviews, cultural
and entertainment events. Adding comment to news and adding information are the subtitles of
“ease of adding information” dimension.
•
•
Only 18 % of online versions were allowed users to add comment to news. 82 %
of them were not having this facility.
27 % of online versions allowed users to add information to site. 72 % of them
were not having this facility.
“Ease of Adding Information” dimension scores of online versions are below:
Table 6: Ease of Adding Information
NEWSPAPER
HÜRRİYET
STAR
MİLLİYET
ZAMAN
AKŞAM
GÜNEŞ
TÜRKİYE
HABERTÜRK
YENİ ŞAFAK
VAKİT
RADİKAL
MİLLİ GAZETE
SCORES
10
5
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
221
In this study, using of three types of monitoring system was researched. These are cookies,
counters and registration systems.
• 45 % of online versions used cookies
• Non of the online versions had counters
• 27 % of online versions requested registration
“Monitor System Use” dimension scores of online versions are below:
Table 7: Monitor System Use
NEWSPAPER
HÜRRİYET
STAR
MİLLİYET
ZAMAN
AKŞAM
GÜNEŞ
TÜRKİYE
HABERTÜRK
YENİ ŞAFAK
VAKİT
RADİKAL
MİLLİ GAZETE
SCORES
10
10
5
5
0
0
5
0
0
0
10
0
To determine the interactivity level of online counterparts a measuring system developed. A
score was given to each subtitle of each dimension and these scores showed the interactivity
level of site. 70-100 points are high interactivity, 40-69 points are moderate interactivity, 0-39
points are low interactivity.
Table 8: Interactivity Scores of Online Newspapers
Newspaper
HÜRRİYET
STAR
MİLLİYET
ZAMAN
AKŞAM
GÜNEŞ
TÜRKİYE
HABERTÜRK
YENİ ŞAFAK
VAKİT
RADİKAL
MİLLİ GAZETE
Interactivity Scores
90
53
53
57
54
29
38
37
35
29
80
36
222
Circulations
463.236
353.783
276.408
234.846
206.136
131.710
125.798
69.588
68.298
55.381
46.608
13.116
According to this classification results show that the highest score is 90 and the lowest score is
29. Two online versions which are Hurriyet and Radikal, have high interactivity. Star, Milliyet,
Zaman, Akşam have moderate interactivity. Six online versions which are Gunes, Turkiye,
Haberturk, Yeni Safak, Vakit and Milli Gazete, have low interactivity.
When average news numbers were looked same online newspapers Hurriyet and Radikal were
noticed. Hurriyet had 107 news on paper edition and 308 daily news on online counterparts.
Radikal is following Hurriyet. It had 83 news on paper edition and 108 news on online versions.
Zaman is the other noticed online version it had 81 news on paper edition and 176 news on
online edition. All other newspapers had more news than online counterparts.
Table 9: Average Numbers of News at Online and Print Versions
Print
107
166
105
81
123
59
166
127
97
81
83
100
HÜRRİYET
STAR
MİLLİYET
ZAMAN
AKŞAM
GÜNEŞ
TÜRKİYE
HABERTÜRK
YENİ ŞAFAK
VAKİT
RADİKAL
MİLLİ GAZETE
Online
308
136
77
176
74
46
136
111
43
74
108
54
H-1. Online versions contain more and detailed news than print counterpart.
The hypothesis was not supported. Only three (Hurriyet, Radikal and Zaman) of twelve online
versions had more news than print counterparts and three (Hurriyet, Milliyet and Radikal) of
twelve online versions had given some links which are related with news stories.
H-2. Online versions of the newspapers which have high circulation are more interactive than
online versions of low circulated newspapers.
Except Radikal, this hypothesis was supported. Online editions of five newspapers which had
two hundred thousand and higher circulation, had moderate or high level interactivity. These
online versions and scores are Hurriyet 90 point, Star 53 point, Milliyet 53 point, Zaman 57 point
and Aksam 54 point. But these results show that Star, Milliyet, Zaman and Akşam had moderate
level interactivity. İt means that;
223
Star
• User can’t access all news from the home page
• Users can’t read more details and related articles and news
• Users can’t learn last minute events
• Users can’t access reporter
• Users can’t find interpersonal communication facilities except e-mail
Milliyet
• Users can’t use search engines
• Users can’t access reporter
• Users can’t find interpersonal communication facilities except e-mail
• Users are not monitoring
Zaman
• Users can’t read more details and related articles and news
• Users can’t access reporter
• Users can’t find interpersonal communication facilities except e-mail
• Users are not monitoring
Aksam
• Users can’t read more details and related articles and news
• Users can’t find interpersonal communication facilities except e-mail and survay
• Users can’t add information to site
• Users are not monitoring
H-3. Online counterparts of the newspapers are differed from print version.
This hypothesis was not supported. Only two of twelve newspapers were differing from print
counterpart. These are Hurriyet and Radikal. Other ten newspapers had moderate or low level
interactivity and average news number on print edition were more than online versions.
Table 9: Average Numbers of News at Online and Print Versions
Interactivity
Print
Online
Scores
HÜRRİYET
107
308
90
STAR
166
136
53
MİLLİYET
105
77
53
ZAMAN
81
176
57
AKŞAM
123
74
54
GÜNEŞ
59
46
29
TÜRKİYE
166
136
38
HABERTÜRK
127
111
37
YENİ ŞAFAK
97
43
35
VAKİT
81
74
29
RADİKAL
83
108
80
MİLLİ GAZETE
100
54
36
224
Discussion
Still internet has some difficulties, such as expensive hardware and software, insufficient
substructure and perhaps some bias. But it has used more people day by day. Perhaps internet’s
hybrid potential will take it more central position in public life more than today.
But pervious research studies and literature have indicated that online newspapers have low
levels of interactivity and this study supports that finding. This study also shows that online
newspapers present their users less news than print counterpart.
Internet has some differences from paper. First of all it has synchronous communication and it
has a two way and multi directional flow of information. The traditional model of
communication has one way transmission of a message from a source to a receiver. Internet was
changed this communication structure. Internet gave its user an unlimited virtual space with the
help of hypertextual features. All of these mean a synchronous, interactive, hypertextual
communication.
Using these facilities is not impossible. Two of twelve online newspapers are using these
facilities very well, and they show how an online paper differs from their print counterpart.
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