drois aRqma da istoriis koncefcia Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi

Transkript

avtoris stili daculia
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti
istoria (kulturis mecnierebebi)
malxaz Toria
drois aRqma da istoriis koncefcia Sua saukuneebis
qarTul kulturaSi ("qarTlis cxovrebis"
istoriografiuli tradiciis mixedviT)
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
filosofiis doqtoris (PhD) akademiuri xarisxis (istoriis
mimarTulebiT) mosapoveblad warmodgenili
d i s e r t a c i a
mecnier-xelmZRvaneli: nino Ciqovani
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori
2008
Sinaarsi
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tavi I
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura: drois aRqmisa da istoriis
gaazrebis anTropologiuri kvlevis perspeqtivebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
§ 1. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..30
Tavi II
droisadmi damokidebuleba da istoriis gaazreba antikur epoqaSi . . . .35
Tavi III
droisa da istoriis gageba Sua saukuneebSi: qarTuli kultura
qristianuli samyaros konteqstSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
I. drois da istoriis gageba da Sua saukuneebis saistorio mwerlobis
Janrobrivi Taviseburebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..50
§ 1. Sua saukuneebis evropa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
§ 2. bizantia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
§ 3. Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
II. warsulis aRqmis, mowesrigebis da reprezentaciis formebi
istoriul teqstebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 71
§ 1. qronologia da periodizacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
§ 2. Sua saukuneebis qristianuli samyaros mnemoteqnika da
istorikosis roli sazogadoebis koleqtiuri mexsierebis
CamoyalibebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
III. momavlis aRqma da esqatologiuri gancda
Sua saukuneebis
qristianul samyaroSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
122
Tavi IV
droTa mravalgvaroba Sua saukuneebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.129
daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
damowmebebi . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
2
Sesavali
sakiTxis dasma, sakvlevi problemis aqtualoba.
drois aRqma da,
masTan erTad, istoriis gageba kulturis fundamenturi maxasiaTebelia.
a. gureviCis (А. Гуревич) TqmiT, “naklebad moiZebneba kulturis iseTi
maxasiaTebeli, romelic mis arss ise gamoxatavdes, rogorc es drois
gagebaSi vlindeba (gureviCi 1972b: 19). o. Spengleri (O. Spengler) wignSi
“evropis daisi” (1918 w.) xazgsmiT aRniSnavda, rom TiToeuli kultura,
rogorc unikaluri da TviTkmari erToba, specifikurad aRiqvams drois
mdinarebas da Taviseburad gaizrebs istoriul process. ufro metic, XX
saukuneSi
anTropologiuri
kvlevebis
farglebSi
Camoyalibebuli
diqotomiis “dasavleTi da aradasavleTi” erT-erT safuZvlad swored
droisa aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis Tavisebureba igulisxmeba.
am diqotomiis mixedviT, dasavleTi “drois kulturaa”. misi mTavari
maxasiaTebelia sworxazovani dro da istorizmi, romelic gulisxmobs
dinamikurobas,
mudmiv
cvalebadobas
da
winsvlas.
aradasavleTi,
umTavresad aRmosavleTi, “sivrcis kulturaa”. drois kategoria
misTvis
ucxo ar aris, magram igi pricipulad gansxvavebulad aRiqmeba. es aris
cikluri,
aistoriuli,
dinamikurobisagan,
maradiulad ganmeorebadi
cikluri
drois
daclili,
dro.
gagebas
ukavSireben,
kerZod,
cnobiereba.
magaliTad,
igive
antikurobaSi
da,
kerZod,
im
cvlilebebsagan
etaps,
konkretuli
rodesac
epoqis
gabatonebuli
dasavleTisTvis,
zogadad,
msoflaRqmas
iyo
miTosuri
konkretul
periodSi,
winaqristianul
xanaSi
damaxasiaTebeli iyo cikluri drois gageba da istoriuli procesic
Sesabamisad
gaizreboda.
stereotipuli
msazRvreli
aRsaniSnavia
SexedulebiT,
qristianobaa
isic,
dasavluri
(da
ara
rom
miRebuli,
civilizaciis
antikuri
lamis
tipologiuri
memkvidreoba).
Sua
saukuneebSi, rodesac qristianuli religia gansazRvravda maSindeli
evropis
msoflmxedvelobas
da
socialuri
realobis
yvela
mxares,
Seiqmna is ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebmac ganapirobes Tanamedrove
dasavluri civilizaciis saxis Camoyalibeba.
3
amgvarad, erTi midgomis mixedviT, cikluri dro damaxasiaTebelia
aradasavluri
kulturebisaTvis,
meoris
Tanaxmad,
is
miTosur
cnobierebas ukavSirdeba da, SesaZloa, es etapi yvela kulturam gaiara.
magram, aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom, orive SemTxvevaSi, cikluri drois
Secvla, umTavresad, qristianobis gavrcelebasTan aris dakavSirebuli,
romelmac sworxazovani droisa da istoriis koncefcia daakanona.
qarTuli kultura yalibdeboda iseT arealSi, sadac tradiciulad
gadioda
(da
axlac
gadis)
sazRvari
qristianul
da
aRmosavlur
muslimur samyaroebs Soris. es garemoeba misi tipologiuri raobis da
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis, dasavleTTan da aRmosavleTTan mimarTebis
problemas
aqtualurs
xdis.
erTi
SexedviT,
TiTqos,
naTelia,
rom
saqarTvelo, rogorc mkafiod gamokveTili qristianuli qveyana, axlos
unda iyos dasavleTTan – aseve qristianul samyarosTan. magram problema
ase
martivi
ar
ganmsazRvreli
aris.
magaliTad,
mniSvneloba
mxolod
dasavluri
qristianobas
civilizaciis
ar
hqonda
CamoyalibebaSi.
amis dasturia is, rom qristianuli samyaros erT-erT mZlavr centrs,
bizantiis imperias, xSir SemTxvevaSi, tipurad aradasavlur erTobad
gaiazreben. irkveva, rom Sua saukuneebis evropas da bizantias Soris
gansxvaveba iyo droisa da istoriis gaazrebaSic.
warmodgenili naSromi Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois
aRqmisa
da
istoriis
koncefciis
sakiTxs
eZRvneba.
vfiqrobT,
rom
qarTuli kulturis maxasiaTeblebis kvlevisaTvis Sua saukuneebi erTerT yvelaze saintereso periodia. saqarTveloSic, dasavleTis msgavsad,
am
epoqaSi
eyreba
safuZveli
im
realobas,
romelic
didi
xnis
ganmavlobaSi gansazRvravda, da axlac ganxazRvravs, qarTuli kulturis
Taviseburebebs.
xazi
problema
unda
gaesvas
istoriis
mravalaspeqtiania
da,
im
garemoebas,
gaazrebasTan
SesaZloa,
rom
naSromSi
kavSirSia
misi
aRqmis
drois
aRqmis
ganxiluli.
dro
sakiTxi
mravali
TvalsazrisiT iyos dasmuli. magaliTad, drois gageba sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebSi, filosofiaSi, mxatvrul literaturaSi, kinoSi da a.S. es
sia SeiZleba kidev ufro gagrZeldes.
istoriis
gagebis
erTad
moazreba,
Cvens mier drois aRqmisa da
garkveulwilad,
Semofarglavs
kvlevis areals da Tavidan agvacilebs SesaZlo aRrevebs, romelic
4
ukavSirdeba
iseTi
rTuli
da
fundamenturi
problemis
kvlevas,
rogoricaa drois aRqma. aqedan gamomdinare, kvlevis obieqtad aRebulia
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli saistorio tradicia _ “qarTlis cxovreba”.
saistorio tipis teqstebSi ki, rogorc cnobilia, movlenebis warmoCena
swored warsulis perspeqtivaSi xdeba. garda amisa, da rac mTavaria,
warsulis/istoriis
gagebam
SeiZleba
ufro
mkafiod
gamoavlinos,
zogadad, sazogadebaSi drois aRqmis specifika. iaponeli istorikosi
masaiuki
sato
aRniSnavs,
rom
warsulze
warmodgenis
mixedviT
SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT drois aRqmis Taviseburebazec. homo sapiens-i
erTadeTi saxeobaa, romelsac warsulisaken gaxedvis unari aqvs. warsuli
qaoturia, magram adamianis, rogorc homo historicus-is Taviseburi unaria,
garkveulwilad moawesrigos es qaosi, gaxados is ufro gasagebi (sato
2000: 1).
Sua
istoriis
saukuneebis
qristianul
iudeur-qristianuli
mniSvnelovania
momavlis
samyaroSi
koncefciis
gageba.
miRebuli
konteqstSi
momavlis
aRqma
droisa
aseve
da
Zalian
dakavSirebuli
iyo
meored mosvlis, samyaros aRsasrulis esqatologiur molodinTan. Sua
saukuneebis teqstebSi, apokalipsze saubari saerTod rom ar iyos, isini
mainc gamsWvalulia im providencialuri rwmeniT, rom istoria RvTiuri
Canafiqris droSi gaxnorcielebis procesia, romelic samyaros Seqmnidan
daiwyo da gankiTxvis dRes dasruldeba.
iudeur-qristianuli dro, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli
aqcentiT dasawyissa da dasasrulze, ra Tqma unda, gamjdari iyo Sua
saukuneebis
sazogadoebaSi.
momavalze
arsebul
es
vlindeboda,
koleqtiur
zogadad,
SexdeulebebSi.
Sua
warsulsa
da
saukuneebSi
specifikurad xdeboda warsulis aRqma da reprezentacia, Taviseburi iyo
mnemoteqnika. garda amisa, Sua saukuneeebSi arsebobda drois mravali,
“lokalur
konteqstze”
damokidebuli
gageba,
romlebic,
aseve,
qristianuli religiis konteqstSi Tavsdeboda. magram, xandaxan, drois
es lokaluri gagebebi bolomde ar Seesabameboda “oficialuri” drois
gagebas da ar akmayofilebda socialuri drois “meufis”, anu eklesiis
interesebs.
kvlevis mizani da mosalodneli Sedegebi. naSromis mizania drois
aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis, rogorc kulturis tipologizaciis erT 5
erTi
mniSvnelovani
saukuneeebis
kriteriumis
qarTuli
safuZvlianobis
kulturis
magaliTze.
dasabuTeba
ZiriTad
Sua
amocanas
warmoadgens Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmis da masze
dafuZnebuli
istoriis
istoriografiuli
analizis
gagebis
tradiciis
safuZvelze.
am
Taviseburebebis
_
“qarTlis
Cveneba
cxovrebis”
umniSvnelovanesi
qarTuli
teqstebis
maxasiaTeblis
_
kvlevam,
SesaZloa, xeli Seuwyos zogadad qarTul kulturaSi drois gancdis
Taviseburebebis gamovlenas. es ki wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneba qarTuli
kulturis raobis, misi civilizaciuri mikuTvnebulobis dadgenis gzaze.
dasaxuli
miznis
miRweva,
konkretuli
mimarTulebiT
aucilebili
iyo
winaswari
muSaobas
qristianul
varaudebis
iTvaliswinebda.
samyaros
_
rogorc
Sesabamisad,
pirvel
rigSi,
bizantiis,
aseve
medievaluri evropis _ realobis gaTvaliswineba qarTuli kulturis
kvlevis
dros.
Sua
saukuneebis
qarTuli
kultura,
tradiciulad,
bizantiuri sivrcis Semadgenel nawilad moiazreba. aqedan gamomdinare,
qarTuli
saistorio
tradiciasTan
gakeTebis
mwerlobis
SedarebiTi
perspeqtivas
analizi
qmnida.
Sua
bizantiur
Tavidanve
saukuneebis
istoriografiul
garkveuli
daskvnis
evropasTan
qarTul
kulturas uSualo Sexeba ar hqonda, Tumca masTan, rogorc qristianul
sivrcesTan, SeiZleboda, bevri saerTo niSani hqonoda, maT Soris, drois
aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiTac. Cvens mier arCeuli
periodi (Sua saukuneebi XIV saukunemde) is epoqaa, roca dasavlur da
aRmosavlur
qristianul
samyaros
Soris
gansxvavebebi,
muxedavad
XI
saukuneSi momxdari sqizmisa, jer kidev Camoyalibebis stadiaSia. am dros
jer kidev ar arsebobs dasavleTis is gageba, romelic reformaciis
Semdgom
Camoyalibda.
aqamde
qristianul
samyaros
kidev
ramdenime
saukune unda gaevlo. amitom Cvens mier sakvlev periodSi Sua saukuneebis
evropa
da
bizantia,
mTeli
rig
sferoebSi
maT
Soris
arsebuli
gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, jer kidev SeiZleba erT qristianul sivrced
gaviazroT.
rogorc aRvniSneT,
istoriis
aRqmis
Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois da
Taviseburebis
kvlevisaTvis
saWiroa
am
problemis
ganxilva anTopologiur WrilSi, misi kulturuli/socialuri aspeqtis
6
warmoCena,
kerZod,
drosa
da
istoriul
procesze
koleqtiuri
Sexedulebebis gamovlena saistorio mwerlobaze dayrdnobiT.
gaweulma muSaobam aCvena, rom Cveni winaswari varaudebi, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT,
dadasturda,
zogierT
konkretul
SemTxvevaSi
ki
gansxavebuli suraTi miviReT. magaliTad, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,
erTi mxriv, qarTuli teqstebi avlenen zogad qristianul maxasiaTeblebs
droisa da istoriis gagebasTan mimarTebaSi. es Cans drois qrisitinuli
koncefciis primatSi, istoriul narativTa tipebSi da sxv. magram, meore
mxriv, kvlevis procesSi gamovlinda mTeli rigi gansxvavebebi qarTul
saistorioo mwerlobasa da qristianuli samyaros sxva istoriografiul
tradiciebs Soris. magaliTad, es exeba saistorio mwerlobis Janrobriv
Taviseburebebs.
am
sakiTxebs
warmodgenil
naSromSi
dawvrilebiT
ganvixilavT da ZiriTad debulebebs mis dakvnaSi avsaxavT.
mecnieruli siaxle. kulturaTa tipologiuri kvleva kulturis
mecnierebebis, rogorc holisturi, integraluri da komparativistuli
disciplinis, erT-erTi
ZiriTadi da yvelaze aqtualuri problemaa.
qarTul samecniero realobaSi msgavsi tipis kvlevebi didi xani ar aris,
rac daiwyo da, amdenad, CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxisadmi sagangebod
miZRvnili naSromi TiTo-orola Tu moiZebneba. es garemoeba arTulebs
qarTuli kulturis raobis mkafiod gamovlenas. wamodgenili naSromi
qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis kvlevis axlad damkvidrebuli
tradiciis gagrZelebaa. amasTan erTad, naSromi Sua saukuneebis qarTul
kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis, rogorc tipologiuri
maxasiaTeblis kvlevis pirveli cdaa. es ki saSualebas gvaZlevs, Sua
saukuneebis qarTul kulturas gansxvavebuli rakursiT SevxedoT.
kvlevis
mecnierebebSi
meTodologiuri
SemuSavebulia
da
Teoriuli
mravali
safuZvlebi.
Teoriuli
modeli,
kulturis
romlebic
kulturis rTuli da mravalmxrivi fenomenis asaxsnelad gamoiyeneba.
naSromSi formulirebuli problemis kvleva adekvatur meTodologiur
da
Teoriul
safuZvels
unda
emyarebodes.
erT-erT
aseT
Teoriul
modelad gvesaxeba lokalur-civilizaciuri koncefcia, ramdenadac misi
mTavari
Tavisebureba, swored, garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze
kulturaTa tipologizaciaa. droisa da istoriis gaazrebis specifika
mxolod erT-erTia im mraval maxasiaTebels Soris, romlebic avlenen
7
kulturis
xasiaTs
da
misi
tipologiuri
raobis
gansazRvris
SesaZleblobas iZlevian.
lokalur-civilizaciuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, kacobrioba mravali,
erTmaneTisgan
TiToeuli
gansxvavebuli,
kultura
kulturis
unikaluri
da
erTobliobas
TviTkmari
(Tumca
warmoadgens.
ara
Caketili)
erTobaa, romelic ganviTarebis sakuTar gzas gadis. es midgoma XIX
saukuneSi
Camoyalibebuli
gabatonebuli
gvevlineba,
da
dasavleTis
evolucionisturi
romlis
mixedviT,
Teoriis
arsebobs
samecniero
wreebSi
alternatiul
erTiani
xedvad
kacobrioba,
saerTo
istoriiT da ganviTarebis erTgvarovani gziT. evolucionistebis azriT,
msoflioSi
arsebuli
kulturuli
mrvalferovneba
im
garemoebiT
aixsneba, rom e.w. “civilizebuli” da “CamorCenili” xalxebi saerTo
sakacobrio istoriis sxvadasxva safexurze dganan. magaliTad, isini
miiCnevdnen,
rom
dasavleTma
ukve
miaRwia
civilizaciis
dones,
sxva
xalxebi ki am gzas mogvinebiT gaivlidnen. e.b. tailoris, (E.B. Tylor), j.
frezeris (J. Frazer), l. h. morganis (L. H. Morgan) da sxva adreuli periodis
anTropologebis mier Seqmnili es Teoriuli modeli Semdgomi periodis
koncefciebzec axdenda gavlenas. magaliTad, es gavlena Cans XX saukunis
ganmavlobaSi
aradasavluri
kulturebis
mimarT
arsebul
SefasebiT
damokidebulebaSi. msoflio istoriis evropocentristuli xedva arc
TanamedroveobisTvis
adanaSauleben
ZaldatanebiT
aris
imaSi,
rom
Tavsmoxvevas
ucxo.
is
dRes
dasavleTs
Zveleburad
cdilobs
Tavisi
aRmosavleTisa
kvlav
Riad
Rirebulebebis
da,
saerTod,
aradasavleTisaTvis.
kulturaTa
safuZvelze,
xeli
tiplogizaciam
Seuwyo
am
konkretuli
maxasiaTebelTa
Camoyalibebas. xangrZlivi tradiciis mqone
maxasiaTeblebis
diqotomiuri
xedvis
“dasavleT-aRmosavleTis”
diqotomia kulturaTa da civilizciaTa tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebis
safuZvelzea
agebuli.
dasavleTisa
da
aRmosavleTis
maxasiTeblebad
miCneuli niSan-Tvisebebis CamonaTvali jgufdeba socialur-ekonomikuri,
politikuri, istoriuli, kulturul-istoriuli niSniT.
aRmosavleTi
erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdeba
adamianis adgilis gansazRvriT;
samyaros
“dasavleTi da
xedviTa
da
masSi
bunebis aRqmiTa da masze zemoqmedebis
(misi Semecnebis) xerxebiT _ magiuri, racionaluri, teqnikuri Tu sxv;
8
individisa
da
Sromisadmi;
koleqtivis
urTierTmimarTebiT;
damokidebulebiT
urTierTobaTa
regulatorisadmi;
urTierTmimarTebiT...
urbanistul,
samarTlis,
(Ciqovani
industriul,
damokidebulebiT
rogorc
amqveyniuris
2005:
84);
demokratiul,
socialur
da
imqveyniuris
dasavleTi
ganixileba
sekularul,
pluralur,
racionalur, dinamiur civilizaciad. aRmosavleTi ki, amis sapirispirod,
miCneulia
sasoflo,
agrarul,
avtoritarul,
religiur,
monistur,
intuiciur, statikur erTobad.
amgvari diqotomiebis arsebobas bevri mowinaaRmdege yavs. marTlac,
tradiciuli
gagebiT,
dasavleTisa
da
aRmosavleTis
diqotomias
yovelTvis iyenebdnen xarisxobrivi da SefasebiTi mniSvnelobiT. xSirad,
es
modeli
xels
maxasiaTeblebis
uSlis
rigi
gamovlenas,
msgavsi,
TiTqos,
dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris.
saerTo
Tu
radikalurad
universaluri
dapirispirebul
Sesabamisad, bevrs miaCnia, rom es
Zalian mkacri modelia dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris sxvaobis
aRsaniSnavad.
magram, amasTan erTad,
Cven ver ugulebelvyofT realur,
fundamentur da tipur gansxvavebebs maT Soris. es srulebiTac ar
niSnavs, rom romelime sazogadoebis maxasiaTeblebi SevafasoT da maT
“ganviTarebuli” an “primitiuli” kulturebi vuwodoT.
zemoTac aRiniSna, rom qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis
problema
gansakuTrebiT
aqtualuria
civlizaciaTa
gzajvaredinze
saqarTvelos arsebobis gamo. amitomac dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis
urTierTmimarTebis
konteqstSi
qarTuli
kulturis
ganxilva
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens da, SeiZleba, saintereso dakvnebamde
migviyvanos. Tumca gasaTvaliswibebelia is garemoebac, rom garkveuli
maxasiaTebeli,
SeiZleba,
erT
civilizaciasTan
_
magaliTad,
dasavleTTan _ gvakavSirebdes,. sxva niSniT ki aRmosavlur sivrcesTan
viyoT ufro axlos. amitom, romelime erTi maxasiaTeblis safuZvelze
kulturuli
da
civilizaciuri
raobis
Sesaxeb
daskvnis
gakeTeba
marTebuli ar iqneboda.
Sua saukunebis qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis
koncefciis
kvleva,
Cveni
azriT,
kulturuli
anTropologiis
perpeqtivaSi unda moxdes, radgan naSromSi sakvlevi problema dasmulia
koleqtiur,
sazogadoebriv
aspeqtSi.
aq
yuradReba
unda
mieqces
im
9
garemoebasac,
rom
kulturuli
ZiriTadad,
“cocxali
sakiTxi
Sua
ki
istoriuli
anTropologiis
sazogadoebebi”
saukuneebis
perspeqtivis
kvlevis
(living societies)
qarTul
Sedis.
sazogadoebas
gaTvaliswinebiT,
arealSi,
sakvlevi
ukavSirdeba.
msgavsi
tipis
am
kvleva,
garkveuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba istoriul anTropologiis
sferosac
mivakuTvnoT.
Tumca,
vfiqrobT,
rom
kulturul-
anTropologiuri da istoriul-anTropologiuri midgomebi pricipulad
ar
gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisgan,
radgan,
orive
SemTxvevaSi,
kvlevis
mTavari obieqti sazogadoebaa. Tumca, Tanamedrove anTropologebisagan
gansxvavebiT, Cven ver SevZlebT sakvlev sazogadoebaSi cxovrebas da
“CarTuli
dakvirvebis”
meTodiT
mis
“Signidan”
Seswavlas.
naSromSi
“informantebis” rols asruleben Sua saukuneebis istoriuli teqstebi
da ara cocxali adamianebi. es wyaroebi pirdapir ar gagvcemen pasuxs
CvenTvis saintereso kiTxvebze, Tumca, rogorc “analebis” saistorio
skolis warmomadgenlebi miiCnevdnen, mTavaria sworad davusvaT kiTxvebi
wyaroebs da isini aucileblad gvipasuxeben.
am
Tvalsazrisidan
gamomdinare,
naSromSi
qarTuli
saistorio
teqstebi danaxulia specifikuri rakursiT, romelic mimarTulia Sua
saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis
Taviseburebebis
gamovlenisaken.
sakvlevi
sakiTxebic
am
rakursis
Sesabamisad aris formurilebuli. magaliTad, vlindeba Tu ara “qarTlis
cxovrebis” teqstebSi Sua saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
koleqtiuri warmodgenebi drosa da istoriaze? Tu vlindeba _ ra
formiT? da a.S. msgavsi tipis kiTxvebze uSualo pasuxi, rogorc wesi, ar
arsebobs, radgan avtori am sakiTxebze sagangebod ar msjelobs. Tumca
misi teqsti SeiZleba Seicavdes cnobebs im “temporalur ritmebze”,
romliTac cxovrobda es avtori da misi Tanamedrove sazogadoeba.
kvlevis
meTodebi.
naSromSi
dasaxuli
miznis
(Sua
saukuneebis
qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis maxasiaTeblis
kvleva,
masTan
realizacia)
miRweva
gamoyenebiT.
ra
davinaxavT,
ver
moviazrebdeT
dakavSirebuli
Tqma
SesaZleblad
unda,
gavigebT,
mas.
Teoriul-meTodologiuri
magram,
Tu
qarTul
romeli
aseve
gvesaxeba
SedarebiTi
kulturas
civilizaciis
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
midgomis
meTodis
“Signidan”
konteqstSi
rom
Tu
ar
unda
sxva
10
kulturebTan ar gavavlebT paralelebs, sakuTari kulturis Secnobis
gzaze bevri dabrkoleba Segvxdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelosa da
qarTuli kulturis istoriis problemebis msgavsi meTodebiT kvlevis,
tradiciis ararseboba, mniSvnelovanwilad, ganapirobebs imas, rom Zalian
gviWirs
saqarTvelos
moazreba
romelime
didi
erTobis
konteqstSi,
msjeloba Tanamedrove etapze Zalian aqtualur sakiTxze _ dasavleTTan
Cveni mimarTebis Taobaze.
ufro myari da racionaluri iqneboda, Tu
Cvens samecniero wreebSi meti yuradReba mieqceoda kros-kulturul da
SedarebiT kvlevebs. qarTuli kulturis konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis
ganxilva
komparativistul
WrilSi
,misi
ufro
srulyofilad
interpretaciis da tipologizaciis saSualebas mogvcems.
kros-kulturuli SedarebiTi meTodi aseve iTvaliswinebs sakvlevi
problemisTvis
Sesabamisi
sivrciTi
da
droiTi
konteqstis
moZebnas.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, problema unda ganixilebodes horizontalur da
diaqronul
WrilSi.
warmodgenili
naSromis
farglebSi
qarTuli
kultura ganixileba medievaluri qristianuli samyaros konteqsti.
Sua saukuneebi qarTuli kulturis SedarebiTi kvlevisaTvis erTerTi mniSvnelovani periodia. gansakuTrebiT saintereso paralelebis
moZebna
SeiZleba
maSindeli
qristianuli
samyaros
sazogadoebebTan.
zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom am periodis evropaSic da saqarTveloSic
qristianobis
maxasiaTeblebi,
damkvidrebis
Sedegad
yalibdeba
romlebic
SemdgomSic
is
gansazRvrvdenen
kulturuli
kulturul
Taviseburebebs. Tumca saWiroa drois ufro dakonkreteba, radgan Sua
saukuneebi sakmaod did periods moicavs. arsebobs misi periodizaciis
gansxvavebuli
sqemebi.
magaliTad,
erT
SemTxvevaSi
Sua
saukuneebis
dasasruls ukavSreben evropaSi momxdar samrewvelo revouluciebs, sxva
SemTxvevaSi _ konstantinepolis dacemas. arsebobs sxva mosazrebebic.
warmodgenil
naSromSi,
ZiriTadad,
vexebiT
XIV
saukunemde
periodis
qarTvel avtorTa teqstebs. swored am periodamde TariRdeba “qarTlis
cxovrebis”
e.w.
Zveli
saqarTveloSic da
epoqaSi,
cvlilebebi,
teqstebi.
garda
amisa,
es
periodi
evropaSic ueWvelad iTvleba Sua saukuneebad. am
saqarTveloSic
qristianoba
ciklis
da
eropaSic,
msoflmxedvelobas,
gansazRvravda.
evropul
cnobierebaSi
romlebic
renesanss
da
ZiriTadad,
momxdari
reformacias
didi
ukavSirdeba,
11
umTavresad, XIII saukunis Semdeg iwyeba. manamde ki, evropa gamsWvalulia
qristianul-providencialuri SegnebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvens mier
SerCeul periodSi (Sua saukuneebi XIV saukunemde) eqceva kaTolicizmisa
da marTmadideblobis gayofa, dasavlur da aRmosavlur qristianul
samyaros jer kidev ar mijnavs reformaciis mier mkafiod gavlebuli
sazRvari. rac mTavaria, am periodSi bizantia isev arsebobs. saqarTvelos
da maSindel evropas Soris jer kidev ar yofs absoluturad ucxo
osmaleTis imperia, aramed maT Soris gamaSualebeli rgolia mZlavri
qristianuli kultura (Tu civilizacia?) _ bizantia, romelic didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi
kulturuli
evropasac.
amitom
maSindeli
qristianuli
nakadebiT
vfiqrobT,
rom
samyaro,
asazrdoebda
Sua
saqarTvelosac
saukuneebis
evropis
da
saqarTvelo
bizantiis
da
da
CaTvliT,
tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, Tanazomadi sidideebia. amis Tqma swored
drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis magaliTze SeiZleba, radgan es
kulturuli
maxasiaTebeli
am
periodSi,
ZiriTadad,
qrisitianuli
religiiT iyo gansazRvruli.
rodesac konkretul maxasiaTebels vikvlevT, unda vecadoT, rom
davadginoT
msgavsebebi
da
gansxvavebebi
Sedarebad
nimuSebs
Soris.
magram aseve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom SedarebiTi meTodiT kvleva
miznad ar isaxavs identuri da ganmeorebadi faqtebis, movlenebis da
fenomenebis gamovlenas. am tipis kvleva, umTavresad, fokusirebuli unda
iyos imaze, Tu ratom da rogor Cndeba es msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi
kulturaTa Soris.
Cvenc am TvalsazrsiT mivudgebiT Sua saukuneebis
saqarTvelosa da danarCeni qrisitanuli samyaros SedarebiT analizs
CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi.
sakvlevi sakiTxis Seswavlis mdgomareoba. didi xani ar aris, rac
qarTul
samecniero
sivrceSi
qarTuli
kulturis
raobis,
misi
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxi kvlevis sagani gaxda. konkretuli
tipologiuri maxasiTeblebis kvlevis safuZvelze, qarTuli kulturis
rig
sakiTxebze
mkvlevarTa
ganmazogadebel
mxolod
mcire
daskvnebs,
nawilTan
jerjerobiT,
vxdebiT.
arsebobs
qarTvel
ramdenime
monografia da statia, romlebic msgavs problematikas eZRvneba.
saqarTvelos kulturul-civilizaciuri ganviTarebis problemebs,
maTi kvlevis meTodologiur safuZvlebs exeba nino Ciqovanis naSromi
12
“saqarTvelos
kulturuli
civilizaciaTa
Teoriis
Suqze
pirvelad
saqarTvelos
raoba
da
konteqstSi”.
ganixilavs
civilizaciuri
avtori
civilizaciaTa
aqtualur
civilizaciaTa
kuTvnileba
problemebs,
gzajvarednze
Teoriis
romlebic
arsebobas,
kavkasiis
kulturul sivrces, kulturul da civilizaciur identobas exeba.
konkretuli
maxasiaTeblis
tipologizaciis
“sivrciTi
cda
safuZvelze
ekuTvnis
orientacia
–
qeTevan
kulturaTa
qarTuli
kulturis
kakitelaSvils.
tipologiis
naSromSi
safuZveli”
aseT
maxasiaTeblad aRebulia adamianis mier sivrcis aRqma da sivrcisadmi
damokidebuleba, romelic kulturuli Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva sferoSi
vlindeba. igive avtori statiaSi “kulturuli procesebis marTva V-XI
saukuneebSi
qarTuli
sakiTxebTan
erTad,
agiografiuli
exeba
teqstebis
istoriuli
mixedviT”,
mexsierebis
problemas
sxva
Sua
saukuneebis agiografebsa da sasuliero moRvaweebTan.
qarTuli
monografia
mentalitetis
“codva
da
SiSi
Seswavlas
Sua
eZRvneba
saukuneebSi
rusudan
(qarTuli
labaZis
mentaluri
modelis ori aspeqti)”, sadac, franguli “axali istoriuli mecnierebis”
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Seswavlili da gaanalizebulia codvisa
da
esqatologiuri
SiSis
problema
Sua
saukuneebis
qarTul
sazogadoebaSi.
garda am gamokvlevebisa, arsebobs kidev sxva naSromebic, magram
umravleosoba
Jurnal-gazeTebSi
gamoqveynebuli
statiebia,
romlebic
qarTuli kulturis ama Tu im aspeqtebs eZRvneba. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia
g.niJaraZis,
k.
kacitaZis,
e.jgerenaias
da
sxva
qarTveli
avtorebis
da
istoriis
gaazrebis
teqstebis
gaazrebis
publikaciebi.
warmodgenili
kuTxiT
Sua
naSromi
saukuneebis
drois
aRqmisa
qarTuli
saistorio
pirveli cdaa. manamde, qarTul kulturaSi droisa da istoriis gageba,
rogorc kulturuli maxasiaTebeli, qarTveli (da ucxoeli) mkvlevrebis
sagangebo Seswavlis sagani ar yofila.
saerTod,
Sua
saukuneebis
qarTuli
saistorio
mwerlobis,
“qarTlis cxovrebis” krebulSi Semavali teqstebis wyaroTmcodneobiT
Sewavlas CvenSi didi tradicia aqvs. magram sawyis stadiazea am Zeglebis
Seswavla
kvlevis
axali
meTodebis
moSveliebiT.
im
mcirericxovan
13
mkvlevarTa Soris, romlebic cdiloben, gansxvavebulad Sexedon Sua
saukuneebis qarTul istoriul teqstebs, pirvel rigSi davasaxelebdiT
kaxa kacitaZes. statiaSi “snori sturlusonis “qveynierebis wre” da
arqauli
teqstebis
tipologia”
igi
aRniSnavs,
rom
“qarTuli
humanitaruli mecnierebebis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebas unda
warmoadgendes
miyeneba
dasavleTSi
qarTuli
Tvisebrivad
aprobirebuli
kulturis
ganaxlebuli
meTodebis
Zeglebisadmi...
wardgebian
axali
qarTuli
da
nou-hauebis
midgomebis
teqstebi,
maT
Suqze
Soris
iseTebic, romlebSic Sesaswavli TiTqos aRarc araferi iyo” (kacitaZe
2001:
64).
am
saintereso
mosazrebas
iqneboda
mTlianad
veTanxmebiT.
skandinavistebis
da
k.
kacitaZis
TqmiT,
keltologebis
mier
aprobirebuli paradigmebis gamoyeneba qarTuli teqstebis kvlevis dros.
kerZod, axali tipologiuri meTodebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs garkveuli
parametrebis
gamoyofas.
magaliTad,
aqtantebi,
dro,
sivrce,
teqstis
xasiaTi, teqstis gaerTianebis principi da a.S.
“qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebSi tipologiuri sakiTxebis garSemo
saintereso kvlevebi aqvT sxva qarTvel mkvlevrebsac. magaliTad, mariam
CxartiSvili exeba identobis problemebs Zvel qarTul teqstebSi; l.
patariZes ekuTvnis mefobis ideis kvleva “vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebaSi”
da sxv.
dasavleTSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis koncefciis Seswavlis
mdidari
gamocdileba
dagrovda.
naSromis
sakvlevi
sakiTxidan
gamomdinare, ZiriTadad, ganvixilavT kulturuli anTropologiis da
saistorio mecnierebis farglebSi SemuSavebul paradigmebs.
anTropologiur kvlevebSi didi yuradReba eTmoboda ama Tu im
sazogadoebaSi
farglebi
drosTan
Semqnili
damoikdebulebis
“modernuli”
da
sakiTxs.
am
“tradiciuli”
disciplinis
sazogadoebebis
diqotomiis erT-erT msazRvrelad swored droisa da istoriis aRqma
gvevlineba. am diqotomiis Tanaxmad, “tradiciul” kulturebSi drois
aRqma ganixileba, rogorc dasavluri drois opozicia. es dro ufro
“cikluria, vidre xazovani, raodenobrivi, vidre xarisxobrivi, Seqcevadi,
vidre Seuqcevadi, Semofarglulia tradiciiT da Tavad ar warmoadgens
istoriis
wesrigiT
mamoZravebels;
da
praqtikuli
igi
organizebulia
amocanebiT,
vidre
ufro
saaTiT,
yoveldRiuri
orientirebulia
14
ufro
stabilurobaze,
vidre
cvlilebebze,
damokidebuli, vidre kalendris ritmze,
ritmis,
vidre
abstraqtuli
sqemebis
ufro
bunebazea
aRiricxeba ufro bunebrivi
safuZvelze.
dasavluri
drois
gancda daxasiaTebulia rogorc erTmimarTulebiani, uwyveti mdinareba,
movlenaTa rigi, romlebic warsulidan momavlisken mimarTul xazzea
gamwkrivebuli.
drois
dasavluri
gageba
daxasiaTebulia
rogorc
abstraqtuli, sworxazovani da moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli” (adami 2005:
99-101).
es diqtomia wiTel zolad gasdevs e. evans-priCardis (E. EvansPritchard)
b. uorfis ( B. Whorf), k. levi strosis (C.Levi-Strauss)
da sxva
cnobili anTropologebis Sromebs.
zemoT
aRniSnuli
kulturebs
ikvlevdnen.
anTropologebi,
warsulis
ZiriTadad,
sazogadoebebis
maT
Tanamedrove
anTropologiuri
kvleva ki dakaSvirebulia “analebis” saistorio skolis wamomadgenlebis
m. blokis (M. Bloch), l. fevris (L. Febvre), f. brodelis (F. Braudel), J. legofis (J. Le Gof) da sxvebis saxelebTan. “analebis” skolam warsulis
Sewavlis
procesSi
mTavar
miznad
daisaxa
maSindeli
adamianis
da
mniSvnelovani
da
sazogadoebis mentalitetis kvleva.
“analebis”
novatoruli
istoriis
skolis
kvleva
gagebis
warmomadgenlebma
miuZRvnes
Sua
problematikas.
araerTi
saukuneebSi
f.
drois
brodels
aRqmisa
ekuTvnis
da
“didi
xangrlivobis drois” anu istoriis sami ritmis koncefcia; m. bloki da J.
le gofi sagangebod ikvlevdnen Sua saukunebis sazogadoebaSi droisa da
istoriis aRqmis sxvadasxva aspeqts. J. le gofma Rrma kvlevebi miuZRvna
Sua saukuneebis “droTa mravalgvarobis”, anu sxvadasxva socialuri
jgufis
drois
gagebas,
magaliTad,
eklesiur,
vaWrebis,
glexebis,
feodalebis da sxva droebs.
droisa da istoriis aRqmis kvlevis dros gverds ver avuvliT
koleqtiuri mexsierebis sakiTxs. dasavlur samecniero tradiciaSi am
problemis
Seswavlis
mdidari
tradicia
Camoyalibda.
am
sakiTxs
ikvlevdnen cnobili inteleqtualebi m. halbvaqsi (M. Halbwachs), p. nora (P.
Nora), e. zerubaveli (E. Zerubavel) da sxv.
rogorc am mokle ganxilvidan vxedavT, dasavleTSi kulturis
tipologiuri
maxasiaTeblebis
kvlevasa
da
analizs
araerTi
15
mniSvnelovani
naSromi
mieZRvna.
es
Cans,
Tundac,
drois
aRqmisa
da
istoriis gaazrebis problemaze refleqsiis mdidari gamocdilebidan.
amitom, dasavleTSi Seqmnili kvlevis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri
modelebis qarTul samecniero sinamdvileSi gadmotana bevrad waswevda
win qarTuli kulturis tipologiuri raobis kvlevis saqmes, romelic
jer kidev sawyis stadiazea.
sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva
a) wyaroebi
Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis
koncefciis
sakiTxs
imdroindeli
qarTuli
saistorio
tradiciis,
“qarTlis cxovrebis” mixedviT ganvixilavT. mkvlevarTa azriT, “qarTlis
cxovreba” Sedgeba ori ciklis Txzulebebisgan. Zveli cikli moicavs XIV
saukunemde periodis teqstebs, axali cikli ki XIV-XVII saukuneebis
amsaxvel Txzulebebs. Cvens mier arCeuli teqstebi “qarTlis cxovrebis”
e.w. Zvel ciklSi Sedis.
kerZod,
naSromSi
gamoyenebulia
krebulSi
Sesuli
Semdegi
teqstebi:
XI
saukunis
avtoris
leonti
mrovelis
nawarmoebad
miCneuli
“cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa”, romliTac ixsneba “qarTlis cxovrebis”
krebuli. misi ZiriTadi nawili saqarTvelos istoriis uZveles periods
exeba, masSi Txroba V saukunemde modis.
XI saukunis avtoris juanSeris saistorio Txzuleba “cxovreba
vaxtang
gorgasalisa”.
cxovrebas”
wlebidan
da
VIII
igi
mogviTxrobs
saukunis
agrZelebs
leonti
saqarTvelos
40-50-ian
wlebamde.
mrovelis
istorias
aq
unda
V
“mefeTa
saukunis
Sua
aRiniSnos,
rom
“qarTlis cxovrebis” am nawilis avtoris vinaobis da sakuTriv teqstis
daTariRebis
sakiTxebze
qarTvel
mecnierebs
Soris
erTgvarovani
mosazreba ar arsebobs. Tumca, umTavresad, miRebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom
juanSeris saxeliT cnobili avtori XI saukuneSi cxovrobda.
ucnobi
avtoris
“matiane
qarTlisa”,
romelic
juanSeris
Txzulebis gagrZelebad gvevlineba. masSi moTxrobilia saqarTvelos
istoriis ambebi VIII saukunis Sua wlebidan XI sukunis 70-ian wlebamde.
16
anonimi
“matiane
avtoris
qarTlisas”
“cxovreba
mefeT-mefisa
gagrelebaa.
mkvlevarTa
daviTisi”.
azriT,
es
teqsti
avtori
daviT
aRmaSeneblis Tanamedrove da masTan daaxloebuli piri iyo.
XI
saukunis
istirikosis,
bagrationebis
sagvareulo
mematianis
sumbat daviTisZis Txzuleba “cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa”. es
teqsti
calke
Txzulebis
saxiT
“qarTlis
cxovrebis”
mxolod
zog
nusxaSia Sesuli (magaliTad, XVIII saukuniT daTariRebul mariamiseul
nusxaSi).
“qarTlis
cxovrebis”
danarCen
redaqciebSi
ki
igi
sxva
teqstebTanaa Serwymuli,. sumbatis qronika bagrationebis sagvareulos
genealogias exeba. teqstSi Txroba adamidan iwyeba da XI saukunis 30-ian
wlebamde modis.
laSa giorgis droindeli mematianis teqsti, romelic XII saukunisa
da XIII saukunis pirvel meoTxedis movlenebs aRwers.
ucnobi avtoris “istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani” da basili
ezosmoZRvris Txzulebad miCneuli “cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi”. orive teqsti Tamar mefis Tanamedrove istorikosTa Txzulebebia.
Cveni interesis sferoSi ar Sedis “qarTlis cxovrebis” krebulis
Sedgenilobis,
avtorTa
wyaroTmcodneobisTvis
vinaobis,
tipuri
teqstebis
sakiTxebis
daTariRebis
kvleva.
Sua
da
sxva,
saukuneebis
qarTuli istoriuli teqstebisgan gvinda gavigoT pasuxebi im kiTxvaze,
romelic maTTvis jer aravis dausvmas. kiTxva mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu
rogor aRiqvamda drosa
da istorias Sua saukuneebis avtori da misi
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba.
b) literatura
Tanamedrove
etapze
warsulis
kvlevaSi,
tradiciulTan
erTad,
axali paradigmebi gamoiyeneba. erT-erT aseT paradigmas warmoadgens
istoriis
adamianuri
kvlevis
yofis
anTropologiuri
da
perspeqtiva,
kulturuli
romelic
realobis
yvela
warsulSi
aspeqtis
rekonstruirebas gulisxmobs. anTropologiuri kvlevis midgomebis da
xerxebis, maT safuZvelze drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis kvlevis
principebis ganxilvis dros veyrdnobiT b. adamis (B. Adam), a. barnardis
(A. Barnard), j. gudmenis ( J. Goodman), p. memotis (P. Memmott), p. berkis (P.
Burke), a. gureviCisa da sxv. Sromebs.
17
istoriisa
da
anTropologiis
urTierTmimarTebis,
istoriul
kvlevebSi kulturis cnebis mniSvnelobis zrdaze saubrobs p. berki
Tavis wignSi “ra aris kulturis istoria?”. igi detalurad ganixilavs
pozitivisturi istoriografiis kvlevis arealis siviwroves, romelic,
ZiriTadad,
politikis
sferos
miiCnevs im faqts, rom
xedva
“zemodan”
danergviT.
aq
berki
mniSvnelovan
mijnad
tradiciuli istoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
qvemoT
ukve
moicavda.
Seicvla
“qvemodan”,
axali
masebis
istoriuli
TvalebiT
paradigmebis
danaxul
istorias
eniWeba upiratesoba.
sxva
naSromSi
momavali”
berki
kulturis
cnebis
“uvertiura:
exeba
im
axali
faqts,
farTo,
rom
istoria,
XX
anTropologiuri
misi
saukunis
warsuli
da
istorikosebma
mniSvnelobiT
gamoyeneba
daiwyes. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis mier istoriuli movlenebis axsnasa da
gaazrebaSi
sul
faseulobaTa
ufro
sistemas,
da
ufro
romelic
didi
mniSvneloba
konkretuli
eniWeba
im
jgufebis
cxovrebas
“analebis”
franguli
gansazRvravda konkretul drosa da adgilas.
istoriuli
anTropologiis
saistorio
skolis
“istoriis
rogorc
ganviTarebaSi
mniSvnelobaze
adamianis
wers
Sesaxeb
a.
gureviCi
mecnierebis
Tavis
gageba.
naSromSi
istoriuli
mecniereba saukuneebis gasayarze”. swored am skolis warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen pirvelebi, vinc anTropologiuri problematikiT dainteresda da
saTave daudo warsulis kvlevis axal gzebs. yuradRebis centSi moeqca
warsuli
periodis
adamiani
da
sazogadoeba,
nacvlad
mxolod
politikuri faqtebisa da procesebisa.
igive
sakiTxebs
exeba
j.
gudmeni
wignSi
“istoria
da
anTropologia”. avtori aRwers, Tu rogor gaxda “analebis” skolis
pirveli
warmomadgenlebis
Semdeg
“istoriuli
mecniereba
ufro
istoriuli _ anTropologiad gardaqmnis procesSi, anTropologia ki
ufro anTropologiuri _ istoriad garadqmnis dros”.
b.
adami
Tavis
“drois
aRqmaSi”
yuradRebas
amaxvilebs
drois
gancdis mravlgvarobaze. dro adamianuri arsebobis ganuyofeli nawilia,
romelic
adamianur
mocemulia
fizikur
urTierTobebSi,
procesebSi,
maTematikis
socialur
abstraqtul
tradiciebSi,
gaTvlebsa
da,
18
saerTod, yvela aspeqtSi. dro aris CarCo, romlis farglebSi adamianebi
aregulireben TavianT cxovrebas.
p. memoti naSromSi “tangkikis drois wesrigi: drois Sewavlis
anTropologiuri
garemos
gavlenas.
aborigenebis
drois
dakavSirebuli
drois
perspeqtiva”
magaliTad,
gageba
sxva
gagebaze
ganixilavs
bunebis
zRvasTan
zRvis
movlenebiT
gavlena
drois
mcxovrebi
miqceviT
aris
aRqmaze
da
avstralieli
moqceviT
gansazRvruli.
universaluri
bunebrivi
da
masTan
sazogadoebaSi
movlenaa
da
yvela
kulturaSi, maT Soris dasavlurSic, vlindeba.
antikuri
periodis
saistorio
mwerlobaSi
drois
aRqmisa
da
istoriis gaazrebis sakiTxze msjelobisas veyrdnobodiT g. viTrous
naSroms
(G.
Whitrow)
“dro
da
istoria.
drosTan
damokidebuleba
preistoriidan Tamedroveobamde”, .h. baterfildis (H.Butterfield) “istoriis
warmoSobas”, m. komberis (M. Comber) “romaeli istorikosebis gadakiTxvas”
da sxv.
am avtorebis kvlevebSi antikuri xanis berZnebis mier drois aRqma
daxasiaTebulia,
rogorc
cikluri
wrebrunva.
am
dros
ar
aqvs
Seuqcevadobis Tviseba. garkveuli gagebiT, arsebobs mxolod awmyo da
swored
am
awmyoSi
igulisxmeba
warsulic
gagebiT, samyaro iyo wesrigi, kosmosi,
moazreboda.
daiWras,
es
iyo
materialuri
mowesrigdes
gansazRvravda
da
warsulis
da
momavalic.
antikuri
da droc ki sivrciT kategoriaSi
ram,
romelic
klasificirdes.
perspeqtivis
SeiZleba
drois
simokles
gaizomos,
amgvari
da
gageba
istoriuli
mexsierebis deficits. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebis azriT, berZnebma ver
miaRwies istoriuli cnobierebas,
radgan mcdari Sexeduleba hqondaT
droze da drois dinebaze.
Sua saukuneebSi qristianobam droisa da istoriis axali, iudeurqristianuli koncefcia daamkvidra. Sua saukuneebis qristiani avtorebis
Semoqmedeba
gansazRvruli
iyo
providencialisturi
istoriisa
da
xazovani drois SegnebiT. maSindeli gagebiT, istoria RmerTisgan aris
winaswargansazRruli.
kacobriobis
xsnis
RvTaebrivi
gegmis
ganxorcielebis procesi macxovris movlinebiT daiwyo da am miznis
miRwevis Semdeg istoria Tavis sasrul wertils miaRwevda. istoriis
19
providencialisturi idea miuTiTebs, rom drois perspeqtiva gaizarda da
igi sworxazovani da Seuqcevadi gaxda.
naSromSi
Sua
saukuneebis
saistorio
mwerlobis
Janrobrivi
klasifikaciis problemas vexebiT. Cveni azriT, droisa da istoriis
aRqmasa
da
saistorio
mwerlobis
Janrobriv
Taviseburebebs
Soris
mWidro kavSiria. Cven cal-calke vixilavT Sua saukuneebis evropuli,
bizantiuri da qarTuli istoiografiis magaliTebs.
Sua saukuneebis evropaSi saistorio mwerlobaze da, masTan erTad,
mis Janrobriv Taviseburebebze Zalian saintereso gamokvlevebi aqvT b.
genes (B. Guenèe), J. le gofs, m. bloks, f. brodels da sxva cnobil
evropel
medievistebs.
istoria
da
b.
genes
istoriuli
istorikosis
ZiriTadi
wignSi
kultura”
mizani
“Sua
saubaria,
movlenebis
saukuneebis
rom
droSi
dasavleTis
Sua
saukuneebis
warmoCena
iyo.
Sua
saukuneebis istoriografia, antikurisgan gansxvavebiT, cudad axerxebda
sivrceSi orientirebas. samagierod, is Tavis arss droSi xedavda da mas
qronologiis
“tiraniis”
qveS
uxdeboda
arseboba.
es
vlindeba
Sua
saukuneebis evropaSi “qronikis” da “analebis” Janrebis popularobaSi,
romlebSic
Txroba
Txrobis
adamis
wamyvani
droidan
faqtoria
iwyeboda
dro.
da
magaliTad,
istorikosis
qronikaSi
Tanamedrove
periodamde modioda.
bizantiuri saistorio mwerlobis Janrebze da TiToeul maTganSi
drosTan damokidebulebaze saintereso kvlevebi aqvT a. lebedevs (А.
Лебедев.), b. dostalovas (Б. Досталова), z. udalcovas (З. Удальцова), i.
lubarskis (Я..Любарский) da sxv. am avtorTa naSromebSi xazgasmulia
Janrobrivi
ganxvaveba
“istoriebs”,
“saeklesio
istoriebsa”
da
“qronografiebs” Soris. es gansxvavebebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warmoSobs
sxvaobas
drosTan
damokidebulebis
TvalsazrisiTac.
bizantiur
“istoriebSi” sworxazovani drois gageba ar Cans. adreuli periodis
saero istorikosebTan da aseve mogviano xanis avtorebTanac cikluri
drois gavlena igrZnoba. bizantieli istorikosebic, antikuri epoqis
avtorTa msgavsad, qronologiuri sakiTxebisadmi indiferentulad arian
ganwyobili da maT teqstebSi win iwevs teritoriuli, Tematuri da
problemuri faqtorebi. “qronografiebSi” da “saeklesio istoriebSi” ki
drois qristianuli koncefciis primatia.
20
Sua
saukuneebis
kuTvnilebis
qarTuli
sakiTxi
jer
saistorio
kidev
mwerlobis
Sesaswavl
Janrobrivi
problemebaTa
rigs
ganekuTvneba. am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil mcirericxovan naSromTagan Cveni
yuradReba miiqcia g. alasanias,
g. axvledianis,
l. patariZis, e.
kvaWantiraZis da sxvebis gamoklvevebma.
g.
alasania
naSromSi
“qarTuli
werilobiTi
wyaroebis
klasifikacia” sagangebod exeba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi saistorio
mwerlobis Janrobivi klasifikaciis problemebs. igi aCvenebs, Tu rogor
gadafaraven erTmaneTs istoriuli, liturgiuli, agiografiuli Janrebi
Sua
saukuneebis
qarTul
mwerlobaSi,
rac
imaze
miuTiTebs,
rom
Janrobrivi sazRvrebi mkafiod gamokveTili ar iyo. avtori ganixilavs
terminebs, romlebic aRniSnavdnen mwerlobis ama Tu im saxes. magaliTad,
“cxovreba”,
“matiane”,
yuradRebas
uTmobs
“qebani”
da
a.S.
folkloruli
da
g.
alasania
epikuri
aseve
sagangebo
motivebis
gavlenas
“qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebze.
saistorio
mwerlobaSi
arsebul
folklorul
maxasiaTeblebs
eZRvneba g. axvledianis sadoqtoro disertacia “qarTuli saistorio
mwerloba da folklori (XI-XIX ss)”. mkvlevari gamoyofs mTel rig
momentebs, romlebic mkafiod akavSirebs “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebs
folklorul da epikur tradiciebTan. es exeba uSualod fokloruli da
epikuri siuJetebis (igavebi, orTabrZolebis scenebi da sxv.) CarTvas da
specifikuri stiluri xerxebis arsebobas teqstebSi.
l. patariZe
SedarebiTi
saukuneebis
da e. kvaWantiraZe
tipologia
bizantiur
statiaSi “qarTlis cxovrebis”
(sakiTxis
da
dasmisaTvis)”
somxur
cdiloben,
istoriografiasTan
Sua
SedarebiTi
analizis safuZvelze, gamoyon “qarTlis cxovrebisTvis” damaxasiaTebeli
tipuri niSnebi. magaliTad is, rom Zveli qarTuli saistorio tradicia
ar
miyveba
parametrebs
qarTuli
maSindel
da
garkveuli
saistorio
gamomdinareobs
qristianul
is,
TaviseburebiT
mwerlobis
rom
samyaroSi
gamoirCeva.
Janrobrivi
teqstebis
arsebul
nawilSi
Janrobriv
Cveni
azriT,
araerTgvarovnebidan
Txrobis
ZiriTadi
maorganizebeli Zalaa dro. meore nawilSi ki drois faqtori SedarebiT
neitralizebulia da teqstSi wina planze sxva faqtorebi gamodian.
21
Sua
saukuneebSi
warsulTan.
istoria,
gansakuTrebuli
rogorc
ukve
damokidebuleba
aRiniSna,
hqondaT
iudeur-qritianuli
koncefciis konteqstSi giazreboda. am koncefcias Seesabameboda Sua
saukuneebSi
arsebuli
sxvadasxva
saxis
periodizaciis
sqemebi
da
qronologiiis wesi. drois mowesrigebis am xerxebs sagangebo yuradRebas
uTmoben TavianT kvlevebSi J. le-gofi, b. gene, a. lebedevi da sxvebi. Sua
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi qronologiis sakiTxebs exeba g. mWedliZis
naSromi
“qronologiis
ZiriTadi
sakiTxebi”
da
misive
statia
“qronologia Zvel qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi”.
Sua
saukuneebSi
mexsierebis
gansakuTrebuli
fenomenTanac.
m.
damokidebuleba
(M. Carruthers)
karutersi
hqondaT
Tavis
Zalian
saintereso naSromSi “mexsierebis wigni. mexsierebis kvleva medievalur
kulturaSi”
aRniSnavs,
rom
Sua
saukuneebis
adamianebisTvis
mTavari
avtoritetebi iyvnen gansakuTrebuli mexsierebiT gamorCeuli pirovnebebi.
mexsiereba
yvelaze
maRali
moraluri
Tvisebebis,
iseve
rogorc
inteleqtis, niSnad miaCndaT.
am
garemoebis
gansakuTrebuli
kulturaSi
istorikosis
gaTvaliswinebiT,
yuradReba
koleqtiuri
rolTan
sadisertacio
gavamaxvileT
mexsierebis
Sua
saukuneebis
formirebisa
dakavSirebul
naSromSi
da
am
problemebze.
qarTul
procesSi
koleqtiuri
mexsierebis Camoyalibebis, misi individualur mexsierebasTan mimarTebis,
warsulidan
informaciis
SerCevis
da
damaxsovrebis,
damaxsovrebis
xerxebis/mnemoteqnikis, mexsierebis gadacemis formebisa da saSualebebis,
koleqtiuri
mexsierebis
formirebaSi
istorikosis
wvlilis
da
sxva
sakiTxebze dasavlur samecniero tradiciaSi kvlevis xangrZlivi da
mdidari tradicia arsebobs. naSromSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi eyrdnoba
am sferoSi iseTi aRiarebuli mkvlevrebis naSromebs, rogorebicaa m.
halbvaqsi, p. nora, e. zerubaveli, k. uaikemi (C. Wickham), j. fentresi (J.
Fentress), p. berki da sxv.
Sua saukuneebis qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi aisaxa maSindel
qarTul sazogadoebaSi miRebuli istoriuli
narativebis
dadgenis
TvalsazrisiT,
narativebis
ZiriTadad,
saxeebi.
veyrdnobiT
am
e.
zerubavelis mier Tavis naSromSi “drois ruqebi: koleqtiuri mexsiereba
da warsulis socialuri saxe” agebul modelebs.
22
zerubaveli
gamoyofs
istoriul
narativebis
ZiriTad
saxeebs,
romelTa saSualebiT mnemonikuri erToba axdens warsulis organizebas.
“aRmasvlis/progresis”,
istoriuli
“daRmasvlis”
procesis
mimarTulebas
da
“zigzagis”
gamoxataven.
es
narativebi
narativebi
aseve
asaxavs imas, Tu rogor afasebs warsuls sazogadoeba _ dadebiTad Tu
uaryofiTad. zerubaveli xazs usvams im garemoebasac, rom mnemonikuri
erToba erTmaneTisagan ganarCevs movlenebiT datvirTul da movlenebiT
Rarib
istoriul
periodebs.
amiT,
drois
Tanabari
monakveTebi,
socialuri TvalsazrisiT, araTanabari xarisxiT aRiqmeba.
istoria,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, uwyvet an wyvetil procesad moiazreba.
zerubaveli am or xedvas “legato” da “stakato” narativebs uwodebs.
warsulTan
awmyos
warmosadgenad
dasakavSireblad
da
mis
uwyvet
procesad
sxvadasxva saSualebas iyeneben. magaliTad, teritorias.
garda amisa, am mizniT, mnemonikuri erTobebi xazs usvamen warsulSi
arsebul jgufTan pirdapiri genealogiuri kavSirebis arsebobas da a.S.
iseve
rogorc
wyvetilobis
uwyveti
dasanaxadac
magaliTad,
sxvadasxva
wyalgamyofi,
saetapo
istoriuli
xdeba
sxvadasxva
“periodebi”
movlenebiT.
narativis,
es
istoriuli
xerxebis
gamoyeneba.
erTmaneTisagan
calke
gamijnulia
periodebi
erTmaneTis
sapirispirod aRiqmeba, radgan saetapo movlenidan iwyeba axali istoria.
unda
aRiniSnos,
modelebis
rom
safuZvelze
“qarTlis
saintereso
cxovrebis”
kuTxiT
teqstebis
dagvanaxa
kvlevam
Sua
am
saukunebis
qarTuli sazogadoeba.
droisa da istoriis iudeur-qristianul koncefciaSi, warsulTan
erTad, ZiriTadi iyo momavlis gageba. qristianuli istoria, warsulTan
erTad, Tavis TavSi moiazrebda momavali gankiTxvis dRis molodins.
yovelgvari istoriis saboloo mizani mainc es momavali iyo. Tumca
mkvlevarTa
nawili
Sua
saukuneebis
evropasa
da
bizantias
Soris
momavlis gaazrebaSi tipologiur sxvaobas xedavs. s. averincevi Tavis
wignSi “adrebizantiuri literaturis poetika” asabuTebs, rom evropisgan
gansxvavebiT,
momavlis
bizantiaSi, garkveulwilad, moxsnili iyo eqsatologiuri
molodini
an,
yovel
SemTxvevaSi,
imdenad
mZafrad
ar
ganicdeboda, rogorc evropaSi. amis mizezad is asaxelebs im faqts, rom
konstantines imperia, faqtobrivad, “ciuri ierusalimis” gansaxierebad
23
aRiqmeboda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, bizantiaSi ukve awmyoSi hqondaT
“aRTqmuli qveyana”.
Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic, rogorc qristianul kulturaSi,
ucxo ar iyo momavlis esqatologiuri molodini. qarTul sinamdvileSi
momavlis esqtologiur gancdas eZRvneba r. labaZis naSromi “codva da
SiSi Sua saukuneebSi (qarTuli mentaluri modelis ori aspeqti)”.
Sua
saukuneebSi
sayovelTao
ar
iyo.
qristianuli
am
drois
periodisTvis
koncefcia
erTaderTi
damaxasiaTebelia
da
sxvadasxva
temporaluri modelis arseboba. naSromis farglebSi ganvixilavT Sua
saukuneebis qarTul teqstebSi dafiqsirebul winareqristianul, miTosur
plastebs; bunebis drois da sxva, konkretul, lokalur konteqstze
damokidebuli
drois
gagebebebs;
adamianis
mier
droze
zemoqmedebis
mcdelobebs. yvela es momenti Sua saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli “droTa mravalgvarobaze” garkveul miniSnebebs gvaZlevs. am
kuTxiT,
saintereso
mosazrebebs
vxvdebiT
m.
xidaSelis
naSromSi
“samyaros suraTi arqaul saqarTveloSi”, sadac ganxilulia juanSeris
teqstSi
asaxul
saukuneebi”
miTosuri
saubrobs
siuJeti;
bunebis
droze,
J.
le
gofi
agrarul
da
wignSi
“sxva
soflis
Sua
droze,
seniorul droze da sxva lokaluri mniSvnelobis drois gagebebze.
adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis mcdelobebze islandiuri sagebis
magaliTze saintereso dakvirvebebi aqvs a. gureviCs wignSi “istoria da
saga”.
zemoT gaxiluli avtorebis kvlevebma mniSvnelovani gzamkvlevis
roli
Seasrules
Cvens
naSromze
muSaobis
procesSi.
maT
mier
mowodebulma Teoriulma, meTodologiurma da praqtikulma informaciam
didi daxmareba gagviwia imaSi, rom dagvenaxa saqarTvelos, rogorc le
gofi uwodebs, “sxva Sua saukuneebi”.
24
Tavi I
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kultura: drois aRqmisa da
istoriis gaazrebis anTropologiuri kvlevis perspeqtivebi
Tanamedrove
warsulis
etapze
suraTis
saistorio
rac
SeiZleba
mecnierebis
sruli
kvlevis
mizani
rekonstruirebaa,
rac
adamianuri yofis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da, saerTod, kulturuli
realobis yvela mxares moicavs. es ki istorias, rogorc samecniero
disciplinas, anTropologiur ganzomilebas sZens.
tradiciuli,
interesis
pozitivisturi
umTavresi
ZiriTadad
sagani
warsulSi
paradigmis
politika
momxdar
iyo
mixedviT,
da
politikur
istoriis
amitom
istorikosebi
movlenaTa
Tanmidevrul
gadmocemiT da maT Soris pirdapiri mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris ZiebiT
iyvnen dakavebuli. p. berkis TqmiT, politika umTavresad saxelmwifosTan
iyo asocirebuli, anu is ufro nacionaluri da internacionaluri iyo,
vidre lokaluri. marTalia, tradiciuli istoria Seicavda eklesiis,
aseve
samxedro
rogoricaa,
istorias,
magaliTad,
marginalizebuli
iyvnen
magram
istoriis
xelovnebis
da
sxva
an
“WeSmariti”
mimarTulebebi,
mecnierebis
istorikosis
istoria,
interesebis
periferiaze moiazrebodnen (berki 2004: 2).
pirvelebi, vinc dainteresdnen anTropologiuri problematikiT da
saTave daudes istoriuli kvlevis axal gzebs, e.w. “axali saistorio
mimdinareobis”, “analebis” franguli skolis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. am
skolis
damaarseblebma,
mark
blokma
da
lusien
fevrma
pirvelebma
scades gaerRviaT tradiciuli, pozitivisturi istoriografiis kvlevis
mkacrad Semofargluli areali, romelic, rogorc aRiniSna, ZiriTadad,
politikur
istorias
moicavda.
magaliTad,
blokma
Sua
saukuneebis
safrangeTSi da inglisSi arsebuli crurwmenis kvlevis dros, romelic
exeboda
mefis
unars,
SexebiT
ganekurna
kanis
zogierTi
daavadeba,
aRmoaCina kavSiri, erTi mxriv, primitiul rwmenebsa da magiur ritualebs
da, meore mxriv, monarqiuli ideologiis ganviTarebas Soris (“mefe
mkurnalebi”).
im
mizniT,
rom
ufro
Rrmad
Seeswavla
feodaluri
sazogadoebis funqciobis sistema, blokma aucileblad miiCnia, ganexila
25
Sua saukuneebis adamianis msoflmxedvelobis iseTi mxareebi, rogoricaa
damokidebuleba
drois
mimarT,
istoriis
gaazreba,
urTierToba
bunebasTan da sxva sakiTxebi (gureviCi 2001: 171-72).
blokis
da
fevris
Semdeg
istoriisa
da
anTropologiis
urTerTmimarTebis sakiTxi kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda. Bb. koenis (B.
Cohn)
TqmiT,
istoriuli
anTropologiad
mecniereba
gardaqmnis
ufro
procesSi,
istoriuli
anTropologia
ki
xdeba
ufro
anTropologiuri istoriad gardaqmnis dros (gudmeni 2006: 784).
d.
ruTmani
Rutman)
(D.
istoriisa
da
anTropologiis
urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb saintereso metaforas gvTavazobs: klio _ es
aris
sayvareli, romelic erTdroulad ajadoebs Tayvanismcemlebs _
sxvadasxva disciplinas _ da TviTonac ixibleba maTiT. anTropologia ki
yvelaze
gvian
gaxda
misi
siyvarulis
sagani.
es
zusti
metaforaa,
romelsac sicxade Seaqvs sakiTxSi.
am metaforis saSualebiT, rom klio qarafSuta figuraa, romelic
flirtiT erToba, mkvlevarTa nawili mniSvnelovan daskvnamde midis. maTi
azriT,
istorikosebma, romelTac surT, gamijvnisa da dapirispirebis
nacvlad,
dakavdnen
anTropologiiT,
unda
Seiswavlon
am
sferos
safuZvlebi. es yvelaferi ki unda aisaxos istoriul kvlevaze (gudmeni
2006: 787-88).
XX
saukunis
mecnierebebis,
fsiqologiisa
60-iani
wlebidan
politikis
da
sxva
humanitaruli
mecnierebis,
samecniero
da
ekonomikis,
sferoebSi
socialuri
geografiis,
gaizarda
interesi
kulturis fenomenis da, Sesabamisad, kulturis anTropologiis mimarT.
mkveTrad gamoxatuli interesi TvalsaCino gaxda saistorio mecnierebis
sferoSic.
istorikosebi
kulturis
cnebas
farTo
anTropologiuri
mniSvnelobiT iyenebdnen, istoriuli movlenebis axsnasa da gaazrebaSi
sul
ufro
da
ufro
kompleqss,
romelic
konkretul
drosa
safrangeTSi,
didi
mniSvneloba
konkretuli
da
adgilas.
britaneTsa
da
eniWeboda
jgufebis
im
faseulobaTa
cxovrebas
istorikosTa
amerikis
nawili,
gansazRvravda
gansakuTrebiT
SeerTebul
StatebSi,
kulturanTropologebisagan sesxulobda koncefciebsa da ideebs. maT
SeimuSaves
midgoma,
romelic
cnobili
gaxda
rogorc
“istoriuli
anTropologia”, Tumca, britaneli kulturis istorikosis piter berkis
26
azriT,
“anTropologiuri
istoria”
ufro
Sesabamisi
saxelwodeba
iqneboda (berki 1992: 30).
kulturuli
anTropologiis
Teoriuli
modelebi
da
kvlevis
meTodebi, romlebic aradasavlur, e.w. primitiul sazogadoebebSi savele
muSaobis
dros
iqmneboda,
saintereso
iyo
sakuTriv
kulturebis kvlevaSi gamosayeneblad. rasakvirvelia,
dasavluri
ar SeiZleboda am
meTodebis meqanikurad gadmotana, magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis evropis
istoriis SeswavlisTvis; saWiro iyo maTi axleburad gaazreba.
analebis
aTwleulebis
gamoyeneba
skoliT
manZilze
dawyebuli,
aqtiurad
saistorio
istoriografiisTvis
romelTac,
rogorc
gansakuTrebiT,
daiwyo
mecnierebis
ucxo
adre
aratradiciuli
iseTi
problemebis
miiCneoda,
mtkiceba ar sWirdeba im faqts, rom
ar
ukanaskneli
axali,
meTodebis
tradiciuli
da
sakiTxebis
hqonda
istoria.
kvlevaSi,
axla
ukve
“yvelafers aqvs istoria, yvelafers
aqvs warsuli, romelic SeiZleba aRdges da daukavSirdes warsulis sxva
sferoebs” (berki 2004: 2). istorikosebis kvlevis sferoSi moeqca iseTi
sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa bunebasTan damokidebuleba; droisa da sivrcis
gageba;
saiqiosa da sikvdilis aRqma; bavSvoba da sibere; SeSliloba;
adamianis
sxeulis
da
misi
funqciis,
avadmyofobis
mimarT
damokidebuleba; yoveldRiuri yofis, sacxovrisisa da kvebis organizeba;
xelisuflebis, samarTlis, Tavisuflebis da damokidebulebis Sefaseba;
siRaribisa da simdidris gageba;
Jestebi, sxeuli,
es
da
klimati,
sibinZure da sisufTave,
kiTxva, laparaki, siCume da a.S.
sxva
sakiTxebi
avlens
adamianis
Tu
sazogadoebis
mentalobas. saerTod, “mentalobis istoria istoriuli anTropologiis
ganuyofeli nawilia da
yuradRebas amaxvilebs afeqturi cxovrebis
sferoze. is Seiswavlis grZnobebs _ SiSsa da iumors, simkacres da
gulsxmierebas, siZunwes da siuxves, piradi Rirsebis, samarTlianobis
gancdas da sxv. (gureviCi 2001: 174).
berkis azriT, “rac adre ucvlelad miiCneoda, axali istoriis
farglebSi
drosa
ganixileba
da
sivrceSi
damaxasiaTebelia
filosofiuri
rogorc
“kulturuli
ganicdis
kulturuli
safuZvelia
idea,
konstruqcia”,
cvlilebas.
aseTi
relativizmi.
rom
realoba
romelic
midgomisaTvis
axali
istoriis
socialurad
da
27
kulturulad
aris
gansazRvruli.
istorikosebisa
da
kulturuli
anTropologebis mier am ideis gaziarebam ganapiroba am ori disciplinis
daaxloeba da maTi interesebis gadakveTa. relativisturma midgomam aseve
gaafermkrTala tradiciulad arsebuli zRvari istoriis centralur da
periferiul problemebs Soris.
tradiciuli
istoriisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
xedva
“zemodan
qvemoT”. is fokusirebulia didi adamianebis did saqmeebze. kacobriobis
danarCen nawils gacilebiT umniSvnelo roli hqonda miniWebuli. axali
istoriis
warmomadgenlebi
ki
“qvemodan”
danaxul
istorias
aniWeben
upiratesobas. maTTvis sainteresoa Cveulebrivi, rigiTi adamianebi da
maTi socialuri gamocdileba. popularuli kulturis istorias udidesi
mniSvneloba mieniWa” (berki 2004: 2).
istoriuli warsulis kvlevis am axal paradigmebze gadasvlas
xSirad kopernikiseul gadatrialebas adareben. gaCnda axali kiTxvebi,
romlebsac istorikosebi usvamdnen wyaroebs. daiwyo Zveli wyaroebis
axleburad
gaazreba.
Seicvala
sakuTriv
istoriuli
wyaros
gageba.
pozitivisturi istoriografiis erT-erTi didi miRweva iyo istoriis
safuZvlad dokumentebis, werilobiTi wyaroebis gamocxadeba.
magram am
miRwevis
wyaroebi
sruliad
kvlevis
sferos
safasuri
ignorirebuli
aRmoCnda
iyo.
is,
SemdegSi
rom
sxva
saxis
istorikosis
gamravalferovnebam wyaroebis gamravalferovnebis sakiTxic aqtualuri
gaxada;
werilobiTi
vizualur,
zepir
wyaroebis
wyaroebs,
gverdiT,
statistikur
didi
mniSneloba
monacemebs,
mieniWa
yoveldRiuri
moxmarebis sagnebs da a.S. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,, wyarod ganixileboda
ara marto werilobiT dokumentebi, aramed yvelaferi is, rasac adamianis
xeli etyoboda da, rasac, pirdapir Tu iribad, SeeZlo
warsulis
Sesaxeb informaciis mowodeba.
drois
gancda
mravalaspeqtiania,
adamianuri
mocemulia
arsebobis
fizikur
ganuyofeli
procesebsa
nawilia.
da
dro
socialur
tradiciebSi, maTematikis abstraqtul gaTvlebsa da adamianebs Soris
urTierTobebSi.
mas
zomaven
saaTis
erTeulebis,
ciuri
sxeulebis
moZraobis, ganmeorebadi movlenebis da sakuTari sxeulis cvlilebebis
safuZvelze. dro gamoiyeneba rogorc saqonlis gacvlis da momsaxurebis
saSualeba, an rogorc gadaxdis forma; dro aRiqmeba rogorc bunebis,
28
sazogadoebis, adamianebis da maTi institutebis organizebis resursi.
wuTi,
saaTi,
kvira,
dResaswaulebi,
dRe,
mTvaris
sawarmoo
faza,
cikli
da
weli,
zrdis
Sobisa
da
periodi,
aRdgomis
Taobebi
da
adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba _ yvelaferi es qmnis droiT CarCoebs.
maT farglebSi adamianebi aregulireben yoveldRiur cxovrebas. drois
standartizirebuli sistema ar gamoricxavs drois lokalur, konteqstze
damokidebul gagebaTa arsebobas (adami 2006: 103-114).
drois
aRqmis
calkeul
gamovlinebas,
zog
SemTxvevaSi,
universaluri faqtori udevs safuZvlad, sxva SemTxvevaSi _kulturuli
TvalsazrisiT unikaluri piroba. SesaZloa, e.w. arqauli sazogadoebebis”
droisadmi
damokidebuleba
universalur
kulturul
maxasiaTeblebs
efuZnebodes. magaliTad, avstralieli aborigenebis rwmena-warmodgenebi
ukavSirdeba
zRvisa
da
masTan
dakavSirebuli
garemos
codnas.
es
garemoeba, Tavis mxriv, drois gagebazec moqmedebs (memoti). magram mzis
da mTvaris moZraobis, dRisa da Ramis, sezonuri ciklebis, klimatis,
floris, faunis, zRvis miqcevisa da moqcevis da sxva garemo pirobebis
cvlilebebis aRqmas mxolod avstraliel aborigenebis drois gageba ar
ukavSirdeba. es e.w. “bunebrivi dro”, garemo pirobebTan damokidebuleba
damaxasiaTebelia
nebismieri
sazogadoebisTvis.
drois
aRqmis
aseTi
mravalgvaroba yvela kulturaSi socialuri cxovrebis kategoriebs da
ritmebs asaxavs.
anTropologebi ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi drois aseT gagebaTa
dafiqsirebas
dakvirvebis”
uSualo
meTodi
dakvirvebis
kulturul
saSualebiT
axerxeben.
anTropologiaSi
“CarTuli
“damyarebulia
im
martiv ideaze, rom ama Tu im xalxis gamosakvlevad, saukeTeso gzaa am
xalxis warmomadgenlebze xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi dakvirveba,
maTTan
uSualo
urTierTobis
gziT”
(monahani
2000:
13).
CarTuli
dakvirvebis meTodis gamoyeneba Sua saukuneebis sazogadoebis kvlevis
dros
SeuZlebelia,
warsulis
“qarTlis
TavisTavad,
kvlevaSic
magram
anTropologiuri
gamoviyenoT.
cxovrebis”
gamoxataven
am
perspeqtiva
naSromisTvis
krebulSi
Semavali
maSindeli
sazogadoebis
SeiZleba
ZiriTadi
teqstebia,
wyaro
romlebic,
msoflmxedvelobas.
mTavaria, am wyaroebs garkveuli kuTxiT SevxedoT da kiTxvebi davusvaT.
29
am SemTxvevaSi, saubaria Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drosTan
damokidebulebis nebismier gamovlinebebze.
warmodgenil naSromSi mTavar sakvlev problemasTan dakavSirebiT
Cvens
mier
formulirebuli
sxvadasxva
sakiTxi,
vfiqrobT,
Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis anTopologiur WrilSi ganxilvis
saSualebas mogvcems. es, pirvel rigSi, exeba koleqtiuri mexsierebis
Camoyalibebis,
warsulis
damaxsovrebis
xerxebis/mnemoteqnikis,
istoriuli narativebis tipebis, droTa mravalgvarobis da sxv. sakiTxebs.
Cveni azriT, es aris is sakiTxebi, romlebic SeiZleba socialur aspeqtSi
ganvixiloT. sxva, ufro specifikuri problemebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
Sua saukuneebis saistorio mwerlobis Janrobrivi Taviseburebebi da misi
mimarTeba
drois
da
istoriis
gagebasTan,
pirdapir
ar
gamoxatavs
socialur tendenciebs, magram garkveul informacias iZleva amis Sesaxeb.
§ 1. ZiriTadi cnebebi da terminebi
kulturis mecnierebebis sferoSi moRvawe mkvlevarTaTvis sakvlev
sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli cnebebis da terminebis gansazRvra erT-erTi
yvelaze rTuli problemaa. am disciplinis kvlevis arealSi Semavali
uaRresad mravalferovani da kompleqsuri problematikis gamo, Znelia
mis
farglebSi
gansazRvrebebis
cnebebis
da
mocema.
es,
terminebis
pirvel
amomwuravi
rigSi,
da
exeba
zusti
kulturis
mecnierebebisTvis iseT fundamentur cnebebs, rogoricaa kultura da
civilizacia.
maTi
mkafiod
gansazRvris
sirTule
am
fenomenebis
kompleqsurobiT da mravlmxrivobiT aris gamowveuli. kulturac da
civilizaciac mravali disciplinis interesis sferoSi Sedis da yvela
maTgani sakuTari rakursiT udgeba am cnebebs.
warmodgenili naSromic ar aris gamonaklisi; Cvenc aucileblad
CavTvaleT
kulturisa
da
civilizaciis,
iseve
rogorc
sxva
mniSvnelovani cnebebis samuSao definiciebis SemoTavazeba, romlebic
orientiris rols Seasruleben naSromSi dasmuli sakvlevi problemis
adekvaturad
aRsaqmelad.
es
gansazRvrebebi
Seesabameba
im
Teoriul-
meTodologiur safuZvels, romelsac kvlevis procesSi veyrdnobodiT.
30
“kultura”
mravali
erT-erT
mniSvnelobis
yvelaze
gavrcelebuli
matarebelia
da
sityvaa,
uamravi
romelic
interpretaciis
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs. misi “univerasluroba da yovlismomcveloba
saSualebas
iZleva,
sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis
normebis
ganvixiloT
cxovrebis
donis
sistema;
sfero;
fenomeni
mraval
socialuri
maxasiTebeli;
socialuri
TviTidentifikaciis
igi
instituti;
sazogadoebis
gamocdilebis
da
aspeqtSi:
a.S.
pirovnebis
maregulirebeli
gadacemis
(Ciqovani
rogorc
2005:
meqanizmi;
23-24).
farTo
mniSvnelobiT, kulturis cneba aRniSnavs adamianis gansxvavebas yvela
biologiuri
arsebisgan,
mis
meore
bunebas.
sxvagvarad,
britaneli samxedro moRvawe lord raglani (Lord Raglan)
rogorc
aRniSnavs,
kultura aris yvelaferi is, rasac Cven vakeTebT, da rasac maimunebi ar
akeTeben.
TiToeuli samecniero disciplina Tavisi specifikidan udgeba am
cnebas. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, kulturas lokalur-civilizaciuri midgomis
farglebSi
ganvixilavT.
am
gagebiT,
msoflio
Sedgeba
mravali,
erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli kulturisgan/sazogadoebisgan, romlebsac
aqvT warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis sakuTari, unikaluri gza. kultura _
es
aris
TviTkmari
faseulobebiT
da
erToba,
tradiciebiT,
mxolod
misTvis
TviTregulaciis
damaxasiaTebeli
da
kvlavwarmoebis
meqanizmebiT da sxva tipologiuri maxasiaTeblebiT, romlebic qmnian mis
saxes.
kultura
biologiuri
ar
aris
arsebebisgan,
marto
aramed
is,
rac
is,
ganarCevs
rac
adamians
ganarCevs
sxva
adamianTa
sazogadoebebs erTmaneTisgan. kulturaTa lokaluri xedva mas Semdeg
gaCnda, rac dasavleli anTropologebis xelSi didZali informacia
dagrovda
sxvadaxva
xalxebis
Sesaxeb.
aman
ki
kulturuli
mravalferovnebis aRiarebamde miiyvana dasavleTis samecniero wreebi.
realurad,
kacobriobis
istoriis
erTian,
evolucionistur
xedvas
seriozuli alternativa gamouCnda. amis Semdeg, saubari daiwyes ara
erTian sakacobrio kulturaze, aramed kulturebze da sazogadoebebze.
naSromSi “kulturas” da “sazogadoebas” sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT
viyenebT. TavisTavad, es ori cneba identuri ar aris, magram, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, gadafaravs erTmaneTs, radgan Znelia Tavis maxasiaTeblebiT
kultura da sazogadoeba erTmaneTisgan gavmijnoT.
31
saerTod,
cnebebis
unda
aRiniSnos,
Taviseburi
rom
kulturisa
interpretacia
da
kulturuli
sazogadoebis
damaxasiaTebeli
anTropologiuri skolebisTvis. magaliTad,
britanuli
da
iyo
socialuri anTropologiis
anTropologiis
amerikuli
skolebis
warmomadgenlebi sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvraven Tanafardobas terminebs
kultura
sazogadoeba
da
Soris.
amerikeli
kulturanTropologebi
kulturas ufro farTo cnebad miiCneven, xolo sociums ganixilaven
rogorc
mis
qvesistemas.
britanuli
skolisaTvis
"sazogadoeba"
yovlismomcveli terminia, kultura ki ganixileba rogorc sociumis erTerTi funqcia.
Cveni
naSromis
amocana
ar
aris
britanuli
da
amerikuli
anTropologiis farglebSi kulturisa da sazogadoebis cnebaTa Soris
aqcentebis gadanawilebis mizezebis kvleva. is, rasac eyrdnoba Cveni
xedva, am ori cnebis erTi mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas
iZleva. kulturisa da sazogadoebis cnebebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, identur
fenomenebs aRniSnaven. sazogadoeba,
sociumi, romelic sociologiis
ZiriTadi cnebaa, kulturis cnebis msgavsad, mravalgvari intepretaciis
sagania. am cnebis qveS SeiZleba vigulisxmoT im adamianebis erToba,
romlebic
dakavSirebuli
gamocdilebiT,
SigniT
saerTo
wamoSobiT,
Tanaarsebobis
mdgomareobiT, interesebiT da miznebiT. sazogadoebis
individebi
dakavSirebuli,
socialuri
arian
Tu
sxvadasxva
erTmaneTze
realobis
tipis
jgufebi
damokidebuli
yvela
aspeqtSi
erTmaneTTan
da
arian
urTierTqmedeben
(ekonomikur,
politikur,
msoflmexedvelobriv da a.S.), rac sazogadoebas rTul sistemad aqcevs.
sazogadoeba
warmoudgenelia
kulturuli
maxasiaTeblebis
gareSe,
kultura ki ar arsebobs misi matarebeli sazogadoebis gareSe.
naSromSi gamoyenebuli “civilizaciis” cnebis qveS igulisxmeba
garkveuli
niSniT
kulturuli
erTmaneTis
identobis
intepretaciac,
yvelaze
rogorc
msgavs
kulturaTa
farTo
Tavidanve
done.
iTqva,
erToblioba.
civilizaciis
esaa
amgvari
lokalur-civilizaciuri
midgomidan gamomdinareobs. am midgomis warmomadgenlebi (n.danilevski
(Н. Данилевский), o. Spengleri, a.j. toinbi (A.J. Toynbee), s. hanTingtoni (S.
Huntington)
sxvadasxva
raodenobisa
da
saxelwodebis
civilizaciebs
32
asaxelebdnen da maT Soris urTierTobac gansxvavebulad warmoedgenaT,
magram maT aerTianebT civilizaciis erTgvarovani gageba.
drois aRqma da istoriis gageba, rogorc aRiniSna, kulturis
fundamenturi maxasiaTebelia, romelic misi raobisa da civilizaciuri
kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb msjelobis saSualebas iZleva.
xazi unda gavusvaT
im garemoebas, rom naSromis mizania drois rogorc ara damoukidebeli
kategoriis, aramed rogorc adamianis da mTlianad sazogadoebis mier
aRqmuli
fenomenis
kvleva.
am
SemTxvevaSi,
dro
arsebobs
imdenad,
ramdenadac mas ganicdis, saxels arqmevs da awesrigebs adamiani da
sazogadoeba. Cveni mTavari mizani swored droisa da istoriis aRqmis
anTropologiur aspeqtSi ganxilvaa.
Sua
saukuneebis
qristianul
samyaroSi
droisa
da
istoriis
gagebas iudeur-qristianuli, xazovani drois koncefcias ukavSireben. es
koncefcia, ZiriTadad, winaqristnianuli cikluri drois alternativad
ganixileba. ciklur da xazovan droze naSromis Sesaval nawilSi ukve
iyo saubari da amitom masze sagangebod ar SevCerdebiT. Tumca drois da
istoriis
aRqmasTan
dakavSrebuli
iseTi
termini,
rogoricaa
“koleqtiuri mexsiereba”, aucileblad moiTxovs ganmartebas.
koleqtiuri mexsiereba uzarmazari problemaa, romelsac ikvlevs
fsiqologia
saistorio
da
sociologia.
mecnierebis,
es
problema
kulturuli
aseve
mniSvnelovania
anTropologiis,
da
saerTod,
kulturis mecnierebebisTvis, radgan igi ukavSirdeba kulturis erT-erT
fundamentur maxasiaTebels _ droisa da istoriis/warsulis aRqmas.
termini koleqtiuri mexsiereba, romelic frang sociolog moris
halbvaqss ekuTvnis, aRniSnavs mexsierebas, romelic saerToa, gadaicema
da
yalibdeba
konkretuli
jgufis
mier
mikro
Tu
makro
doneze
(socialuri, jgufi, eTnosi, nacia, kultura). koleqtiuri mexsierebis
matarebel jgufs Tu sazogadoebas “mnemonikur erTobasac” uwodeben.
“mnemonika”
is
erToba,
warsulis damaxsovrebisa teqnikaa. mnemonikuri erToba ki _
romelic
specifikuri,
misTvis
damaxasiTebeli
xerxebiT
imaxsovrebs da awesrigebs warsuls.
kolqtiur
dakavSirebuli
ganmarteba,
mexsierebasTan
termini
magram
Cven
da
narativic.
isev
da
warsulis
arsebobs
isev
am
aRqmasTan
terminis
anTropologiuri
aris
uamravi
perspeqtiviT
33
vudgebiT mas. narativSi vgulisxmobT sazogadoebaSi warsulis Sesaxeb
arsebul
sqematur
TanmimdevrobiT
da
TxrobiT
modelebs,
kanonzomierebiT
asaxaven
romlebic
warsuls.
garkveuli
warsulis
es
modelebi yvelaze mkafiod vlindeba istoriul teqstebSi.
34
Tavi II
droisadmi damokidebuleba da istoriis gaazreba antikur
epoqaSi
Sua
saukuneebamdeli
aRqmaze
saubari,
periodis
umTavresad,
saistorio
antikuri
mwerlobaSi
avtorebis
drois
Semoqmedebis
safuZvelze SegviZlia. swored Zveli berZeni da romaeli avtorebis mier
SemuSavebuli xerxebi, Txrobis stili da sxva maxasiaTeblebi, bevr
SemTvevaSi, saxelZRvanelo iyo Sua saukuneebis qristianuli samyaros
avtorebisTvis.
antikuri xanis berZnebis drois aRqma cikluri, miTosuri iyo.
cikluri dro warmoidgineboda maradiuli wrebrunvis saxiT. ciklur da
mudmivad
ganmeorebad
dros
warTmeuli
aqvs
Seuqcevadobis
Tviseba
(Tanamedrove gagebiT), rac ganapirobebs imas, rom arsebobs mxolod
awmyo
da
swored
am
awmyoSi
igulisxmeba
warsulic
da
momavalic.
qristianuli, sworxazovani, istoriuli drois perspeqtiva warsulisaken
da momavlisaken absoluturad gaugebari iyo Zveli berZenisaTvis.
drois amgvari gageba Seesabameboda maSindel msoflaRqmas. samyaro
iyo
wesrigi,
kosmosi,
garkveuli
simetriuli,
sivrciTi
struqtura,
romelSic droc ki sivrciT modusSia mocemuli. rogorc g. viTrou
aRniSnavs, homerosis eposSi, iliadas olimpiur Teologiasa da moralSi
ganmsazRvreli iyo ufro sivrcesTan, vidre drosTan dakavSirebuli
cnebebi.
yvelaze
did
codvaSi
_
“qedmaRlobaSi”
_
igulisxmeboda
dadgenili sivrcidan gasvla. yvelafers aqvs Tavisi sazRvrebi, romlebic
ar
unda
dairRves.
homeross
ar
ainteresebda
sagnebis
warmoSobis
problema da araferi dauweria kosmogoniaze. masTan mxolod is idea
Cans, rom wyali aris yvelafris sawyisi. es gamoxatulia miTologiurad,
roca okeanusi, mdinare, romelic gars ertymis samyaros sferos da
yvelafris
sawyisad aris dasaxelebuli. rogorc aRniSnaven, yvelafris
sawyisad wylis miCneva ionuri ideaa, radgan is Cans ionur filosofiaSi
da,
aseve,
aRmosavleTis
im
xalxebSi,
romelTa
gavlena
adreuli
periodis ioniaze aSkaraa. Talesi, pirveli berZeni filofosi, ionieli
35
iyo, romelic miiCnevda, rom yvela sagnis pirveli principi (arqe) aris
wyali (viTrou 1988: 37-38).
drois sivrciT kategoriad gaazrebaze yuradRebas amaxvilebs h.
baterfildic. mas mohyavs amonaridi T. draiveris (T. Driver) wignidan
“istoriis
gageba
berZnul
da
Seqspiris
dramaSi”,
sadac
saubaria
drosTan da istoriasTan antikuri dramis rTul mimarTebaze. draiveris
azriT, homerosTan dro, ubralod, literaturuli xerxia... aq movlenebi
ar
viTardeba
warsulidan
momavlisaken.
esqiles
istoriul
dramaSi
“sparselebi” dro gayinulia. aq ar aris gadmocemuli droSi cxovrebis
gamocdileba. berZnuli tragediis mizania
drois faqtoris minimizacia
da kosmiuri kanonisa da Zalebis moqmedebis gamovlena. berZnebTan dro
kosmosis
nawilia
realobis
da
is
gansxvavebuli
damaxasiaTebeli
formaa,
ufro
kosmiuri
sivrcis
wesrigi.
sivrce
rogorc,
magaliTad,
funqciaa,
elinuri
dro
vidre
azrovnebisTvis
ebraelebisTvis.
berZnuli sintaqsi gamoxatavs mentalobas, romelic dros gaiazrebs ara
rogorc gamocdilebis formas, aramed rogorc materialur mocemulobas,
romelic
platoni
SeiZleba
da
gaizomos,
aristotele
daiWras,
droze
amdens
mowesrigdes,
imitom
klasificirdes.
fiqrobdnen,
rom
am
problemisadmi interesi damaxasiaTebeli iyo sivrceze orienetirebuli
cnobierebisTvis (baterfildi 1981: 119).
antikuri xanis berZnebi warsulsac sxvanairad gaiazrebdnen, vidre
es Tanamedrove gagebiT gvesmis. “warsuli iyo is momenti, rodesac
ganxorcielda
kosmogoniis
aqti,
roca
uformo
qaosisgan
Seiqmna
mowesrigebuli kosmosi, adamianebis samyaro. miTi yvelaze Zlier iyo
dakavSirebuli swored am pirvelsagnebisa da pirvelqmnadobis epoqasTan.
am
dros
aRsrulebuli
movlenebi
qmnidnen
im
mudmiv
struqturebs,
romlebic awmyoSic moqmedebdnen da momavalzec vrceldebodnen. amitom
dro diaqronulicaa da sinqronulic, Seuqcevadic da Seqcevadic. es
kargad Cans perioduli dResaswaulebis ritualebSi. maTSi monawileobiT
adamians SeeZlo gadaelaxa profanuli dro da gadasuliyo sakralur
droSi, im warsulSi, rodesac Seiqmna samyaro. ritualur procesSi
adamiani
periodulad
acocxlebda
sakralur
dros
da
axerxebda
kosmogoniuri aqtis ganxorcielebas, romlis uSualo monawile TviTon
iyo.
es
maradiuli
ganmeorebadoba,
drois
cikluroba
gansazRvravda
36
adamianis
Sexedulebas
samyaroze.
swored
drois
cikluroba
udevs
safuZvlad kalendarul dResaswaulebsa da miTebs, rwmenas mokvdavi da
aRdgenadi RvTaebebis Sesaxeb” (xidaSeli 2001: 28-30).
homerosis epoqis berZnebi adidebdnen da mokrZalebiT ekidebodnen
maT RmerTebs,
winaprebsa da warsuli droebis gmirebs, romlebic eposSi
iyvnen aRwerili. baterfildis azriT, imis gamo, rom eposi istoriis
funqcias asrulebda da, nawilobriv, imitom, rom adamianebi ase Zlier
iyvnen
masze
damokidebuli,
istoriis
da
istoriuli
cnobierebis
ganviTareba homerosis epoqis berZnebSi Seferxebuli iyo (baterfildi
1981: 119-125).
iliadasa da odiseas garda, arsebobda sxva eposebi, romlebic
exeboda troas omTan dakavSirebul rig sakiTxebs. maTi Seqmnis procesi
homerosis merec grZeldeboda, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom troas omis
mimarT
interesi
Zalian
didi
iyo.
magaliTad,
tragikosebi
uxvad
iyenebdnen Temebs am eposebidan. maTTan aris dakavSirebuli genealogiis
sakiTxis
aqtualizacia
cdilobdnen,
TavinTi
Zvel
saberZneTSi.
genealogiuri
xazi
aristokratiuli
daekavSirebinaT
ojaxebi
homerosis
gmirebTan da RmerTebTan da qmnidnen sakuTar eposebs am kuTxiT. am
survilSi,
rogorc
baterfildi
aRniSnavs,
SeiZleba
davafiqsiroT
legendisa da istoriis Tanxvedris momenti (baterfildi 1981: 128-129).
hesiode
Tavis
“samuSaoni
da
dRenSi”
saubrobs
adamianebis
degradirebaze oqros saukunis mere. misi poema impliciturad drois
gagebazea dafuZnebuli, magram sityva dro iq ar moixsenieba. poemis
mTavari
mizania
rCevebis
micema
wlis
ganmavlobaSi
saqmianobis regulirebis kuTxiT, magaliTad,
Sesasrulebeli
romeli dRea kargi Tu
cudi, Sesabamisi Tu Seusabamo ama Tu im saqmianobisaTvis. mokled,
hesiodesTan dro samyaros moraluri wesrigis aspeqtia (viTrou 1988: 3738).
mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze, Zveli berZnuli kulturisTvis,
damaxasiaTebeli
perspeqtivis
erT-erTi
simokle
da,
Zalze
xSir
mniSvnelovani
SemTxvevaSi,
momentia
istoriuli
warsulis
mexsierebis
deficiti. es, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, berZeni istorikosebis teqstebSic
kargad vlindeba.
37
ax.w.aR. I saukuneSi, ebraeli istorikosi ioseb flaviusi mwvaved
akritikebda
berZnebs
swored
istoriisadmi
maTi
indiferentuli
damokidebulebis gamo. misi azriT, Zveli drois istoriis momavali
TaobisTvis gadacemis wesi ukeT iyo daculi im xalxebSi, romlebsac
barbarosebs
rogor
uwodebdnen,
inaxavdnen
vidre
uZvelesi
sakuTriv
da
berZnebSi.
xangrZlivi
is
aRwerda,
tradiciebis
Tu
xsovnas
egviptelebi, babilonelebi da finikielebi. rogorc igi aRniSnavs, es
xalxebi
cxovrobdnen
teritoriaze,
romelic
araCveulebrivad
daculi damangreveli kataklizmebisagan. garda amisa,
yvelafers.
maTi
istoria,
adamianebis mier
rogorc
sakraluri
da
iyo
isini iwerdnen
yvelaze
brZeni
dawerili, asaxuli iyo saxalxo adgilas dafebze.
aseTi xalxebis rigSi ganixilavda igi ebraelebsac da werda: “Cven viciT
Cveni
didi
mRvdelmsaxurebis
saxelebi,
romlebic
ori
aTasi
wlis
ganmavlobaSi mamidan Svilze TanmimdevrobiT gadadioda da iwereboda”.
berZnebTan mimarTebaSi ki is aRniSnavda: “yvelaferi, rac Tavs
gadaxdaT berZnebs, ar momxdara didi xnis winaT, ufro metic, es moxda
guSin”. misi azriT, im adgilebSi, sadac berZnebi cxovroben, aTi aTasi
katastrofa
moxda,
ramac
waSala
warsuli
movlenebis
maxsovroba;
amgvarad, isini yovelTvis Tavidan iwyebdnen cxovrebas da egonaT, rom
isini iyvnen axali saxelmwifos damaarseblebi (baterfildi 1981: 119).
homerosamde, klasikur saberZneTamde am teritoriaze arsebobda
sxva _ mikenis
araferi
civilizacia, romlis Sesaxeb berZnebma, faqtobrivad,
icodnen.
romliTac
maT
mofenili
ar
iyo
SeeZloT
es
“b xazovani”
adgilebi.
TiTqos
teqstebis
rkinis
kiTxva,
farda
iyo
Camofarebuli klasikur saberZneTsa da mikenur civilizacias Soris.
bnel saukuneebad wodebuli Sua saukuneebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic,
mniSvnelovanwilad,
sazrdoobda
antikuri
tradiciiT,
klasikur
saberZneTs, praqtikulad, warmodgena ar hqonda rkinis fardis miRma
arsebul civilizaciaze. es kargad miuTiTebs istoriuli mexsierebis
arqonaze.
am garemoebT aixsneba is araordinaruli situacia, romelic iyo
Zv.w. me-5 saukunis saberZneTSi. am dros berZnebma mxolod SedarebiT
mokle warsulis Sesaxeb icodnen. isini fiqrobdnen, rom istoriuli
warsuli mxolod ramdenime saukunes moicavda, manamde ki iyo dro, roca
38
RmerTebi
dadiodnen
dedamiwaze.
mileteli
imyofeboda
egvipteSi
am
da
saukunis
mouyva
dasawyisSi
egviptelebs,
hekateos
Tu
rogor
SeeZlo mas CamoeTvala winaprebis 16 Taoba, romlis saTaveSi romelime
RmerTi idga. egviptelma ki mas miuTiTa im mRvdelmsaxurTa qandakebebze,
romlebic erTmaneTs cvlidnen aTaswleulebis manZilze. es iyo drois
Zalin didi monakveTi, romelic SeiZleba istoriul drod miCneuliyo.
ufro
mogvianebiT,
herodotec
saubrobda
msgavs
situaciaze,
romelmac masze Zalian didi STabeWdileba moaxdina. yvelaferi amis
Sedegi
is
iyo,
CamouyalibdaT
rom
berZnebs
egviptelebisa
da
mowiwebisa
maTi
da
pativiscemis
mRvdelmsaxurebis
grZnoba
naTqvamis
mimarT. egvipte iyo is adgili, sadac berZnebi eZebdnen pasuxebs yvelaze
rTuli istoriuli problemebis asaxsnelad. magaliTad, es sakiTxebi
exeboda elenes, pariss, troas oms, herakles da adreul RmerTebs. Zveli
berZnebi nel-nela acnobierebdnen, rom raRac katastrofulma movlenam
isini ase Zlierad mokveTa sakuTar warsuls (baterfildi 1981: 120-123).
ioseb flaviusis,
hekateos miletelis da herodotes gamocdilebis
gamoZaxilia platonis “timeosSi” moTxrobili ambavi, romelic egvipteSi
solonis
mogzaurobas
exeba.
soloni
egviptel
qurums
istoriaze
esaubreba da aRmoaCens, rom is da danarCeni berZnebi srulad uvicni
arian am sakiTxebSi:
“erTxelac solons ganuzraxavs Zvel Tqmulebebze Camoegdo sityva da
ucdia maTTvis moeTxro is miTebi, romlebic uZvelesadaa miCneuli... Tanac
mouwadinebia gamoeyvana maT STamomavalTa megvartomeobis nusxa da gardasul
TaobaTa ricxvis mixedviT gamoeangariSebina maT Semdeg ganvlili dro. maSin
erT mxcovan qurums wamouZaxia: “o, solon, solon, Tqven berZnebi, maradiuli
bavSvebi xarT, da ar aris moxuci berZenTa Soris... Tqven yvelani yrmebi xarT
suliT... vinaidan arc erTis suli ar imarxavs odiTganve momdinare ZvelisZvel
gadmocemebs da arc droiT gaWaRaravebul raime swavlas”.
egvipteli qurumic amis mizezad berZnebis Tavs mravaljer datexil
bunebriv kataklizmebs asaxelebs (platoni 1994: 282).
platoni
saubrobs
sxva
Zvel
msgavs
miniSnebebs
Tqmulebaze,
romlis
akeTebs
Tavis
mixedviT,
“kanonebSi”.
adamianTa
is
modgmas
warRvnis, avadmyofobebis da sxva saxis bevri katastofa daatyda Tavs.
39
Sedegad, mxolod kacTa modgmis mciredi nawili gadarCa. eseni iyvnen
mTian adgilebs Sefarebuli mwemsebi ramodenime Txisa da xaris amara,
yovelgvari samuSao iaraRisa an saSualebebis gareSe.
“metafizikaSi”
acxadebs,
rom,
yvela
aristotele Tavis
SemTxvevaSi,
sxvadasxva
saxis
xelovnebisa da filosofiis aRmoCena periodulad Tavidan xdeba, magram
aseve
periodulad
qreba
am
ganmeorebadi
katastrofebis
gamo
(baterfildi 1981: 125).
droisa
da
ganapirobebda
istoriuli
Zveli
warsulisadmi
berZnuli
aseTi
istoriografiis
damokidebuleba
xasiaTs,
romelic
warmoiSva ioniaSi _- mcire aziis dasavleT sanapiroze da maxlobel
kunZulebze, sadac berZeni kolonistebi damkvidrdnen. ioniaSi eposma
ganviTarebis mwvervalebs miaRwia; aq gaCnda prozauli mwerloba; aqedan
iyvnen pirveli filosofosebi da eladis am nawilSi gadaidga pirveli
nabijebi mecnieruli kvlevis ganviTarebisaken. sayovelTao Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad,
“istoriis
mamad”
berZeni
avtori
herodotea
miCneuli
da
berZnebi iyvnen pirvelebi, romlebic warsulis movlenebs mecnieruli
meTodebiT miudgnen. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs aseve myari mosazreba,
rom berZnebma ver miaRwies istoriul cnobierebas da verc verasdros
miaRwevdnen,
radgan
mcdari
Sexeduleba
hqondaT
drosa
da
drois
dinebaze. r. kolingvudi (R. Collingwood) saubrobda berZnuli azrovnebis
antiistoriul
tendenciaze.
inteleqtualur
doneze
saerTod, Tvlian, rom
daiwyes,
istoria
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
istorizmis,
finli
yvelaferi
(M.Finley)
istoriis
ideis
werda,
rom
winaaRmdeg
iyo.
yvela im gamokvlevas Soris, romelic berZnebma
yvelaze
rom
drois
m.
warumatebeli
Zvel
pricipi,
berZnul
aramed
iyo
(baterfildi
“istorias”
sxvadasxva
1981:
118).
ganazRvravda
ara
xalxis
gamokvlevis,
aRweris interesi. erT-erTi mosazrebis mixedviT, es interesi uZveles
egviptur da Suamdinarul civilizaciebTan arsebulma kontaqtebma da
sparselebis mier mcire aziis dapyrobam ganapiroba.
Zvel
berZnul
istoriografiaSi,
sivrcesTan
SedarebiT,
drois
faqtoris minimalur mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs is faqti, rom teqstebSi
qronologiuri monacemebi da Soreul warsulTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi
mwirad
moipoveba.
rac
ufro
Soria
droiTi
distancia,
antikur
avtorebTan miT ufro metad igrZnoba zepiri tradiciis gavlena. o.
40
Spengleris
azriT,
imis
mexsierebas
istoriuli
gamo,
rom
gagebiT
antikuri
da
kultura
ar
flobda
moculi
iyo
”wminda
samyaro
aqarsobiT”, romelic, faqtobrivad, drois uaryofas niSnavda, elinis
cnobierebaSi yvelaferi, rac warsulTan iyo dakavSirebuli, maSinve
drois
gareSe,
amitomac
dgas
dasaxelebuli
istoria
uZrav,
eWvqveS
miTiurad
antikuri
faqtebis,
sparseTis
tradiciuli
gaformebul
periodis
TariRebis,
omebamde
da
konstruqciac
ki,
sinamdviled
avtorebis
saxelebis
iqceoda.
SemoqmedebaSi
realuroba.
“antikuri
gacilebiT
gviandeli
periodebis
arsebiTad,
miTosuri
azrovnebis
produqtia” (Spengleri 1993: 137).
berZnebi,
mikenel
romlebmac
winamorbedebze,
totalurad
kidev
ufro
ar
axsovdaT
ususurebi
araferi
iyvenen
TavinT
troas
omis
Semdgomi 4-5 saukunis sakuTariis damaxsovrebaSi. mkvelvrebs dResac
uWirT
monacemebis
imisaTvis,
rom
mopoveba
Seivsos
am
TeTri
periodis
laqa
Sesaxeb.
mexuTe
ar
saukunis
aris
im
cnobebi
periodTan
dakavSirebiTac, romelic sparselebTan omsa (romelic aRwera herodotem
zepiri tradiciis safuZvelze) da peloponesis oms Soris modis (romlis
Sesaxeb werda Tukidide msgavs wyaroebze dayrdnobiT).
berZnuli
polisebis
arqontebs,
aRmosavleli
monarqebisagan
gansxvavebiT, ar SeuqmniaT araferi, msgavsi analebisa. saerTod Zalian
iSviaTia berZnuli TariRebi. yvelaze cnobili, aTenis arqontebis sia
(romelic Zv.w. 683/2 wlamde adis),
instrumenti
qronologiis
sia SeiZleboda gamxdariyo sando
SeqmnisaTvis,
romelic
aqamde
bevrad
damokidebuli iyo genealogiaze da im Sexedulebaze, rom sami Taoba
Seadgens erT saukunes. magram, amiT ver mogvarda, zogadad, berZnuli
qronologiis problema, radgan sxva qalaqebi sakuTari siiT iTvlidnen
dros.
ufro
gvian
daiwyes
infromaciis
fiqsireba,
sabWos
gadawyvetilebeis Senxva, magram aTenis konstituciis reformis Sesaxeb
dokumentebci ar asaxavdnen warsulisadmi raime damokidebulebas an
istoriul
cnobierebas.
am
dokumentebiT
naklebad
SesaZlebelia,
magaliTad, klisTenes winare periodis ambebis gageba.
magram “istoriaSi”, romelic ioniaSi warmoiSva, rogorc aRiniSna,
drois faqtori ar iyo ganmsazRvreli. mis maorganizebeli Zalad sivrce
gamodioda da is sxvadasxva xalxebis gamokvlevaze iyo orientirebuli.
41
baterfldis TqmiT, sanam sparselebi daipyrobdnen ioniis qalaqebs, maT
kulturuli
kontaqtebi
hqondaT
egviptesTan
da
dasavleT
aziasTan,
ramac mTel rigi sferoebis ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. maSinac ki, roca
ionielebi sparselebs daemorCilnen, maTi horizonti gafarTovda, radgan
isini im imperiis nawili gaxdnen, romelic indoeTis sazRvrebamde iyo
gadaWimuli. ZvelaRmosavlur civilizaciebSi sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo
movlenaTa
dafiqsirebis
tradicia
garkveuli
interesic
arsebobda.
civilizaciebma
warmoSobaze,
gavlena
Tumca
manam,
daipyrobda.
iyo
es
is
ioniaSi
faqtiuri
sanam
maT
istoriuli
SeiZleba
moaxdines
maTi
ionielebisTvis
da
gamocdileba,
gvefiqra,
naklebis
lidia
da
romelmac,
mimarT
rom
istoriuli
gavlena
jer
warsulis
am
cnobierebis
momcemi
Semdeg
iyo
sparseTi
safiqrebelia,
rom
istoriuli Segneba gaaRviZa. amis naTeli magaliTia is, rom ionielebi
SeeCvivnen am xalxebis mezoblobas da maT, gansakuTrebiT egviptelebis,
mimarT
interesi
gamoavlines.
ionielebma
gadawyvites,
SeeswavlaT
ucxoelTa manerebi, wes-Cveulebebi, ideebi da, agreTve, gaegoT maTi
teritoriebis
Sesaxeb.
amitom,
eTnografiis
produqti
unda
ioniaSi
yofiliyo.
istoria
geografiisa
berZnuli
istoriis
da
erTi
damaxasiaTebli niSani iyo is, rom sawyis etapze ionelebi sxva xalxebis
warsuliT ufro iyvnen dakavebulebi, vidre sakuTariT.
axalma
tendenciebma
ar
gaaqro
ionielTa
interesi
berZnebis mimarT. meSvide saukunemde eposis mudmivi wera Tu
sakuTriv
gadaxedva
miuTiTebs imaze, rom isini gmirebis xaniT arian dakavebuli. magram amis
mere
maT
Sewyvites
msgavsi
tipis
literaturis
Seqmna.
am
regionis
dampyroblebs (da tiranebs) ar WirdebodaT iseTi mwerloba, romelic
gaaRvivebda
berZnul
suls
da
Seaxsenebda
ionielebs
maT
warsul
didebas da Tavisuflebas. politikurma da ekonomikurma ganviTarebam
socialuri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia, ramac gavlena moaxdina ganaTlebuli
adamianebis auditoriaze. poezia ufro lirikuli da piraduli gaxda.
axla gacilebiT meti interesi iyo
informaciis mimarT da, albaT,
amasTan dakavSirebiT, gaCnda prozauli mwerloba. arsebobs mosazreba,
rom, istoriografiam am TvalsazrisiT Caanacvla eposi. es azri SeiZleba
imiTac iyos gamyarebuli, rom istoriografiam gadmoiRo eposisTvis
niSandoblivi
da
homerosTan
ase
aSkara
pan-elinuri
koncefcia,
is
42
specifikuri funqcia, romelic hqonda homerosis Semdgom Seqmnil eposs.
sxvagvarad, man aiRo genealogiebis sistematizaciis dasrulebis, miTebis
gasworebisa da qronologiuri problemebis mogvarebis funcqia.
mcdeloba, rom wesrigSi moeyvanaT RmerTebis rigi, ganemartaT maTi
damokidebuleba gmirebTan da sxvadasxva gvarebTan imaze mianiSnebs, rom
berZnebisaTvis “istoria” Tavidanve wamodgenili iyo, rogorc erTgvari
“gamokvleva”. iman, rom warsulis aRdgena poetebis xelSi iyo, romlebmac
uamravi gaurkveveli momenti da pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva datoves, stimuli
misca istoriisadmi kritikuli midgomis Camoyalibebas.
kritika, pirvel
rigSi, mimarTuli iyo poemebis mimarT. istorikosebi _ prozis mwerlebi
_ istorias xedavdnen, rogorc gamokvlevas. maT unda gamoekvliaT sxva
qveynebis
warsuli
da
amisTvis
homerosi
ar
gamoadgebodaT.
ucxo
qveynebSi isini eZebdnen problemebis gadaWris gzebs da amiT ganaviTares
istoriuli kvlevis meTodebi. kerZod, saubaria adgilobrivi xalxebis
gamokiTxvaze da monacemTa Sedarebaze. ionielebi ucxo xalxebs sakuTar
Tavs adarebdnen. is, rom am Sedarebebis Sedegad maT SeeZloT
daenaxaT
msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi,zrdida maTi azrovnebis SesaZleblobebs.
magaliTad,
aseTi
Sedarebebis
Sedegad
maT
daaskvnes,
rom
swored
egviptelebi flobdnen siZvelis sibrZnes.
Zv.w. me-5 saukunis ionieli avtorebisTvis, epikuri poetebisagan
gansxvavebiT, damaxasiaTebeli iyo bevrad ufro Tanamedrove istoriiT
daintereseba. ioniel istorikosebs ainteresebdaT uaxloesi warsuli.
raRacam _ SesaZloa, saerTaSoriso situaciis SegrZnebam da sakuTari
Tavis
sxvasTan
warsuli
mimarTebaSi
movlenebis
gaazrebis
Seswavla,
saWiroebam
romlebic
uSualod
_
ganapiroba
im
ukavSirdebodnen
Tanamedrove situacias. mezobel xalxebze codnis dagrovebis survili
nakarnaxevi iyo realuri moTxovnebiT. swored uaxloesi warsuli iyo is,
rac gamoiyeneboda Tanamedrove problemebis gadawyvetisTvis. Zv.w.aR. me-5
saukuneSi istoriis wera, TiTqos, kavSirSi iyo maSin mimdinare did
movlenebTan. saukunis dasawyisSi moxda ionielTa warumatebeli ajanyeba
sparselebis
winaaRmdeg.
Semdeg
modis
sparselebis
didi
Seteva
saberZneTze, qserqses meTaurobiT, roca aTenma wamyvani roli Seasrula
damyroblebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da gabatonebuli pozicia daimkvidra
berZnul qalaqebs Soris. hekateos mileteli am movlenebidan pirvelis
43
uSualo momswre iyo. herodotem ki ionielTa ajanyeba Tavisi istoriis
erT-erT
Temad
gaxada
imisaTvis,
rom
berZen-sparselTa
omi
aRewera
(baterfildi 1981: 131-136).
antikuri
gamoklveva,
istoriografia,
drois
gagebaze
rogorc
sxva
ucxo,
“barbarosi”
TvalsazrsiTac
xalxebis
axdenda
gavlenas.
berZeni avtorebis kvlevis sferoSi Semavali xalxebi ar ganixilebodnen
saerTo istoriul konteqstSi. erTi sazogadoebis dro ar miesadageboda
meoris dros. es avtonomiuri da gaxleCili periodebi iyo (gavixsenoT
isic, rom TiToeul berZnul polisSi sakuTari sazomiT iTvlidnen
dros).
sxva
viTareba
iyo
Sua
saukuneebis
qristianul
samyaroSi.
qristianuli gagebiT, mTeli kacobrioba erTian istoriul procesSi
miazreboda.
berZnuli istoriografia, romelic realurad saTaves Zv.w.aR. me-5
saukuneSi iRebs, uecrad wydeba me-4 saukuneSi. es xdeba maSin, roca
filosofiam Tavis simaRleebs miaRwia da arafrad agdebda istorikosTa
naSromebs.
m.
finli
aRniSnavs,
rom
yvela
berZeni
filosofosi,
neoplatonikosebis CaTvliT, erTnairad indiferentulad iyo ganwyobili
istoriis
mimarT.
filosofiisTvis
mTavaria
ara
cvalebadoba
da
warmavloba, aramed ucvleloba da maradiuloba (baterfildi 1981: 118).
romauli istoria, ZiriTadad, politikuri da samxedro istoria
iyo
da
yvelaze
metad
axlo
warsulis
movlenebs
asaxavda.
xSir
SemTxvevaSi, am movlenebSi Tavad avtorebi monawileobdnen. amgvarad,
aqcenti
keTdeboda
procesebze.
TiTqos,
Tanamedroveobasa
aseTive
da
damokidebuleba
mimdinare
SeimCneva
politikur
polibiosTan,
magram is ar iwonebda im gayalbebebs, romlebsac Cadiodnen valerius
antiasi (Valerius Antias) da licinius maceri (Licinius Macer) sakuTari gentes-is
istoriis gandidebis mizniT. arc Tukidide miCnevda, rom istorikoss
SeeZlo ramenairi gavlena moexdina awmyoze. Tukididec da herodotec
werdnen momavali, iseve rogorc sakuTari TaobebisTvis da amas isini
xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen.
msgavsi ram, saerTod, Zalian iSviaTia romaul
istoriaSi. romaeli istorikosebs survili hqondTan movlenebze gavlena
moexdinaT swore axla, maT Tanamedrove dros (komberi 2006: 47).
Tumca,
warsuls
amasTan
sakmaod
erTad,
grZel
unda
aRiniSnos
perspeqtivaSi
isic,
aRiqvamdnen.
rom
romaelebi
maTTvis
istoria
44
romis daarsebis legendaruli TariRidan iwyeboda. magram, qristianuli
drois
gagebisgan
gansxvavebiT,
romaelebisTvis
dros
dasasruli
ar
hqonda. es ar iyo esqatologiuri dro.
aRsaniSnavia
avtorebisaTvis
isic,
rom
STagonebis
istoriis
wyaro
weris
iyo
dros
winaprebis
romaeli
kulti
da
aristokratuli ojaxebis survili, daviwyebas ar miscemoda maTi sagmiro
saqmeebi.
berZeni
istorikosebisagan
gansxvavebiT,
maT,
patriotebma, amocanad daisaxes sakuTari qveynis warsulis
rogorc
yovelmxrivi
kvleva (viTrou 1988: 58).
amgvarad,
umTavresad
arsebuli
Zvel
dominirebda,
Sexedulebis
berZnul
rac
Tanaxmad,
kulturaSi,
ganapirobebda
antikur
drois
cikluri
istoriisadmi
xanaSi,
aRqma
indiferentul
damokidebulebas. Tumca italieli mkvlevris a. momilianos (A. Momigliano)
azriT, gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, rom berZnuli drois cikluri gageba
gansxvavdeba ebrauli da qristianuli aracikluri da arasivrcobrivi
gagebisagan,
avgustines
avgustines
am
qristianul
mier
Sexedulebis
aris
damkvidrebuli.
gavrcoba
istoriografiaze
mTel
mizanSewonili
misi
berZnul
ar
aris.
mtkicebiT,
da
ebraul-
Cveulebrivi
ebraeli iseve icnobda ciklur dros, rogorc rigiTi berZeni. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, es universaluri fenomenia. sxva sakiTxia, Tu ra wamodgena
hqondaT drois Sesaxeb berZen filosofosebs. platonis azri droze
sayovelTao ar iyo. filosofosebi unda SevadaroT filosofosebs. Tu
vinmes surs, rom raime gaigos berZeni istorikosebis Sesaxeb, pirvel
rigSi,
man
Tavi
unda
daaRwios
drois
ciklur
gagebaze
saubars
(momiliano 1977: 184-186).
SesaZloa, antikuri xanis cikluri da Sua saukunebis qristianuli,
xazovani drois diqotomiis marTebulobaSi eWvi SevitanoT, magram, Cveni
azriT,
ar
SeiZleba
im
mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebebis
ugulebelyofa,
romelic arsebobda drois am or gagebas Soris. es gansxvavebebi mkafiod
vlindeba
antikur
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
da
rom
Sua
saukuneebis
antikuri
qristianul
istoria,
drosTan
istoriografiaSi.
damokidebulebis
TvalsazrisiT, kardinalurad gansxvavdeba Sua saukuneebis qristianuli
istoriisgan.
warsulis
antikuri
perspeqtivis
periodis
simokle,
istoiografiisTvis
qronologiuri
damaxasiaTebelia
monacemebis
simwire;
45
amasTan,
ZiriTadi
aqcenti
keTdeba
awmyoze
da
momavalis
gagebac
naklebad mniSvnelovania; Txrobis maorganizebeli Zalaa sivrce. mTavaria
sxvadasxva xalxebis gamokvleva; Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom Zvel berZnebi
droisa
da
istoriis
mimarT
absoluturad
indiferentulebi
iyvnen.
magaliTad, baterfildis TqmiT, warsulis didi adamianebis Tayvaniscema
elini xalxis religiuri Sexedelebebis nawili iyo. winaprebis (tomis,
klanis
an
ojaxis
saberZneTSi
scemdnen
damfuZneblebis)
Tayvaniscemis
zogierTi
forma
uZveles periodSi SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo. berZnebi Tayvans
epikur
gmirebs,
romlebic,
maTi
Rra
rwmeniT,
odesRac
realurad cxovrobdnen. isini aRmerTebdnen gansakuTrebuli damaxurebis
mqone
wianprebs.
magaliTad,
axali
qalaqis
damaarsebeli
sikvdilis
Semdeg Tayvaniscemis obieqti xdeboda (baterfildi 1981: 119). Tumca es
mainc ar unda gavaTanabroT droisa da istoriis iseT SegrZnebasTan,
rogoric iyo, magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis qristianul samyaroSi. Zveli
berZnebis
rwmeniT,
is
adamiani,
romelsac
Tayvans
scemdnen,
kvlav
aqtiurad ganagrZobda awmyoSi arsebobas. Tanac, rogorc zemoT iyo
aRniSnuli,
warsulTan
amitomac saberZneTSi
gadaweuli
da
damokidebuleba
eposiT
iyo
gaSualebuli.
istorizmis principi, ZiriTadad, ukana planze iyo
istoriuli
mexsierebac
drois
mokle
perspeqtivas
moicavda.
amis sapirispirod, Sua sakuneebis qristianul istoriografiaSi
istorizmis
principi
gazrdilia
da
yuradReba
eqceva
ZiriTadia.
samyaros
Seqmnis
qronologiur
warsulisken
momentamde
perspqtiva
aRwevs;
monacemebs.
gansakuTrebuli
gazrdilia
perpqtiva, romelic meored mosvlamde greldeba;
ukiduresad
momavalis
TxrobaSi dominanti
faqtoria dro da ara sivrce.
ra Tqma unda, arc antikur xanaSi da arc Sua saukuneebSi dro ar
iyo
unificirebuli
da
arsebobda
mraval
“lokalur
konteqstze”
damokidebuli drois gagebebi. maSindel sazogadoebebSi arsebuli drois
gagebaTa mravalgvaroba istoriul mwerlobaSic aisaxa (am problemas
ufro dawvrilebiT Sua saukuneebis teqstebis safuZvelze ganvixilavT).
magram aq unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoeba: antikuri da Sua saukuneebis
istoriuli
teqstebi,
ZiriTadad,
gamoxataven
im
msoflmxedvelobriv
tendenciebs, romlebic maTi Seqmnis periodSi arsebobda. es exeba drois
46
aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis priblemasac. antikur istoriografiaSi
drois
gageba
miTosuri
msoflmxedvelobiT
iyo
gansaRvruli,
Sua
saukunebSi ki _ qritianuli religiiT.
47
Tavi III
droisa da istoriis gageba Sua saukuneebSi: qarTuli
kultura
qristianuli samyaros konteqstSi
droisa
da
istoriis
gageba,
kulturuli
mravalgvarobisa
da
epoqebis Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulad vlindeba. Sua saukuneebi swored is
epoqaa, rodesac, qristianobis SemosvlasTan erTad, mkvidrdeba droisa
da istoriis axali iudeur-qristianuli koncefcia. drois am gagebaze
saubrobs
s.
averincevi
Tavis
wignSi
“adrebizantiuri
literaturis
poetika”. misi TqmiT, dro absoluturad sxvanairad gaizreba bibliur
samyaroSi,
vidre
antikur-miTosur
realobaSi.
aq
samyaro
aris
ara
“kosmosi”, aramed “olami”, anu samyaro rogorc istoria, radgan olamis
SigniT sivrcec ki drois dinamikis modusSia mocemuli. is aris adgili,
sadac movlenebi TanmimdevrobiT enacvleba erTmaneTs; berZnuli RmerTi
zevsi sivrcis meufea da “rezidenciac” sivrcis garkveul lokalur
arealSi _ olimpze aqvs. bibliurma RmerTma ki Seqmna ca da miwa, e.i. is
aris ufali im momentisa, saidanac daiwyo kacobriobis istoria. igi
RmerTia warsulis da awmyosi, magram misi nafiqri ganxorcieldeba
momavalSi,
im
daTqmul
dRes,
romelzec
miuTiTeben
bibliuri
winaswarmetyvelebi. Sesabamisad, bibliaSi dro aris ara cikluri, aramed
sworxazovani, istoriuli. drois perspeqtiva warsulisaken grZeldeba
samyaros dasabamamde, xolo momavlis istoria RmerTis CanafiqrSi ukve
mocemulia da is saboloo mizans aucileblad miaRwevs (averincevi 1977:
90).
wminda werilSi
movlenebic
ki
xdeba
ebraeli xalxis istoriis legendaruli periodis
ara
miTologiur,
aramed
konkretul-istoriul
drosa da sivrceSi. sakuTriv RvTis gamocxadeba istoriis saxiT aris
mocemuli. adamiani nabij-nabij mivida im daskvnamde, rom RmerTi Tavis
Tavs drois da movlenebis TanmimdevrobaSi avlens. Toras religiaSi
SeuZlebelia istoriidan gaqcevis warmodgenac ki. is Riaa istoriisadmi,
bolomde gamsWvalulia da savsea istoriiT (xazanovi 2002: 121).
Sua
saukuneebis
qristianuli
samyaros
msoflmxedveloba
emyareboda droisa da istoriis bibliur gagebas. qristiani avtorebis
48
Semoqmedeba
nakarnaxevi
iyo
RvTiuri
winaswargansazRvrulobisa
da
sworxazovani drois SegnebiT. maT mier istoria gaiazreboda, rogorc
kacobriobis xsnis RvTaebrivi gegmis ganxorcielebis procesi, romelic
am
miznis
miRwevisTanave
dasruldeboda.
istoriis,
rogorc
droSi
gangebis nebis ganxorcielebis providencialisturi idea miuTiTebs, rom
drois perspeqtiva gaizarda da igi sworxazovani da Seuqcevadi gaxda.
istoria
uwyvetad
miemarTeba
dasawyisidan
dasasrulisken.
xazovani
drois struqturaSi TiToeuli movlena unikaluria. RvTiuri gegmis
droSi ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb warmodgenam, Tavis mxriv, ganviTarebis
idea warmoSva. am ideis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli epoqa wina epoqisagan Tavisi
miznebiTa da amocanebiT gansxvavdeba, magram dakavSirebulia masTan,
radgan
axali
periodi
mxolod
wina
periodis
dasrulebis
Semdeg
SeiZleba daiwyos.
Tu
berZnebisTvis
damokidebulebis
da
miuxedavad,
romaelebisTvis,
drois
drois
dominaturi
ciklurobisadmi
aspeqti
awmyo
da
warsuli iyo, qristianobam adamianis yuradReba momavlisaken mimarTa.
drois amgvari qristianuli gageba, rogorc avgustinesTan fiqsirdeba,
gansxvavdeboda antikuri xanis drois gagebisgan imiT, rom is ar iyo arc
cikluri da arc ganusazRvrelad, siaxlis motanis gareSe, mdinari
(viTrou 1988: 65).
49
I. droisa da istoriis gageba da Sua saukuneebis saistorio mwerlobis
Janrobrivi Taviseburebebi
§ 1. Sua saukuneebis evropa
Sua saukuneebSi miRebuli SexedulebiT, dro istoria iyo, romelsac
gansazRvruli mimarTuleba hqonda. antikuri periodis istorikosisTvis
mTavar mizans kargad dawerili mwyobri moTxrobis Seqmna warmoadgenda,
romelSic movlenebs Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri iqneboda danaxuli, Sua
saukuneebis istorikosis ZiriTadi mizani ki movlenebis droSi warmoCena
iyo
(gene 2002: 174).
hiponis
episkoposi
mniSvnelovanwilad
netari
avgustine
gansazRvra
(354-430
Suasaukuneebis
azrovnebis ganviTareba, miCnevda, rom
ww.),
evropis
samyaro,
romelmac
istoriuli
upirveles
yovlisa,
istoriaa, sakuTriv istoria ki _ RmerTis mier winaswarganzraxuli, erTi
safexuridan
romelic
meoreze
macxovris
amavali,
meored
sworxazovani,
movlinebiT
Seuqcevadi
da
procesi,
kacobriobis
xsniT
dasruldeba. igi istoriis arss “RvTis qalaqis” da “miwieri qalaqis”
brZolaSi xedavda. “RvTis qalaqis” gamarjveba kacobriobis saboloo
mizania. amqveynad ki misi gamovlinebaa eklesia, empiriuli sinamdvilis
erTaderTi
naTeli
wertili.
avgustinesTvis
amqveynad
yovelive
warmavalia, maT Soris, saxelmwifoc, gansxvavebiT evsevi kesarielisagan,
romlisTvisac konstantine didis imperia RmerTis nebis gamovlineba iyo.
amitom
avgustinesTan
ukiduresad
gamZafrebulia
drois
warmavlobis
gancda da momavlis esqatologiuri molodini.
avgustines
traqtatSi
Sexeduleba
“RvTis
istoriul
qalaqisaTvis”.
procesze
masSi
kargad
kacobriobis
Cans
mis
istoria
warmodgenilia, rogorc ori urTierTsapirispiro sawyisis _ sikeTis da
borotebis _ brZola. pirvel sawyiss Seesabameba “RvTis qalaqi”, meores
_ “miwieri qalaqi”. RvTis qalaqi, miwierisagan gansxvavebiT, fizikurad
ar arsebobs. is ufro idealia, kacobriobis saboloo mizani, romelic
amqveyniuri samyaros aRsasrulis Semdeg gaxdeba realuri. amqveynad misi
gamovlinebaa eklesia, qristianuli sazogadoeba, empiriuli sinamdvilis
50
erTaderTi
naTeli
wertili.
marTalia,
am
moxetiale
da
devnili
zeciuri qalaqis pirvelsaxed jer kidev abeli Seiqmna, magram is miwaze
mxolod
qristianuli
eklesiis
saxiT
arsebobs.
RvTis
qalaqi
dafuZnebulia RmerTis siyvarulsa da sakuTari Tavis uaryofaze da
amitom misTvis damaxasiaTebelia sikeTe, samarTlianoba, Tavmdabloba,
morCileba; miwieri qalaqi _ es aris amqveyniuri samyaro, codvilTa
samefo. igi Zmis mkvlelma kaenma daaarsa. mas romis damfuZnebeli _
romulusi Seesabameba. miwieri qalaqi yvelaze ukeT, SeiZleba, swored
saxelmwifos
RmerTis
saxiT
uaryofasa
warmovidginoT,
da
sakuTari
romelic
Tavis
sisxlze,
siyvarulzea
danaSaulze,
damkvidrebuli.
adamianebi fizikurad miwaze cxovroben, magram isini an RvTis qalaqs, an
miwis
qalaqs
gansxvavebiT,
warmavalia,
ekuTvnian.
amqveyniur
maT
avgustinesTvis,
samyaroSi
Soris,
evsevi
progresi
saxelmwifoc.
ar
verc
kesarielisagan
arsebobs.
erTi
yovelive
saxelmwifo
ver
Seedreba RvTis qalaqs, acxadebs igi. aq misi da evsevis gza iyreba,
radgan es ukanaskneli sul sxva funqcias akisrebda saxelmwifos. igi
konstantines imperias romis memkvidred aRiarebda, avgustine ki romis
maradiulobas gadaWriT uaryofda. misi azriT, Tu sabolood ca da miwa
Camoiqceva, maSin ratom ar unda damdgariyo romis aRsasruli? aseTi
Sexeduleba
ukiduresad
amZafrebs
drois
warmavlobis
gancdas
da
momavlis esqatologiur molodins.
istoriuli procesis amgvari xedva, ra Tqma unda, ver iguebda
antikuri
azrovnebisaTvis
tipuri
cikluri
drois
gagebas.
amitom
avgustinem, pirvel rigSi, drois cikluroba uaryo. misi azriT, platoni
cdeboda, roca Tavis mowafeebs umtkicebda, rom uxsovar warsulSi da,
aseve,
ganusazRvrel
momavalSi,
kvlav
iqnebian
igive
platoni,
igive
akademia, igive misi mowafeebi, igive aTeni. qriste erTxel mokvda da
erTxel aRdga... amdenad, wreSi trialeben mxolod eSmakiseulni. drois
ganmeorebadoba ewinaaRmdegeba qristianobas, radgan amiT gamoiricxeba
uflis erTxel movlineba, miaCnda mas. avgustines istoriis filosofiam
didi xniT gansazRvra Sua saukuneebis istoriografiis principebi.
amgvarad,
qristes
movlineba,
winaswarmetyvelebis
aRsruleba
istoriul masStabs, an, ukeT rom vTqvaT, centrs sZens dros. amieridan
samyaros Seqmnidan qristemde Zvel aRTqmaSi aRwerili warsulis mTeli
51
istoria xsnis istoriis nawils warmoadgens. amdenad, istorias Tavisi
mizani aqvs.
unda
aRiniSnos
processa
da
isic,
drois
rom
Sua
mdinarebaze
saukuneebis
mxolod
evropaSi
erTi
istoriul
Tvalsazrisi
ar
arsebobda. le gofis TqmiT, qristiani moazrovneebis nawili istorizmis
sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebebsac
aviTarebda.
maTi
azriT,
istoriuloba
moCvenebiTia da saSiSi, WeSmaritad Rirebuli ki drois miRma arsebuli
maradisobaa.
XI
saukuneSi
erTmaneTs
ori
pozicia
daupirispirda.
pirvelis Tanaxmad, WeSmariteba TandaTanobiT vlindeba droSi (bernar
Sartrelis azriT, WeSmariteba drois Svilia); meore poziciis momxreebi
ucvleli WeSmaritebis arsebobis ideas icavdnen. hugo sen-viqtoreli
abeliaris winaaRmdeg gamodioda, romelic qristes movlinebaze utyuar
codnas Zveli aRTqmis wmindanebTanac eZebda. is amtkicebda, rom istoria
RvTis gangebis droSi gamovlinebaa. Tumca Toma aqvineli saukuneebis
mere ityvis, rom amaoa moZRvrebis istoriiT dakaveba,
mniSvnelovania
mxolod WeSmariteba, romelsac SeiZleba es moZRvreba Seicavdes. saqme
gvaqvs ucvleli WeSmaritebis Ziebis da istoriuli drois uaryofis
miswrafebasTan (le gofi 2005: 211)
drois qristianuli koncefcia aisaxa Sua saukuneebis istoriul
mwerlobaSi,
gansxvavebuli
Tumca,
konkretuli
xarisxiT
Janris
gamovlinda.
specifikidan
zogierT
gamomdinare,
JanrSi,
magaliTad,
“qronikaSi” wamyvani faqtoria dro da movlenebi danaxulia xangrZliv
droiT
perspeqtivaSi,
romelic,
Cveulebriv,
bibliuri
“dabadebis”
personaJebs wvdeba. xolo “istoriaSi” (maSindeli gagebiT) wina planze
sxva
faqtorebic
gamodis
da
drois
principi
TxrobaSi
SedarebiT
neitralizebulia.
Sua saukuneebis evropaSi istoriuli mwerlobis arsi, mizani da
Janrobrivi kuTvnileba xSirad iqceoda gansjis sagnad. bernar genes
TqmiT, aq Zalian mwvaved aRiqvamdnen warsuli drois erTianobas. maSin
miRebuli
SexdeulebiT,
istorikosis
movaleoba
iyo:
am
warsulis
ardaviwyeba (memoria temporum); masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebis moyola
(gesta temporum); am drois aRwera (temporum descriptio); droTa Tanmimdevrobis
zustad
warmoCena
dadgena
(temporum
(series temporum);
certitudo).
Sua
movlenebis
saukuneebis
qronologiis
zustad
istoriografia
cudad
52
axerxebda sivrceSi orientirebas, is Tavis arss droSi xedavda. mas
qronologiis tiraniis qveS uxdeboda arseboba (gene 2002: 25).
hugo sen-viqtorelis mixedviT, istoriuli codna sam mniSvnelovan
momentamde
daiyvaneba.
es
momentebia:
adamianebi,
romelTa
wyalobiT
movlenebi xdeba; adgili, sadac es movlenebi viTardeba da dro, rodesac
es movlenebi xdeba (le gofi 2005: 202).
Sua
saukuneebSi
“analebiT”,
evropuli
“qronikebiTa”
da
istoriografia
“istoriebiT”.
warmodgenili
maT
xSirad
iyo
sinonimuri
mniSvneloba hqonda, Tumca erTmaneTisgan mainc gansxvavebodnen. rogorc
zemoT
aRiniSna,
drois
principis
gamoyenebis
xarisxi
yvela
JanrSi
erTnairi ar iyo. dasavleT evropis SemTxvevaSi, analebSi da qronikebSi
droiTi
principis
primati
aSkaraa,
istoriebSi
ki
sxva
faqtorebic
gamodis wina planze.
analebs
uwodebdnen
mokle
iyo
da
movlenaTa
TariRebi
tabulebis
mindvrebze
wlidan
movlenebis
aRmniSvneli
Canawerebi
mSral
mocemuli.
wliur
Tavidan
wlamde
iyo.
Canawerebs,
analebi
gakeTebuli
sadac
saaRdgomo
mniSvnelovani
TandaTanobiT
am
Canawerebis
moculoba gaizarda. maTi aRniSvna calke furcelze daiwyes da analebma
damoukidebeli teqstis saxe miiRo. qronikaSi Txroba ufro gavrcobili
da Tanmimdevruli iyo. masSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda qronologias,
drois aTvla samyaros Seqmnidan an adamidan iwyeboda. unda aRiniSnos,
rom am or Janrs Soris zRvari mkacrad gamijnuli ar iyo. xSirad
istorikosi
sakuTar
naSromSi
Tavs
uyrida
erTdroulad
analebis
cnobebs da Tan ufro Soreul warsulSic ixedeboda. amiT analebi
qronikis saxes iRebda. zogjer istorikosi jer Soreuli warsulis
rekonstruirebas iwyebda, xolo Semdeg ubrundeboda axlo warsuls
(analebis sferos). sxvagvarad, qronika analebis saxiT grZeldeboda.
analebs
da
qronikas
TanmimdevrobiT,
kenterberielis
aerTianebs
wlebis
(daaxl.
is,
mixedviT
1200
rom
aris
ax.w.aR.)
orive
JanrSi
gadmocemuli.
TqmiT,
qronika
movlenebi
ukve
analebis
gervasi
meore
saxelwodebaa.
istoriaSi,
movlenebs
Soris
qronologiuri
kavSirebis
garda,
naCvenebi da axsnili iyo maTi mizezebi da Sedegebi. aq prioriteti
Txrobas
eniWeboda.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
istorikosic
cdilobda
53
qronologiuri
dasaxelebas
Tanmimdevrobis
aravin
eloda
dacvas,
da,
misgan
praqtikulad,
zusti
is
amgvar
TariRebis
cnobebs
ar
iZleoda. samagierod, istorikosis Txroba ritorikis yvela wesis dacviT
viTardeboda. istoria aucileblad “grZeli” moTxroba unda yofiliyo,
gansxvavebiT
qronikisagan,
romlis
aucilebeli
maxasiaTebeli
iyo
simokle.
oton fraizingeli zusti TariRebis dasaxelebiT cdilobda, drois
mdinarebas mihyoloda. amitom misi naSromi, pirvel rigSi, qronika iyo.
amave dros, igi naSromis agebulebazec zrunavda, e. i. es Txzuleba
istoriadac
iyo
Cafiqrebuli.
amaze
naSromis
saTauric
miuTiTebs:
“qronika, anu istoria ori qalaqisa” (Chronica cive historia de duabus civitatibus);
ioane sen-viqtoreli aRniSnavda, rom misi survili iyo Sereuli Janris
(istoriisa da qronikis) arCeva (le gofi 2002: 236-39). garda amisa, bevri
Txzuleba
amgvarad
aris
dasaTaurebuli:
“qronika,
anu
istoria”,
“qronika, anu analebi”, “analebi, anu istoria”.
§ 2. bizantia
bizantia
Sua saukunebis qristianuli sivrcis nawili iyo. Tumca
mecnierebi xazs usvamen mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebs,
rac ganasxvavebda mas Sua saukuneebis qristianuli evropisagan. esenia:
antikuri tradiciis xangrZlivad SenarCuneba; aRmosavluri kulturebis
intensiuri zemoqmedeba; qristianuli moZRvrebis gansakuTrebuli formis
_ marTlmadideblobis arseboba; bizantiur sazogadoebaSi imperiuli
doqtrinis primati (udalcova 1982a: 4).
rogorc a. gureviCi aRniSnavs, qristes cxovrebis scenebis aRwerisas
bizantielebi
arasodes
upirvelesad,
simbolur
icavdnen
istoriul
datvirTvas
Tanmimdevrobas
aZlevdnen.
es
da
maSin,
maT,
roca
dasavleTSi Tanmimdevrobis principi yovelTvis daculi iyo (gureviCi
1972: 54)
istoriuli
gansxvebulad
procesi
Canda
da,
bizantiur
masTan
erTad,
saistorio
droiTi
tradiciaSi.
perspeqtiva
saeklesio
istorikos evsevi kesarielis (265-340 ww.). TxzulebebSic ki, romelic
54
istoriul
process,
principSi,
bibliuri
perspeqtiviT
ganixilavda,
drois da istoriis koncefcia gansxvebulad Cans, vidre dasavleTSi.
evsevi kesarielma, avgustines msgavsad, istoriaSi sami ZiriTadi momenti
gamoyo.
Tumca
masTan,
faqtobrivad,
qristianul-apokalifsuri
dro
neitralizdeba, risi mizezic gaxlavT evsevis politikuri doqtrina
eklesiasa
da
imperias
romelsac
maSindel
Soris
haramoniuli
bizantiaSi Seqmnili
urTierTobis
realoba
udevs
Sesaxeb,
safuZvlad.
bizantielebisTvis ucxo iyo avgustineseuli antinomia civitas terrena-sa da
civitas Dei-s Soris, radgan maTTvis swored bizantiis imperia iyo ciuri
ierusalimis gansaxiereba (dostalova 1982: 31)
konkretulad
TvalsazisiT,
bizantiur
sxvadasxva
saistorio
tendencia
TaviseburebebiT aixsneba. saerTod,
mwerlobaSi,
SeiniSneba,
drois
rac
aRqmis
Janrobrivi
bizantiur saistorio mwerlobaSi
sami Janri arsebobda: “istoriebi”, “saeklesio istoria” da “qronografia”
(qronika).
drosTan
damokidebulebis
TvalsazrisiT,
Janrebs
Soris
mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa.
bizantiur
“istoriebSi”
sworxazovani
drois
gageba
ar
Cans
(samyaros Seqmna, qristes dabadeba, meored mosvla da kacobriobis xsna).
adreuli
periodis
saero
istorikosebTan
(amiane
marceline,
evnapi,
priske panioneli, prokofi kesarieli, agaTia sqolastikosi, Teofilaqte
simokatta), mogviano xanis avtorebTanac (magaliTad, im istorikosebTan,
romlebic bizantiis imperiis dacemas aRwerdnen) cikluri drois gavlena
igrZnoba. bizantieli istorikosebic, antikuri epoqis avtorTa msgavsad,
qronologiuri sakiTxebisadmi indiferentulad arian ganwyobili. maTi
azriT, radgan yvelaferi meordeba, azri ara aqvs imis codnas, Tu rodis
moxda esa Tu is movlena. amitom arazustia TariRebi prokofisTan,
saerTod ar gvxvdeba qronologiuri monacemebi laonike qalkedonelTan
da a.S. bizantieli saero istorikosebi, iseve rogorc Zveli berZeni
avtorebi, drois SedarebiT mokle periods aSuqebdnen. isini aRwerdnen
an uSualod sakuTari TvaliT nanax movlenebs, an uaxloes warsulSi
momxdar faqtebs. warsulisken perspeqtiva saSualod 63 weliwads iqiT
ar midioda. es istorikosebi, TiTqos, moklebuli arian im aucilebel
droiT
distancias,
romelic
maT
saSualebas
miscems,
amaRldnen
Tanamedrove koniunqturaze, romelime partiis politikur interesebze,
55
sasaxlis intrigebze da movlenebs obieqturi Sefaseba miscen. amitomac
fiqsirdeba bizantiur istoriografiaSi avtoris pozicia ase mkafiod.
bizantieli istorikosebis TxzulebebSi Txroba mimdinareobs ufro
teritoriuli, Tematuri da problemuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
vidre
qronologiuri
principis
mixedviT.
xSiria
geografiuli,
miTologiuri, eTnografiuli eqskursebi. prokopi kesarielis “omebis
istoriaSi”
movlenebis
gadaadgilebis
aRwera
kvaldakval,
xan
xdeba
xan
istoriuli
omebis
Teatrebis
personaJebis
Secvlis
mixedviT,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq qronologiuri principi ukana planze gadadis
(dostalova 1982: 22-31).
qronografiebSi, dasavluri qronikebis msgavsad, Txroba samyaros
Seqmnis an adamis droidan iwyeba da droc qristianul esqatologiasTan
kavSirSi
gaigeba.
istoriuli
movlenebi
CamoTvlilia
qronologiuri
TanmimdevrobiT da xSirad meqanikuradaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli.
sakuTriv bizantieli avtorebi afiqsirebdnen gansxvavebas istoriasa
da qronografias Soris. magaliTad, istorikosebs akritikebdnen swored
imis
gamo,
rom
isini
movlenebs
Zalian
dawvrilebiT
aRwerdnen
da
mxolod maTi Tanamedrove droisa da uaxloesi warsulis movlenebs
exebodnen.
istoria imiTac ganxvavdeboda qronografiisgan, rom igi uSualod
antikuri tradiciiT sazrdoobda. Tu qronikebi eyrdnoboda qristianul
tradicias,
bizantiuri
istoriografia
Tavidanve
herodotesa
da
Tukidides mixedviT viTardeboda.
istoriis
romelic
Teorias
istoriografiis
yuradRebas
da
simarTlis
saxelmZRvanelod
romelTa
specialistebi
didaqtikur
weris
iyenebdnen
mixedviT,
erTi
swavlobdnen,
mniSvnelobaze
aucileblobaze
dionise
istorikosma
polibiosisgan
saubrobda.
halikarnaselis
periodi
da
amaxvilebda
erTi
aseve,
principebs,
Tema
unda
airCios. man unda weros mxolod uSualod nanax da gancdil movlenebze,
autofsiis an TviTmxilvelTa cnobebis safuZvelze (dostalova 1982: 2224).
qristianobis
mxriv,
eklesiis
damkvidrebam
istoriisadmi
da
azrovnebis
sazogadoebis
Teokratizaciam,
yuradReba
Tavis
gamoiwvia.
amgvarad, Camoyalibda calke Janri _ saeklesio istoria. saeklesio
56
istoriebSi
(evsevi
kesarieli,
Teodorite
kvireli,
evagre)
sokrate
da
sqolastikosi,
qronografiebSi
sozomene,
mkafiod
fiqsirdeba
drois qristianuli koncefciis primati. evsevi kesarielma erT-erTma
pirvelma
warmoaCina
msoflio
principis
safuZvelze.
igi
istoria
Tavis
bibliuri
“qronikaSi”
qronologiuri
cdilobs,
kacobriobis
istoria aCvenos samyaros Seqmnidan 325 wlis nikeis saeklesio krebamde.
evsevis koncefciis mixedviT, yvelaferi, rac iyo macxovris movlinebamde,
saxarebis Semamzadebel periods warmoadgenda. qristes Semdgomi epoqa ki
axali
aRTqmis
istoriaa,
romelic,
Tavis
mxriv,
meored
mosvlamde
grZeldeba (dostalova 1982: 31). saeklesio istoriaSi, iseve rogorc
qronikaSi,
dro
kesarielTan
sxvagvarad
iudeur-qristianuli
drois
aris
mdinareba
gagebuli,
da
gagebiT
gaizreba.
istoriuli
vidre
Tumca
procesi
dasavleTSi,
evsevi
Tvisobrivad
netari
avgustines
SexedulebebSi.
saeklesio
istoriebSi
gansxvavebiT,
prioritets
avtorebi,
saero
aniWebdnen
iseTi
istorikosebisagan
movlenebis
aRweras,
rogoricaa saeklesio krebebi, warmarTebTan da eretikosebTan dogmaturi
kamaTi
da
a.S.
amitom,
eklesiis
istoria
ar
erwymis
saero
istoriografias. piriqiT, faqtebi bizantiis imperiis saero cxovrebidan
eklesiis
interesebis
Sesabamisad
aris
warmoCenili.
uaryofdnen
ra
warmarTul ideologias, saeklesio istorikosebi cdilobdnen, ukuegdoT
antikuri istoriografiis tradicia da minimumamde SeemcirebinaT saero
xasiaTis
movlenebis
aRwera
(udalcova
182b:
4).
evsevis
“saeklesio
istoria” gamiznuli iyo rogorc, mxolod, eklesiis istoria. evsevis
gamgrZelebelma
sokrate
sqolastikosma
ki
SeimuSava
eklesiisa
da
imperiis politikuri istoriis Txrobis principi, anu Sereuli narativi,
roca
erTdroulad
aris
mocemuli
saeklesio
da
saero-politikuri
sakiTxebi (patariZe, kvaWantiraZe 2005: 22).
saerTod,
magaliTad,
Janrobrivi
amaze
diferencicia
miuTiTebs
miqael
bizantiaSic
pselosis
pirobiTia.
Txzuleba,
TiTqos
upretenzio “mokle istoria”, romelic adamidan Tu ara, romulusidan
mainc
iwyeba,
“qronografia”,
avtoris
azriT,
romelic,
istoriaa;
ZiriTadad,
xolo
mwerlis
vrceli
da
Tanamedrove
mdidari
movlenebs
exeba, qronografiaa. avtorisTvis aseve ucxoa terminologiuri simkacre
57
sakuTriv
“qronografiaSi”,
romelsac
is
xan
“qronografias”,
xan
“istorias” uwodebs (lubarski 1978: 185).
§ 3. Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo
Sua
saukuneebis
samyaros
qarTuli
organuli
istoriul process,
nawili
kulturaSic,
iyo,
da
qarTul
romelic
qristianuli
saistorio
mwerlobaSi
droisa da istoriis koncefcia, mniSvnelovanwilad,
qristianuli religiiT iyo gansazRvruli. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, drois
gageba, an, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, droisadmi midgoma gansxvavdeba
“qarTlis
cxovrebaSi”
teqstebis
Semaval
Janrobrivi
teqstebSi,
TaviseburebiT
rac,
garkveulwilad,
SeiZleba
aixsnas.
am
amis
sailustraciod kargi iqneboda, erTi mxriv, leonti mrovelis “cxovreba
qarTvelTa mefeTa”-s, juanSeris “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa”-s da,
meore mxriv, sumbat daviTis Zis “cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa”-s
erTmaneTTan
Sedareba.
teqstebs
vexebiT
magram
ar
migvaCnia,
Txzulebebis
rom,
marTalia,
da
sxva
avtorebis
ZiriTadad,
SedarebiTi
naSromis
Txzulebebsac
mrovelis,
ganxilva
farglebSi
kargad
juanSeris
mxolod
am
ganvixilavT,
da
warmoaCens
sumbatis
“qarTlis
cxovrebis” krebulSi Semavali teqstebis Janrobrivi araerTgvarovnebisa
da maTSi drois aRqmis Taviseburebebis zogad suraTs. mrovelis da
juanSeris teqstebSi drois principi mTlianad ar gansazRvravs Txrobas
da sxva momentebis gavlena mZlavrad igrZnoba. magaliTad, teritoriuli
Tu Tematuri faqtorebi xSirad gadafaravs TxrobaSi drois faqtors.
sumbat daviTis Zis TxzulebaSi ki, piriqiT, Txrobis maorganizebeli
erTaderTi da wamyvani Zala droa _ misi qristianuli gagebiT.
Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi Janrobrivi diferenciacia mkafio ar
iyo, xSirad erTi terminiT sxvadaxva saxis, Sinaarsisa da struqturis
mqone teqstebi aRiniSneboda. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom, mkvlevarTa nawilis
azriT,
qarTuli
saistorio
mwerloba
ar
gavs
sxva
qristianuli
kulturebis istoriografiul tradicias. argumentad saxeldeba is, rom
“qarTlis
cxovreba”
principulad
saero
Txzulebaa
da
saeklesio
istoriis amsaxveli CanarTebi masSi vaxtang VI dros iqna Setanili.
58
bizantiuri
da
somxuri
istoriografiisgan
gansxvavebiT,
“qarTlis
cxovrebaSi” ar aris Sesavali, Tematuri Tavebi da qveTavebi. aseve,
gacilebiT naklebia avtoriseuli “Carevis” kvali “qarTlis cxovrebis”
teqstSi,
is
“qarTlis
anonimuri
cxovrebis”
istoriaa.
amaze
miuTiTebs
avtorTa
vinaobis
Tundac
garSemo
is,
dava
rom
dResac
mimdinareobs. am mosazrebis avtorebi Tvlian, rom “qarTlis cxovrebis”
saxiT, SesaZloa, saqme gvqondes Tavisebur da erTian istoriografiul
tradiciasTan,
tipologiur
miuxedavad
imisa,
araerTgvarovnebaze
rom
bevri
masSi
Semavali
mosazreba
teqstebis
arsebobs.
rogorc
miiCneven, ufro advilia, magaliTad, somxuri istoriografiis Janrobriv
Taviseburebebze saubari. aRniSnaven, rom somxuri saistorio mwerlobis
Camoyalibebaze
istoriis
gavlena
Janrebma.
iqonia
msoflio
magaliTad,
qronikisa
sokrates
da
saeklesio
Txzulebis
msgavsad,
agaTangelosis da favstos buzandis teqstebSi saero-politikuri da
saeklesio
somxur
ambebis
teqstebSi,
Txroba
iseve
erTmaneTis
rogorc
paralelurad
bizantiur
mimdinareobs.
saeklesio
istoriebSi,
Txroba iwyeba SesavliT, sadac avtori Tavis miznebsa da amocanebze
laparakobs. aseTi Sesavali aqvs wamZRvarebuli movses xorenacis, lazar
farpecis
Txzulebebs;
somxur
gamovlenis niSania is, rom
dasaTaureba;
rac
Seexeba
istoriografiaSi
avtoris
poziciis
teqstSi xdeba Tavebis gamoyofa da maTi
somxur
qronologiur
Txzulebebs,
aqac
TxrobaSi movlenebi dalagebulia qronologiuri principis mixedviT da
ara Tematuri an logikuri kavSirebis safuZvelze; teqsts ara aqvs
Sesavali
da
calke
Tavebi.
Txroba
iwyeba
bibliuri
SesaqmiT.
bizantielebis msgavsad, somexi avtorebi (maTeos urhaeci, samuel aneci,
mxiTar aneci, mxiTar airivaneci) sakuTari naSromebis Janrs saTaurSive
asaxeleben. es aris qronografia (patariZe, kvaWantiraZe 2005: 21-25).
ZiriTadi
termini,
romelic
Sua
saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi
istoriuli Janris teqstebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda, iyo “cxovreba”.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
arsebobda
mcire
masStabis
“cxovrebebic”
(konkretuli pirebis Sesaxeb), rogorc wesi, es termini ufro qveynebis
istorias aRniSnavda (“cxovreba sparsTa”, “cxovreba somexTa”). Tumca,
termini “cxovreba” ufro farTo mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyo da sxva
59
saxis
teqstebis
mimarTac
gamoiyeneboda.
magaliTad,
Cveulebriv,
“cxovreba” erqva agiografiul teqstebsac.
saistorio
xasiaTis
teqstis
aRsaniSnavad
gamoiyeneboda
agreTve
termini “matiane”. iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, “matiane” erqva Txzulebas,
sadac mokled da qronologiurad iyo gadmocemuli movlenebi. amgvar
lakonur da mokle Txrobad miiCnevda “matianes” k. kekeliZec.
Jordania
Tvlida,
TanmimdevrobiT
rom
“matiane”
gadmocema
ar
faqtebis
aris,
is
ubralo
ufro
Tumca T.
qronologiuri
dawvrilebiTi
da
informaciiT mdidari Txrobaa; aRsaniSnavia, rom “matianis” qveS mxolod
saistorio
Txzuleba
garkveuli
saxis
ar
igulixmeboda.
dokumentur
“matianes”
wyaroebsac,
uwodebdnen
magaliTad,
aseve
mosaxseniebel
wignebs da sinodikebs.
“qarTlis
sakuTriv
cxovrebaSi”
termini
mxolod
“istoria”.
Tamaris
Tumca,
misi
istorikosTan
gvxvdeba
mniSvneloba
mkafiod
gansazRvruli ar aris. rogorc mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, es teqsti axlos
dgas liturgiul JanrebTan, kerZod, himnografiasa da agiografiasTan
(alasania 1986: 75-76).
sxva
saxis
tipologiuri
da
daniSnulebis
niSnis
qonis
gamo,
mqone
Sua
teqstebTan
bevri
saukuneebis
saerTo
saqarTveloSi
saistorio mwerlobis Janrobrivi sazRvrebi mkafiod gamokveTili ar iyo.
magaliTad, “qebani”-s stilSi daweril nawarmoebTa jgufSi mecnierebi
aerTianeben sxvadaxva saxisa da struqturis mqone teqstebs. kerZod,
termini “qebani”, garkveuli gagebiT, SeiZleba miesadagos, erTi mxriv,
himnebs _ rogorc araliturgiuls, aseve liturgiuls da, meore mxriv,
“qarTlis
cxovrebaSi”
Semaval
iseTi
teqstebs,
rogorebicaa
daviT
aRmaSeneblis istorikosis, giorgi IV droindeli mematianis, Tamaris
istorikosebis Txzulebebi. k. kekeliZis azriT, es Txzulebebi, Tavisi
formiT, warmoadgenen mxurvale odas, nadvil qebas, romelic mxatvruli
literaturis sferoSi gadadis. moqmedi pirebi Zalian idelizebulad da
Selamazebulad gamoiyurebian. am teqstebis mizani konkretuli piris
samagaliTo
“Sesxma”
da
saxis
Seqmna
“xotba”,
iyo.
Tumca
“qebis”
maT
sinonimad
sakuTari
gamodioda
niuansebi
agreTve
axasiaTebda,
magaliTad is, rom xotba gadametebuli qebaa (alasania 1986: 52-56).
60
mrovelis
vaxtang
“cxovreba
gorgasalisa”
qarTvelTa
da
sumbat
mefeTa”,
daviTis
juanSeris
Zis
“cxovreba
“cxovreba
da
uwyeba
bagratonianTa”-s erTi saxeli – “cxovreba” aerTianebs. Tumca, rogorc
iTqva, pirvel or teqstsa da sumbatis Txzulebas Soris, Janrobrivi
kuTvnilebisa da drosTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT, pricipuli
gansxvaveba arsebobs.
mecnierTa
umTavresad,
nawili
leonti
literaturul
mrovelis
Zeglebad
da
juanSeris
ganixilavda.
xazi
Txzulebebs,
esmeboda
am
teqstebis mxatvrul Rirebulebas da xalxur tradiciasTan kavSirs. iv.
javaxiSvilis azriT, “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” “iseTi kiloTi
aris ganmsWvaluli da imgvari daujerebeli cnobebiT aris aRsavse, rom
zRapars ufro miagavs, vidre namdvil istorias” (javaxiSvili 1977: 19).
igi am wyaros sruliad gamousadegarad Tvlida imdroindeli istoriis
suraTis aRdgenisaTvis.
p. ingoroyvam am teqstebs istoriul-epikuri nawarmoebi uwoda da
Seecada, maTi saxiT gamoeyo calke istoriuli Janri _ e. w. “hambavi”. amis
safuZvlad aRebulia teqstebis dasaxelebis erT-erTi varianti: “hambavi
qarTvuelTa
mefeTa
da
pirveliTganTa
mamaTa
da
naTesavTa;
“hambavi
vaxtang gorgasarisa mSobelTa da Semdgomad TviT misi, didisa mefis,
romeli
umetesad
sxvaTa
ganTqmulad
gamoCnda
yovelTa
mefeTa
qarTlisaTa” (ingoroyva 1978: 409-410). Tumca es Txzulebebi, ZiriTadad,
sxva
saTaurebiTaa
cnobili
da
Tan
termini
“hambavic”
zogadi
mniSvnelobis matarebelia Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.
g. axvledianis azriT, mrovelis teqstis pirveli Tavis saxelwodebaa
“ambavi”,
romelic
folkloruli
Janris
aRmniSvnelia.
“ambavi”
specifikuri literaturuli terminia da is Tqmulebis mniSvnelobiT
ixmareba.
Tumca
Zvel
qarTul
mwelobaSi
igi
epikuri
nawarmoebis
calkeul Tavs, karsac aRniSnavda (axvlediani 1992: 33-34).
mkvlevrebi xazs usvamen im garemoebas, rom “cxovreba qarTvelTa
mefeTa”
da
“cxovreba
vaxtang
gorgasalisa”-SiMbevri
iseTi
maxasiaTebelia, romelic mas xalxur eposTan akavSirebs. magaliTad,
aviRoT mrovelis teqstSi moTxrobili farnavazis sizmari (farnavazis
sizmars Cven qvemoTac SevexebiT, roca saubari iqneba qarTul teqstebSi
miTosuri
drois
gagebaze).
axvlediani
aRniSnavs,
rom
mrovelTan
61
farnavazis sizmari TxzulebaSi CarTuli garkveuli siuJetis mqone erTi
mTliani,
damoukidebeli
farnavazis
sizmari.
2.
moTxrobaa.
farnavazis
igi
ori
nadiroba.
nawilisgan
orive
Sedgeba:
nawils
1.
xalxuri
sityvierebisa da uZveles miTosur rwmenaTa aSkara kvali amCnevia.
folkloruli motivebi, rogorebicaa sizmris naxva mosalodneli
didi movlenis win, saswaulebrivi mzis sxivis gamoCena, mzis pirisnabaniT
– cvriT _ mokvdavis dapkureba, nadiris gadevneba, RamiT gamoqvabulSi
darCena
da
ganZis
aRmoCena
moaruli
siuJetebia
da
sxva
xalxebis
zepirsityvierebaSic gvxvdeba.
mecnieris azriT, farnavazis Tavgdasavlis gadmocemisas mrovelis
wyaro
uSualod
nadirobis
da
zepirsitierebaa,
ganZis
povnis
radgan,
rogorc
epizodebi
iTqva,
folkoruli
sizmris,
xasiaTisaa.
farnavazis Tavgadasavali mTlian TxrobaSi Sesulia, rogorc erT-erTi
komponenti, elementi.
garda amisa, mrovelis Txzulebis bevri epizodi dawerilia xalxuri
eposisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
stiluri
xerxebiT
(tipuri
ganmeorebani,
arqaulobiT aRbeWdili riTmuli wyoba, saxeebis paralelizmi da sxv.)
(axvlediani 1992: 58-74).
msgavsi
viTarebaa
gorgasalisa”.
juaneris
magaliTad,
rogorc
TxzulebaSi
igive
“cxovreba
avtori
miiCnevs,
vaxtang
indoeTze
laSqrobis amsaxvel epizodSi avtorma CarTo folkloruli wamoSobis
ucxouri igavebi “yvavisa da qoris” da “mTxunveli Tagvis” Sesaxeb.
folkloruli
warmoSobisaa
agreTve
sindTa
saxelwifoSi
vaxtangis
laSqrobis epizodebi da omis win vaxtangisa da sindTa mefis vrceli
igavuri saubris motivebi.
juanSeris Txrobis stilsac axasiaTebs xalxuri sityvierebisaTvis
niSandoblivi hipeboluroba, mematianis mier daxatuli suraTebi, pasaJebi
da gmirTa saxeebi fantastikuri ieris mqonea. motivebs da Sedarebebs igi
ueWvelad xalxuri eposidan iRebs (axvlediani 1992: 127-137).
kidev erTi niSani, romelic mrovelis da juanSeris Txzulebebis
eposTan kavSirze miuTiTebs, aris orTabrZolebis da, saerTod, bataluri
scenebis
siWarbe.
traciebidan
mgavsi
momdinareobs.
scenebi
g.
Zveli
alasanias
qarTuli
TqmiT,
am
xalxuri
teqstebSi
epikuri
aisaxa
folkloris is adreuli maxasiaTebeli, romelic SemdegSi mkvidrdeba
62
mxatvrul literaturaSic _ esaa gmiris fizikuri Zalis gaidealeba
(alasania 1986: 141).
“mefeTa cxovreba” gajerebulia amgvari heroikuli tipis scenebiT,
esaa mefeTa gmirobebi, bumberazTa Serkineba da a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom
ramdenime aseT batalur scenaSi konkretulad droze keTdeba miniSneba,
Tumca,
Cveni
azriT,
aq
neitralizeba
xdeba.
prioriteti
siuJets
da
ara
drois,
dros,
is
rogorc
damoukidebeli
miniWebuli
naklebad
aqvs
kategoriis,
brZolis
mniSvnelovania
amsaxvel
avtorisaTvis.
magaliTad, erTgan avtori wers:
“warmoemarTa ZaliTaA TÂsiTa yovliTa artaSan, mefe somexTa da spaspeti
misi sumbat bivritiani. xolo qarTvelTa ganamagres cixeni da qalaqni... da
movides somexni da dadges mcxeTas, da brZodes xuT Tue da dReTa yovelTa
iyvis brZola bumberazTa” (leonti mroveli 1955: 48);
meore adgilas moTxrobilia, rom
“mirdat gamoiyvana sparsni, spani Zlierni da momarTa farsmans, xolo
farsman Semokribna spani qarTlisani, da moirTo Zali somxiTiT, da miegeba
iwroTa rkinis ÃevisaTa. da iwyes brZolad bumberazTa dReTa mravalTa...
da welsa meoresa... movida mirdat da dadga jaWus, da egreT yovelTa
dReTa ibrZodian bumberazni” (leonti mroveli 1955: 51-52).
am scenebSi dro, TiTqos, diaqronulia (xuTi Tue, dReTa mravalTa,
welsa meoresa) da movlenebic Tanmimdevrulad viTardeba, magram es
ufro
siuJetis
qronologiaa,
vidre
realuri.
amgvari
qronologia
avtors imisTvis Wirdeba, rom teqstis Tanmimdevrulobas miaRwios. aq
ufro mniSvnelovania, ramdeni bumberazi mokles farsmanma da misma
spaspetma farnavazma, vidre is, Tu rodis moxda konkretuli SemTxveva.
dReebis da Tveebis aRniSvnac swored am heroikuli momentis gamZafrebas
isaxavs miznad da ara konkretuli istoriuli periodis lokalizebas.
“vaxtang gorgasalis cxovrebac” gamsWvalulia amgvari momentebiT. es
Txzuleba,
erTi
SexedviT,
ufro metad
aris
datvirTuli
miTosuri
azrovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fantastikuri Tu heroikuli momentebiT.
marTlac, juanSeri did dros uTmobs sabrZolo scenebis aRweras da
aseTi
suraTebiT
teqsti
uxvad
aris
gajerebuli.
mefe
vaxtang
63
gorgasalic naxevrad miTiur pirovnebadaa gamoyvanili. misi saxe da,
saerTod,
nawarmoebic
zRapruli
elementebiT
aris
Seferadebuli.
magaliTad, teqstis im TavSi, romelsac “laSqrobis gapirva ovseTzed”
hqvia, sadac, rogorc mecnierebi fiqroben, aisaxa vaxtang mefis mier
Crdilokavkasieli
momTabareebis
damarcxeba
da
darialis
gadmosasvlelis gamagreba, erT adgilas juanSeri wers, rom vaxtang
mefisa da bayaTar osis Serkinebis dros
“izaxdes ÂmiTa aRwevnuliTa spani ornive, qarTvelni da ovsni, romliTa
iZvrodes mTani da borcuni” (juanSeri 1955: 155);
xolo ocdaoTxi wlis vaxtangi
“Wurvili queiTi iremsa miewiis, upyris rqa da daiWiris, da cxeni Wurvili
aRiRis mÂarTa zeda da mcxeTiT aRvidis cixesa armazisasa” (juanSeri 1955: 159).
aqac, sabrZolo scenebis aRwerisas, win iwevs teritoriul-sivrciTi
momenti, xolo qronologiuri principi SedarebiT miCqmalulia; xSiria
qronologiuri aRrevebi, Txrobac naxevrad zRaprul tonSi mimdinareobs.
avtorisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania is, Tu sad moxda brZola, vidre
rodis. amitom juanSerisTvis prioritetulia imis aRniSvna, rom vaxtangi
ibrZvis hindoTa, sindelTa, abaSTa, jorjanTa da sxvaTa zeda.
saerTod, “legendebiT da TqmulebebiT xandaxan faqtobrivi masalis
simwire ifareba. orive teqsti mwiria TariRebiT da es, garkveulwilad,
ganpirobebulia “drois miTologizmiT”. rac ufro Sors aris movlena,
miT ufro fantastiuria is” (alasania 1986: 129).
juanSeris teqstis zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebebi SeiZleba aixsnas
swored
imiT,
rom
is
farglebSi.
masSi
saukuneebis
mxatvruli
mkafiod
mravlad
ar
Tavsdeba
moipoveba
erTi
eposisTvis
literaturisaTvis
romelime
da,
Janris
zogadad,
damaxasiaTebeli
Sua
pasaJebi
(heriokuli, epikuri da sxva tipis). juanSeris teqstSic (im monakveTebSi,
sadac msgavsi momentebi Cndeba), rogorc cnobilia, eposis da, saerTod,
Sua saukuneebis mxatvruli literaturis maorganizebeli Zala sivrcea
da
ara
dro,
upiratesia
“sad”,
vidre
drois
faqtobrivad,
personaJebi,
dro
sivrcobrivad
gaiazreba.
epizodebi Tu
xdomilebebi ar aRiqmeba erTiani droiTi TanmimdevrobiT
sxvadasxva
“rodis”.
calkeuli
64
da asaxulia gverdigverd, sivrciT perspeqtivaSi, rogorc erTi suraTis
nawilebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dro sivrciT modusSia mocemuli.
Tu leonti mrovelisa da juanSeris teqstebi mkafio Janrobrivi
klasifikaciis saSualebas ar iZleva, sruliad sxva viTarebaa sumbat
daviTis Zis “cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa”-s SemTxvevaSi. is kargad
jdeba qronikis Janris moTxovnebSi. Cveni azriT, aq mkafiod fiqsirdeba
sworxazovani
drois
koncefciis
Segneba.
aris
istorizmis
gancdac
(drois perspeqtiva Zalze didia), uxvadaa TariRebi da qronologiuri
monacemebi. e.i. avtorisTvis upirvelesi amocanaa, droSi warmoaCinos
bagrationebis gvaris istoria da igi amas SesaniSnavad axerxebs.
miuxedavad
saSualebas,
rom
aistoriulia.
“qarTlis
yvelafrisa,
zemoTqmuli
mrovelis
mrovelis
cxovrebaSi”
da
da
iZleva
juanSeris
juanSeris
Semaval
ar
sxva
imis
mtkicebis
teqstebi
TxzulebebSi,
teqstebSi,
mTlianad
iseve
rogorc
sagrZnobia
xazovani
drois Segneba (marTalia, gansxvavebuli xarisxiT). avtorebi istoriul
process
bibliur
perspeqtivaSi
gaiazrebdnen
da
es
Cans
mTel
rig
momentebSi (am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT sxva TavSi iqneba saubari).
garda
amisa,
rogorc
e.xoStaria-brose
aRniSnavda,
xazi
unda
gaesvas ara marto imas, rac amsgavsebs saistorio Zeglebs xalxur
eposTan, aramed imasac, rac misgan ganasxvavebs. magaliTad, saistorio
TxzulebaSi movlenaTa Tanmimdevrul TxrobaSi, axali siuJetis winasTan
dasakavSireblad,
gamoyenebulia
sagangebo
sityvebi
Tu
metyvelebis
nawilakebi, romlebic gvaZleven “matianisebur” Txrobas. esenia “xolo”,
“maSin” da “da” nawilakebi. Txrobis es manera gansxvavdeba sagmiro
eposis (zepiris Tu werilobiTis) Tavisufali Txrobisagan (xoStariabrose 1996: 17-21).
saerTod, “qarTlis cxovrebis”
yvela teqstSi avtorebi cdiloben
droiTi Tanmimdevrobis dacvas. am mxriv gamonakliss ar warmoadgenen
mroveli da juanSeri.
mrovelisTvis
Txrobis
Tanmimdevrobis
dacva
Zalze
mniSvnelovania. is mudmivad afiqsirebs periodTa da droTa cvlilebebs
da iyenebs Semdeg frazebs: “xolo queyana igi”, “xolo welsa meoresa”,
“maSin”, “mas Jamsa Sina,” “da Semdgomad amisa”, “da Semdgomad amissa
mravalTa
weliwadTa,”
“Semdgomad
amissa
mciredTa
welTa”,
“da
65
gardaxdes mas Sina Jamni mravalni” da a.S. igives Tqma SeiZleba “vaxtang
gorgasalis
qristianuli
cxovrebazec”.
xanis
Txrobis
mwerlobaSi,
aseT
maneras
antikuri
safuZveli
xanis
eZebneba
literaturasa
Tu
bibliur teqtebSi, da ara imdenad folklorsa da xalxur sagmiro
eposSi (xoStaria-brose 1996: 17-21).
msgavsi viTarebaa sxva teqstebSic. “matiane qarTlisa”-Sic Txroba,
romelic,
ZiriTadad,
exeba
saxelmwifos
politikur
ambebs,
Tavidan
bolomde (VIII_XI ss.) uwyvet nakadad midis, daculia Tanmimdevrobis
principi,
rac,
mTlianobaSi,
Sekrul
teqsts
qmnis.
rogorc
iv.
javaxiSvili aRniSnavda, avtori “metad TavdaWerili da mokled moubari
mweralia. amis gamo misi Txzuleba isea naweri, rom TiToeul sityvas
Tavisi mniSvneloba aqvs da arc erTis gamotoveba ar SeiZleba. am mxriv
mas qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi toli ar hyavs” (javaxiSvili 1977:
206). avtori xmarobs iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa: “Semdgomas amisa”, “viTar
warixdes Jamni raodenime” da a.S. magaliTad,
“daipyra aSot klarjeTidan vidre qsanamde, Semdgomad amissa movida
xalil izidis Ze arabieli da daipyra somxiTi, qarTli da hereTi (matiane
qarTlisa 1955: 253).
“viTar warxdes amas Sina Jamni raodennime, iwyes kualad medgrobad
zakulebiT, viTarca ars Cveuleba qarTlisa aznaurTa” da a.S. (matiane qarTlisa
1955: 274).
sumbat
daviTis-Zec
Tavis
TxzulebaSi
qronologiuri
TanmimdevrobiT warmoaCens mefe-mTavrebis zeobis periodebs:
“da Semdgomad amis guaramisa erisTaobda Ze misi stefanoz da Zma
demetresi...
Semdgomad missa mTavrobda adarnase ... da amas Sedgomad mokuda adarnase
mTavari da mis wil dajda stefanoz, Ze misi.
da amis stefanozisa Semdgomad erisTaobda Ze misi guaram kurapalati ...
da Semdgomad missa varaz-bakur” da a.S. (sumbat daviTis-Ze 1955: 374-76).
daviTis
istorikosic
detalurad
warmoaCens
droTa
Tanmimdevrobas. am teqstSi gvxvdeba monakveTebi, romlebic Zalian mkacri
TanmimdevrobiT
asaxven,
magaliTad,
daviT
mefis
mier
Catarebul
laSqrobaTa Tu sxva qmedebebis serias. Cveni yuradReba ganasakuTrebiT
66
iman
miiqcia,
rom
avtori,
TiTqos
sagangebod,
gvawvdis
am
Tu
im
movlenaTa namdvil qronometraJs. erTgan avtori wers:
“rameTu
taos
Camodges
didni
Turqni...
Tuesa
Tebervalsa
acnoba
qarTvelTa da mesxTa, raTa klarjeTs daxuden paemansa... da Sekrbes erTad, da
ugrZneulad daesxnes... rameTu qronikoni iyo samas ocdaTequsmeti.
da masve welsa asuli TÂsi kata gagzavna saberZneTs sZlad berZenTa
mefisad...
da meoresa welsa daipyrna grigolis Zeni, asam da SoTa, da aRiRo cixe
giSi. da gagzavna Ze TÂsi demetre Sarvans spiTa ZlieriTa laSqrad... xolo
meoresa welsa bzobad warmoemarTa mefe RanuÃiT warsvlad raÃsis pirsa, da
zatiki gardaiÃada naÃidurs. mun moarTues ambavi beSqen jayelisa javaxeTs
TurqTagan mokvlisa... daesxa TurqTa, raÃsis pirsa mdgomTa, da mosra simravle
maTi...
amasve welsa aRiRo somxiTisa cixe lore. da masve welsa, ivlissa,
aRixuna agarani, meoresa dResa, ciskars...
xolo amasve welsa agÂstossa mokuda
sultani maliqi, maliq-Sas Ze, da aleqsi berZenTa mefe... qronikoni iyo samas
ocdaTurameti (cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955: 333-335);
“da masve SÂdeulsa pirmarxvasa dResa aiRo Sarvans qalaqi yabala...
warmovida qarTls da mswrafl Sekriba spa, da Cavida Sarvans, maissa SÂdsa...
Tuesa noembersa warvida mefe aSornias, daesxa TurqmanTa, mosrna da
iavaryvna... daesxa sevgelamejs TurqmanTave da ara dauteva motirali karavTa
maTTa; ese erTisa wlisa.
da
masve
zamTarsa
Cavida
afxazeTs
biWvintamde
da
ganagna
saqmeni
mandaurni... iyo zamTari Zneli da friadi (cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955:
339).
sxva nawilSi, es detaluri Tanmimdevroba kidev ufro sagrZnobi
xdeba. avtori ukve Tveebis mixedviT aRwers mefis mier gadadgmul
politikur nabijebs. “sasduniT meoti” sulTnis SarvanSi damarcxebis
Semdeg,
“meoresa
Tuesa,
ivnissa,
kualad
warvida
Sarvans,
aiRo
gulistani...
warmovida qarTlad. xolo sTuelTa gadavida geguTs, inadira, ganisuena, ganago
mandauri yoveli, da martsa gardamovida qarTlad, da aRiRo qalaqi dmanisi. da
aprilsa daesxnes Saburans, darubandelsa...
da
myis
aRisrbola
viTarca
arwivman,
da
maissa
aRixuna
cixeni
somxiTisani...
67
da agÂstossa ocsa movides mwignobarni anelTa TavadTani da moaxsenes
mocema qalaqisa.
“da eguleboda gazafxul qmna didTa saqmeTa da ufrosTa laSqrobaTa...
(cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955: 344-346).
laSa giorgis mematianec xSirad gvawvdis msgavs cnobebs:
demetre “warvlo cxovreba, da miiwia srul-qmnili siberesa. Seimosa
CoÃa da ikurTxa sqemiTa. dayo weliwadi erTi da mokuda.
da dasues mefed Ze misi daviT. imefa equs Tue da mokuda.
Semdgomad
missa
dajda
Ze
misive
giorgi
qronikonsa
samas
samocdaTxuTmetsa.
amasve welsa demetre mefe mokuda, da daÁ demetresi Tamar, TiRÂsa
aRmaSenebeli, igica Semonazonebuli gardaicvala (laSa giorgis mematiane 1955:
366).
“istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanSi” avtori TviTon aRniSnavs,
rom luka maxaroblis mgavsad unda aRweros Tamaris mefoba. luka
maxarobeli qrstes genealogias aRmavlobiTi wesiT iwyebs, iosebidan
adamamde da RmerTamde. qarTveli istorikosi wers:
“aw me, romeli gina Tu mixilavs, gina Tu brZenTa da gonierTa kacTagan
masmian, gardavsce istoriasa da vasiloRrafsa, romel ars “miTxroba mefeTa”.
vinaTgan luka aRmavlobasa sityÂsasa iqms “seiTisa, adamisa da RmrTisa”, meca
esreT
viwyo
amis
Tamarisa,
samgzis
sanatrelisa
da
samebisagan
oTxad
TanaaRzevebulisa, romeli eTeroian iqmna ÃelmwifeTa Soris, romlisa saxe da
saxeli
TÂssa
adgilsa
sityuaman
sacnaur
yos
(istoriani
da
azmani
SaravandedTani 1959: 2-3).
saerTod, am teqstSic kargad Cans Tanmimdevrobis principi. avtori
aucileblad miiCnevs “zusti” (maSindeli gagebiT) Tanmidevrobis dacvas.
teqstis Txroba swored aseT qargazea agebuli. magaliTad, avtoris
TqmiT, osebis mefeTa Svilebis mosvlisa da mas Semdeg, rac
“erTsa maTgansa SeemTxÂa mouTmeneli survili da siyuaruli Tamarisi.
romlisaTÂs ver gamZle, mivrdomili sageblad bnedasa Sina, miiwia aRsasrulad
niqozs saydarsa Sina wmidisa raJdenisasa, romeli munve dakrZales...
amisda
Semdgomad
Ãel-yves
galaSqrebad...
pirvel
karisa da karniforisa, da moarbies vidre basianamdis...
ilaSqres
queyanasa
68
amisgan uwin movides laSqarni aranisa da gelaqunisa TurqTani queyanasa
palakacios
da
ZaRlis-Ãevad
wodebulsa...
da
sÂsagan
Tamar
uZlevelisa
mcireTeTagan didni iZlivnes...
da
masve
Jamsa
movides
karnuqalaqelni,
Samelni
da
Turqni
garmianisani... da aivso SavSeTisa da klarjeTis queyana... bedman da sueman
Tamarisman sZlia, gaacivnes munca da daÃocnes.
amisda Semdgomad warvides mxargrZelni, Zeni sargisisni da varamisni...
uxucesni zaqaria da zaqaria dalocvilni, ivane da sargis daulocvelni, da
ilaSqres queyanasa dvinisasa...
Semdgomad amisa gamosvlasa xanisasa laSqrobdes quemoni quemoT, da
zemoni zemoT, da Suani SuaT, da yovelgan Zleva-SemosiT da gamuarjvebiT
(istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 38-39).
rogorc vxedavT, Sua saukuneebis qarTveli avtorebisTvis Zalze
mniSvnelovania TxrobaSi Tanmimdevrobis dacva. am SemTxvevaSi, Cveni
azriT,
mTavaria
ara
cnobaTa
sandooba,
aramed
TviT
movlenaTa
ganviTarebis xedvisa da dafiqsirebis principi.
amrigad, “qarTlis cxovrebaSi” Semavali teqstebi araerTgvarovania
Janrobrivad,
drosTan
damokidebulebisa
da
istoriuli
procesis
gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT. leonti mrovelis “cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa”
da juanSeris “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa” calsaxad ar Tavsdeba
erTi romelime Janris farglebSi.
am TxzulebebSi fiqsirdeba xalxuri
tradiciis da eposisTvis damaxasiaTebeli pasaJebi. es Cans drosTan
damokidebulebis kuTxiTac. Tumca mrovelisa da juanSeris teqstebSic,
garkveul momentebSi, Cans qristianuli sworxazovani drois Segneba.
magaliTad,
es
gadmocemis
wesSi.
SeiZleba
Cans
warsulis
garkveulwilad,
ganapirobebdes
araerTgvarovani
xedvis,
funqcia
movlenebis
teqstis
imas,
rom
eniWeba
da
dafiqsirebis
“Janrobrivi
TxrobaSi
masTan
erTad
da
ekleqtizmi”
drois
faqtors
TxrobaSi
sxva
momentebic (teritoriul-Tematuri da a.S.) gamodis win; sumbat daviTisZis “cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa”-Si sapirispiro suraTs vxedavT.
aq mTavari funqcia swored drois faqtors aqvs da istoriuli procesi
warmoCenilia
sworxazovani,
bibliuri
sqemis
Sesabamisad.
teqsti
gajerebulia qronologiuri monacemebiT da TariRebiT. bernar genes
sityvebs
Tu
moviSveliebT,
es
teqsti
drois
tiraniis
qveS
Seiqmna.
69
zogadad, “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebis Janrobrivi mikuTvnebulobis
Sesaxeb bevri azria gamoTqmuli. saubroben, rom garkveul teqstebs
axasiaTebs liturgiuli, “qebis” Tu sxva JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
niSnebi. Tumca maT aqvT iseTi saerTo maxasiaTebeli, rogoricaa teqstSi
movlenaTa
Tanmimdevrulad
gadmocemis
principi,
rac
swored
drois
iudeur-qristianuli gagebisTvis aris niSandoblivi.
70
II. warsulis aRqmis, mowesrigebisa da reprezentaciis formebi
istoriul teqstebSi
§ 1. qronologia da periodizacia
warsulis aRqmasTan dakavSirebulia qronologiis, periodizaciis,
da,
saerTod,
sagangebod
warsulis
organizebis
SevCerdeT
Sua
problemebi.
saukuneebis
vfiqrobT,
qristianul
saWiroa
samyaroSi
periodizaciis da qronologiis xerxebze. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom
naSromis
mizani
periodizaciis
araa
wesis
konkretuli
kvleva.
qronologiuri
ZiriTadad,
saubari
sistemebis
iqneba
imaze,
da
Tu
ramdenad gamoxatavda es sqemebi iudeur-qristianuli, xazovani drois
koncefcias.
iaponeli
istorikosis
masaiuki
satos
TqmiT,
warsulis
qaosis
mosawesrigeblad mniSvnelovania drois garkveuli gagebis arseboba. dro
“adamianis gamogonebaa”, romelic am qaoss awesrigebs da misawvdomad
xdis mas, da ara TavisTavad arsebuli ram. drois sxvadasxva gagebebs
Soris “weliwadis” gageba yvelaze metad gamoiyeneba warsulis qaosSi
wesrigis
Sesatanad.
aseTi
konceptualuri
gamogonebis
gareSe
warmoudgenelia Cveni warsulis da istoriis organizeba.
sxvadasxva xalxebma da kulturebma wlebis gamoTvlis sxvadasxva
xerxi
Seqmnes:
samocobiTi
qristianuli
ciklebis
welTaRricxva,
aRmosavleT
aziuri
epoqaTa
kombinirebuli
ebrauli kalendari, islamuri kalendari da sxva.
es
sxvadasxva
sistema
politikur,
saxelebisa
da
sistema,
welTaRricxvis yvela
socialur
da
kulturul
gansxvavebebze miuTiTebs (sato 2000: 1).
aRmosavleT
aziis
welTaRricxva
miesadageba
adgilobriv
kulturuli realobas, mis “sinocentrul” xasiaTs. “aRmosavleT azia”,
rogorc istoriul-kulturuli sivrce, moicavs CineTs, iaponias, koreas
da vietnams. am sivrceSi istoriulad wamyvan funqcias CineTi asrulebda
da xSirad mas “Cinur msoflio wesrigad” moixsenieben, anu saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis im sistemad, romlis centrSi CineTi dgas.
71
sinocentruli
kulturul
dominirebs
memkvidreobaSi:
ieroglifebTan
budizmi
sistema
erTad;
Cinuri
aRmosavleT
vertikaluri
konfuciuri
interpretaciiT;
socialuri
aziis
saerTo
damwerloba
Cinur
da
saojaxo
administraciuli
da
sistema;
sasamarTlo
sistema da a.S.
aRmosavleT aziuri qronologiis ideac mWidrod ukavSirdeba Cinur
ieroglifur damwerlobas. epoqaTa saxelebis sistemis (SemoRebul iqna
xanis dinastiis imperator vus (Wu) mier Zv.w. 114 wels) mixedviT, wlebis
garkveul erTobliobas gansakuTrebul saxels arqmevdnen. magaliTad,
wlebis garkveul jgufs erqva “pirveli naTeli” _ kometis gamoCenis
aRsaniSnavad, meores _ “pirveli nadiroba” da sxv.
ufro mogvianebiT, saxels arqmevdnen ukve imperatorebis zeobis
mTlian periods. imperatorma Cu iuan-Cengma (Chu Yuan-Cang) (1328-13980)
mTel mis 31 wlian zeobas hang-vu (Hang-Wu) _ didi samxedro gamarjvebebi
_ uwoda.
epoqaTa saxelebTan erTad, CineTSi aseve gamoiyeneboda samocobiTi
cikluri sistema. welTaRricxvis am sistemis Tavisebureba ori Cinuri
ieroglifis kombinaciaSi vlindeba (sato 2000: 3).
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom epoqaTa saxelebis sistemis ideografiuli
xasiaTiT aris ganpirobebuli aRmosavleT aziuri qronologiis wesi. am
wesiT, weliwadi rigobiTi ricxvebiT ki ar gamoiTvleba, aramed mas
raRac
mniSvnelobis
matarebeli
saxeli
erqmeva.
araaRmosavlels
azradac ar mouva aseTi ram.
aRmoasavleT aziaSi gavrcelebuli oTxi religiidan arc erTi
aRiarebs yovlisSemZle RmerTs. arc budizmi, arc konfucieloba, arc
daosizmi da arc iaponuri Sintoizmi ar aris “gamocxadebis religia”.
gamocxadebis
religiis
Sesabamisad,
misi
religiebSi
ki
idea
dasasrulis
samyaros
samyaros
gagebas
aRsasrulis
arsebobis
gamoxatavs.
gageba
ar
dasawyisis
aRmosavleT
arsebobs.
da,
aziur
“momavali
qveyana” mxolod sxva ganzomilebaSia. satos TqmiT, aRmosavleT aziurma
religiebma
Seqmnes
civilizacia
RmerTis
gareSe.
welTaRricxvis
es
sistemebic am civilizaciis adamianebis mentalitets miesadageba (sato
2000: 4-5).
72
sxva, ufro mravlismetyvel, magaliTad SeiZleba ganvixiloT Zveli
induri warmodgena droze da misi qronologiis da periodizaciis wesi.
indoelebis warmodgenaSi istorias “dasawyisi” ar hqonda. istoria iyo
drois maradiuli wrebrunva. amasTan, dro iseTi sididiT izomeboda, rom
istoria TavisTavad iyo ukugdebuli kosmogoniis mier. induizmSi aseTi
kosmologiuri erTeulia “kalpa”, anu “brahmas dRe”, romelic “brahmas
Ramis” tolia. is 4 320 milion miwier weliwads udris. magram induri
welTaRricxva amiT ar Semoifargleba (xazanovi 2002: 121).
“brahmas weli” 360 aseT “dRes” da “Rames” udrida. aseve “brahmas
saukune” _ 100 “weliwads”. saukunis dasrulebis Semdeg samyaro qreba,
ufro
zustad,
is
ubrundeba
sawyis,
absoluturad
Seucnobel
da
araxilul msoflio suls. xdeba e.w. mahapralaia – didi ganadgureba.
amis mere gadis zustad imdeni dro, ramdenicaa “brahmas saukune” da
ibadeba axali brahma, Cndeba mowesrigebuli samyaro, iwyeba axali kalpa.
cxadia,
rom
yovlegvar
drois
azrs
amgvari
kargavs.
aRicxvis
uamrav
fonze
Zvel
indur
adamianebis
teqstSi
istoria
arc
erTi
istoriuli xasiaTis Txzuleba ar urevia. indoeTis istorias werdnen
berZnebi, Cinelebi, rusebi da, bolos, ingliselebi, magram ara TviTon
indoelebi (am tipis welTaRricxvis dros patara droiT monakveTSi
SeiZleboda mTeli kacobriobis istoria Cateuliyo) (xazanovi 2002: 121123).
Sua
saukuneebis
qronologiuri
qristianuli
tabulebi
koncefciis
qristianul
Tu
samyaroSi
periodizaciis
Sesabamisad
sqemebi
muSavdeboda
SemuSavebuli
drois
da
iudaur-
istoriac
am
sqemebis mixedviT iwereboda.
qristianobis pirvel xanebSi eklesiis mamebma, wminda werilis da
Zvelebrauli
tradiciis
safuZvelze,
periodizaciis
rTuli
sqemebi
SeimuSaves.
wminda pavlem Semdegi saxis sqema Seadgina: bunebis dro, moses
dro, dawerili kanonis dro, qristes movlinebiT damdgari RvTiuri
madlis dro.
maTes
komentirebisas
origenem
paraleli
gaavlo
msoflio
istoriasa da dRis Tormet saaTs Soris da qristes dabadebamde xana
oTx drod dayo. am sqemis mixedviT, noes dro mesame saaTs da pirveli
73
drois dasasruls emTxveva; abraamis dro _ meeqvse saaTs da meore drois
dasasruls; moses dro _ mecxre saaTs da mesame drois dasasruls; am
sqemis mixedviT, qriste meTerTmete saaTze daibada (gene 2002: 175).
qristianuli qronografiuli literaturis mamad miiCneven ax.w. II s.
meore naxevrisa da III s. pirveli naxevris moRvawes iulius afrikels.
manamde qristiani apologeti mwerlebis mier SemuSavebuli iyo mokle
sinqronuli tabulebi, romlebiTac cdilobdnen gaerkviaT bibliuri da
saerTo-istoriuli
movlenebis
rogorc
maT
miiCneven,
moutania;
iulius
droSi
mcdelobebs
afrikels
xelT
Tanxvdomis
raime
hqonda
problema.
mniSvnelovani
rogorc
Tumca,
Sedegi
iudeveli,
ar
aseve,
warmarTi istorikosebis Sromebi, magram isini sruliad ganxvavebuli
gegmebiT
da
miznebiT
werdnen,
amitom
rTuli
iyo
maTi
teqstebis
erTobliobaSi warmodgena (lebedevi 2000: 45). man naSroms safuZvlad
bibliuri
sqema
mimdinareoba.
istoriis
daudo
iulius
da
Seecada,
afrikeli
periodizaciasac
am
am
Tavis
gziT
warmoeCina
qronikas
momentidan
adamidan
gvTavazobs.
istoriis
iwyebs
sxvaTa
da
Soris,
istoriisadmi amgvari midgomiT, rodesac aTvlis wertilad aRiarebuli
ar aris RmerTis mier samyaros Seqmnis momenti (avtoris azriT, es Zv.w.
5500 w. moxda), naTladaa naCvenebi, rom iulius afrikeli istoriaSi
mxolod
da
kosmogonia
mxolod
miCneulia
adamianebis
ara
wminda
istorias
gulisxmobda.
istoriul,
aramed
masTan
preistoriul
faqtad (lebedevi 2000: 46).
avtori istoriis periodizaciis dros safuZvlad iRebs bibliur
moTxrobas eqvs dReSi samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb. man mTeli istoria dayo
eqvs aTaswleulad. misi azriT, meeqvse aTaswleulis dasrulebis Semdeg
dadgeba
samyaros
aTaswlovani
afrikeli
aRsasruli
meufeba.
cdilobs
yovelive
warmoaCinos
da
dedamiwaze
damyardeba
zemoTqmulidan
Cans,
istoria
iudeur-qristianuli
axali,
rom
qristes
iulius
koncefciis mixedviT.
istoriuli procesis periodizaciis saqmeSi didi wvlili miuZRvis
evsevi
kesariels.
mas
xSirad
universaluri
msoflio
qronologiis
pirvel Semqmnelad miiCneven. evsevi kesarielis “qronika” ori nawilisgan
Sedgeboda: pirveli moicavda msoflio istorias, masSi qronologiuri
TanmimdevrobiT iyo ganxiluli sxvadasxva xalxis istoria. igi iwyeboda
74
aziuri
monarqiebiT
saxelmwifos
(ebraelebis
aRweriT;
meore
CaTvliT)
nawili,
da
mTavrdeboda
umTavresad,
romis
moicavda
yvela
saxelmwifosaTvis saerTo sinqronul qronologiur tabulebs (lebedevi
2000:
47).
masSi
Sejerebuli
erTmaneTTan
iyo
Sedarebuli
welTaRricxvis
da,
amasTan,
sxvadasxva
sistema
bibliurTan
(babilonuri,
berZnuli, romauli da sxv.). magaliTad, bibliuri samsonis periodi
Seesabameba troas omis xanas, qristes qadagebebis dro _ tiberiusis
zeobis me-15 wlisTavs da 201-e olimpiadis me-4 wels (vainSteini 1964: 39).
evsevi kesarielis qronikaSi calkeul saukuneebze saubari ar aris,
magram saubaria msoflio istoriis ZiriTad droebze. esenia: noesa da
kidobnis, abraamis, moses, solomonis da taZris aSenebis droebi. qristes
dabadebamde
dariosis
bolo
mniSvnelovani
mefobis
periodSi
momentebia
taZris
babilonis
aRdgena
(gene
tyveoba
2002:
da
175-176).
ieronimes mier laTinur enaze “qronologiuri kanonis” Targmnis Semdeg
evsevis qronologiuri sqema dasavleTSic damkvidrda.
amgvarad, qristesSobamde periodi eqvs, xolo mTlianad istoria ki
Svid
saukuned
daiyo.
es
sqemebi
ugulebelyofdnen
Zvelebraul
TqmulebebSi dacul warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, rom samyaro Svid dReSi
Seiqmna. misi arseboba eqvsi dRe unda gagrZelebuliyo da meSvide dRis
diliT dasruldeboda, e.i. msoflio istoria eqvs dReSi damTavrdeboda.
aqedan xuTi dRe adamidan qristesSobamde periodze modis. rogorc
vxedavT,
avgustinemde
ukve
iyo
istoriis
eqvs
saukuned
dayofis
mcdelobebi (gene 2002: 176).
avgustinem,
adamianis eqvsi asakis mixedviT, periodizaciis axali
sqema Camoayaliba (yrmoba, bavSvoba, ymawviloba da a.S), romelic iudeur
tradicias
eyrdnoba.
Tumca
is,
garkveulwilad,
iziarebda
oTxi
monarqiis Sesabamisad istoriis periodizaciasac. amis maniSnebelia is
faqti, rom misma mowafem pavle oriziusma avgustines davalebiT Seqmnil
Tavis istoriul naSroms periodizaciis swored es principi daudo
safuZvlad.
miuxedavad
amisa,
avgustine
ar
kmayofildeboda
oTxi
monarqiis sqemiT. misi azriT, es sqema istoriuli procesis mimarTulebis
Sesaxeb pasuxs ar iZleoda. avgustines miaCnda, rom misi sqema istoriis
mimarTulebis
warmoaCenda.
sakiTxsac
igi
pasuxobda
agebuli
iyo
da
TiToeuli
sammagi
etapis
xasiaTsac
paralelizmis
principis
75
safuZvelze: “Sesaqmes” eqvsi dRe, adamianis sicocxlis eqvsi asakobrivi
mdgomareoba da eqvsi istoriuli epoqa. avgustinem Tavisi winamorbedebis
mier
SemuSavebuli
sqemidan
man
moses
sqemebis
epoqa
garkveuli
(wina
sqemebis
momentebi
gamoiyena.
Tavisi
erT-erTi
ZiriTadi
rgoli)
amoagdo da pirvel saukunes adgili noemde miuCina, meores _ abraamamde,
mesames
_
daviTamde,
meoTxes
_
babilonis
tyveobamde,
mexuTes
qristesSobamde. qristes dabadebiT meeqvse, anu ukanaskeli
dgeboda. qristes movlineba istoriis centraluri momentia
_
saukune
(gene
2002:
176). avgustines azriT, mis dros kacobrioba meeqvse epoqaSi, anu sibereSi
cxovrobda. swored am etapze iqneba qristes meored mosvla, romlis
Sedegadac dadgeba meSvide, maradiuli SabaTi dRe. le gofis TqmiT,
avgustines, isidore sevilielis da beda pativdebulis meSveobiT es sqema
miRebul
iqna
dawyebuli
qristianul
honorius
dasavleTSi
azrovnebis
avgustodunelis
yvela
doneze,
samecniero-popularuli
SemoqmedebiT da damTavrebuli Toma aqvinelis maRali TeologiiT (le
gofi
2005:
202-203).
SemuSavebuli
genec
periodizaciis
aRniSnavs,
sqemebi
rom
eklesiis
mamebis
Sua
saukuneebSi
mier
yovelTvis
axsovdaT, magram avgustines eqvsi saukunis sqema yvelaze gavrcelebuli
iyo (gene 2002: 176). am sqemas iyenebda magaliTad,
frangi beri hugo
floreli. Tavis “saeklesio istoriaSi” igi ganixilavda “Sesaqmes” eqvs
dRes, rogorc eqvsi istoriuli epoqis pirvelsaxes. TiToeuli dRe
kacobriobis
istoriis
aTaswlovani
periodis
tolfasia.
me-6
aTaswleulis dasrulebis Semdeg dadgeba me-7 maradiuli SabaTi dRe
(vainSteini 1964: 79-81).
pirveli universaluri qristianuli istoriis avtori, avgustines
moswavle pavle oroziusi (380-420) iyo. mas miaCnda, rom yvela didi
imperia ganadgurebisaTvis iyo ganwiruli, radgan isini WeSmariti rwmenis
damkvidrebas ar emsaxurebodnen. isic, avgustines msgavsad, erTmaneTs
upirispirebda saeros _ warmavals _ da sasulieros _ maradiuls. misi
azriT, romis dacema RvTis ganaCeni iyo (repina da sxvebi 2004: 83).
istoriis
peridizaciis
kuTxiT,
mniSvnelovani
samuSao
gaswia
ingliselma istorikosma beda pativdebulma (673-735). man “35 naSromi
dawera. aqedan 6 qronologiis sakiTxebs eTmoba. bedas De temporum ratione
35 Tavi aris “adamianis asakebis” gagebis Locus classicus.…Zveli da Sua
76
saukuneebis avtorebis umravlesoba miiCnevda, rom adamianis sicocxle ar
aris uwyveti ganviTareba, aramed mTeli rigi ucabedi cvlilebebiT
ganpirobebuli,
erTi
“asakidan”
momdevnoSi
gardamavali
wyvetili
procesi. beda iyo pirveli ingliseli, romelmac aRwera adamianis oTxi
asaki”. cifri “oTxi” mniSvnelovani iyo piTagorelebis kosmologiur
SexedulebebSi.
garda
amisa,
is
kavSirSia
mTel
rig
bunebriv
fenomenebTan. magaliTad, oTxi sezoni, oTxi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba da
oTxi elementis gageba nivTierebaTa berZnul TeoriaSi empedokledan
aristotelemde.
miuxedavad imisa, rom beda saubrobs “oTx asakze” da alternatiul
“eqvsi asakis” gagebasac exeba, is saerTod ar axsenebs “Svid asaks”. amis
mizezad miiCneven imas, rom XII saukunemde laTinur dasavleTSi Svidi
asakis
idea
cnobili
ganxvavebiT,
aleqsandrieli
ar
iyo.
astrologiaSi
(ax.w.aR
II
Svidi
iRebs
saukune)
asakis
gageba,
saTaves.
Tavis
oTxi
kerZod,
naSromSi
asakisagan
ptolemeos
“tetrabiblosi”
saubrobs Svid planetaze, mzisa da mTavaris CaTvliT” (viTrou 1988:74-75).
sxva qronologiur sqemebTan erTad, Sua saukuneebis qristianuli
samyaros istoriuli koncefciebis
danielis
winaswarmetyvelebis
CamoyalibebaSi didi roli Seasrula
ieronimeseulma
komentarebma.
danielis
wignebSi mocemulia winaswarmetyveleba oTxi msoflio monarqiis Sesaxeb,
romlis mixedviT, kacobriobis istoriaSi oTxi monarqia TanmimdevrobiT
Secvlis erTmaneTs, xolo meoTxe monarqiis Semdeg amqveyniuri samefoebi
arsebobas Sewyveten. danielma oTxidan mxolod pirveli monarqia _
babiloni daasaxela. mogvianebiT danarCen samad ganixileboda sparseTis,
berZnul-makedonuri da romis imperiebi; ieronimes azriT, ukanaskneli
monarqia _ romis saxelmwifo _ samyaros dasasrulamde iarsebebda.
oTxi monarqiis safuZvelze msoflio istoriis periodizaciis sqema,
ZiriTadad, popularuli iyo romSi da mis dacemasTan erTad xmarebidan
gamovida (gene 2002: 174). Tumca Sua saukuneebis dasavleTSi da bizantiaSi
am sqemas gansxvavebulad uyurebdnen.
avgustinesTvis, rogorc aRiniSna, es sqema naklebad misaRebi iyo,
misTvis yovelive amqveyniuri ufasuri da warmavali iyo. amitom, misi
azriT,
qristianma,
upirvelesad,
mTeli
Tavisi
arseba
ufals
unda
miandos da imedi amqveyniur warmavlobaSi ki ar eZebos, aramed RmerTis
77
mier
aRTqmul
ukiduresad
gazrdilia.
momavalSi.
avgustinesTan
gamZafrebulia
misi
da,
amgvari
masTan
esqatologiuri
erTad,
drois
damokidebuleba
gancda
perspeqtivac
dasavleTevropuli
istoriografiisTvisac, SeiZleba iTqvas, ganmsazRvreli xdeba. dasavleT
evropaSi, rogorc wesi, oTxi monarqiis sqemas iyenebdnen mxolod maSin,
Tu
amas
politikuri
sqemaAaRorZinda
mxolod
interesebi
XI
moiTxovda.
saukuneSi
germanel
magaliTad,
da
es
italiel
qronistebTan, erTi mxriv, germaneli mefeebis da, meore mxriv, papebis
interesebidan gamomdinare, SemuSavebul iqna e.w. “imperiis gadatanis”
Teoria.
papobis
damcvelebi
amtkicebdnen,
rom
“imperiis
gadatana”
romaelebidan germanelebSi moxda 800 wels, roca papma imperatorad
akurTxa karlos didi. XII saukuneSi am mosazrebas aviTarebda “saRvTo
romis imperiis” ideologi oton fraizingeli. vinaidan romis imperiis
dacema dasavleTisTvis faqti iyo, mas ar SeeZlo, ubralod, eTqva, rom
grZeldeboda romis arseboba. misi azriT, RmerTma romis imperatorebis
Zalaufleba Tavdapirvelad, karlos didis zeobis dros, dasavleTis
frankebSi gadaitana, Semdeg, oton I mefobisas _ germanelebSi. am fiqciis
gareSe oTxi monarqiis sqema, miuxedavad wminda ieronimes avtoritetisa,
mniSvnelobas dakargavda. Sua saukuneebis sawyisi etapis qronistebma
(grigol tureli, isidore sevilieli, beda pativdebuli), karolingebis
periodis istorikosebis msgavsad, jer araferi icodnen “gadatanaze”.
isini ugulebelyofdnen oTxi monarqiis koncefcias da miiCnevdnen, rom
didi monarqiebis era qristianobis gaCenasTan erTad dasrulda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es sqema mogvianebiT aqtualuri gaxda, mas
mainc gamouCndnen mowinaaRmdegeebi, radgan igi, faqtobrivad, germaniis
hegemoniis
mtkicebisaTvis
gamoiyeneboda,
es
ki
miuRebeli
iyo
axladSeqmnili monarqiebisTvis. ukve XII saukuneSi orderik vitaliusi
da ioane solsberieli mwvaved akritikebdnen oTxi msoflio monarqiis
sqemas. yvela _ frangi, ingliseli
da sxva aragermaneli qronisti _
upiratesobas aniWebda avgustines mier SemoTavazebul periodizaciis
sqemas, eqvsi asakobrivi mdgomareobis mixedviT. XVI saukuneSi, 1530 wlis
mere, karlos V mmarTvelobis periodSi da Turquli safrTxis dros, es
sqema kvlav aqtualuri gaxda. da mainc, is zedmetad mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli politikur realobasTan. igi SeiZleboda politikuri
78
ideologiis
nawili
gamxdariyo,
magram
msoflio
istoriis
periodizaciis safuZvelad ver gamodgeboda (gene 2002: 174).
bizantiaSi
yvelaferi
piriqiT
moxda.
iq
romis
memkvidreobis
sakiTxi imperiis ideologiur safuZvels warmoadgenda. es ki, Tavis
mxriv, drois gagebazec axdenda gavlenas (bizantiaSi oTxi monarqiis
sqemis mimarT damokidebulebis Sesaxeb saubari sxva TavSi iqneba).
Sua
saukuneebis
evropaSi
agreTve
miRebuli
iyo
istoriis
periodizacia sam msoflio epoqad. TiToeuli epoqa _ “mama RmerTis”, “Ze
RmerTis” da “suliwmindis” _ dabali safexuridan maRal safexurze
aRmaval process gamoxatavda. am sqemas IX saukuneSi iyenebda ioane skot
eriugena.
ioanes
saxarebis
komentirebisas,
igi
pirvel
epoqas
Zveli
aRTqmis xanad ganixilavs, meores _ axali aRTqmis periodad, xolo
mesame _ suliwmindis epoqas RvTis samefos arseboba Seesabameba. misi
azriT, axali aRTqmis epoqis qristianuli eklesia “maradiuli eklesiis”
mxolod
simbolur
pirvelsaxes
warmoadgens.
eriugenas
naSromi
mogvianebiT akrZalul iqna pap honorius III-is specialuri buliT (1225
w.), radgan igi mwvaleblurad miiCnies.
es sqema XII saukuneSi gadaasxvafera simbolistma da mistikosma
hugo sen-viqtorelma (1097-1114 ww.). igi honorius III-mde didi xniT adre
mixvda, rom istoriis amgvarad warmoCena ewinaaRmdegeboda oficialur
doqtrinas. amitom man pirvel epoqas “bunebiTi kanonebis” epoqa uwoda,
qristes periodamdeli bibliuri istoria daaxasiaTa, rogorc moses
kanonis xana, xolo mesame epoqa, misi azriT, moicavda qristianuli
eklesiis arsebobis periods. am ukanaskneli epoqis dasasrulze hugo senviqtoreli dumils arCevda.
oton
fraizingelic
iyenebda
istoriis
sam
periodad
dayofis
princips. manac, ra Tqma unda, istoriis centralur momentad, rogorc
Sua saukuneebSi iyo miRebuli, macxovris movlineba miiCnia da es faqti
kacobriobaze RvTis madlis gamomJRavnebad Seafasa. man istoria dayo
“madlis winare” periodad, “madlis anu macxovris movlenis xanad”,
xolo
mesame
etapi
daukavSira
samyaros
aRsasrulis
Semdgom
mdgomareobas (vainSteini 1964: 82-83).
Sua saukuneebSi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri iyo agreTve istoriul
movlenaTa
daTariRebis
sakiTxi.
le
gofi
aRniSnavs,
rom
qristes
79
movlineba
daTariRebis
aucileblobas
ayenebda.
am
movlenaze
iyo
damyarebuli qristianuli religia da qronologiisadmi Zalian Zlieri
midrekilebac aqedan gamomdinareobda. magram im periodSi qronologiis
safuZveli
ar
iyo,
Tanamedrove
gagebiT,
obieqturi
dro,
romelic
Tanabar monakveTebad iyofa da SeiZleba zustad gazomo. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Sua saukuneebic, Tanamedroveobis msgavsad, daTariRebisadmi
miswrafebiT
gamoirCeva,
sxvadasxva
maSin
qronologiuri
gamomdinare
xdeboda.
movlenebis
sistemis
Sua
daTariReba
safuZvelze
saukuneebis
da
adamiani
sxva
sxva
ar
wesebiT,
miznebidan
icnobda
arc
unificirebul dros da arc erTgvarovan qronologias. is, rac Sua
saukuneebSi
daTariRebis
Rirsi
iyo,
gansxvavdeboda
imisagan,
rac
daTariRebis Rirsia CvenTvis. Tu am mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas gaviazrebT,
mivxvdebiT, rom Sua saukuneebis adamiani drois mimarT gulgrili ar
iyo. piriqiT, is droisadmi gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare gaxldaT.
Tu is
zusti ar iyo, es, ubralod, imitom, rom amis moTxovnileba ar hqonda,
radgan
sakuTriv
movlena
ar
ganixileboda
gansazRvrul
TariRTan,
ricxvTan kavSirSi. miuxedavad amisa, iSviaTia SemTxveva, roca droze
miTiTeba ar xdeba.
yvela
movlena,
lokalizebas
romelic
moiTxovda.
qristesTan
magaliTad,
iyo
ratom
dakavSirebuli,
iyo
igi
droSi
RvTismSoblis
mucelSi cxra Tve? romel saaTze daibada? ratom ar gamoavlina Tavis
RvTaebrivi
buneba
ocdaaTi
wlis
gamavlobaSi?
ramdeni
saaTi
iyo
micvalebulis mdgomareobaSi?
Sesaqmes
eqvsi
dRe
da
pirveli
codvis
istoria
aseve
mkacr
qronologias moiTxovda: “ramdeni xani dahyves adamma da evam samoTxeSi
_ ratom ufro meti ara? Seqmnidan mesame saaTs adamma cxovelebs saxeli
daarqva,
meeqvse
SesTavaza
misi
saaTs
ki
gasinjva.
evam
akrZaluli
adamma,
xili
colisadmi
igema
da
siyvarulis
adamsac
gamo,
am
SeTavazebaze uari ar Tqva da male, mecxre saaTs, RmerTma orive gandevna
samoTxidan (le gofi 2005: 214-215).
drois
gamZafrebuli
gansakuTrebuli
istoriografiis
gancda
damokidebuleba
erT-erTi
mTavari
da
qronologiuri
Sua
monacemebisadmi
saukuneebis
damaxasiaTebeli
niSania.
evropuli
antikuri
periodis istoriografiisgan gansxvavebiT, romlisTvisac mTavari iyo
80
kvleva-Zieba,
sando
movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris danaxva da
cnobebis
mopoveba,
Sua
saukuneebis
istoriografia
cudad
axerxebda sivrceSi orientirebas. mas, rogorc bernar gene aRniSnavs,
qronologiis tiraniis
daTariRebisaken
qveS uxdeboda arseboba da, pirvel rigSi,
miswrafebiT
gamoirCeoda.
Sua
saukuneebis
istoriografiis mTavari damsaxureba swored drois “damorCilebaa” (gene
2002: 23-25).
warsuliT Semofargluli istorikosi cdilobs, is mainc bolomde
moicvas,
uwyvet
samyaros
procesSi,
SeqmniT
dawyebuli,
romelsac
misi
warsuli
dro
droiT
damTavrebuli.
warmoadgens,
am
erTaderTi
gadamwyveti momenti TviTon istorikosis sikvdilia. sanam is cocxalia,
Txrobis
gagrZelebaSi
sikvdili
uRebs
xels
bolos.
ai
araferi
aq,
_
uSlis.
ambobs
am
gvibert
process
mxolod
noJaneli,
roca
asaxelebs TariRs _ 1113 wels, _ sigebertma Jambludan gardacvalebis
win bolo wertili dasva Tavis qronikaSi (gene 2002: 24-25).
romis
imperiis
istorikosebi
movlenebis
daTariRebas
romis
daarsebidan iwyebdnen. daTariReba xdeboda agreTve mmarTvelebis zeobis
wlebis
safuZvelzec.
imperatorebis,
mefis,
Sua
saukuneebSi
mTavris
an
daTariRebisaTvis
episkoposis
mmarTvelobis
papis,
wlebs
iyenebdnen. gavrcelebuli iyo agreTve indiqtionebis sistemac. qronikis
avtorebi cdilobdnen, droSi SeeTavsebinaT erTmaneTisaTvis mefeebis da
pontifikebis
zeobis
periodi.
Seiqmna
bevri
naSromi
istoriuli
periodebis gamosaangariSeblad (isidore sevilieli, beda pativdebuli).
cxadia, axlo warsulis movlenebis daTariReba ufro advili iyo,
magram,
drois
distancis
zrdasTan
erTad,
daTariReba
Zneldeboda.
amitom Sua saukuneebis istorikosebi drois xangrZliv monakveTs maTTvis
mniSvnelovani
movlenebiT
iniSnavdnen.
grigori
turelis
gamoTvliT,
“qristes wamebidan wminda martinis sikvdilamde 412 weli gavida; wminda
martinis
hlodvigis
sikvdilidan
mefe
sikvdilidan
hlodvigis
Teudebertis
gardacvalebamde
gardacvalebamde
_
112
weli;
_
37
weli;
Teudebertis sikvdilidan sigebertis gardacvalebamde _ 29 weli (gene
2002: 181).
daTariRebisas movlena-orientirebis arCeva sxvadasxva dros da
sxvdasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebulad xdeboda. magram saerTo iyo erTi
81
orientiri
_
qristes
dabadeba
da
“meeqvse
saukunis”
dasawyisi.
VII
saukunis bolos inglisSi, iorkis episkoposis uilfridis gavleniT,
miiRes dionises mier Seqmnili welTaRricxvis sistema _ qristesSobidan
aTvla. 731 wels beda pativdebulmac aRiara es sistema. amas mTeli
evropisaTvis saetapo mniSvneloba hqonda. dioniseseuli cikli iwyeboda
25
marts,
RvTismSoblis
welTaRicxvis
xarebis
gamoyeneba
dRes.
daiwyes
bedas
droidan
qartiebis
qristianuli
da
sigelebis
dasaTariReblad. 742 wels oficialur dokumentSi pirvelad aRiniSna
weli
qristesSobidan,
xdeboda.
r.
(R.
fulis
werlTaRricxva
gavrcelda.
Tumca
Poole)
anglo-saqsi
wminda
Tavdapirvelad
azriT,
misionerebis
bonifaciusma
is
es
mxolod
evropis
da
inglisSi
kontinentze
swavlulebis
frankebis
samefoSi
es
meSveobiT
daamkvidra.
magram es welTaRicxva mecxre saukunis bolomde regularulad ar
gamoiyeneboda. swored am droidan fiqsirdeba is samefo kancelariis
oficialur dokumentebSi.
965
wels,
papobam
pap ioane XIII droidan, romelic arCeul iqna
daiwyo
welTaRricxva
qristesSobidan.
Tumca
qristesSobidan daTariRebis praqtika sayovelTao mxolod pap leo IX
droidan gaxda, romelic 1048 wels iqna arCeuli (viTrou 1988:74-75).
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, werilobiT wyaroebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba
qristesSobidan
movlenebis
daTariRebis
faqtebi.
yvelaze
xSirad
daTariReba indiqtionis, mefobis dawyebis welze an sxva mniSvnelovan
movlenaze miTiTebT xdeboda. istorikosisaTvis Zneli iyo imis zustad
gansazRvra, qristesSobidan romel wels moxda esa Tu is movlena.
daTariRebis dros mas SeeZlo dokumentebSi mocemuli mmarTvelebis sia
gamoeyenebina,
romelTa
zeobis
wlebiT
TariRdeboda
werilobiTi
wyaroebi.
siebSi mxolod saxelebi iyo TanmimdevrobiT mocemuli. magram
swori TanmimdevrobiT am saxelebis dalageba advili ar iyo. magaliTad,
merovingebis dinastiis siis Sedgenis dros istorikosebi erTmaneTSi
urevdnen mefe-sexniebs da mefeebs, romlebic erTdroulad mefobdnen,
agreTve iseTebs, romlebzec Zalian cota ram aris cnobili.
mmarTvelebis
siaSi
Tavidanve
uTiTebdnen
maTi
zeobis
xangrZlivobasac. am tipis monacemebSi, SeiZleba, garkveul uzustobebs
82
hqonoda
adgili,
magram
es
masala
aucilebeli
iyo
imisaTvis,
rom
movlenebi droSi dalagebuliyo.
im
momentidan,
roca
dionises
welTaRricxva
damkvidrda,
istorikosis mizani imis gansazRvra iyo, Tu qristesSobidan rodis
daiwyo an dasrulda ama Tu im papis Tu mefis zeoba. cnobili iyo
mxolod zeobis xangrZlivoba. magram am miznis miRweva Zneli iyo, radgan
ponTifikoba Tu mefoba sruli wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar grZeldeboda.
garda amisa, dokumentebSi erTi mmarTvelobis dasasrulsa da meoris
dasawyiss Soris arsebuli drois Sualedi aRniSnuli ar iyo.
im mizniT, rom mefe-sexniebis wyalobiT siaSi aRrevebi aecilebinaT,
maTTvis zedmetsaxelebis darqmeva gadawyvites (magaliTad, Karolus Martelus,
Karolus Magnus... ). XI saukunidan mefe-sexniebis ricxvebiT aRniSvna daiwyes,
raTa maT Soris Tanmimdevroba daecvaT. Tumca,zogjer, sxvadasxva avtori
erTsa da imave mefes sxvadasxva numeraciiT aRniSnavda (gene 2002: 181-187).
Zvel
qarTul
saistorio
mwerlobaSi
da
wyaroebSi
vxvdebiT
ramdenime eras. esenia: sakuTriv qarTuli, 5604 wliani “dasabamiTgani”,
masTan
TanxmobaSi
moyvanili
532
wliani
“qoronikoni”,
5508
wliani
bizantiuri era, hijra (“welni ismaitelTa”) da “qristesiT”, anu axali
welTaRricxva. iSviaT SemTxvevaSi TariRi SeiZleba dasaxelebuli iyos
iulius
afrikanelis
wliani
erebiTac.
5500
wliani
sabolood
da
panadore
yalibdeba
aleqsandrielis
welTaRricxvis
sami
5492
era:
“dasabamiTgani qveynisa”, “qoronikoni” da “qristesiT”.
5604 wliani qarTuli erovnuli “dasabamiTgani” SesabamisobaSi iyo
moyvanili 532 wlian moqcevasTan, anu e.w. “did indiqtionTan”.
qoronikoni
anu
qronikoni
emyareboda
mze-mTvaris
532
wlian
moqcevas. am 532 wlian periods qarTvelebi qoronikons, moqcevas an did
indiqtions uwodebdnen.
“era qristesiT” _ ase uwodebdnen Cvens eras Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi. mas sami varianti hqonda _ “dabadebidan”, “juarcmidan” an
“amaRlebidan” (mWedliZe 1978: 78-87).
naSromSi sagangebod
gavamaxvileT yuradReba “qarTlis cxovrebis”
teqstebSi arsebul qronologiis wesze da Taviseburebebze. aRmoCnda,
rom qronologiuri monacemebis mowodebis sixSiriT isini radikalurad
gasxvavdebian
erTmaneTisgan.
magaliTad,
TariRebiT
mwiria
leonti
83
mrovelis
da
juanSeris
es
garemoeba,
aRvniSneT,
teqstebi.
rogorc
SeiZleba,
naSromis
Janrobrivi
sxva
nawilSi
TaviseburebiT
iyos
gamowveuli. amis Tqmis safuZvels is iZleva, rom TiTqmis imave periodis
sxva qarTuli teqstebi, romlebic aseve “qarTlis cxovrebis” krebulSi
Sedis,
gacilebiT
mdidaria
qronologiuri
monacemebiT.
SeiZleba,
mrovelis da juanSeris Txzulebebis qronologiuri monacemebis simwire
am teqstebis wyaroebis specifikaSi (eposi, folklori) veZeboT, magram,
Cveni azriT, mizezi mxolod es ar unda iyos. am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, erTerTi ganmsazRvreli momentia sakuTriv avtorTa mizani da motivacia.
rogorc Cans, mrovelisTvis da juanSerisTvis pirvelxarisxovani iyo
“ambavis”
(ambavi
–
folkoruli
Janri)
moyola,
vidre
“qronosze”
aqcentis gadatana da movlenebis dalageba drois perspeqtivaSi. amitomac
maT teqstebSi, antikuri “istoriebis” msgavsad, Txrobas gansazRvravs
“toposis” faqtori, drois principi ki ukana planzea gadaweuli.
Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom juanSerisTvis mTalad ucxo ar aris
wlebis gamoTvlis praqtika. is erTgan erTi movlenidan meoremde wlebis
gamoTvlas cdilobs:
“mirian mefiTgan vidre vaxtang mefisamde gardacvalebul iyo naTesavi
rva da mefeni aTni, da weliwadi as ormocdaCÂdmeti” (juanSeri 1955: 159).
rogorc
vxedavT,
is
asaxelebs
wlebs
da
aseve
aRniSnavs,
Tu
ramdeni mefe gamoicvala mirianis Semdeg; amgvar cnobas vxvdebiT sxva
adgilasac:
“da mefobiTgan mirian mefisaTa vidre meorisa farsmanisa gardaÃdes
welni oras ormocdaTni da mefeni gardaicvalnes i-d“ (juanSeri 1955: 215).
“matiane qarTlisa”-dan dawyebuli, movlenaTa daTariRebis faqtebi
xSiria.
iv.
javaxiSvili
“matiane
qarTlisa”-ze
werda,
“roca
mis
moTxrobil ambebs sxva qarTvelsa da ucxoqveynel istorikosTa cnobebs
SevadarebT xolme, umetes SemTxvevaSi Cveni avtoris simarTle mtkicdeba,
xolo im SemTxvevaSi, roca cnobaTa Soris gansxvavebaa, jer kidev
dawvrilebiTi ganxilvaa saWiro da SesaZlebelia aqac gamarjveba Cvens
istorikoss darCeso” (javaxiSvili1977: 209).
84
“matiane qarTlisas” avtors TariRi dasaxelebuli aqvs im drois
aRsaniSnavad,
rodesac
bagrat
IV,
“sapatio”
tyveobis
Semdeg,
konstantinepolidan saqarTveloSi brundeboda:
“viTar ukue moiwia winaSe mamisa TÂisisa giorgi mefisa, saxlad maTda
quTaTiss,
ixiles
mSobelTa
sixaruliTaAmiuTxrobeliTa
da
misTa
Sewires
Svili...
madloba
RmrTisa
ganixares
mimarT...
iyo
qronikoni mas Jamsa oras ormocdaxuTi” (matiane qarTlisa 1955: 290).
aseve daTariRebulia bagrat IV mefobis dros momxdari faqti,
rodesac
“aRsarTan mierTo sultansa...
dauteva sjuli, daicÂiTa wina, aRuTqva
xaraja; da misca yovelni cixeni dayrilni sultanman masve... da Semdgomad...
warmoemarTa afxazTa mefesa zeda... da samwuxrod aRivso yoveli qarTli”- da es
moxda -“Tuesa dekembersa aTsa, dResa samSabaTsa, xolo qoronikoni iyo oras
oTxocdarva” (matiane qarTlisa 1955: 309)
“matiane
qarTlisas”
avtori
agreTve
saubrobs,
Tu
ramdeni
weliwadi gavida ama Tu im SemTxvevidan. magaliTad, arCilis wamebidan
Semdgom
samisa
wlisa;
bagrat
III
gamefebidan
sami
weli;
giorgi
I
mefobidan meSvide weli da a.S.
sumbat daviTis-Zis Txzuleba “cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa”
“qarTlis cxovrebis” sxva teqstebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom aq yvelaze
Warbad swored TariRebia dasaxelebuli. iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs, rom
“arsad sxvagan, sxva qarTul Zveli drois romelsame saistorio wyaroSi
amdeni
qronologiuri cnobebi ar moipoveba. am mxriv mas swori ar hyavs.
piriqiT, qarTvel istorikosebs qronologiuri cnobebisaTvis, mainc da
mainc, Tavi ar SeuwuxebiaT. sumbatis Txzulebas, swored amis gamo,
saqarTvelos
mudamac
istoriis
eqneba.
mkvlevarisaTvis
sumbatis
Sromas
didi
mniSvneloba
gansakuTrebul
aqvs
da
mniSvnelobas
is
garemoeba aniWebs, rom misi cnobebis simarTles qarTvel da ucxoel
istorikosTa naSromebi da wyaroebi saucxood amtkicebs”
(javaxiSvili
1977: 196). aq avtoris mizani gasagebia. mas unda, rom adamidan daiwyos
moyola da bagrationebis genealogia bibliur daviTTan daakavSiros. es
85
mizani
mTlianad
Seesabameba
“qronikis”
Janris
principebs,
romelic
“drois tiraniaSi” mdgomareobs.
ukve
aSot
kurapalatis
periodis
amsaxveli
monakveTidan
moyolebuli, sumbatis teqstSi mefe-mTavrebis zeobis daTariReba iwyeba:
“moikla ese aSot kuropalati dasabamiTgan welTa x-Â- l, qronikonsa
meaTcameted moqceulsa Sina m-v, Tuesa ianvarsa ocdacxrasa” (sumbat daviTis-Ze
1955: 377).
amis Semdeg, praqtikulad, yovel fexis nabijzea mocemuli TariRi.
ufro metic, aris gverdebi, sadac mxolod TariRebis CamonaTvalia:
“Semdgomad gurgen mamisa TÂsisa kurapalatisa gardaicvala [adarnase]
qronikonsa r-i-v, da dautevna orni Zeni mcireni... da gardaicvala bagrat
mamfali artanujeli, Ze sumbatisi, qronikonsa r-k-T, Tuesa aprilsa...
gardaicvala daviT erisTavi, Ze adarnasesi, Zisa gurgen kurapalatisa, Zma
didisa gurgenisa, qronikonsa r-k-À (sumbat daviTis-Ze 1955: 380).
uxvad
moipoveba
TariRebi
daviTis
istorikosTanac.
Tumca
misi
teqsti ar aris mSrali qronika, romlis mizani mxolod movlenaTa
drois dafiqsirebaa. rogorc Sua saukuneebis evropuli “istoriebis”
avtorebi, daviTis istorikosic axerxebs qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobis
dacvas, TariRebis motanas. magram, amasTan erTad, mis teqstSi Txroba,
rogorc miiCneven, e.w. “qebanis” Janris stilSi viTardeba. da mainc, Tu
mroveli da juanSeri, ZiriTadad, ufro “ambavis” moyolisken ixrebian, am
teqstis maorganizebeli faqtori, Cveni azriT, umTavresad droa. daviTis
istorikosis
teqstSi
motanili
TariRebi
realur
movlenebSi
orientirebis saSualebas iZleva. teqstSi daTariRebulia, faqtobrivad,
yvela mniSvnelovani movlena, romelic daviTis moRvaweobasTan aris
dakavSirebuli:
“mas Jamsa iyo hasakiTa Tequsmetisa wlisa, xolo qronikoni samas da
cxra. amas martod Sobilsa giorgisagan TÂT mamaman daadga gÂrgÂni mefobisa
da... “TÂT mamaman zecaTaman pova daviT, mona TÂsi, da sacxebeli misi wmida
scxo mas. rameTu Ãeli misi Seeweoda mas, da mklavman misman ganaZliera igi”.
“mosca Jami RmerTman mefesa daviTs da waruRo kÂrikes cixe zedazeni.
qronikoni iyo samas ocdasami... mokuda rati, Ze liparitisi, kaci orguli da
86
nandÂlve naSobi iqednesi. esreT dasrulda saxli baRvivaSTa (cxovreba mefeT
mefisa daviTisi 1955: 324-326).
“odes samSÂlde da Zerna aiRes, qronikoni iyo samas ocdaaTi. mas welsa
movida Zali sultanisa da yoveli Turqoba... xolo mefe dga naWarmagevs
taZreuliTa. cna ra mimwuxri mosvla maTi TrialeTs, Rame yovel warvida
maslaTa kaciTa aTas xuTasiTa, rameTu eseodenni daxudes mas winaSe. ciskars
movides Turqni da iqmna brZola ficxeli mas dResa, da SewevniTa RmrTisaTa
iZlia banaki maTi. da midrekasa dRisasa midrkes sivltolad... da wariRo
giorgi Wyondidelman rusTavica, mefisa muxnars yofasa
qronikoni iyo samas
ocda TxuTmeti.
rameTu
taos
Camodges
didni
Turqni...
Tuesa
Tebervalsa
acnoba
qarTvelTa da mesxTa, raTa klarjeTs daxuden paemansa... da Sekrbes erTad, da
ugrZneulad daesxnes. rameTu qronikoni iyo samas ocdaTequsmeti (cxovreba
mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955:332-333).
“rameTu iyo maSin Tue ianvari ocdaoTxi da dRe SabaTi, odes qronikoni
iyo samas ormocdaxuTi, xolo weliwadni misni SobiTganni ormocdacametni.
xolo mefobda ocdaTequsmet wel da, viTarca pirvelman daviT solomoni,
amanca TÂsiTa ÃeliTa dasua saydarTa TÂsTa Ze TÂsi dimitri... da esreT
gancvala quena moqalaqoba zenad sufevad (cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955:
362).
laSa
giorgis
mematianesTanac
xSirad
xvdebiT
qronologiur
monacemebs:
“srul yo ra daviT srba mefobrivi qronikonsa samas ormocdaxuTsa, da
mivida dausrulebelsa sufevasa saukunod, sicocxlesave Sina missa dasua
mefed Ze misi dimitri”.
demetrem
ilaSqra
SarvanSi
da
“odes
suqmaneTni
gaaqcivna
demetre,
qronikoni iyo samas ormocdaaTi”.
giorgi
mefem “aiRo anisi, adriTgan wanaRebi TurqTa, qronikonsa samas
oTxmocsa”...
odes
orbelni
gadges,
qronikoni
iyo
samas
oTxmocdaCvdmeti
(laSa
giorgis memeatine 1955: 365-367).
87
“da romel misa mefobasa Sina sultanni gaaqcivnes, qalaqni da cixeni
aixunnes, ese ars: aTabagi ganZisa gaaqcies, qronikoni iyo [oTx]as da r[va] ...
mxargrZelman zaqaria mandaturT-uxucesman da spasalarman, misman Zmaman ivane
aTabagman aiRes dvini mecxresa welsa mefobisa misisasa, qronikoni iyo [oTx]as
ocdacameti”.
“movida ruqnadini, da Tana hyva laSqari... miegebnes basianis queyanasa,
gaiqcies, xoces da amoswyvdes... qronikoni iyo [oTx]as ocdaTxutmeti”
Tamarma
“mefobasa
Sina
dayo
ocdasami
weliwadi
da
aRvida
winaSe
RmrTisa, sada igi mkÂdroben winaswarmetyuelni da mamaT-mTavarni da mefeni,
Tuesa ianvarsa Tormetsa, dResa oTxSabaTsa, agaraTa somxiTisaTa, qronikonsa
oTxas ocdaSvÂdsa. damarxes axalsa monastersa gelaTs (laSa giorgis mematiane
1955: 368-69).
xSiria TariRebi, agreTveba, basili ezosmoZRvaris TxzulebaSic:
“dajda mefed giorgi, Ze demetresi, daviTis Svilisa, qronikonsa samas
samocdaTxuTmetsa. aman dayvna morWmasa Sina yovelni Jamni da dReni misni da
imefa
keTiliTa
mefobiTa...
gardaÃdes
amas
Sina
welni
raodennime,
da
gardaicvala mefe giorgi..
dajda nebiTa RmrTisaTa Tamar mefed dasabamiTganTa welTa equsiaTas
equsas
oTxmocdaequssa,
qoronikonsa
oTxas
da
samsa,
Svili
mefeT-mefisa
giorgisi, didisa daviTis Zisa demetres Zisagan, colisagan burduxan ovsTa
mefisa
asulisa,
romeli
hmatda
sikeTesa
dedaTasa
sxvÂTa
yovliTa,
garna
Tamaris dedobiTa, sZali sxua misebri maSin ara exilva qarTlisa Temsa. da
SemdgomiTi-Semdgomad aqon” (basili ezosmozRuari 1959: 115-116).
“Tamar
daiZina
Zili
igi
marTalTa
Tuesa
ianvarsa
i-À
(basili
ezosmozRuari 1959: 146).
uSualod
rogor
iTqva,
TariRebis
sixSiriT
erTameTisgan
“qarTlis
ganxvavdebian,
cxovrebis”
magram
maT
teqstebi,
aerTianebT
movlenaTa droSi lokalizebis garkveuli xerxebi. Cven davafiqsireT
qronologiis ramdenime aseTi xerxi, rac, vfiqrobT, miuTiTebs, rom
qarTveli avtorebis TxzulebebSi movlenebi, ZiriTadad mainc,
drois
perspeqtivaSia
danaxuli.
magaliTad,
qarTveli
xazovani
istorikosebi
warsulis movlenebis aRwerisas aCveneben maT Tanadroul bibliur da
msoflio istoriis ambebs. istoriuli sinqronizmis am meTods iyenebda
88
evsevi
kesarieli
saxelmwifosaTvis
erTmaneTis
Tavisi
“qronikaSi”,
saerTo,
paralelurad
sadac
sinqronuli
mefeebisa
da
mocemuli
qronologiuri
kaTalikosebis
wlebis dafiqsireba qarTul teqstebSi movlenaTa
iyo
yvela
tabulebi;
moRvaweobis
drois gansazRvris
kidev erTi saSualeba iyo; garda amisa, movlenebis drois gansazRvris
mizniT, maT mefeebis zeobis konkretul wlebs da asaks ukavSirebdnen.
leonti
mrovelis
Txzuleba
Raribia
TariRebiT,
magram
saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebis Tanadrouli msoflio da bibliuri
istoriis movlenebTan paralelis gavleba qronologiis erT-erT saxed
gvevlineba. amis saSualebiT, metnaklebad xerxdeba saqarTvlos istoriis
im periodis warmodgena, romelsac avtori gulisxmobs, radgan, misi
azriT, swored am dros ganviTarda sayovelTaod cnobili msoflio
mniSvnelobis
movlenebi;
am
TvalsazrisiT,
saintereso
momentebi
gamovyaviT mrovelis Txzulebidan. ukve teqstis dasawyisSi avtori wers,
rom sparsTa mefem
“qekapos kualad moxarke yvna qarTvelni da warvida”. Semdgomad amissa
raodenTame weliwadTa movida ambavi, viTarmed mose ganvlo zRua israelTa, da
izrdebian igini udabnos mananaTa” (leonti mroveli 1955: 14).
anu,
avtoris
azriT,
sparselebma
qarTvelebi
daimorCiles
daaxloebiT im dros, roca mose cxovrobda.
mroveli aseve miiCnevs, rom qarTlosianTa ena somxuri iyo manam,
sanam
“nabuqodonosor mefeman warmostyuena ierusalemi, da muniT otebulni
uriani movides qarTls, da moiTxoves mcxeTelTa mamasaxlisisagan queyana
xarkiTa” (leonti mroveli 1955: 16).
xolo qarTlis mefe aderkis
“pirvelsave welsa mefobisa misisasa iSva ufali Cueni ieso qriste
beTlems uriastanisasa... da Semdgomad amisasa, viTar gardaÃdes welni ocda
Tni, movides mociqulni uriaTa ierusalimiT uriaTa Tana mcxeTelTa, viTarmed:
“romlisaTÂs igi movides moguni da Sewires ZRueni, aRzrdil ars igi da ityÂs
TÂssa Zed RrmTisa” (leonti mroveli 1955: 35-36);
89
rogorc vxedavT, avtori mefe aderkis zeobis periods da qristes
cxovrebis
wlebs
erT
qronologiur
CarCoSi
aTavsebs.
amis
Semdeg,
rodesac bartami da qarTami erTad mefobdnen, avtoris azriT,
“amaTsa mefobasa uespasianos hromTa keisarman warmotyuena ierusalemi
da muniT otebulni uriani movides mcxeTas da dasxdes ZuelTave uriaTa Tana”
(leonti mroveli 1955: 44).
rogorc aRiniSna, mroveli, bibliuris garda, msoflio istoriis
movlenebTan avlebs paralels. magaliTad, is wers, rom aderkis mefobis
dros
“gamoCnda
kualad
mefoba
sparseTisa,
rameTu
raTgan
Sesrul
iyo
aleqsandre da ganeryuna sparseTi, aqa Jamadmde arRara dajdomil iyo mefe
sparseTs ... ” (leonti mroveli 1955: 43).
juanSeric, iseve rogorc mroveli, exeba saqarTveloSi mimdinare
movlenaTa
Tanadroul
msoflio
istoriis
ambebs.
magaliTad,
is
amtkicebs, rom qarTlis erismTavar stefanozis dros
“iqmna SfoTi didi saberZneTs: rameTu mavrik keisarsa ganudga fokas
mÃedari, da mokla mavrik keisari da Svilni misni... sparsTa mefeman qasre
warmotyuena ierusalemi da wariyvana Zeli cxovrebisa; da Semdgomad amissa
aRiRo RmerTman xeli wyalobisa qasresagan; Seipyra igi Zeman TÂsman, Sesua igi
sapyrobilesa da mokuda seniTa borotiTa” (juanSeri 1955: 223).
xolo adarnases Zis stefanozis
“zeobis
JamTa
gamoCenil
iyo
mohamad,
naTesavi
ismaelisi,
moZRuari
sarkinozTa sjulisa, da yoveli arabTa da iamaneTi daipyra” (juanSeri 1955:
229).
“matiane qarTlisa”-s avtoric
iovanes
da
juanSeris
moRvaweobis
igive meTods mimarTavs. magaliTad,
periods
is
ukavSirebs
arabebis
gaZlierebas:
“xolo
xuasroanTaman.
amieriTgan
pirvelad,
iwyo
Semcirebad
ufleba
sarkinozTa
mefobaman
gandidna
da
didTa
mieiTgan
mefeTa
mieca
yoveli ese queyana JamiTi-Jamad rbevasa da oÃrebasa...
90
“Semdgomad sikudilisa adarnasesisa ganadida ufalman mefoba aSot
kuropalatisa...
maTve
JamTa
Sesrul
iyo
maslama
saberZneTad...”
(matiane
daviTis istorikosi aRwers saqarTvelos rTul mdgomareobas da
mere aRniSnavs:
“xolo ama viTarebasa Sina gardaÃda weliwadi oTxi, mokuda sultani
maliq-Sa da liparit amiraman iwyo maTve mamul-papurTa kualTa slva ... dadga
yovelsa gzasa arakeTilsa” (cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955: 325).
meamboxe feodalis, liparitis dasjis
“amas Jamsa gamovides frangni, aRiRes ierusalemi da antioqia, da
SewevniTa RvTisaTa moeSena queyana qarTlisa, ganZlierda daviT da ganamravlna
spani. da arRara misca sultansa xaraja” (cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955:
226).
zogierT qarTul teqstSi erTmaneTis paralelurad xdeba mefeebisa
da kaTalikosebis moRvaweobis wlebis dafiqsireba. magaliTad, juanSeri
cdilobs droSi erTmaneTs SeuTanxmos mefeebis zeobisa da kaTalikosTa
moRvaweobis
wlebi;
rodesac
is
mefeebze
saubrobs,
agreTve
savaldebulod Tvlis maTi Tanamedrove kaTalikosebis dasaxelebasac.
konkretulad, es exeba vaxtang gorgaslis Semdgom mefeebs. es bunebrivia,
radgan miCneulia, rom vaxtangis dros qarTlis eklesiam avtokefalia
moipova. rac Seexeba konkretul magaliTebs, ukve vaxtang gorgaslis
Camomaval farsmanze saubrisas, avtori wers:
“da dajda mefed farsman, da mokuda kaTalikosi samoel, da dajda
kaTalikosad TavfeCag. da mokuda TavfeCag, da dajda kaTalikosad Cermag”
(juanSeri 1955: 206).
am momentidan es tradicia yovelTvis daculia. avtoris TqmiT,
bakur farsmanis Zis mefobis dros
“mokuda kaTalikosi evlavioz, da manve dasua kaTalikosi makari”
(juanSeri 1955: 215).
guaram kurapalatis dros
91
“mokuda kaTalikosi sÂmon da dajda samoel. da mokuda kaTalikosi
samoel. da dasues samoelve” (juanSeri 1955: 222).
sumbat
niSania
is,
daviTis
rom
Zis
teqstisTvisac
mefe-mTavrebze
saubris
erT-erTi
dros,
damaxasiaTebeli
paralelurad
maTi
Tanamedrove kaTalikosebi saxeldeba.
rodesac guarami qarTlis erisTavad ganaCines, avtoris cnobiT,
“mas Jamsa kaTalikosi iyo mcxeTas samoeli” (sumbati daviTis-Ze 1955: 347).
xolo rodesac
“mTavrobda
qarTls
igive
stefanoz
didi,
kaTalikosi
iyo
meore
barTlome.
mis zeda da Semdgomac missa mTavrobda adarnase, Ze mis stefanozisi. da
mis
zeda
samni
kaTalikosni
icvalnes:
iovane,
babila
da
Tabor”
(sumbat
daviTis-ze 1955: 275).
movlenebis
qronologiuri
TanmimdevrobiT
dalagebis
mizniT,
qarTveli avtorebi yvebian mefeebis cxovrebis konkretuli wlebis da
asakis Tanadrouli procesebis Sesaxeb. amiT isini konkretuli faqtebis
droSi lokalizebas axerxeben. magaliTad, juanSeri wers, rom
“viTar iqmna vaxtang wlisa aTisa, gardamovides ovsni spani uricxuni da
motyuenes qarTli TaviTgan mtkurisaT vidre xunanamde, da moaoÃrnes velni,
aramed cixe-qalaqni daurCes, TÂnier kaspisa. xolo kaspi Semusres da tyue yves,
da wariyvanes daÁ vaxtangisi miranduxt, samis wlis qali...
masve
Jamsa
gamovides
berZenni
afxazeTiT,
rameTu
berZenTa
hqonda
egriswyals quemoTi kerZi yoveli, da daipyres egris-wyliTgan vidre cixegojadmde” (juanSeri 1955: 145-146).
e.i. es yvelaferi vaxtangis mcirewlovnobis dros moxda. aseTi
paralelebi sakmaod bevria juanSerTan da esec miuTiTebs imaze, rom
avtori cdilobs, daakonkretos is dro, roca esa Tu is faqti moxda.
“matiane qarTlisa”-Sic xSiria SemTxveva, roca avtori romelime
mefis
zeobis
periods
ukavSirebs
konkretul
movlenas.
magaliTad,
avtori TqmiT, rodesac
92
“movida abu sajis Ze tfiliss, da mas Jamsa amira iyo jafar, Ze alisi”
(matiane qarTlisa 1955: 263).
bevri aseTi magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba:
“da viTar gardaÃda amas Sina weliwadi sami, da mefobda afxazeTs
Teodosi mwuxare ganiryuna queyana igi da Seicvala yoveli wesi da gangeba,
pirvelTa mefeTgan ganwesebuli” (matiane qarTlisa 1955: 275).
xolo rodesac bagratma Ze misi giorgi
“dauteva
quTaTiss
mefed
samefosa
zeda
afxazeTisasa
da
warvida
saberZneTs. mas Jamsa iyo berZenTaA mefe konstantine monomaxi da (Semdgomad)
mixael” (matiane qarTlisa 1955: 303).
laSa giorgis mematianesTanac fiqsirdeba msgavsi momenti:
“demetre mefe beltis cixes miicvala da gelaTs wariyvanes misganve
kurTxeulsa axalsa monastersa. qronikoni iyo samas samocdaToTxmeti. demetre
abuleTis Zesa ivanes Tavi mohkueTa Cxeres meres meocesa weliwadsa mefobisa
misisasa, da metexTa dadva ficis ar gatexisaTÂs (laSa giorgis mematiane 1955:
367).
aq, konkretuli TariRis garda, saubaria imaze, rom ivanes dasja
moxda mefobis meoce wels.
Cvens mier ganxilulma periodizaciis sistemebma da qronologiis
xerxebma, mTlianobaSi, qronologiuri sarCulis roli Seasrula Sua
saukuneebis istoriografiisaTvis. konkretuli TariRebi Tu movlenaTa
droSi lokalizebis sxva xerxebi, romlebic Cven qarTul teqstebSi
gamovyaviT, vfiqrobT, naTlad miuTiTebs maTSi droisa da istoriis
iudeur-qristianuli gagebis primatze. Cveni azriT, amis Tqma mainc SeiZl
eba, miuxedavad teqstebs Soris qronologiis TvalsazrisiT arsebuli
mniSvnelovani sxvaobisa.
93
§ 2. Sua saukuneebis qristianuli samyaros mnemoteqnika da istorikosis
roli sazogadoebis koleqtiuri mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi
Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi droisa da istoriis gagebaze
saubris dros aucilebelia sagangebod ganvixloT sakiTxi, Tu rogor
axdenda istoriis organizebas da imaxsovrebda warsuls am periodis
qarTuli
sazogadoeba,
rogorc
mnemonikuri
erToba.
am
SemTxvevaSi
istorikoss moviazrebT im individad, romelic Tavisi sazogadoebis
koleqtiuri
iyenebda
mexsierebis
mis
matarebelia.
sazogadoebaSi
warsulze
miRebul
Txrobis
mnemoteqnikas,
dros
anu
igi
warsulis
damaxsovrebis xerxebs da formebs. garda amisa, swored mas miuZRoda
gansakuTrebuli
roli
am
mnemoteqnikis
danergvaSi
da,
Sesabamisad,
koleqtiuri mexsierebis formirebaSi.
mraval
istoriis,
samecniero
istoriuli
gamokvlevaSi
teqstebisa
gaanalizebulia,
da, meore
mxriv,
erTi
mxriv,
koleqtiuri
da
individualuri mexsierebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. marTalia, es
avtorebi, ZiriTadad, axali drois konteqstSi exebian am sakiTxebs,
magram maTi Teoriuli midgomebi, Cveni azriT, Sua saukuneebisTvisac
gamodgeba.
termini
“koleqtiuri
mexsiereba”
ekuTvnis
frang
sociolog
m.
halbvakss. is pirveli iyo, vinc damaxsovrebis procesSi socialuri
faqtori
gaiTvaliswina.
misi
gansazRvrebiT,
koleqtiuri
mexsiereba
saerTo mexsierebaa, romelic gadaicema da konstruirdeba jgufis mier
(berki 1980: 97-98).
amerikeli sociologi e. zerubavelic miiCnevs, rom koleqtiuri
mexsiereba saerToa ojaxebisTvis, eTnikuri jgufebisTvis, naciebisTvis
da sxva mnemonikuri erTobebisTvis. koleqtiuri mexsiereba ar aris
romelime erTobis wevrTa piradi mogonebebis ubralo erToblioba. is
moicavs im mogonebebs, romlebic saerToa erTobis yvela wevrisaTvis,
rogorc jgufisaTvis (zerubaveli 2003: 4).
ramdenadac
vsaubrobT,
magaliTad,
mexsierebis
viTvaliswinebT
koleqtiuri
am
formirebaSi
sakiTxTan
mexsierebis
istorikosebis
dakavSirebul
CamoyalibebaSi
rolze
koncefciebs.
istorikosebis
“damsaxurebaze” saintereso mosazrebas gvTavazobs j. verCi, romlis
Tanaxmad,
koleqtiuri
mexsiereba
aris
mexsiereba,
romelic
94
ganpirobebulia
sxvadasxva,
pirvel
rigSi,
istoriuli
xasiaTis
moTxrobebiT, narativebiT. Sesabamisi teqstebi (analebi, qronikebi da a.S.)
ganixileba
rogorc
koleqtiur
damaxsovrebis
instrumentebi
(karagiozovi 2005: 59-60).
frangi istorikosi p. nora erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs koleqtiur
da istoriul mexsierebas. misi azriT, “koleqtiuri mexsiereba aris
yvelaferi is, rac warsulidan aris SemorCenili, rogorc jgufebis
realuri gamocdileba an is, rasac es jgufebi iReben warsulidan.
koleqtiuri mexsiereba jgufebTan erTad viTardeba da warmoadgens im
ucvlel faseulobebs, romelic SeiZleba iyos manipulirebis obieqti da
Zalauflebis iaraRi.
istoriuli
specifikuri
mexsiereba
jgufis
_
mecnieruli
profesionali
tradiciis
Sedegia.
istorikosebis
_
is
aris
koleqtiuri
mexsiereba. istoriuli mexsiereba analitikuri da kritikulia, detaluri
da specifikuri. istoriuli mexsiereba ifiltreba, grovdeba, gadaicema
da werilobiTi saxiT yalibdeba” (lobera 1998: 331-332).
individualuri
problema
da
samecniero
fundamenturi
koleqtiuri
literaturaSi
kiTxva
mdgomareobs
prioriteti damaxsovrebaSi
sakiTxTan
mexsierebis
dakavSirebiT
urTierTmimarTebis
calke
SemdegSi:
analizis
vis
unda
sagania.
mivakuTvnoT
– jgufs Tu individs? cnobil mecnierebs am
urTierTgamomricxavi
pozicia
aqvT.
erTi
tradiciis Tanaxmad, mexsiereba individualuri fenomenia. es mosazreba
emyareba jer kidev aristoteles mier SemoTavazebul azrs, rom individi
gamoxatavs imas, rac igrZno, moismina da ifiqra warsulSi. am xangrZlivi
tradiciis Tanaxmad, romelsac mravali filosofosi da fsiqologi
uWers
mxars,
individs
mexsiereba
sakuTari
subieqturi
identobis
gamocdilebaa
formirebaSi,
da
is
ganasxvavebs
exmareba
ra
mas
danarCenebisagan.
halbvaqsi, romelic e. diurkhaimis (E. Durkheim) tradiciis mimdevari
iyo, ZiriTad aqcents “koleqtiur cnobierebaze” akeTebda. is miiCnevda,
rom individis mexsierebis formirebas jgufuri identobebi ganapirobebs
da mexsiereba konstruirebulia socialuri jgufebis mier. man mexsiereba
pirdapir
koleqtiur
damokidebulia,
erTobas
erTis
mxriv,
miakuTvna
da
aRniSna,
sazogadoebaze,
rom
romelSic
mexsiereba
individi
95
cxovrobs, meore mxriv ki statusze, romelic mas am sazogadoebaSi aqvs.
individualuri mexsiereba arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac es individi
socialuri
jgufebis
specifikuri
urTierTgadakveTis
unikaluri
produqtia.
imisaTvis,
rom
daimaxsovros,
individi
CarTuli
unda
iyos
koleqtiuri azrovnebis nakadSi. aqedan gamomdinare, halbvaqsi askvnis,
rom
ar
arsebobs
romelic
wminda
mxolod
individualuri
individs
ekuTvnis
da
mexsiereba,
romlis
anu
mexsiereba,
wyarosac
mxolod
individi warmoadgens. halbvaqsis ZiriTadi damsaxureba isaa, rom man
dainaxa kavSiri socialur jgufebsa da koleqtiur mexsierebas Soris.
koleqtiuri
mexsiereba
yovelTvis
socialurad
aris
gansazRvruli,
radgan socialuri jgufi gansazRvravs, ra aris “dasamxasovrebeli” da
rogor
unda
daimaxsovros
is.
individis
mexsiereba
da
mogonebebic
gansazRvrulia socialuri mexsierebiT. halbvaqsi miiCnevs, rom arsebobs
imdeni mexsiereba, ramdeni socialuri jguficaa. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, roca arsebobs socialuri sistemis pluralizmi an jgufisadmi
mikuTvnebulobis
mexsierebebis
mravalgvaroba,
pluraluroba
damokidebulebis
cvlilebis
arsebobs
sxvadasxva
Sedegia.
bevri
koleqtiur
Cemi
mexsierebac.
garemosTan
mexsiereba
icvleba
Cveni
“Cemi
mdgomareobis cvlilebasTan” erTad da “es mdgomareoba, Tavis mxriv,
icvleba,
roca
icvleba
Cemi
damokidebuleba
sxvadasxva
garemosTan”
(misztali 2003: 51).
halbvaqsis Tanaxmad, koleqtiuri mexsiereba gansazRvrulia jgufis
mier, individualuri mexsiereba ki SeiZleba gaviazroT im sxvadasxva
jgufebTan kavSirSi, romelsac is ekuTvnis. individualuri mexsiereba
icvleba maSin, roca icvleba individis jgufuri mikuTvnebuloba. anu,
mexsierebebi Cveni awmyo kavSirebis, mikuTvnebulobis da mdgomareobis
Sesabamisia. amgvarad, Cven SegviZlia visaubroT sakuTari mexsierebis
sisworeze
mxolod
maSin,
Tu
is
“sxvebis”
mexsierebebiT
aris
gamtkicebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom koleqtiuri mexsiereba Seicavs individualur
mexsierebebs, is yovelTvis gansxvavdeba maTgan da sakuTari wesebiT
yalibdeba. metic, gaxsenebis dros Cven warsulis xatebs aRvidgenT ara
ise, rogorc Tavidanve iyo aRqmuli, aramed Cveni awmyo mdgomareobis
96
Sesabamisad, romelic, Tavis mxriv, socialurad aris gansazRvruli.
individualuri mexsierebis koleqtiuri mexsierebisgan calke ganxilva
iluziaa. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom Cven CarTuli varT movlenebSi, rogorc
individebi,
Cveni
yovelTvis
jgufis
mexsiereba
vazrovnebT
farglebSi
mainc
rogorc
da
Cveni
rCeba
jgufis
koleqtiurad,
wevrebi,
azrovneba
Cveni
radgan
ideebi
gvakavSirebs
am
Cven
Cndeba
jgufTan
(misztali 2003: 53).
e. zerubavelic aRniSnavs, rom koleqtiur mexsierebas gansazRvravs
damaxsovrebis socialuri normebi, romlebic karnaxobs sazogadoebas, ra
unda gaixsenos da ra daiviwyos (zerubaveli 2004: 5).
zogierTma
avtorma
scada,
ufro
meti
saerTo
enaxa
urTierTdapirispirebulad gansazRvrul individualur da koleqtiur
mexsierebebs Soris. magaliTad, frangi filosofosis pol rikeris TqmiT,
“mexsiereba Sinagan sferos ganekuTvneba da, amis gamo, individi sakuTar
Tavs mexsierebis WeSmarit mflobelad aRiqvams. magram, mexsiereba aseve
moicavs “sxvas”, romelic daRs asvams mas (mexsierebas); mexsiereba iWreba
sazogadoebriv
sferoSi,
radgan
is
yovelTvis
miewodeba
“sxvas”
da
miiReba “sxvis” mier. metic, rikeri, halbvaqsis kvaldakval, amtkicebs,
rom individs damaxsovrebaSi misi Tanamedroveebi, misi sazogadoebis sxva
wevrebi exmarebian. Sesabamisad, igi askvnis, rom damaxsovrebis procesi
moicavs rogorc individs, aseve jgufs. is mexsierebaSi sam poluss
ganasxvavebs
da
acxadebs,
rom
individualursa
da
koleqtiur
mexsierebaTa Soris arsebobs Sualeduri zona, sadac urTierTqmedebs
individis cocxali mexsiereba da im erTobis sazogadoebrivi mexsiereba,
romelsac es individi miekuTvneba.
zogierTi
individualuri
mecnieri
da
ufro
Sors
koleqtiuri
wavida
da
mexsierebisaTvis
xazi
gausva
damaxasiaTebel
cvalebad da ormxriv xasiaTs. isini amtkicebdnen, rom es ori fenomeni
urTierTgavlenas ganicdis. maTi azriT, koleqtiuri mexsiereba SeiZleba
gaCndes
mxolod
urTierTqmedeben.
reprezentaciis
maSin,
am
rodesac
procesis
nawilobrivi
individualuri
gardauvali
homogenizacia.
mexsierebebi
Sedegia
am
warsulis
TvalsazrisiT,
koleqtiuri mexsiereba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc individualuri
mexsierebebis regulaciuri struqtura. garda amisa, a.j. meierma (A.J.
97
Mayer) da n. rusiom (N. Roussiau) aRniSnes, rom individebi iReben im jgufis
mexsierebas, romelSic cxovroben: individis piradi mogonebebi/mexsiereba
yovelTvis dakavSirebuli iqneba jgufis saerTo/upirovno mexsierebasTan,
radgan
mexsiereba,
Tavisi
arsiT,
saziaroa
da,
amdenad,
socialuri
xasiaTis mqone. amgvarad, koleqtiuri mexsiereba aris is CarCo, sadac
individualuri mexsiereba yalibdeba” (laveni 2-3).
XX saukunis meore naxevarSi j. fentresma da k. uaikemma wignSi
“socialuri mexsiereba” axali koncefcia SeimuSaves, romlis farglebSi
aRiarebuli
iyo
mniSvneloba,
emorCileba
subieqtia.
individis
magram
individi
koleqtiur
am
cnobieri
ar
nebas.
koncefciis
cxovrebis
aris
is
avtomati,
arCevanis
Tanaxmad,
koleqtiuri
romelic
mxaris
pasiurad
SesaZleblobis
individualuri
mqone
mexsiereba
socialur/koleqtiur mexsierebad gardaiqmneba komunikaciis, warsulze
Txrobis Sedegad.
saerTod mexsiereba koleqtiuri/socialuria im SemTxvevaSi, roca
xdeba misi gadacema. warsulze arsebuli
SesaZlebelia maSin, roca isini
warmodgenebis/xatebis gadacema
konvencionaluri da gamartivebulia;
konvencionaluri imitom, rom konkretul warmodgenas/xats mniSvneloba
unda
hqondes
saerTo
mTeli
jgufisTvis.
mniSvnelobis
qonisTvis
xolo
gamartivebuli
aucilebelia
imitom,
misi
rom
gadacemis
SesaZlebloba. amitom xatis sirTule minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili
(repina 2003:12-13).
mkvlevrebi
warsulis
damaxsovrebis
da
mexsierebis
gadacemis
sxvadasxva formas gamoyofen. p. berki saubrobs xuT mediumze, romelTa
saSualebiTac xdeba mexsierebis gadacema. esenia: 1. zepiri tradicia; 2.
istorikosebis Semoqmedeba;
3. gamosaxulebiTi da fotografiuli xatebi,
sxvadasxva saxis Zeglebi da suvenirebi (saflavis filebi, qandakebebi,
medlebi
da
a.S.);
4.
moqmedebebi,
ritualebi
da
sxva.
moqmedebebis
saSualebiT gadaicema codna da gamocdileba. magaliTad, maswavlebeli
gadascems gamocdilebas Segirds; ritualebi mexsierebis aqtia, romelTa
meSveobiT xdeba
warsulis kvlavwarmoeba, interpretacia, mexsierebis
formireba; 5. bolo mediumia sivrce, sadac xdeba mexsierebis “xatebis”
lokalizacia (berki 1980: 100-101).
98
p. nora gamoyofs oTxi tipis
“simboluri
are”
moicavs
e.w. “mexsierebis ares” (sites of memory):
sadResaswaulo
dReebs
da
ritualebs,
piligrimobas, iubileebs da a.S.; “funqciuri are” _ saxelmZRvaneloebs,
avtobiografiebs da sxva; “monumenturi are” _ saflavebs, nagebobebs da
sxva
saxis
nivTier
realobas;
“topografiuli
are”
_
arqivebs,
biblioTekebs da muzeumebs (lobera 1998: 333).
am
CamonaTvalidan
Seqmnili narativebi,
istorikosi
albaT,
da
misi
Semoqmedeba,
mis
mier
erT-erTi mTavari mediumia warsulsa da
awmyos Soris. swored istorikosebi arian erT-erTi mTavari msajulebi
imisa, Tu ra CaiTvalos ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi damaxsovrebis Rirsad
da
ra
_
ara.
sazogadoebriv
maTi
mTavari
movlenaTa
funqciaa,
mexsierebis
“iyvnen
“dammaxsovreblebi”,
darajebi”.
Tavis
mxriv,
istorikosebi socialur dakveTas asruleben (berki 1980: 97-99).
warsulis
gadmocema
movlenaTa
sxvadasxva
dasamaxsovreblad
Janris
aucilebelia
moTxrobebis/narativebis
narativebis, rogorc tipuri modelebis,
maTi
saxiT.
am
meSveobiT adamianebi aRiqvamen
warsulis movlenebs da axdenen maT interpretacias. e. zerubavelis
azriT,
adamianis
struqturis
mexsierebis
Taviseburebaa
armqone
urTierTdakavSirebul
is,
movlenaTa
istoriul
rom
igi
serias
narativebad
arsebiTad
mentalurad
gardaqmnis.
Cveulebriv,
warsulis movlenebi moTxrobis epizodebad warmoidgineba. swored es
“moTxrobebi” sZens am movlenebs istoriul mniSvnelobas (zerubaveli
2004: 14).
damaxsovrebuli
Tavidanve
axldes
faqtebis
mexsierebis
moTavsebas
radikaluri
am
SablonebSi,
gardaqmna.
am
faqtebis nawili ukve dakargulia, amasTan, ara mxolod
SesaZloa,
droisaTvis
mexsierebis
faqtobrivi komponentis swafi gaqrobis gamo. gasaTvaliswinebelia is
garemoebac, rom faqtebi, romlebic ar Seesabameba Cvens Sexedulebebs,
ifiltreba mogonebaTa gadacemisas. mexsierebis narativebad gardaqmnis
dros
Tanmxlebi
konceptualizacia
damoukidebeli
procesia.
Semdeg
cvlilebebi ufro iSviaTad xdeba da iqmneba erTgvari stabiluri versia
–
“istoria”.
faqtobrivad,
warsuli
narCundeba
misi
konteqstidan
amoRebis, misi dekonteqstualizaciis Sedegad. socialuri mexsierebis
99
gadacema _ es aris cvlilebaTa procesi, faqtebis gadarCeva, mowesrigeba
da Semdeg xelaxla dalageba (repina 2003:14-15).
warsulis
mowesrigebis
da,
saerTod,
drois
aRqmis
formebi
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan kulturebisa da periodebis mixedviT. berkis
TqmiT,
sxvadasxva
adgilas
sazogadoebis
interesebidan
seleqcias
am
da
warsuls
(berki
da
dros
gamomdinare,
sazogadoebisaTvis
1980:
istorikosebi,
97-99).
axdendnen
informaciis
formiT
warmoaCendnen
misaRebi
zerubaveli
sakuTari
aRniSnavs,
rom
warsulis
Txrobisa da weris garkveuli sqematuri formatebi/saxeebi gacilebiT
gavrcelebuli da miRebulia rig kulturul da istoriul konteqstSi,
vidre sxvaSi. isini, ueWvelad, damaxsovrebis socialuri tradiciebis
gamoxatulebaa (zerubaveli 2004: 14).
konkretulad,
Sua
saukuneebSi
warsulTan
da
mexsierebasTan
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb saintereso naSromi aqvs m. karuters, romlis
saxelwodebaa
“mexsierebis
wigni.
mexsierebis
kvleva
medievalur
kulturaSi”. sanam Sua saukuneebis teqstebis ganxilvas daviwyebdeT,
albaT, saintereso iqneba am naSromze sagangebod SeCereba. aq naTlad
aris danaxuli, Tu ra mniSvneloba hqonda mexsierebas Sua saukuneebSi.
avtori
saintereso
saukuneebs
yvelaze
Soris:
Sedarebas
“rodesac
mniSvnelovan
warmosaxvis
unari.
akeTebs
vfiqrobT
SemoqmedebiT
Cven
vambobT
Tanamedroveobasa
adamianisTvis
Zalaze,
xolme:
Sua
damaxasiaTebel
ueWvelad
“didi
da
gvaxsendeba
warmosaxva”,
“Rrma
warmosaxva”. es aris inteleqtualuri miRwevis yvelaze maRali Sefaseba,
TviT mecnierebaSic ki. amis sapirispirod, mexsierebas intelqtisgan Sors
mdgomad
ganvixilavT
da
amis
msgavs
frazebs
viyenebT:
“ubralod
damaxsovreba, “es ar aris namdvili azrovneba”, an “namdvili swavla”
(karutersi 1993:1).
m. karutersis TqmiT, amgvar daskvnebs imitom vakeTebT, rom postromantiul, post-froidul epoqaSi CamovyalibdiT da vcxovrobT. es aris
epoqa, roca warmosaxva dakavSirebulia didi, lamis saSiSi SemoqmedebiTi
Zalis mentalur aracnobierTan. Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove mecnierebi Sua
saukuneebis kvlevis dros xSirad gawbilebuli rCebian imiT, rom Sua
saukuneebis fsiqologiaSi warmosaxvas aSkarad dabali statusi hqonda.
antikuri da Sua saukuneebis periodis adamianebi mowiwebiT ekidebodnen
100
mexsierebas.
maTTvis
mTavari
mexsierebiT
gamorCeuli
gawafuloba.
mexsiereba
avtoritetebi
adamianebi
yvelaze
da
iyvnen
gansakuTrebuli
eamayebodaT
maRali
am
moraluri
kuTxiT
maTi
Tvisebebis
da
inteleqtis niSani iyo.
warmosaxvisa
cvlilebis
gamo,
saukuneebis
da
mexsierebis
mravali
adamianebi
statusis
Tanamedrove
ar
aseTi
mecnieri
afasebdnen
kardinaluri
askvnis,
rom
originalurobas
Sua
da
SemoqmedebiTobas. magram, avtoris azriT, es ase ar iyo. Cven yuradReba
unda
gavamaxviloT
Sua
saukuneebis
adamianebis
inteleqtualur
da
kulturul cxovrebaSi mexsierebis rolze da mniSvnelobaze. mxolod am
SemTxvevaSi
gavigebT,
Tu
rogor
esmodaT
maSin
is,
rasac
Cven
SemoqmedebiT moRvaweobas veZaxiT.
m. karutersi Tanamedroveobasa da Sua saukuneebSi mexsierebasTan
gansxvavebuli
TamedroveTa
ainStainis
damokidebulebis
mier
da
geniosad
Toma
arsebobis
aRiarebuli
aqvinelis
sailustraciod
ori
Sedareba.
adamianis
TiToeulis
mohyavs
_
albert
daxasiaTeba
gakeTebulia im adamianebis mier, romlebic icnobdnen da didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi muSaobdnen maTTan. pirveli daxasiaTeba ekuTvnis fizikos
Ll. infields (L Infeld), romelic prinstonSi muSaobda ainStainTan erTad:
“ainStainis sidiade damyarebulia mis gansakuTrebul warmosaxvis unarze,
warmoudgenel sijiuteze, romliTac
is udgeba Tavis
sakvlev problemebs.
swored intuicias mivyavarT jer kidev auTvisebel sferoebamde.
didi
mecnieruli
aRmoCenebisken
mimaval
gzaze
warmoudgenelia
Secdomebis Tavidan acileba. rac ufro SezRudulia warmosaxva, miT ufro
Semofarglulia
CarCoebiT
kvlevis
procesi.
Sedegad
viRebT
Zvelis
gadamRerebas da ara axal ideas. rac ufro usafrTxoa garemo miT ufro
naklebia
Secdomebis
daSvebis
albaToba.
ar
arsebobs
didi
gamarjveba
Secdomebis gareSe da arc erTi didi adamiani ar iyo yovelTvis marTali.…
ainStainis naSromi SeiZleba Secdomebs Seicavdes, magram is mainc darCeba
Tanamedroveobis yvelaze didi mecnierad”
Semdegi
daxasiTeba
(karutersi 1993: 2).
amoRebulia
“wminda
Toma
aqvinelis
cxovrebidan,” romelic misi sikvdilidan maleve daiwera bernardo guis
mier.
101
“mas Zalian mdidari, bryinvale mexsiereba hqonda.
nebismieri ram, erTxel
wakiTxvisTnave amaxsovrdeboda da arasodes aviwydeboda; TiTqos misi codna
mudmivad izrdeboda mis sulSi, rogorc furceli emateba furcels wignis
weris dros... is Tavis senakSi sam, da xandaxan oTx, adamians sxvadasxva
sakiTxis Sesaxeb erTdroulad karnaxobda da awerinebda. aravis SeuZlia aseTi
gansxvavebuli masalis erTdroulad karnaxi gansakuTrebuli unaris gareSe.
arasodes yofila, rom mas rame ar codnodes da misi moZieba dasWirvebodes.
TiTqos is, ubralod, saSualebas aZlevda mexsierebas masSi daunjebuli ganZi
gamoevlina” (karutersi 1993: 3).
rogorc vxedavT, karutersi xazs usvams or garemoebas: ainStainis
SemTxvevaSi,
SemoqmedebiTi
procesi
dakavSirebulia
intuiciasTan
da
warmosaxvasTan, romelic ar jdeba erT “gansazRvruli” CarCoSi; meore
SemTxvevaSi,
es
procesi
pirdapir
kavSirSia
“mdidar
da
brwyinvale
mexsierebaTan”, romelic aradros arafers iviwyebs da romelSic codna
izrdeba, rogorc “furceli emateba furcels wignis weris dros”.
Cveni
azriT,
Sua
saukuneebSi
mexsierebis
aseTi
mniSvnelovani
statusi gaTvalsiwinebuli unda iyos maSindeli qarTuli realobis
ganxilvis
drosac.
iyo
Tu
ara
Sua
saukuneebis
qarTuli
kultura
“mexsierebis kultura? ra damokidebuleba hqonda mexsierebis fenomenTan
maSindel
qarTul
sazogadoebas?
msgavs
kiTxvebze
pasuxi
erT-erTi
mTavari gasaRebi iqneba qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis
gaazrebis Taviseburebis gasagebad.
vfiqrobT, am mimarTulebiT ramdenime sakiTxs unda SevexoT. pirvel
rigSi, saintereso iqneboda Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi istorikosis
statusis, koleqtiuri mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi misi rolis garkveva.
garda amisa, sagangebod unda SevexoT qarTuli istoriuli teqstebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel warsulis/istoriis narativebis specifikas. es narativebi
garkveuli mnemoteqnikuri konstruqciebi iyo, romlebic xels uwyobdnen
warsulis damaxsovrebas konkretuli sqematuri modelebis saxiT.
Sua saukuneebis istorikoss warsulis gadmocemis dros sxvadasxva
amocanebi da miznebi amoZravebda, Tumca misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqcia
“mexsierebis darajoba” iyo. maSindel istorikossac uzarmazari wvlili
miuZRoda
saukuneebis
koleqtiuri
zogierTi
mexsierebis
qarTveli
formirebaSi.
avtori
saintereso
magaliTad,
azrs
Sua
aviTarebs
102
koleqtiuri
mexsierebis
CamoyalibebaSi
istorikosis
rolze
da
funqciaze. am TvalsazrisiT, Cven yuradReba miiqcia daviTis istorikosis
Txzulebis erTma monakveTma, sadac avtori wers:
“xolo amad ra Txrobad moviwie, vaebisa Rirsad Sevracxen didni igi da
saxelovanni gamometyuelni, vityÂ ukue umirossa da aristovlis elinTa, xolo
iosipos ebraelsa, romelTaganman erTman troadelTa da aqevelTani Seamkvna
Txrobani, Tu viTar aRamemnon da priamos, anu aqilevi da ektori, mermeca
odiseos da oresti ekueTnes, da vin vis mZle eqmna: da meoreman aleqsandresni
warmoTquna
vespasiane
mZleobani,
titoÁs-mierni
simÃneni
da
metomeTa
Zleva-Semosilobani;
TÂsTa-zedani
Wirni
xolo
miscna
mesameman
aRwerasa.
da
vinaTgan amaT nivTni saqmeTani ara aqundes xmad misaTxrobelad, amisTÂsca mis
ÃelovnebiTa
ritorobisaTa
ganavrcelnes,
viTarca
ityÂs
TÂT
sadame
aleqsandre: “ara did iyav aqilevi, aramed didsa miemTxÂe maqebelsa umiross”.
rameTu ocdarva wel gangrZobasa troadelTa brZolisasa ver-ra Rirsi qebisa
iqmna. xolo mefisa daviTisi eseodenTa mimarT winaganwyoba sam Jamadmde iyo, da
verca pirvelsa kueTebasa SeuZles winadadgomad. hqonebodesmca amaT brZenTa
TxrobaTa nivTad saqmeni daviTisni, da maTmca aRwernes jerovnad maTisaebr
ritorobisa, da maSinRamca Rirs qmnil iyvnes jerovansa qebasa (cxovreba mefeT
mefisa daviTisi 1955: 342).
Cveni azriT, daviTis istorikosis teqstis es nawili uaRresad
mniSvnelovan da, rac mTavaria, pirdapir cnobebs Seicavs istorikosis
rolze da funqciaze mexsierebis formirebis saqmeSi. viqrobT,
mxolod
am konkretuli pasaJis mixedviT SeiZleba imis
mtkiceba, rom maSindel
sazogadoebas,
gacnobierebuli
pirvel
rigSi
ki
istorikoss,
hqonda
istorikosis “maqeblobis” Zala da mniSvneloba momavali TaobisTvis
warsulis gmirebis saxelis “Semonaxvis” saqmeSi. avtori pirdapir wers,
rom aqilevsi imitom gaxda ase cnobili, rom mis Sesaxeb homerosma
dawera. misi azriT, daviT aRmaSenebeli ara Tu gautoldeboda, aramed
aRemateboda mas Tavisi simamaciTa da unariT. avtoris mtkicebiT, Tu
berZnebma ocdarva weli moandomes troas aRebas, daviT mefe gacilebiT
nakleb droSi, “sam Jamadmde” axerxebda mtris damarcxebas. erTaderT
mizezad, ris gamoc daviTis saxeli ar aris aqilevsiviT cnobili da
farTod gavrcelebuli, aris is, rom mis saqmeebs jerovani “maqebeli” ar
hyavda.
103
basili
miiCnevs
rom,
ezosmoZRvaric
Tamar
mefis
igive
sakiTxze
“saqmeTa”
akeTebs
adekvaturad
aqcents.
warmoCena
isic
mxolod
“maqeblis”, anu istorikosis unarzea damokidebuli:
“ganigemne
rameTu
yovelni
gardaemata
matianeni,
Tamaris
ZuelTa
saqmeTa
gina
axalTa
WeSmaritebiT
mefeTa
maqebelni,
saqebeloba
sityÂsaebr
pirvelTasa...
akurTxa RmerTman cxovreba misi, da ganamravla nayofi misi, da Tavwarsxmul yo msgavsad werilisa: “naTeli aRmoubrwyinda marTalsa” ganTiadisa
Tana, da meuRle misi sixaruli SuadRe, da mwuxri mSÂdobiT daiZina sarecelsa
zeda TÂssa (basili ezosmoZRuari 1959: 149-150)..
avtori aRniSnavs, rom Tamar mefis moRvaweobis srulfasovnad
warmoCenas TviTon ver SeZlebs da amitom es saqme momavali TaobisTvis
miundia:
“aqa davÃSi sitÂsa wyoba, momavalTaTÂs yovelTagan awindelTa sxuaTa
Zlevisa
micemiTa
yovelTa,
da
umjobesad
SesatyÂs
SesaZleblad
saxis-
metyuelebasa uaRresisa sityÂsasa povniT, da amisTÂs Cuen mier dumiliT pativcemiT davidumoT” (basili ezosmoZRuari 1959: 149-150).
Sua saukuneebis qarTul istoriul teqstebSi aisaxa maSindel
qristianul samyaroSi miRebuli mnemoteqnika. koleqtiuri mexsierebis
CamoyalibebaSi maSindeli istorikosis roli am xerxebis gamoyenebaSic
mdgomareobda.
aRsaniSnavia,
wamomadgenlebic
rom
mimarTavdnen,
am
mnemoteqnikas
magaliTad,
sxva
sferos
sasuliero,
pirebi,
agiografiuli teqstebis avtorebi da a.S.
Sua saukuneebis mnemoteqnikis Seswavlis dros, mkvlevrebi did
yuradRebas uTmoben antikur memkvidreobas. da mainc, Sua saukneebSi
informaciis damaxsovrebisa da kvlavwarmoebis wesi specifikuri iyo. es,
pirvel rigSi, dakavSirebulia auditoriis TaviseburebasTan. mxolod,
ganaTlebuli
berebis
viwro
wres
SeeZlo
informaciis
fiqsirebis
antikuri sistemiT uSualo sargebloba. amasTan erTad, aucilebeli iyo
sakmaod
mravalricxovani,
umTavresad,
naklebad ganaTlebuli adamianebis
wera-kiTxvis
ucodinari
Tu
koleqtiuri mexsierebis formireba.
Sua saukuneebis istoriuli mexsiereba Taviseburi saxiT yalibdeboda.
warsulze Sexedulebis dogmatizaciis gamo, gadmocemebis Zveli formebi
104
ar gamodgeboda. saWiro iyo sakuTari saSualebebis gamomuSaveba. garda
imisa, rom ZiriTadi WeSmaritebebi
unda daemaxsovrebinaT, aucilebeli
iyo auditoriisTvis myari RirebulebiTi normebis SemuSaveba. imdenad
myari,
rom
isini
avtomaturad
unda
realizebuliyvnen
yoveldRiur
yofaSi. mxolod Seswavla sakmarisad ar miaCndaT.
cxadia,
warsulze
koleqtiuri
Sexedulebebis
mTavari
wyaro
bibliuri istoria iyo. bibliur igavebs ara marto unda eswavlebinaT
swori
cxovreba,
Sesabamisad,
aramed
unda
maT
mibaZvis
gamoemuSavebinaT
survili
unda
gamoewviaT.
sazogadoebaze
zemoqmedebis
adekvaturi formebi. ZiriTadi, Tumca ara erTaderTi, forma iyo qadageba.
misi
saSualebiT
cdilobdenen,
CamoeyalibebinaT
da
gasagebi
eniT
miewodebinaT swori Sexeduleba mniSvnelovan movlenebze. cnobilia, rom
warsuls mniSvnelovani adgili eWira qadagebebSi. magram erTia _ auxsna
da gaagebino, da meore _ daamaxsovrebino im adamianebs, romlebsac arc
Sesabamisi ganaTleba hqondaT da arc gavarjiSebuli mexsiereba (Tanac,
daamaxovrebino damaxinjebis gareSe, radgan saqme dogmatikas exeba). amis
miRwevis saSualeba iyo emociuri zemoqmedeba. amitomac,
Sua saukuneebis
mqadageblebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobdnen am sakiTxs. cxadia,
rom
RirebulebiTi
sistema
mWidro
kavSirSia
emociebTan.
amitom
emociebze zemoqmedeba kargi saSualebaa imisaTvis, rom adamians aiZulo
informaciis
damaxsovreba
da
gamoyeneba.
koleqtiuri
istoriuli
mexsierebis formirebas avtomaturad Tan axlda RirebulebiTi sistemis
Camoyalibeba (suprianoviCi 2003: 156).
igive wyaroTi, anu bibliiT, operirebda istorikosic. isic iseTi
TemebiT cdilobda emociuri zegavlenis moxdenas Tavis auditorize,
rogoricaa
xilvebi,
dasamaxsovrebel,
saswaulebi,
RvTiuri
nebis
bunebrivi
kataklizmebi,
gamomxatvel
niSnebad
romlebic
da
faqtebad
(maSindeli gagebiT) ganixileboda. Tumca istorikosi amas akeTebda ara
qadagebiT, aramed mis mier Seqmnili istoriuli narativebis meSveobiT.
es
narativebi
zemoqmedebis
am
Tavis
TavSi
saSualebebs.
moicavda
istorikosi
sazogadoebaze
Tavisi
teqstis
emociuri
farglebSi
eweoda qadagebas, mohyavda “dasamaxsovrebeli” magaliTebi da mouwodebda
adamianebs RvTismoSiSobisken. garda amisa, kidev erTxel gavixsenoT, rom
Sua
saukuneebSi
liturgia,
agiografia,
istoria,
qronika
ar
iyo
105
erTameTisgan mkafiod gamijnuli. es gansakuTrebiT qarTul realobaze
iTqmis.
Sesabamisad,
saistorio
SeiZleba
mwerloba
iTqvas,
asaxavs
rom
Sua
maSindel
saukuneebis
qarTuli
sazogadoebaSi
arsebul
damokidebulebas mexsierebis fenomenTan da im periodis mnemoteqnikis
Taviseburebebs.
e.
zerubaveli
romelic,
Cveni
mexsierebis
garkeveul
azriT,
Sua
formirebis
narativebis
universalur
saukuneebis
mnemonikuri
CamoTvlis,
sazogadoebis
dasaxasiaTebladac
safuZvelze,
narativebs
gamodgeba.
erToba
koleqtiuri
am
istoriuli
axdens
warsulis
organizebas. Tumca Sua saukuneebis qristianul samyaros Tavis specifika
aqvs,
rac
imaSi
gamoixateba,
rom
es
universaluri
narativebi
qristianuli SinaarsiT da providencializmiT aris gamsWvaluli da,
ZiriTadad,
droisa
da
istoriis
iudeur-qristianul
koncefcias
Seesabameba.
e.
zerubavelis
mier
SemoTavazebuli
modelebis
farglebSi
“qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebi Zalian saintereso kuTxiT gamoCnda. amiT
Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebis
koleqtiuri
mexsierebisa
da
imdroindeli mnemoteqnikis sakiTxebze garkveuli daskvnebis gakeTebis
saSualeba
mogveca.
aucilebelia
Tumca,
qarTul
sanam
teqstebis
raime
daskvnebze
safuZvelze
vilparakebT,
TiToeuli
narativis
magaliTebis ganxilva.
erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli “aRmasvlis/progresis” narativi
mnemonikuri
erTobebis
gamoxatavs
progresis,
zogadi
istoriuli
ganviTarebis,
xedvis
srulyofis
kulturisa da periodis konteqstSi
nawilia,
process.
romelic
sxvadasxva
progresis, iseve rogorc sxva
narativi lokaluri SinaarsiT aris datvirTuli. qarTul teqstebSi es
narativi gamsWvalulia providenciliasturi ideiT, romlis Tanaxmad,
yvelaferi, rac xdeba, RvTis nebis gamoxatulebaa.
“aRmasvlis” nartivis magaliTebi “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebSi
sakmaod
moipoveba.
magaliTad,
daviTis
istorikosi
daviTis
mefobas
ukavSirebs qveynis winsvlas da ganviTarebas. magaliTad, ase afasebs is
mefis mier eklesiaSi gatarebul RonisZiebebs:
“rameTu wmidani eklesiani, saxlni RmrTisani, quab avazakTa qmnil iyvnes,
da uRirsTa da uwesoTa mamulobiT ufros vidre RirsebiT daepyrnes ufrosni
106
saepiskoposni, viTarca avazakTa... samefisa TÂsisa kaTalikosi, mRvdelT-mTvarni,
meudabnoeni, moZRuarni da mecnierni Semokribna... keTilad gamoiZies da yoveli
cToma ganmarTes, keTili da saTno RmrTisa wesi yoveli daaamtkices, uRirsad
gamoCinebulni
gankueTnes,
da
SeaCuennes...
da
eseca
mimsgavsebulad
didisa
kostantinessa aRasrula mefeman daviT uwinares yovelTa keTilTa (cxovreba
mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955: 327-28).
saerTod,
daviTis
moRvaweoba
avtoris
mier
mTlianad
aseTi
narativis konteqstSia aRwerili. is xazs usvams, rom misi warmatebebi
ganpirobebulia RmerTisa da wmindanebis mxardaWeriT. sulTanma mouwoda
yvela mahmadians qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZovelad da am omSi
“aCina spasalarad elRazi... qronikoni iyo samas ormocdaerTi... iota
banaki maTi... rameTu Ãeli maRlisa Seeweoda, da Zali zegardmo farvida mas, da
wmida mowame giorgi gancxadebulad da yovelTa saxilvelad winauZRoda mas da
mklaviTa
TÂsiTa
mosrvida
zedamowevnuliTa
usjuloTa
maT
warmarTTa
(cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955: 341).
“istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani”-s avtoris TqmiT, Tamaris
dros
“gaaznaurdes
queyanisa
moqmedni,
da
gadidebuldes
aznaurni,
da
gaÃelmwifdes didebulni mefobisa Sina amissa, romeli aw Cans dawerasa Sina
amissa aTerTmetTa moqcevaTa JamTa Tamar samgzis sanatrelisaTa, romelman
simSÂdiTa
daviTianiTa,
dResisTa
xvalisa
zRuadmde
gurganisad
sibrZniTa
ar-migdebiTa
da
solomonianiTa,
aleqsandrianiTa,
speriTgan
simxniTa
da
sauravTa
zRÂT
pontosiT
yovelni
kavkasiisa
ipyrna
darubandamdis
da
imerelni da amerelni xazareTamdis da skviTTamdis” (istoriani da azmani
SaravandedTani 1959: 34).
aseve afasebs avtori Tamaris dros qveynaSi qristianuli rwmenis
mdgomareobas da xazs usvams am periodis mSvidobianobas:
“saeklesio locvad wesi locvisa daukleblad aResrulebodis, viTarca
tibikoni moaswavebda da ganweseba palestinisa monastrisa mogÂTxrobs, yoveli
sruliad. darbazis kars myofi wirvad vervin daakldeboda: mwuxri, dileul,
samxri,
viTarca
Tqmul
ars...
JamTa
misTa
ara
iyo
mimZlavrebuli,
arca
mtacebeli, arca mekobre da mparavi (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959:
81).
107
“daRmasvlis” narativSi warsuli, piriqiT, im didebul realobad
aris warmoCenili, romelic, “saubedurod, samudamod gavida”. daRmasvlis
narativis
mixedviT,
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
mdgomareoba
uaresobisaken
midis. istoriuli procesis amgvari xedvis dros adgili aqvs aw ukve
gasuli “oqros saukunis” Rrma nostalgias. es imaSi mJRavndeba, rom
adamianebi winaprebs gazviadebulad, TiTqmis zeadamianebad warmoaCenen
(zerubaveli 2004: 15-17).
qarTuli teqstebisTvis aseve organulia daRmasvlis narativic,
romelic gamsWvalulia RvTis sasjelis gancdiT. qarTveli avtorebis
mier
qveyanaSi
gareSe
mtris
Semosevis,
bunebrivi
kataklizmebis
da,
saerTod, Znelbedobis Jamis aRwera swored am narativis farglebSi
SeiZleba moviazroT. magaliTad, daviTis istorikosi Turq-selCukebis
Semosevas daRmasvlis narativis bnel tonebSi asaxavs:
“vinaTgan mezoblobiT moeaxlnes sazRvarTa CuenTa, ganmravlda SiSi da
Wiri maTgan Cuen zeda. rameTu iwyes mieriTgan rbevad, tyuenvad da mooÃrebad,
wuad, srvad da tyueobad Cuen qristianeTa...
da dResa ivanobisasa asisforni da klarjeTi zRvis piramdis, SavSeTi,
aWara, samcxe, qarTli, argueTi, samoqalaqo aRivso TurqiTa... da masve erTsa
dResa dawues quTaTisi, da artanuji, da udabnoni klarjeTisani. da dayves amaT
queyanaTa Sina TurqTa vidre moslvadmde Tovlisa... da ese iyo pirveli didi
Turqoba: rameTu qronikoni iyo samasi.
da
gangrZelda
eseviTari
Wiri
qristianeTa
zeda;
rameTu
aresa
gazafxulisasa movidian Turqni da maTve pirvelTa saqmeTaebr iqmodian, da
zamTris warvidian... raTa TÂT maT ieremiasTa vityodiT, rameTu aman oden
keTilad
uwyoda
Jamisa
amis
jerovani
godeba,
viTarmed:
“Zeni
sionisani,
patiosanni da borotisa gamoucdelni, ucxoTa gzaTa tyueobisaTa maT zeda
medResaswauleTasa” (cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955: 319-20).
avtori
agrZelebs
amave
tonSi
weras
da
qveynis
ubedurebas
qristianobisagan gandgomas miawers. misi azriT, yvela gansacdeli, rac
qarTvelebs Tavs daatydaT, maTi codvebis sazRauria. im dros, roca
aRsarTan kaxTa mefe maliq Sahs eaxla da qristianoba uaryo,
“amaT eseviTarTa JamTa arave damSÂidna queyana... rameTu yovelman asakman
da
yovelman
pativman
yovliTurT
Sescodes
RmerTsa
da
miiqces
gzaTagan
wrfelTa yovlisa mimarT ukeTurebisa, da bunebiT mowyale da saxieri RmerTi
108
eseoden ganarisxes, vidremdis TÂiT moixades ganCineba risxvisa, qadebuli
usjuloTaTÂis esaias mier metyuelisa esreT: “vaÁ naTesavsa codvilsa, eri
romeli savse ars usjuloebiTa, kualiTgan ferÃTaT vidre Tavadmde, ara ars
mas Sina sicocxle, arca brZÂl, arca Sesaxuevel” da Semdgomni: “amisTÂs
queyana Tqueni oÃer, qalaqni cecxliTa momwuar, sofelTa TquenTa ucxoTeslni
mosWamden, da mooxrebul da daqceul ars erisagan ucxotomTasa” (cxovreba
mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955: 319-322).
e. zerubaveli saubrobs “zigzagis” narativze, romelic progress
da daRmasvlas erTad gamoxatavs. am konteqstSi moiazreba “aRmasvlisada-daRmasvlis”, da “daRmasvlisa-da-aRmasvlis” narativebi. es narativebi
istoriuli
procesis
dramatul
cvlilebas,
misi
mimarTulebis
kritikul Semobrunebas zemoT an qvemoT, xSirad mTlianad ukumiqcevasac
gulisxmobs. es xdeba gardatexis, Semobrunebis momentidan (zerubaveli
2004:
15-19).
magaliTad,
aseT
“daRmasvlisa
da
aRmasvlis
narativad”
miviCnieT igive daviTis istorikosis mier imis aRniSvna, rom xangrZlivi
Znelbedobis Jamis Semdeg samefo taxtze daviT mefe avida da aqedan
moyolebuli,
yvelaferi
ukeTesobisken
Seicvala.
swored
daviTis
gamefebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, mis azriT, kardinaluri Semobruneba
istoriaSi.
“ese yoveli moiwia, da TualiTa CueniTa vixileT da friad ufros amaT
wamoTqmulTasa... amas yovelsa zeda arave dascxra gulis-wyroma uflisa Cuen
zeda,
rameTu
sxuanica
ara
SevinanieT...
saSinelebani
amisTÂsca
zegardamoni,
queyaniT
RmrTisa
mavalTa
mier
borotTa
movlinebulni
zeda
guemani
moiwivnes queyanasa Cvensa zeda...
amisTÂsca dResa aRvsebasa, TÂT mas aRdgomasa uflisa Cuenisa ieso
qristessa, romelsa Sina sixaruli da gansueneba jer iyo, moxedna ufalman
risxviTa da SeZra queyana safuZveliTurT... da gangrZelda eseviTari Zvra
queyanisa saSineli vidre weliwdamdis, romelsa Sina
moswyda simravle uricxÂ
(cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955: 322-23).
avtoris Tanaxmad, es iyo saSineli miwisZvra, daingra soflebi da
qalaqebi,
daingra
Tmogvi.
magram am
xangrZlivi
negatiuri
periodis
Semdeg:
109
maSin risxvasa Sina moiÃsena wyaloba man, romeli “swavlis yovelsa
Svilsa, romeli uyuars, moakudinebs da acxovnebs”, romeli mza ars wyalobad,
ufros mamisa mowyalisa, rameTu werilisaebr: “araTumca ufalman damiteva Cuen
Tesli,
viTarca
rameTu
sodomnimca
amieriTgan
iwyes
SeviqmneniT
niavTa
da
gomorelTamca
cxovrebisaTa
mivemsgavseniT”.
mobervad
da
RrubelTa
macxovrebisaTa aRmoWÂrobad, vinaTgan aTormet wel amaT TvTosaxeTa WirTa
gangrZobiTa
bnelsa
ukunsa
Sina
iwyo
aRmociskrebad
mzeman
yovelTa
mefobaTaman, didman saxeliTa da udidesman saqmiTa, saxel-modgamman daviT,
RmrTisa mamisaman, da TvT sameocdameaTurameteman Svilman amis daviTisaman,
daviT (cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955: 323-24).
istoriuli
narativebi
gansxvavdebian
imis
mixedviTac,
Tu
ra
sisavsiT gamoxataven isini warsuls. “mnemonikuri sisavse” gulisxmobs
imas, Tu ra intensivobiT imaxsovrebs sazogadoeba sxvadasxva istoriul
periods.
dro
TavisTavad
sxvadasxva
xarisxs
homogenuria,
aniWeben.
Tumca
amitomac,
mis
drois
sxvadasxva
monakveTs
Tanabari
monakveTi,
socialuri TvalsazrisiT, araTanabari xdeba. istoriaSi erTmaneTisagan
ganirCeva
eqstaordinaluri
(gamorCeuli)
da
ordinaruli
(arafriT
gamorCeuli) droebi. droisadmi amgvari xarisxobrivi midgomis Sedegad
istoia iyofa movlenebiT datvirTul da movlenebiT Rarib istoriul
periodebad. warsulis aseTi “optikuri” xedva istoriuli fokusirebis
garkveuli normebis produqtia, romelic gvkarnaxobs, ra davimaxsovroT
da ra _ ara. magaliTad, saerTo tendenciis mixedviT, omianoba yovelTvis
“movlenebiT savse” periodad aris miCneuli (zerubaveli 2004: 25-28).
qarTveli avtorebic ganarCvednen erTmaneTisgan aseT periodebs.
magaliTad,
giorgis
“istoriani
dabadeba
da
azmani
erT-erT
SaravandedTani”-s
umniSvnelovanes
avtors
movlenad
miaCnia
laSa
da
aRniSnavs, rom am movlenas daamTxvies qarTvelebma samxedro laSqroba:
“ixarebdes,
iSuebdes,
ganmaTavisuflebelni
imoTxvides
tyueTani,
samoTxesa
Semwirvelni
Sina
amis
eklesiaTani,
sawuTosasa,
mwirvebelni
mRvdelTani da mimcemelni monazonTani, mowyaleni glaxakTani... eseviTari iqmna
galaSqreba, romeli araodes visgan qmnil iyo bagratoanisa (istoriani da
azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 57-59).
110
zerubaveli
struqturis
saubrobs
or
formaze:
agreTve
pirvelis
warsulis
mixedviT,
retrospeqtuli
istoria
aris
uwyveti
procesi. istoriis amgvari xedvis aRsaniSnavad avtori iyenebs legatos1
metaforas;
meore
romlebiTac
formis
mixedviT,
erTmaneTisagan
istoriaSi
gamoyofilia
aris
wyvetilebi,
sxavdasxva
istoriuli
periodebi. es xedva gamoxatulia stakatos metaforiT2.
“legato”
narativi
aucilebelia
istoriuli
Tanmimdevrobis,
“stakato” narativi ki, piriqiT, istoriuli procesis wyvetis dasanaxad.
warsulis
organizebisaTvis
orive
narativi
xSirad
gamoiyeneba
mravali
magaliTia,
romlebic
(zerubaveli 2004: 36).
“qarTlis
cxovrebis”
istoriis
am
oriv
istoriis
uwyvet
dasakavSireblad
teqstebSi
xedvas
miesadageba.
procesad
sxvadasxva
Sua
saukuneebis
qarTvelebic
warmodgenisTvis,
awmyosa
xerxs
miuxedavad
iyenebdnen.
da
warsulis
imisa,
rom
warsulaTan “xidis gadeba” mentaluri aqtia, maSindeli adamianebi
mis
ganxorcielebas myar sagnobriv realobaze dafuZnebiT cdilobdnen.
erT-erT
sivrce,
aseT
teritoria.
damakavSirebel
e.
zerubavelis
xidad
TqmiT,
gamoiyeneboda
“konkretuli
garkveuli
teritoriis,
adgilis ucvleloba mniSvnelovani safuZvelia “igiveobis” gancdisTvis.
adamianebs, individualurad Tu koleqtiurad, dramatuli cvlilebebis
pirobebSi uxdebaT arseboba. aseT dros maT garSemo arsebuli fizikuri
realoba, Cveulebriv, SedarebiT ucvleli rCeba. es ki xels uwyobs im
iluziis Seqmnas, rom ZiriTadi araferi Secvlila. magaliTad, 1236 wels
ferdinand III ar daangria mavrebis meCeTi da is kaTedralad gadaakeTa,
amiT espaneTis muslimuri warsuli da qristinuli awmyo gaaerTiana”
(zerubaveli 2004: 40-42).
qarTul
teritoria,
teqstebSic
magaliTad
vxvdebiT
iseT
qalaqi,
lamis
momentebs,
roca
sakraluri
garkveuli
mniSnelobis
matarebelia, radgan is sazogadoebas sakuTar warsulTan akavSirebs, an
simbolurad
sagrZnobi,
dakarguli
am
kavSirs
roca
Sua
qalaqis
ganasaxierebs.
saukuneebis
mtrisgan
es
gansakuTrebiT
istorikosi
gaTavisuflebas.
aRwers
maSin
aris
didi
xniT
magaliTad,
daviT
1
legato - musikaluri notebis erToblioba, romlebic legatos frazas qmnian.
2 stakato – stakatos frazis warmomqmneli musikaluri notebi.
111
aRmaSeneblis
mier
Tbilisis
aReba
aseT
mniSvnelovan
aqtad
aris
ganxiluli daviTis istorikosis mier, romelic xazs usvams, rom qalaqi
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sxvas hqonda dapyrobili:
“aiRo mefeman qalaqi tfilisi, pirvelsave omsa, oTxas wel qonebuli
sparsTa... qronikoni iyo samas ormocdaori (cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi
1955: 342).
“istoriani da azmani SaravndedTani”-Si aRwerilia qarTvelebis
bardavSi laSqrobis ambavi. aq Cans, rom avtori bardavs erT-erT im
qalaqad
gaiazrebs,
romlis
daarsebac
qarTvelTa
didi
winaprebis
saxelebTan aris dakavSirebuli. Sesabamisad, bardavi, garkveuli gagebiT,
im myari xidis rols asrulebda, romelic aucilebeli iyo “qarTlis”
istoriis uwyvetobis dasanaxad:
pirvelad
SemkrebelTa
bedsa
da
suesa
zeda
laSasa,
romeli
ganmanaTlebelad soflisa iTargmna [afsarTa eniTa], mihmarTes bardavad, didad
da Zuelad qalaqad. amomwyuedelTa aranisaTa gamoiRes didZalTa omTa pirvel
nebroTisa herosis Zmisa bardosis mamuli
da Senebuli (istoriani da azmani
SaravandedTani 1959: 57-59).
sakuTari istoriis uwyvetobis warmosaCenad mnemonikuri erTobebi
“winaprebTan”, warsulSi arsebul jgufTan Tu politikur erTulTan
kavSirs eZeben da maT memkividred warmoaCenen Tavs. zerubavelis TqmiT,
warsul
TaobebTan
“kontaqti”
xSirad
biologiuri
terminebiT
gamoixateba. warsulSi arsebul jgufTan sisxliT naTesaobis xazgasma
funqciurad
igive
rols
TamaSobs
istoriis
uwyvetobis
danaxvaSi,
rogorsac asrulebs konkretul geografiul sivrcesTan identificireba.
Tanmimdevroba
da
memkvidreobiToba
dasakavSirebel
rgols
imperatoridan
karlos
Soris.
gulisxmobs
magaliTad,
didis
romis
uwyvetobas
karolingebi
romis
imperatorad
or
bolo
kurTxevamde
samsaukunovan periods erTi da igive politikuri erTobis cxovrebaSi
droebiT
pauzad
miiCnevdnen.
Sevsebis
manipulaciuri
genealogiebis
praqtikis
msgavsad,
gamogonili
TaobebiT
romelic
istoriul
qronikebSi sicarielis Sevsebas isaxavda miznad, genealogiuri jaWvic
112
xSirad
ufro
metad
erTsaxovani,
Tanabrad
mdinari
Cans,
vidre
is
sinamdvileSia (zerubaveli 2004: 56-61).
“istoriani da azmani SaravandedTan”-Si Samqoris brZolis Sesaxeb
saubris dros avtori xazs usvams im gareoebas, rom Tamari daviT
winaswarmetyvelis STamomavalia:
“moaxsenebdes erTierTisa simxnesa, marjuebulobasa papaTa da mamaTasa,
Tu viTar Zuel odesme winaSe daviTisa ocdaaTSvdmetni gmirni mbrZolobdes da
mZleobdes ucxoTeslTa da viTar spani vaxtangisni winaSe vaxtangisa, da viTar
spani axlisa daviTisni wyobaTa daviTisTa ierusalems erTobdes, aw Svilisa
mis Tamarisni, romeli daviT winaswarmetyueliTgan oTxmeocsa-erTobs Svilad
cxebulad (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 68- 69).
warsulTan
da
winaprebTan
erTianobis
gancdas
ganmsazRvravs
saerTo warmoSobis Segneba, radgan saerTo warsuli aseve saerTo awmyos
qonas
gulisxmobs.
“sawyisi
yvelafer
momentis”
gaeba.
amasTan
is,
Tu
sad
kavSirSia,
agreTve,
istoriis
axdenen
erTobebi
sakuTari
warmoSobis, istoriis dasawyisis lokalizebas, miuTiTebs imaze, Tu
rogor
aRiqvamen
isini
sakuTar
Tavs.
magaliTad,
ax.w.
496
weli
qristianuli safrangeTis sawyis TariRad aris miCneuli, radgan am dros
moinaTla
gagebasTan
xlodvigi.
erTad,
saerTo
unda
warmoSobisa
ganvixiloT
da
istoriis
agreTve
dasawyisis
istoriuli
siZvelis
SegrZneba. istoriuli fesvebis rac SeiZleba Soreul warsulSi gadatana
xels uwyobs ama Tu im mnemonikuri erTobis identobis, legitimurobis
gamyarebas.
adamianebi
da
jgufebi
xSirad
pativs
miageben
Tavis
“mesaZirkvle” winaprebs, romelTa STamomavladac miiCneven Tavs.
Sua saukuneebis qarTveli istorikosebisTvis, rogorc qristiani
avtorebisTvis, istoria, ra Tqma unda, RmerTis mier samyaros SeqmniT
iwyeboda. iv. javaxiSvili leonti mrovelis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda, rom
masac
hqonda
kacobriobis
yofa-cxovrebis
warmodgenili,
rogorc
ganviTarebis
sxva
qristian
mimdinareoba
erTa
iseve
mematianeebs
(javaxiSvili 1977: 186). mroveli kavkasielTa “mesaZirkvele winaprebs”:
swored “dabadebis” personaJebSi xedavs:
“pirvelad
vaxsenoT
ese,
rameTu
somexTa
da
qarTvelTa,
ranTa
da
movaknelTa, herTa da lekTa, megrelTa da kavkasianTa_ amaT YTÂsTa erTi iyo
113
mama, saxeliT Targamos. ese Targamos iyom Ze TarSisi, Ziswuli iafeTisi, Zisa
noesi. da iyo ese Targamos kaci gmiri. da Semdgomad ganyofisa enaTasa odes
aRaSenes babilonis godoli, da ganeyvnes mun enani da ganibnines muniT yovelsa
queyanasa. da warmovida ese Targamos naTesaviTurT misiT, da daemkÂdra orTa
maT mTaTa Sua kacSeuvalTa, araratsa da masissa” (leonti mroveli 1955: 3).
sumbat daviTis-Zec Txrobas bibliuri sqemis Sesabamisad iwyebs da
bagrationebis warmomavlobas bibliur personaJebs ukavSirebs.
Sua saukuneebSi warsulisa da awmyos dakavSirebis, maT Soris
“xidis gadebis” tipiuri meTodi warsulTan analogiebis gavleba iyo
saerTod, analogiebSi vlindeboda, mniSvnelovanwilad, Suasaukuneebis
sazogadoebis
drois
aRqmis
Taviseburebebi.
analogiebis
moyvanis
praqtika, romelsac “alegoriul tipologiasac” uwodeben, ZiriTadad,
bibliuri da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, antikuri istoriis movlenebsa da Sua
saukuneebis
avtorebis
msgavsebis
danaxvas
Tanamedrove
gulisxmobda.
movlenaTa
warsuli
Soris
tipologiuri
momavali
movlenebis
pirvelsaxed gaiazreboda. Zveli aRTqmis personaJebi da movlenebi axali
aRTqmis movlenebis da gmirebis prototipebad ganixilebodnen. Zvel da
utyuar
personaJebTan
alegoriuli
da
tipologiis
movlenebTan
meTodi
Sua
paralelebis
saukuneebSi
gavlebis,
istoriuli
interpretaciis erT-erTi mTavari xerxi iyo. erTmaneTs udarebdnen ara
marto Zveli da axali aRTqmis personaJebs, aramed igive meTodi realur
adamianebzec gamoiyeneboda. istoriul da biografiul TxzulebebSi Sua
saukuneebis
mefeebi,
mmarTvelebi,
religiuri
moRvaweebi
Sedarebuli
arian wminda werilisa da sxva avtoritetuli teqstebis personaJebTan
(repina da sxvebi 2004: 84).
Sua saukuneeSi analogiebis praqtika realobis yvela sferoSi
vlindeboda. bibliuri analogia iyo, magaliTad, goTuri ikonografiis
erT-erTi mTavari Tema, romelic kaTedraluri taZrebis portalebze,
Zveli
aRTqmis
winaswarmetyvelTa
da
axali
aRTqmis
mociqulTa
qandakebebSi aisaxa. ar iyo araferi, rac adamianebs ar gaaxsenebda
raRacas
an
viRacas,
warmoidgineboda,
romelic
rogorc
odesRac
cocxali
arsebobda.
realoba,
warsuli
praqtikuli
saxelmZRvanelo samoqmedod. warsulis aseTi yovlismomcveloba da imis
114
gancda, rom is lamis xelis gawvdenaze iyo, xSirad anaqronizmis mizezic
xdeboda.
le gofis TqmiT, Sua saukuneebis adamiani mudmiv anaqronizmSi
cxovrobda. is Tanamedroveobis ignorirebas axdenda da, amave dros,
warsulSi mcxovreb adamianebs Sua saukuneebis tansacmliT mosavda, maT
sakuTar grZnobebs da qcevis manerebs miawerda. aqedan gamomdinareobs
maSin
arsebuli
Sexedulebebi,
rom
“yvela
adamiani
pasuxismgebelia
adamisa da evas codvebze, yvela ebraelma pasuxi unda agos qristes
tanjvis
gamo,
xolo
yvela
muslimma
–
muhamedis
eresis
gamo.
XI
saukuneSi jvarosnebi darwmunebuli iyvnen, rom midiodnen ara qristes
jalaTebis STamomavlebis, aramed TviTon jalaTebis dasasjelad (le
gofi 2005:
209-213).
Cven Sua saukuneebis qarTuli istoriul teqstebSi analogiebis
mravli
magaliTi
davafiqsireT.
magaliTad,
“istoriani
da
azmani
SaravandedTan”-Si xSiria iseTi analogiebi, romelTa saSualebiT avtori
qveynisTvis
dadebiTi
momentis
dadgomas,
did
gamarjvebebs
an
cudi
periodis mosvlas usvams xazs. mefe giorgi III Sesaxeb avtori wers:
“da mamaman ZiTurT Ze tkbili, Semguari mamisa, aRamaRla Tavisa Tana da
Zisa sworad
qaixosro
mosaydred
mpyrobelTa
gamoaCina _ mze mnaTobTa Soris; aleqsandre da
Soris;
aqilev,
sambson
da
nebroT
gmirTa
Soris;
spandiar, TahamTa da siaoS goliaTTa Soris; solomon, sokrat da platon
brZenTa Soris (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 3).
giorgi mefis gardacvalebis mZime da Sav ferebSi aRweris Semdeg,
avtori zeaRmatebulad afasebs Tamaris gamefebis faqts, mis saetapo
mniSvnelobas:
“Tu
maSin
nabuqodonosor
samTa
yrmaTa
Tana
oTxebad
ixila
erTi
samebisagani, aqa kula samebisa Tana ixilvebis oTxebad Tamar, misworebuli da
aRmatebuli” (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 25).
mefed kurTxevis scena amave toniT aris aRwerili da avtori
iqamdec ki midis, rom Tamaris gamefebas Sesaqmis eqvs dRes adarebs:
“Tamar SÂd-mnaTobieri idida misgan, romelman warmoaCinna da aRmoaCinna
equsTa
Sina
dReTa
yovelni
ars-saCenni
da
gansuenebad
sca
meSÂdesa…
aw
115
mxilvelman ixila da iyo naTeli umetes naTlisa mis pirvelisa, “da iyo
keTili da uwoda naTelsa mas dRe”. amas uwoda naTeli ulumpianTa Soris
didsueobisa. da aman, ganmmzadebelman sibrZnisa SÂdTa suetTaman, aRaSena maT
zeda taZari” (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 27).
rac Seexeba qveynisaTvis negatiuri momentis dadgomis xazgasmas,
istoriani azmanis avtori wers, rom Tamaris sikvdilis gamo
“iqmna tyeba msgavsi kaloTa atadesTa da godebani msgavsni mooÃrebisa
ierusalemisani eremiaÁs mgodeblisa” (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959:
113).
basili ezosmoZRvari Samqoris brZolaze wers:
“mcireni ra dReni gardaÃdes, warmoemarTnes laSqarni didad moxarulni
ulumpiansa amas zeda Zlevasa, friad uaRressa saqebelisa misgan Zlevisa,
romeli yo aleqsandros darios zeda”... amisi mowame TÂT igi RmerTi utyueli
ars, da raTa ara tyuili visme egonos da zRapari giCndes ese momavalTa JamTa”
(basili ezosmoZRuari 1959: 128).
qarTul teqstebSi gvxdeba aseve sxva tipis analogiebic, romelTa
mizania romelime mefis dadebiTi mxaris daxasiaTeba. aseT “saxasiaTo
analogiebs” vxvdebiT magaliTad, daviTis istorikosTan, romelic ambobs
rom saeklesio reforma:
“mimsgavsebulad didisa kostantinessa aRasrula mefeman daviT uwinares
yovelTa keTilTa (cxovreba mefeT mefisa daviTisi 1955: 328).
“istoriani
da
azmani
SaravandedTanSi”
giorgi
mefis
Sesaxeb
“mÃned da mswrafl mavlobisa misisa romelTanme vinRa TqÂs?
nu ukue
avtori wers:
da umswrafles ambakomisa, danielisa anu Tu iliasi, sinasa Sina wvimisa erTi
RrubliTa Semkrebelisa anu Tu elvisa etliTa aRmavlisa?
xolo aw eseviTarni ra enaman, anu ra gonebaman TÂTeulisa Ãel yo
moTxrobad, sawyen same iqmnas aRwerili gangrZobiTa saTqmelTaTa. vinaTgan
daviTianoba
da
solomoniaebr
solomonianoba
hmonebdes
yovelni
mohgvarobda
mefeni
cxebulsa
queyanisani”
RmrTisasa,
(istoriani
da
amasca
azmani
116
basili ezosmoZRvari Tamaris Sesaxeb wers:
“xolo sjulTaTÂs suliTTa meore kostantine iqmneboda da misebrve
hgrovnebda dawyebasa saRmrTosa saqmeTasa, rameTu iwyo aRlesvad orpirsa
maÃvlsa
mosasrvelad
TeslTa
borotTa
da
ineba,
raTa
iqmnas
Seyra
da
gamorCeva didTa maT da msoflioTa krebaTa” (basili ezosmozRvari 1959: 117).
bibliuri personaJebis da, saerTod, cnobil winaparTa qmedebebTan
paralelis gavlebas samagaliTo mniSvneloba hqonda. rogorc wesi, am
kuTxiT mexsierebis mobilizacia miznad isaxavs warsuli Secdomebis
Tavidan
acilebas.“winaprebis”
(rogorc
sakuTari,
aseve
bibliuri)
gamocdileba aswavlida da Secdomebisagan azRvevda adamianebs. aseTi
“samagaliTo
analogiebia”
moyvanili
“istoriani
da
azmani
SaravandedTani”-Si. giorgi mefem erT-erTi brZolis win amgvarad mimarTa
mxedrebs:
“guasmies ZuelTa momTxrobelTagan, Tu raodenni kueTebani Tavs isxnes
saRmrToTa sjulTaTÂs tomman ebraelTaman artarqserqsis ze, elenTa-odes –
igi
iZRuanebodes
T[emist]okleos
mier
ucTomelisa
spaspetisagan
soflisa
mqonebelsa mZlesa artarqserqsis zeda... aw frTovanno lomo Cemno, CemTÂs
ganlaxurilisa
aRvixuneT
laxuarni
da
orolni,
da
ugmirneT
urwmunoTa
RvTaebisa misisaTa” (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 8).
avtoris Tanaxmad, qarTvelebma mters
“adines Ruari sisxlisa”... mxedvelni viTarca erni israelisani, da mzeca,
isu-naveTebr,
mdegi
veRara
mpyrobeli
etlTa
gangebiTa
msrbolobisa[Ta],
STaewura devnasa Sina maTsa” (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 9).
basilis ezosmoZRvari wers, Tu rogor mimarTa Tamarma mebrZolebs
Samqoris brZolis win:
“Zmano, Cemno, yovlad nu SeZrwundebian gulni Tquenni simravlisa
maTisaTÂs
da
simcirisa
Tquenisa,
rameTu
RmerTi
Cuen
Tana
ars.
gasmia
gedeonisTÂs samasni da simravle uricxv madiamelTa maT mier mowyuedili,
kualad asurastanelTa banaki locviTa ezekielisiTa wamsa Sina angelozisa
mier dacemulni? molod RmerTsa oden miendveniT
(basili ezosmoZRuari 1959:
126).
117
teqstebSi
saqarTvelos
gvxvdeba
istoriis
iseTi
tipis
konkretul
analogiebi,
dReze
roca
saubris
avtorebi
dros
qristes
cxovrebis dReebTan Tu sxva bibliur movlenebTan avleben paralels.
aseTi “droiTi analogiis” magaliTi mocemulia “istoriani da azmani
SaravandedTani-”Si.
avtoris
mier
Samqoris
brZolaSi
qarTvelebis
gamarjveba Sedarebulia qristes gamarjvebasTan. garda amisa, aq aris
qristes cxovrebis amsaxveli periodebis da dReebis analogia:
“warsrulTa daibanakes wyalsa zeda elekecisasa. muniT ayrilni movides
siaxlesa
Sanqorisasa,
Tuesa
ivnis[sa]
a-
dResa
xuTSabaTsa,
romeli
ganTendeboda paraskevad, romelsa Sina qristeman RmerTman Cuenman Semusra
Zliereba
mÃdomisa
da
daTrguna
orTavi
igi
veSapi
(istoriani
da
azmani
Cvens mier moyvanili am magaliTebidan Cans, rom Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi bevri “mentaluri xidi” arsebobda,
romlebic
mas
warsulTan
akavSirebda
da
istoriuli
procesis
uwyvetobis gancdas umyarebda. magram, rogorc aRiniSna, arsebobs e.w.
“stakato narativebi”, romlebic istoriul periodebs Soris wyvetas
gamoxataven.
“satakato
erTmaneTisagan
calkeuli
narativis”
gamijnulia
mnemonikuri
konteqstSi,
istoriuli
erToba
Tavisi
sxvadasxva
movlenebiT.
istoriis
“periodi”
am
mTavar
movlenebs
“wyalgamyof
momentebad” imaxsovrebs, romlebic xsnian xsnian istoriis axal “Tavebs”
da aCveneben, sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba es Tavebi. istoriuli momentebi
“wyalgamyofad”
da
“saetapod”
mxolod
retrospeqtulad,
awmyos
gadasaxedidan Cans. Cveulebriv, es e.w. “ganmsazRvreli” momentebi am
gagebiT ar aRiqmeboda sakuTriv im dros, roca isini xdeboda.
erTmaneTis momijnave,
magram pirobiTad calkeuli istoriuli
“periodebisTvis” sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis miniWeba xSirad gacxadebulia
imaSi,
rom
maT
erTmaneTis
sapirispirod
aRviqvamT.
erTmaneTisgan
imijenab istoria da preistoriis. ori, erTmaneTis mosazRvre, magram
pirobiTad
sxvadasxva,
periods
Soris
kontrasti
da
axali
eris
dasawyisi wina periodis sikvdils, masTan yovelgvari kavSiris gawyvetas
gulisxmobs.
118
istoriuli wyvetilobis SegrZnebis arsebobisTvis, aucilebelia
mentaluri “xidebis” mospoba. magaliTad, romaelebma, warsulTan sruli
kavSiris gawyvetis mizniT, mTlianad daangries karTageni; garda amisa,
wyalgamyofi momentebi xSirad efeqturi qronologiuri “Ruzis” rols
TamaSoben. iesos dabadebis, muhamedis meqadan medinaSi wasvlis weli
qronologiuri sistemis mTavari safuZvelia. istoriuli “dasawyisis”
gageba “amneziis” momentsac gulisxmobs. wyveta istoriaSi TavisTavad
araa mocemuli. warsulis danawevreba calkeul “periodebad”, ZiriTadad,
mentaluri aqtia. es, Cveulebriv, socialuri skalpeliT xdeba. arsebobs
ara
erTi,
aramed
ramdenime
wertili,
rolebmac
SeiZleba
Seqmnas
calkeuli istoriuli narativis formaluri dasawyisi (zerubaveli 2004:
91-97).
“qarTlis
istoriis
cxovrebis”
tipiurad
istoriisTvis
teqstebisTvis
gansxvavebuli
mniSvnelovani,
“mefeTa cxovrebis” avtori
saetapo
aseve
periodebis
mijnebis
damaxasiaTebelia
danawevreba,
fiqsacia.
xSiria
magaliTad,
ukve dasawyisSive miuTiTebs aseT mijnaze:
“xolo aqaTgan viwyoT da warmovTqvaT ambavi qarTlisa da naTesavisa
maTisa, da cxovreba maTi vidre dReTa CuenTamde, da viTar – igi ganuyo
qveyanaTa Targamos naTesavsa missa da rvaTave SvilTa misTa” (leonti mroveli
1955: 8).
amgvari magaliTebis moyvana sakmaod mravald moipoveba am teqstSi:
“aqamomdis qarTlosianTa ena somxuri iyo, romelsa zraxvides. xolo
odes Semokrbes ese uricxuni naTesavni qarTlsa Sina, maSin qarTvelTaca
dauteves ena somxuri da amaT yovelTa naTesavTagan Seiqmna ena qarTuli”
aseTive
mijnebs
gavlebis
SemTxvevasTan
gvaqvs
saqme,
rodesac
avtori qarTlSi mefobasTan dakavSirebul cnobebs gvawvdis. mroveli
farnavazis Sesaxeb wers:
“ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTagani”
119
farnavazs
miawers
avtori
qarTuli
kulturisTvis
aranakleb
saetapo mniSvnelobis movlenas:
“aman ganavrco ena qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qarTlsa Sina
TÂnier qarTulisa. da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli” (leonti mroveli 1955:
26).
mroveli saubrobs sxvadasxva dros qarTlSi mefobis gansxvavebuli
wesebis arsebobis Sesaxeb:
“vidre aderkis mefobamde erTi dajdis qarTvelTa mefed... amas aderkis
esxnes orni Zeni, romelTa erqva saxelad erTsa bartom da meoresa qarTam. da
amaT ganuyo yoveli qveyana TÂsi” (leonti mroveli 1955: 43).
e.i. garkveuli periodidan qarTlis samefo taxtze erTdroulad
ori mefe ijda; sxva adgilas avtori wers, rom
“aqamomde ese mefeni yovelni or-orni iyvnes moyurobasa zeda” (leonti
mroveli 1955: 50).
xolo amis Semdgom erTmaneTs gadaemterneno. saubaria farsman
qvelsa da mis Tanametaxte mirdatze.
moyvanili adgilebidan Cans, rom mrovels aucileblad miaCnia
istoriul procesSi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT gamoyos saetapo mijnebi,
rac, TavisTavad, xels uwyobs drois perspeqtivaSi movlenebis aRqmas.
juaneris teqstSic xSirad fiqsirdeba saetapo mijnebi. erT-erT
aseT saetapo momentad SeiZleba miviCnioT is periodi, rodesac qarTlSi
kaTalikosad qarTveli pirvelad iqna dasmuli. juanSeri wers:
“da mokuda kaTalikosi Cermag, da amanve farman mefeman dasua saba.
aqaTgan
arRara
moiyvanebdes
kaTalikossa
saberZneTiT,
aramed
qarTvelni
dasxdebodes” (juanSeri 1955: .207).
“matiane qarTlisas” avtorisTvis saetapo mijna iyo is periodi,
rodesac araboba daiwyo:
“pirvelad, ufleba sarkinozTa gandidna da mieriTgan mieca yoveli ese
qveyana JamiTi-Jamad rbevasa da oÃrebasa. meored iqmna simravle mTavarTa
queyanasa qarTlisasa da Seeria brZola, iqmnes mter urTierTas da ukeTu vinme
120
gamoCndis
SvilTa
Soris
vaxtangisTa,
romelica
Rirs
iyo
mefed,
iqmnis
Semcirebuli sarkinozTagan. rameTu daipyres qalaqi tfilisi agarianTa. Seqnes
saxlad sayoflad TÂsad; miiRebdes xarksa queyanasa amisgan, romelsa hqÂan
xaraja” (matiane qarTlisa 1955: 250).
arabebis gamoCeniT saTave daedo mTel rig movlenebs: “meored
iqmna simravle mTavarTa” qarTlSi, JamiTi-Jamad xdeboda qveynis darbeva,
SemoRebul iqna gadasaxadebi da a.S.”
sainteresoa, agreTve, momenti, rodesac
“mouZlurdes berZenni, gadga maTgan erisTavi afxazTa, saxeliT leon,
Zmiswuli leon erisTavisa, romlisad mieca samkÂdrod afxazeTi. ese meore
leon asulis wuli iyo xazarTa mefisa, da ZaliTa maTiTa gaadga berZenTa,
daipyra afxazeTi da egrisi vidre lixamde, saxel-idva mefe afxazTa (matiane
es
momenti
saqarTvelos
mijnaa
im
teritoriaze
TvalsazrisiT,
mniSvnelovani
rom
am
dros
cvlilebebi
dasavleT
moxda,
romlis
Sedegad arseboba daiwyo axalma politikurma erTeulma _ afxazTa
samefom.
Cvens mier gaanlizebuli masalidan Cans, Tu ra tipis movlenebi
ganixileboda
saetapo,
Sua
saukuneebis
wyalgamyof
politikuri
saxis
qarTveli
mijnebad.
es
cvlilebebTan,
avtorebis
movlenebi
kulturul
mier
istoriaSi
dakavSirebuli
sferoSi
iyo
momxdar
gardamtex ZvrebTan, mtris SemosevebTan da a.S. Sua sauuneebis qarTul
saistorio
TxzulebebSi
am
saetapo
mijnaTa
gamokveTa,
maTTvis
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miWeba istoriis fragmentacias da mis
tipurad erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel periodTa erTobliobad warmoCenas
ganapirobebda.
amrigad, Cvens mier “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebidan moyvanili
magaliTebidan
sainteresod
sazogadoebaSi
istoriis
gamovlinda
organizebis
da
Sua
saukunebis
warsulis
qarTul
damaxsovrebis
Tviseburebebi. swored es Taviseburebebi gansazRvravda didwilad am
sazogadoebis
damokidebulebas
drosTan
da
istoriasTan.
aseve
sainteresod gamoCnda sakuTriv istorikosis roli am procesebSi. erTi
mxriv,
istorikosi,
rogorc
garkveuli
konkretuli
kulturis
121
warmomadgeneli, iyenebda mis sazogadoebaSi miRebul mnemoteqnikas da
iziarebda warsulze da istoriaze arsebul koleqtiur Sexedulebebs.
Sesabamisad, istorikosi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, socialur dakveTas
asrulebda; meore mxriv, TviTon istorikosi did rols TamaSobda am
mnemoteqnikis SeqmnaSi,
danergvasa da Tavisi sazogadoebis koleqtiuri
mexsierebis formirebaSi. istorikosi da mis mier Seqmnili narativebi
Sua
saukuneebis
qarTuli
sazogadoebisTvis
warsulTan
dakavSirebis
erT-erTi mTavari mediumi iyo. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Sua saukuneebSi
mexsierebasTan damokidebulebis xasiaTs, am
epoqis sazogadoebisTvis
istorikosis, rogorc “mexsierebis darajis” sruliad gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba
ufro
cxadi
gaxdeba.
qarTul
teqstebSi
mocemuli
konkretuli narativebis (aRmasvlis, daRmasvlis, legato, stakato), maTSi
asaxuli
mnemoteqnikis
da
warsulis
organizebis
formebis
xasiaTi
miuTiTebs, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoeba gansakuTrebiT
mgrZnobiare
iyo
istoriuli
warsulis,
mexsierebis
da,
saerTod,
istoriuli procesis mimarT. ufro metic, Tu am sakiTxs m. satos
TvalsazrisiT
mivudgebiT,
SeiZleba
iTqvas,
rom
Sua
saukuneebis
qarTuli sazogadoeba “homo historicus”-ebis erToba iyo.
III. momavlis aRqma da esqatologiuri gancda
Sua saukuneebis
qristianul samyaroSi
J. le gofi werda, rom Sua saukuneebSi awmyo momwyvdeuli iyo
warsulis yovlismomcvelobasa da esqatologiuri momavlis imeds Soris;
istoriis
dasawyis
_
romelic
damZimebulia
pirveli
codviT
_
da
samyaros dasasruls Soris. garkveuli YTvalsazrisiT, “warsulisa da
awmyos
opozicia
mniSvnelovania,
arsebiTia
ramdenadac
drois
aRqmis
mexsiereba
da
asaxsnelad.
istoria
am
es
opozicia
gansxvavebas
efuZneba. istoriis dialeqtika, saboloo jamSi, warsulisa da awmyos
dapirispireba
an
dialogia.
es
opozicia
ar
aris
neitraluri,
is
gulisxmobs da gamoxatavs SefasebiT moments. magram, pirvel rigSi, unda
aRiniSnos,
rom
drois
aRqma
da
segmentacia
“-mde”
da
“Semdeg”
kategoriebad, individualur Tu koleqtiur doneze, ar SemoisazRvreba
warsuli/awmyos
opoziciiT.
aq
unda
daematos
mesame
ganzomileba:
momavali (le gofi 1992:1-3).
122
asakis mixedviT istoriis periodizacia da samyaros daberebaze
daskvnis gakeTeba awmyos momavlis molodiniT aRavsebda. Sua saukuneebis
adamianis “awmyo” gancda gamoxata Bbernar Sartrelma sityvebiT: “Cven
mxolod
goliaTebis
mxrebze
acocebuli
jujebi
varT,
magram
amis
wyalobiT, maTze Sors vixedebiT” (le gofi 2005: 212). es Sori ki
momavalia,
romlis
molodini
ukiduresad
iyo
gamafrebuli
Sua
saukuneebSi.
esqatologiuri
gancda
erT-erTi
ganmsazRvrelia
droisa
da
istoriis iudeur-qristianul koncefciaSi. Zvel aRTqmaSi momavlis idea,
romelsac
dadebiTi
konotacia
aqvs,
misi
ueWveli
dominantaa.
abraamisTvis da sxva patriarqebisTvis, egviptidan gamomavali israelis
xalxisTvis,
winaswarmetyvelebisTvis
mesiis
movlinebis
Sesaxeb
micemuli aRTqma ayalibebda ebraul religiur-istoriul cnobierebas. es
aRTqmebi am cnobierebas optimisturs xdida da, amasTan erTad, masSi
mudmivi ganaxlebis ideas amkvidrebda.
Zv.w.aR. 586 w. pirveli taZris dangrevisa da babilonis tyveobis
dros pirvelad Cndeba ebrauli diasporis fenomeni. ebraelebi isev
iwyeben
israelis
umniSvnelovanes
miwis
aRTqmas,
gareT
cxovrebas,
romelic
sinais
riTac
arRveven
udabnoSi
erT-erT
xetialis
dros
miiRes. “daimkvidreT qveyana da dasaxldiT iq, rameTu TqvenTvis momicia
es qveyana, raTa daimkvidroT igi” (ricvxni, 33:53). RmerTma ebraelebi
palestinaSi
im
mizniT
miiyvana,
rom
maT
am
miwaze
SeesrulebinaT
TavianTi misia: “moZRvarTa samefod da wmida erad iqnebiT CemTvis. ai,
sityvani, rasac etyvi israelis Zeebs” (gamosvla: 19:6).
babilonis tyveobis dros devnilobis mZafrma gancdam ebraelebSi
mesianuri imedebis da sawaulebrivi xsnis imedebi gaavrcela. amaSi,
upirvelesad, israelis miwaze dabruneba igulisxmeboda. meore taZris
epoqaSi (Zv.w.aR. 538-ax.w.aR. 70) mesianuri molodini ebrauli cnobierebis
erT-erTi safuZveli xdeba. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba momavlisken iyo
mimarTuli. am momavalma Tavidanve mkafio geografiuli lokalizacia
miiRo. yvela miznis saboloo wertilad israelis miwa ganixileboda
(xazanovi 2002: 126-127).
swored
babilonis
tyveobis
periods
ukavSirdeba
danielis
winaswarmetyvelebis wignis gaCena, rac SemdgomSi, faqtobrivad, iudeur 123
qristianuli
apokaliptikis
winaswarmetyvelebaSi
safuZveli
zedmiwevniT
aisaxa
gaxda.
ara
danielis
molod
samyaros
dasasrulisa da mesiis mosvlis peripetiebi, aramed samsjavroc, romelic
axali aRTqmisa da ioanes gamocxadebis gankiTxvis dRis wyarod iqca.
(labaZe 2006: 103-104).
saerTod, axal aRTqmaSic, aseve, saubaria bibliuri patriarqebis
cxovrebaze, romlebic RvTis mier aRTqmuli momavlis molodinSi iyvnen:
“rwmeniT daemorCila abraami xmobas, wasuliyo im adgilas, romelic
samkvidreblad unda mieRo da, Tumca ar icoda sad midioda, rwmeniT cxovrobda
aRTqmul miwaze, ise, viT ucxo qveynad, da mkvidrobda karavSi isaaksa da
iakobTan,
imave
mokvdnen,
da
aRTqmis
ver
miiRes
TanamemkvidreebTan
aRTqmuli,
erTad...
aramed
yvela
SoriT
isini
xedavdnen,
rwmeniT
swamdaT,
moikiTxavdnen da aRiarebdnen, rom stumarni da warmavalni arian am qveynad...
rwmeniT akurTxa isaakma momavlisaTvis iakobi da esavi (ebraelTa mimarT, XI 89-13-20).
es esqatologiuri optimizmi, RmerTis mier aRTqmuli momavlis
molodini mTavari momentia bibliaSi. RmerTi aRuTqvams adamians: “radgan
wyals mivuRvri urwyuls da nakadulebs gamomSral miwas” (esaia, 44,3). es
momenti Semdgom amosavali gaxda qristianobisTvisac.
axal
aRTqma
mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli
drois
stiqiasTan
da
kategoriulad moiTxovs misadmi yuradRebas: “TvalTmaqcno, cis fers
arCevT, drois niSanTa garCeva ki ar SegiZliaT” (maTe, XVI, 3), _ eubneba
qriste
Tavis
mowafeebs.
qristianic
Tavis
mzeras,
umTavresad,
momavlisaken miapyrobs, radgan icis, rom xsnas momavalSi moipovebs
(averincevi 1977: 92).
ax.w. I saukuneSi qristianuli esqatologia axali ideebiT Seavso
ioanes gamocxadebam, romelic samyaros dasarulisa da gankiTxvis garda,
antiqristezec
amaxvilebs
yradRebas.
aqedab
moyolebuli
RvTis
samsjavros Tema centralur adgils ikavebs wminda mamebisa da Sua
saukuneebis Teologebis SemoqmedebaSi. …
“Sua saukuneebSi esqatologiurma Temebma ufro meti datvirTva
SeiZina. yovelive amas mravali mizezi hqona. istoriuli kataklizmebi,
epidemiebi Tu bunebrivi movlenebiT gamowveuli uimedo ganwyobilebebi
124
Sua
saukuneebis
sazogadoebis
emociur
daZabulobas
gansazRvravda.
bolo Jamisa da qristes meored mosvlis molodini imdenad xelSesaxebi
iyo,
rom
saeklesio
dResaswaulebs
samyaros
angariSobdnen.
berZnul
am
dromde
pasqalias,
saeklesio
pasqaliebi
Seqmnidan
mihyavda
romelic
literaturaSi
aRdgomasa
X-XV
7
da
sxva
aTasi
moZrav
wlis
sauflo
Semdeg
JamTa
aRricxva
yvelaze
ss-is
periodze
iyo
fexmokidebuli
da
aRar
vrcel
gaTvlili.
gajerebuli
azrebis
gavleniT, erTni, Svidi aTasi wlis SesrulebisTanave moelodnen qveynis
aRsasruls, meoreni ki, am kataklizmisa da konstantinopolis dacemas
Soris logikur kavSirs Wvretdnen (labaZe 2006: 115-116).
Sua
saukuneebSi,
apokalipsis
molodinis
Sesabamisad,
drois
perspeqtiva momavlisaken ukiduresad gaizarda. istorias aqvs Tavisi
dasawyisi da dasasruli. Sua saukuneebis nebismieri dasavluri qronika
samyaros Seqmnidan, adamidan iwyeboda da, miuxedavad imisa, rom Txroba
avtoris Tanamedrove periodze Cerdeboda, mis WeSmarit daboloebad
yovelTvis
saSineli
saukuneebis
samsjavro
azrovneba
da
moiazreboda.
gancda
Rrmad
garkeuli
pesimisturi
maSindeli SexedulebiT, samyarom meeqvse asaks,
gagebiT,
iyo,
Sua
radgan,
mixrwnilobis xanas
miaRwia. samyaro daRupvis pirasaa, samyaro berdeba (Mundus senescit) _
gviani
romis
imperiis
Znelbedobis
da
barbarosTa
warmoSobili
pirveli
qristianebis
es
warmodgena
Semotevis
XII
dros
saukuneSic
cocxlobda. oton fraizingeli werda, rom samyaro ixrwneba, qreba da
mzadaa suli ganutevos (le gofi 2005: 201-203).
ukve
sawyis
etapze
qristianuli
istoriografiisaTvis
qronologiuri gamoangariSebis aucilebloba ganpirobebuli iyo swored
samyaros
aRsasrulis,
yovelive
aman
biZgi
“meored
misca
mosvlis”
mTeli
rigi
esqatologiuri
qronologiuri
molodiniT.
gamoTvlebis
Catarebas da saSineli samsjavros TariRis dadgeniT masobriv gatacebas.
unda aRiniSnos isic, rom zogi mkvlevari esqatologiis gancdaSi
garkveul orazrovnebas xedavs. magaliTad, am azrs aviTarebs J. le gofi,
romlis Tanaxmad, qristes movlinebas istoriaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
hqonda.
Sesabamisad,
momavali
ukve
aRar
warmoadgenda
iseT
mizans,
romelic istorias azrs sZens. “esqatologia sxva ganzomilebaSi gadadis
da,
garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT,
is
meoradi
xdeba.
rac
ar
unda
125
paradoqsuli iyos, isic warsulis kuTvnilebaa. qristem Tavisi mosvliT
is moxsna. meored mosvla ara marto nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyo samebis
dRes, aramed is ukve daiwyo da unda dasruldes eklesiis, berebis, saero
xalxis, mociqulebis, wmindanebis da codvilebis monawileobiT” (le
gofi 2002: 38).
bizantiis
relobaTan
dakavSirebiT
saintereso
mosazrebas
gamoTqvams s. averincevi, romlis mixedviT, bizantiaSi esqatologiuri
molodini, garkveulwilad, ukana planze iyo gadaweuli mmarTvelobis
specifikuri
doqtrinis
arsebobis
gamo.
es
doqtrina
aisaxa
evsevi
kesarielis SemoqmedebaSi. evsevis TvalsazrisiT, imperatori konstantine
qristes
xatia
yovelive
am
amiT
qveyanaze.
avtori
is
miznad
aris
samagaliTo
isaxavda,
qristiani
Teologiuri
monarqi.
argumentebiT
daesabuTebina konstantinesa da imperiis arsebobis RvTiuroba. erT-erTi
aseTi argumentis mixedviT, bizantia Zveli romis uSualo memkvidred
ganixileboda.
konkretulad,
saubaria
danielis
winaswarmetyvelebaze
oTxi msoflio monarqiis Sesaxeb. moxda ise, rom samyaros aRsasrulis
winare bolo monarqia _ romi _ bizantielebma konstantines imperiasTan
gaaigives. dasavleTSi, sadac, faqtobrivad, didi masStabis monarqia ar
arsebobda,
oTxi
msoflio
monarqiis
koncefciam
fexi
ver
moikida.
bizantiaSi ki didi iyo imis cduneba, rom konstantines imperia am
monarqiad ganexilaT.
evsevi kesarielis azriT, warmarTuli romi marTlac codvis bude
iyo, radgan misi mmarTvelebi, Tavis droze, qristianebs devnidnen. magram,
konstantines
TaosnobiT
romi
nel-nela
ganiwminda
codvebisagan
da
qristianuli gaxda. amiT igi daRupvas gadaurCa da arsebobas ganagrZobs.
evsevi amtkicebda, rom imperiis gaqristianebiT Sesrulda adamianebisadmi
RvTis aRTqma. es aRTqmuli qveyana konstantines imperiaa, Tavisi RvTiuri
imperatoriT. rogorc miiCneven, es faqtobrivi qristianuli xazovani,
apokalifsuri drois neitralizebas niSnavs, radgan esqatologiisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
perspeqtiva
momavlisken
Zalze
damoklda.
Sinaganad
dinamikuri, uwyveti dro statikuri xdeba da momavlisaken perspeqtiva
mokldeba,
radgan
istoriam
Tavis
saboloo
mizans
miaRwia
da
momavlisken perspeqtivac konstantines imperiiT Caiketa. sxvagvarad Tu
vityviT, esqatologiuri momavali Secvlilia politikuri awmyoTi.
126
s. averincevis TqmiT, evsevi kesarieli ar aris “serviluri” da
pirferi avtori. Tu aseTi koncefciis safuZvlis dadgena evsevis piradi
Tvisebebis kvleviT moxerxdeboda, maSin bizantiuri kulturis raoba
bevrad naTeli iqneboda, vidre dRes warmoudgeniaT. yovelive amis mizezi
aris
ara
avtoris
“mliqvneloba”,
aramed
qristianuli
saxelmwifos
oficialuri ideologia, romelic dinamikuri drois statikur drod
gardaqmnas axerxebs. amitomac, bizantiuri esqatologia, dasavlurTan
SedarebiT, gacilebiT naklebad esqatologiuria. absoluturi momavali
metismetad gansazRvrulia da amitomac ar aris momavali. apokalifsuri
winaswarmetyveleba
“aTaswlovan
samefoze”
asrulda,
e.i.
awymo
gaCerebulia, momavali ki garkveul idealur planSi ukve mocemulia
(averincevi 1977: 98-99).
aRmosavleT
romis
imperiis
(bizantiis)
RvTisgan
rCeulobis
evseviseul ideas misi mimdevrebi aviTareben. sokrate, sozomene da Semdeg
Teodorite kvireli amtkicebdnen, rom RmerTi gansakuTrebulad ifaravs
swored aRmosavleT romis imperias da konstantinepols. es koncefcia
bizantiis
ucvleli
doqtrina
iyo
imperiis
arsebobis
mTeli
xnis
manZilze.
mkvlevarTa azriT, esqatologiuri ideebi arc saqarTvelosTvis iyo
ucxo. finaluri kataklizmisa da misi Semdgomi gankiTxvis rwmena, k.
kekeliZis
varaudiT,
Semosuliyo.
saqarTveloSi
esqatologiuri
literaturuli
Sexedulebebis
wyaro,
gziT
Zveli
da
unda
axali
aRTqmis garda, ZiriTadad, naTargmni Teologiuri teqstebi iyo.
k. kekeliZis mosazrebiT, XI-XII saukuneebSi literaturuli gziT
Semosuli
esqatologiuri
ideebi
meSvide
aTaswleulSi
aRsasrulis Sesaxeb, XIII saukuneSi rwmenad iqca.
samyaros
es Cans abuseriZe
tbelis astronomiul traqtatSi “qoronikoni sruli misiTa sauwyebliTa
da
gangebiTa”,
pasqalisturi
romelic
sistemis
qarTuli
da
berZnuli
Sejereba-SeTanxmebis
welTaRricxvis
cdas
warmoadgens.
da
am
traqtatis mixedviT irkveva, rom XIII sakunis saqarTveloSi miRebuli
SexedulebiT, bolo Jamis dadgomis TariRad 1396 weli iyo miCneuli. k.
kekeliZe
am
saukuneSi
esqatologiuri
ideebis
gansakuTrebul
gavrcelebas maSindeli saqarTvelosTvis umZimes periods ukavSirebda.
mgavsi
azrebis
dasamkvidreblad
Sesaferisi
niadagi
iyo
Seqmnili
127
jalaledinisa da monRolTa amaoxrebeli Semoseveebis Semdeg. XI-XII
saukuneebSi ki maTi gavrceleba sruliad warmoudgeneli iyo.
garda amisa, rogorc miiCneven, abuseriZe tbelamde esqatologiuri
idea
fiqsirdeba
Tbilelis
VIII
saukunis
martvilobaSi”.
agiografis
sabanisZis
ioane
sityviT,
sabanisZis
meSvide
“abo
aTaswleulis
sadari “Semokrebuli Jami” dgas, romelic, realurad, esqatologiuri
bolo Jamia. es aris arabobis periodi da, rogorc Cans, am Znelbedobis
dros gankiTxvis dRis moaxloebis gancda Zlieri iyo. rogorc fiqroben,
albaT, amiT aixsneba esqatologiuri ideis arseboba ioane sabanisZis
TxzulebaSi (labaZe 2006: 117-120).
amgvarad,
droisa
da
istoriis
iudeur-qristianul
koncefciaSi
momavalis gagebas da gankiTxvis dRis esqatologiur molodins erT-erTi
mTavari adgili ukavia. es naTlad vlindeba Sua saukuneebis qristianul
samyaroSi, Tumca bizantiaSi aman Taviseburi elferi SeiZina imperiuli
doqtrinis
arsebobis
gamo.
rogorc
aRiniSna,
saqarTveloSi
esqatologiuri ideebi literaturis gziT Semovida da, konkretulad,
qarTuli
Znelia.
saistorio
Tumca,
mwerlobis
zogadad,
Sua
safuZvelze
maT
saukuneebis
arsebobaze
qarTul
saubari
kulturaSi
esqatologiuri gancdis arseboba faqtia, rasac adasturebs abuseriZe
tbelis da ioane sabanisZis Txzulebebi.
128
Tavi IV
droTa mravalgvaroba Sua saukuneebSi
Sua
saukuneebis
qristianul
samyaroSi
da,
maT
Soris,
saqarTveloSi “masaTa” drois gageba, ZiriTadad, qristianul CarCoSi
jdeba, radgan socilauri drois kontrolis ufleba mxolod eklesias
hqonda. Tumca, J. le gofis TqmiT, Sua saukuneebSi qristianuli drois
koncefcia
erTaderTi
da
sayovelTao
ar
iyo.
am
periodisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva temporaluri modelebis arseboba (le gofi
2002:
44).
Sua
mravalgvaroba”
iCens
Tavs.
saukuneebis
maSindel
Cveni
sazogadoebaSi
istoriul
azriT,
arsebuli
“droTa
sxvadasxva
formiT
mwerlobaSi
qarTuli
teqstebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
garkveuli niuansebi Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi arsebul droTa
mravalgvarobaze
mianiSnebs.
winareqristianul,
miTosur
konkretul,
lokalur
saubaria
teqtebSi
plastebze;
konteqstze
dafiqsirebul
bunebis
drois
da
sxva
damokidebul
drois
gagebebze;
adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis mcdelobebze. iqidan gamomdinare, rom
Sua saukuneebis qarTvel istorikosTa Txzulebebi gamsWvalulia drois
oficialuri, eklesiuri gagebiT, drosTan damokidebulebis es sxvadasxva
forma, ZiriTadad, qristianul konteqsts aris morgebuli, Tumca masSi
yovelTvis organulad ar Tavsdeba.
winareqristianuli drois gagebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli
niSnebi
Sua
saukuneebSi
warmarTuli
kalendari,
qristianuli
mosazrebis
SenarCunda,
liturgiis
Tanaxmad,
Tumca
romelic
bunebis
moTxovnebs
Seerwya.
cikluri
drois
ukana
planze
ritms
gamoxatavda,
magaliTad,
gavlena
gadaiwia.
Cans
arsebuli
saeklesio
dResaswaulebis aRniSvnis wesSi, romelic, simbolurad, yovelwliurad
imeorebs
momenti
qristes
Cans
cxovrebis
agreTve
Sua
momentebs.
saukuneebSi
maradiuli
popularuli
ganmeorebadobis
bedis
borblis
saxiTac.
rac
Seexeba
uSualod
Sua
saukuneebis
qarTul
realobas,
mkvlevrebma yuradReba miaqcies leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi arsebul
129
erT
pasaJs,
romelic
winareqristianuli
miTosuri
cnobierebis
gamoZaxili SeiZleba iyos. es aris pasaJi farnavazis cxovrebidan, roca
“mas dResa Sina ganvida farnavaz da nadirobda marto, da devna uyo
iremTa velsa diRomisasa da ivltodes iremni RirRalTa Sina tfilisisaTa.
misdevda farnavaz, styorca isari da hkra iremsa. da mcired warvlo iremman da
daeca
Zirs
kldisasa.
mivida
farnavaz
iremsa
zeda;
dad
Re
igi,
mwuxri,
gardaÃda, da dajda iremsa mis Tana, raTamca dayo mun Rame da dileulmca
warvida. xolo kldis mis Zirsa quabi iyo... daasxa wÂima mZafri xolo farnavaz
aRmoiRo Cuglugi da gamoarRÂa kari quabisa mis... Sevida quabs mas da ixila mun
Sina ganZi miuwvdomeli... ” (leonti mroveli 1955: 21-22)
m.
xidaSelis
dakavSirebuli,
TqmiT,
miTosuri
am
nawyvetSi
aisaxa
azrovnebisTvis
irmis
simbolosTan
damaxasiaTebeli
realoba.
irmis simbolos arsi gasagebi iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas miTosuri
msoflaRqmis konteqstSi ganvixilavT. miTosSi sakralur warsuls didi
mniSvneloba
aqvs,
xorcieldeboda
ris
gamoc
samyarouli
masTan
xis,
kontaqti
mTis,
aucilebeli
sakurTxevlis,
iyo.
igi
ritualis
meSveobiT. maTi daxmarebiT gacocxlebuli warsuli mimdinare cxovrebis
konkretul moments uTanabrdeboda da Tavisi udidesi mniSvnelobiT da
realobiT,
faqtobrid,
mudmivad
ganagrZobda
arsebobas.
amitomac,
adamiani samyaroSi mimdinare cvlilebebs ver aRiqvamda, radganac mis
msoflaRqmas
gansazRvravda
drois
cikluroba,
maradiuli
ganmeorebadoba.
saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidanve samyaros amgvari xatis funqcias
samyarouli
dakavSirebuli,
xe
asrulebda,
fesvebi
romlis
qvesknelTan,
totebi
xolo
zesknelTn
Rero
iyo
adamianebiT
dasaxlebul kosmoss gamoxatavda. uZvelesi periodidanve samyarouli
xis, kosmogoniisaTvis am aucilebeli simbolos funqcias sxvadasxva
cxoveli asrulebda, gansakuTrebiT xSirad ki _ iremi. iremi yvelaze
srulyofilad gadmoscemda samyaros mTlianobis ideas, amave dros, mis
genezissac gamoxatavda (xidaSeli 2001: 110-115).
amgvarad, m.xidaSelis azriT, irmis simbolosTan dakavSirebuli
garemo qarTul kulturaSi mniSvnelovani da arqaulia da, garkveuli
gagebiT, kosmosur wesrigs asaxierebs. “farnavazis cxovrebaSi” irmis
130
aseTi “funqcia” amgvarad SeiZleba aixsnas: iremi gadaiqceva im ganZad,
romelic farnavazis momavali gamarjvebis sawindari xdeba. farnavazma
misi meSveobiT daamarcxa qaosis xana, “mamasaxlisobi periodi” da mas
Tavis mier Seqmnili wesrigi _ saxelmwifo daupirispira. Tu SeiZleba ase
iTqvas, ganxorcielda kosmogoniis aqti, rac ase mniSvnelovania miTosSi.
Sua saukuneebSi dro ar iyo unificirebuli da standartizebuli
meqanikuri saaTis meSveobiT. drois aRqma, misi gazomva mWidro kavSirSi
iyo bunebis aRqmasTan, mzisa da mTvaris moZraobasTan, bunebis ciklebis
cvlilebebTan
maSindeli
da
a.S.
adamianis
vlindebdoda.
bunebis
dro
imdenad
msoflmxedvelobaSi,
magaliTad,
Sua
Rrmad
rom
saukuneebis
is
iyo
gamjdari
yvela
aspeqtSi
droiTi
struqturebis
damokidebuleba bunebis droze kargad Cans qronistebTan. isini xSirad
aRwerdenen
iseT
movlenebs,
rogorebicaa
avdari,
epidemiebi,
mousavlianoba da a.S.
vinaidan Sua saukuneebis sazogadoeba didwilad agraruli xasiaTis
iyo, bunebis dro mWidro kavSirSi iyo soflis drosTan. soflis dro
dRed, Ramed, weliwadis droebad iyofoda. rogorc le gofi aRniSnavs,
is asazrdoebda maniqevelur tendencias: sibnelisa da Suqis, sicivisa da
siTbos, Sromisa da dasvenebis, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis opozicias.
Sua saukuneebSi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba iyo dRisa da Ramis
mimarT. maSin, roca xelovnuri sinaTle iSviaToba iyo, Rame safrTxis
momaswaveblad
miiCneoda.
amitom
RamiT
ketavdnen
karebs
eklesiebSi,
cixeebSi. qalaqebSi ayenebdnen Ramis guSagebs. gansakuTrebiT isjeboda
is, vinc RamiT Caidenda danaSauls. magram Rame, umTavresad, zebunebrivi
safrTxeebis,
cdunebis,
moCvenebebis
da
eSmakis
dro
iyo.
titmar
merzerburgelis (XI s.) azriT, RmerTma dRe cocxlebs aCuqa, Rame ki
micvalebulebs. Rame kudianebis da demonebis sakuTreba iyo. meore mxriv,
berebisaTvis da mistikosebisaTvis Rames upiratesi mniSvneloba hqonda,
radgan am dros mimdinareobda sulieri brZola, am dros fxizlobdnen
da
loculobdnen.
xSirad
Rame
kidev
erT
bnel
sivrces
_
tyes
ukavSirdeboda. Rame da tye erTnairad scemda SiSis zars adamianebs.
Ramis periodSi eSmakebis mier adamianebis cdunebis tipur ambavs
yveba,
magaliTad
grigori
tureli
Tavis
“frankebis
istoriaSi”:
klermonis episkoposs, romelic Rrmad morwmune da gamorCeulad RvTis
131
moSiSi
iyo,
Rame
eklesia
eSmakebiT
savse
daxvda.
maTgan
yvelaze
gamorCeuli, qalis tansacmelSi gamowyobili da episkoposis taxtze
mjdomi
eSmaki
mis
cdunebas
Seecada.
magram,
episkoposma
sabolood
SeZlo misgan Tavis daRweva (grigori tureli 1987: 33).
yvelaferi naTeli ki, piriqiT, mSvenieri da keTili iyo (sityva
“naTels” Sua saukuneebis literaturaSi da esTetikaSi mTavari adgili
eWira). mSvenieri iyo mze, romelic brwyinavda meomrebis xmlebsa da
farebze, cisferi Tvalebi, qera Tma. “mSvenieria, rogorc dRe” _ es
fraza
arasodes
ganicdeboda
ise
Rrmad,
rogorc
Sua
saukuneebSi,
aRniSnavs le gofi (le gofi 2005: 215-222).
“istoriani
zeaRmatebulobis
da
azmani
SaravandedTani”-Si
aRsawerad,
mraval
avtori
Tamaris
erTad,
naTlis
epiTetTan
simbolosac iyenebs. misi TqmiT, Tamari
“aw mxilvelman ixila d aiyo naTeli umetes naTlisa mis pirvelisa”
(istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1559: 26)
amave
mRviZarebis
teqtSi
droze.
saubaria,
ageTve,
istorikosi
xazs
Ramis,
usvams,
rogorc
rom
locvisa
Tamar
mefe
da
Rames
locvaSi da sifxizleSi atarebda:
“ver
Seityua
saSuebelman
amis
sawuTrosaman,
arca
mefobaman
gÂrgÂnisaman da skiptraman, arca qvaTa patiosanTa uxuad qonebaman, arca spaTa
simravleman... ara midrka, verca waripara simdidreman, viTar Zuel-odesme mefeni
mravalni da umetes amis sanatrelisa mama, yovelTa brZenTa upiratesi da
umetesi solomon... aman ismina Ãma igi utyuelisa pirisa da Seitkbo igi, rameTu
Rame
yovel
mRÂZareba,
zedmdgomrobiTa
locva,
gansakÂrvebel
muÃlT-dreka
aqunda,
da
glaxakTa miecemoda. erTi oden vaÃsenoT”
da
cremlTa
Rame
yo
vedreba
RmrTisa
Ãelsaqmari,
romeli
(istoriani da azmani 1959: 79).
Sua saukuneebSi arsebobda sazogadoebis am Tu im saqmianobasTan
dakavSirebuli,
lokalur
konteqstze
damokidebuli
drois
gagebebi.
magaliTad, glexebis mier gadasaxadebis Cabarebis dro; senioruli dro,
romelic,
pirvel
moicavda,
roca
rigSi,
samxedro
samxedro
dro
moqmedebebi
iyo,
igi
wlis
axldeboda
im
da
periods
vasalebi
valdebulebi iyvnen, senioris samsaxurSi Camdgariyvnen da sxv.
132
droTa
mravalgvaroba
SeiZleba
uamravi
konkretuli
magaliTis
safuZvelze iyos ganxiluli, radgan drosTan damokidebuleba adamianis
cxovrebis
yvela
aspeqtSi
vlindeba.
drosTan
damokidebulebis
TvalsazrisiT, qarTul teqstebSi Cveni yuradReba miiqcia kidev erTma
niuansma, romelic drois kontrolis sakiTxTan aris dakavSirebuli. es
sakiTxi miT ufro sainteresoa Sua saukuneebis konteqstSi, roca drois
kontrolis da flobis ufleba aravis hqonda, radgan, maSindeli gagebiT,
misi meufe RmerTi iyo. miuxedavad amisa, Cveni azriT, qarTul teqstebSi
SeiZleba
Segvxvdes
iseTi
adgilebi,
sadac
adamianis
mier
drois
mdinarebaze gavlenis moxdenaze, iribad mainc, iqneba saubari. amitom
naSromSi drois mimarT damokidebulebis mraval formaTagan erT-erTad
ganxiluli gvaqvs adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis mcdeloba.
droze
zemoqmedeba
xdeba
misi
Senelebis,
aCqarebis,
warsulis
kvlavwarmoebis, momavlis movlenebze zegavlenis moxdenis mcdelobiT da
sxva
formiT.
droze
zemoqmedebis
saxeebi
SeiZleba
kulturebis
da
epoqebis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebodes. magaliTad, miTosur
realobas
droze
zemoqmedebis
Taviseburi
xerxebi
axasiaTebs,
qristianul epoqaSi ki droze zemoqmedeba specifikuri formiT xdeba.
amasTan, sxvadasxva kulturaSi miTosuri da qristianuli cnobiereba,
droze zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, Taviseburad vlindeba.
droze
zemoqmedebis
sakiTxze
msjeloba
qarTuli
teqstebis
safuZvelzec SeiZleba. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa juanSeris
Txzuleba “cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa”.
amasTan,
sakiTxis
ukeT
wamosaCenad
am
teqsts
SevadarebT
islandieli avtoris snori sturlusonis “haimskringlas”, romelSic
kargad Cans adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis mcdelobebia asaxuli.
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
juanSeris
teqsti
da
“haimskringla”
sxvadasxva Janrs ganekuTvneba da sxvadasxva epoqebSi Seiqmna, Cveni azriT,
juanSeris da snori sturlusonis nawarmoebebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba,
garkveuli mizezebis gamo, mainc SesaZlebelia: 1. arc “cxovreba vaxtang
gorgasalisa” da arc “haimskringla” erTi konkretuli Janris farglebSi
ar Tavsdeba, amitom Znelia romelime
calsaxad SevadaroT qronikas,
mxatvrul an sxva tipis teqsts; 2. miuxedavad amisa, orive Txzuleba
saqarTvelos da skandinaviis (norvegiis, islandiis, SvedeTis da a.S.)
133
istoriis wyaros warmoadgens; 3. orive teqsti im periods asaxavs, roca
qristianoba axali damkvidrebuli iyo an mkvidrdeboda.
“haimskringla”
skandinaviuri
(sagebi
norvegiel
literaturis
Zeglia,
konungebze)
romelic
XIII
ekuTvnis
saukunis
islandiel
avtors snori sturlusons. masSi aRwerilia norvegiisa da CrdiloeT
evropis sxva qveynebis istoria. saga folklorisa da literaturis
zRvarze
arsebuli
gavlena,
Tumca
ganicdida
Janria.
Caweris
transformacias.
sagebSi
dros
saga
Zalian
didia
folkoruli
warmoiSva
zepirsityvierebis
masalebi
im
aucileblad
sazogadoebaSi,
sadac
istoriuli da mxatvruli literatura mkafiod ar iyo erTmaneTisagan
gamijnuli. saga erTic aris da meorec, da amitom is arc istoriaa da
arc romani (gureviCi 1972a: 15-16).
rogorc vTqviT, qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, drois meufe
RmerTia
da
is
SeiZleba
mxolod
ganicado.
drois
daufleba,
misi
gazomva, misgan sargeblis an mogebis naxva codvad iTvleboda. netari
avgustine Tavis “aRsarebanSi” Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs
RmerTs: “Seni
dRevandeli dRe maradisobaa... yvela dro Sen Sehqmeni da yvela droze
uwinaresi xar... ar arsebula iseTi dro, roca Sen ar Segeqmnas rame,
aki
Sena xar TviT drois Semoqmedi (netari avgustine 1995: 232).
skandinaviaSi
qristianobam,
ra
Tqma,
unda
Searyia
warmarTuli
msoflmxedveloba, Tumca is Zireulad ar Seucvlia. marTalia, sagebSi
qristianoba
oficialurad
Zlieria
da
warmarTul
cnobierebasTan
upiratesobiTaa warmodgenili, magram “skadinaviuri, da, gansakuTrebiT,
islandiuri
Sua
saukuneebis
qristianoba
sakmaod
Txel
fenas
warmoadgenda, romlis qveS dafaruli iyo sxvadasxva rwmena-warmodgena
da crurwmena, romlebic saTaves winaqristianul xanaSi iReben” (gureviCi
1972a: 166).
saqarTvelos
saukuneebidan
teritoriaze,
qristianoba
rogorc
mZlavrad
Cans,
ikidebs
ukve
ax.w.
fexs.
ufro
pirveli
metic,
zogierTi avtori ukve meoTxe saukunidan saqarTveloSi jvarosnuli
msoflmxedvelobis
msgavsi
samxedro-qristianuli
msoflmxedvelobis
arsebobasac ki varaudobs. aleqsandre TvaraZis azriT, es juanSeris
teqstSi mkafiod Cans: “samxedro-qristianuli msoflmxedveloba Tavisi
dasrulebuli saxiT saqarTveloSi faqtiurad ukve fiqsirdeba mexuTe
134
saukuneSi, xolo amis Sesaxeb istorikosi wers merve saukuneSi an kidev
meTerTmete
saukunis
Sua
xanebSi.
Sesabamisad,
aRniSnuli
msoflmxedveloba am droisTvisac aqtualuria, radgan gansakuTrebiT
Sua
saukuneebSi
Seqmnili
nawarmoebebi
yovelTvis
Seesabamebian
saxelmwifos an publikis interesebs (TvaraZe 2004: 19).
“haimskringlasa” da “vaxtang gorgasalis cxovrebaSi” qristianobis
gavlenis gansxvavebuloba droze zemoqmedebis saxeebSic Cans. sagebSi
fiqsirdeba droze zemoqmedebis rogorc qristianuli, aseve warmarTuli
formebi.
juanSeris
teqstSi
Cvens
mier
dafiqsirebuli
droze
zemoqmedebis xerxi, umTavresad, qristianuli cnobierebis konteqstSi
jdeba.
daviwyoT “haimskringlaTi”.
rogorc
aRvniSneT,
Sua
saukuneebSi
drois
kontrolis
funqcia
eklesias hqonda, Tumca adamianebi zogjer ereodenen mis funqciaSi.
“haimskringlaSi” aRwerili erTi pasaJi amaze naTlad miuTiTebs:
konungi
didgvarovani,
konungi
olaf
xaraldsoni
romelmac
gansakuTrebiT
dResaswaulis
misi
gadawyvets,
msaxuri
imitom
sikvdiliT
mokla.
ganrisxda,
dasajos
erT-erTi
avtori
aRniSnavs,
mkvleloba
aRdgomis
rogorc
rom
dReebSi iyo Cadenili. sikvdilmisjilis megobrebi cdiloben,
ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvana rogorme kvira dRemde, anu im dromde gadaadebinon,
roca
sikvdiliT
dasja
akrZalulia.
amisaTvis
isini
konungs
xan
imaSi
arwmuneben, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis sikvdiliT dasja RamiT, xan imaSi, rom
jer
saTanado dro ar damdgara.
SabaTs sikvdilmisjilis megobrebi mRvdels moisyidian da avaleben, rom
roca konungi
trapezs daamTavrebda, zustad im dros zarisTvis Camoekra, raTa
emcno heglar-is, anu im dRis dadgoma, roca yvelanairi saqmis keTeba da,
miTumetes, sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia. trapezis Semdeg olafma ver moaswro
mkvlelis moyvanis brZanebis gacema, radan zaris rekvis xma gaisma da mas
uTxres, rom wminda dro dadga. sanam konungi eklesiaSi loculobda, kvira
dRec movida da sikvdiliT dasja isev gadaido.
am moTxrobis mixedviT Cans, rom
drois
meufe da makontrolebeli
eklesiaa (SabaTis da kviris wminda dReebad miCneva, saaTis dadgena
eklesiis zarebis rekviT, eklesiaSi misvla gansazRvrul dros). Tumca,
isic Cans, rom adamiansac ZaluZs “daaCqaros” an “Seanelos” drois
135
msvleloba. amis magaliTia mRvdlis mosyidva, raTa man droze adre
amcnos adamianebs “wminda drois” dadgoma. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom
RamiT sikvdiliT dasjis akrZalvis tradicia kanonieri da ukanono
mokvlis Sesaxeb arsebuli warmarTuli warmodgenidan modis (gureviCi
1972a: 38-39).
sagaSi
saubaria
agreTve
droze
zemoqmedebis
sxva
formebzec,
romlebic damaxasiaTebelia warmarTuli xanisaTvis; isini gviCveneben
momavalTan damokidebulebis xasiaTs. CrdiloeTSi warmarTul epoqaSi
yovelwliurad marTavdnen nadimebs da msxverplSewirvebs, raTa kargi da
mosavliani weli yofiliyo. konungi flobda saidumlo Zalas, romlis
meSveobiTac is drois sasikeTo dinebas da sakuTari xalxis warmatebebs
uzvrunvelyofda.
droze
zemoqmedebis
unari
mmarTvelis
pirad
Tvisebebze
ar iyo damokidebuli. am unars magiuri xasiaTi hqonda.
sakuTriv
Zalaufleba
sakraluri
iyo.
konungs
gansakuTrebuli
urTierToba hqonda zebunebriv ZalebTan. amitom mas SeeZlo, gavlena
moexdina drosa da mosavalze ara marto sicocxleSi, aramed sikvdilis
Semdegac. “inglingebis sagaSi” saubaria, rom
konung
domaldis
dros
SvedeTSi
mosavali
ar
movida
da
xalxi
SimSilobda. amitom ufsalaSi didi msxverplSewirva moewyo. pirvel wels
msxverplad xarebi miitanes, magram amiT situacia ar gamosworebula; meore
wels msxverplad ukve adamianebi Seswires, Tumca amasac ar mohyolia Sedegi.
maSin miiCnies, rom SimSilobis mizezi TviTon domaldi iyo da msxverplad misi
Sewirva gadawyvites. konungi mokles da sakurTxeveli misi sisxliT mobanes.
amis Semdeg, domaldis Svilis dros, qveyanaSi kargi mosavali movida da
mSvidobac damyarda.
sagaSi aseve mocemulia legenda, romlis mixedviT, konungi auni
sicocxlis gasaxangrZliveblad odins Tavis Svilebs swiravda (gureviCi
1972a: 29-31).
winaqristianul xanaSi
momavlis ganWvreta uSualod ukavSirdeba
bedisweris ideas. samyaros da adamianis cxovrebas bedi
veravin
gaeqceva.
is
realuria
adamianis
TvalSi,
marTavs da mas
magram
aranairi
WeSmariteba ar gaaCnia. amitom bedis Sesaxeb SeiZleba mxolod imkiTxao.
bedi winaswar sxvadasxva formiT avlens Tavs, magaliTad, grZneuli
136
sizmrebis saxiT. adamianebi grZneul sizmrebs maSin xedaven, roca maT
cxovrebaSi kritikul momenti dgeba da roca bedi “axlosaa”.
“olaf triugvasonis sagis” mixedviT,
norvegiis
damalvoda
mmarTveli
konung
iarl
olafis
xakoni
bondebs,
iZulebuli
romlebic
gaxda,
gaqceuliyo
gabrazebuli
iyvnen
da
misi
meqalTaneobis gamo. iarlis monam karkma sizmari naxa, romelic, iarlis azriT,
misi Svilis sikvdils moaswavebda (is marTlac mokla olaf triugvasonma).
Semdeg karkma meore sizmaric naxa, romelic iarlma ukve Tavisi sikvdilis
momaswaveblad miiCnia. mdevrebis SiSiT iarli, Tavisi sayvarlis daxmarebiT,
msaxurTan erTad saRoreSi daimala. aqac naxa msaxurma sizmari, romelSic
iarlma mosalodeli sikvdlis niSnebi amoicno. misi TqmiT, mas Tavisive msaxuri
uRalatebda da mters gadascemda da amis Semdeg olafi sikvdiliT dasjida mas.
sabolood es asec moxda (gureviCi 1972a: 41-43).
rogorc vxedavT, islandiur sagebSi mkafiod fiqsirdeba droze
zemoqmedebis
TavisTavad,
rogorc
qristianuli,
ganpirobebulia
imiT,
aseve
warmarTuli
rom
skandinaviur
formebi.
es,
CrdiloeTSi
warmarToba da qristianoba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Tanaarsebobda.
juanSeris
qristianuli
“cxovreba
vaxtang
providencializmiT.
winaswargansazRvruli
da
aq
gorgasalisa”
yvelaferi
yvelaferi
misi
gamsWvalulia
RmerTis
nebiT
mier
xdeba.
aris
droze
zemoqmedebis formebic qristianuli cnobierebis konteqstSi jdeba. sanam
uSualod
magaliTebze
gadavalT,
unda
aRiniSnos,
rom
qristianuli
religiis dominirebis pirobebSi droze zemoqmedebis formebi, SeiZleba,
ise
cxadad
ar
GCans,
rogorc
es
islandiur
Txzulebisagan,
juanSeris
gansxvavebiT
snoris
zemoqmedebis
TvalsazrisiT,
adamianis
roli
sagebSi
teqstSi,
friad
gvxvdeba.
droze
mokrZalebulia,
Tumca garkveuli miniSnebebi amis Taobaze mainc aris.
Cveni yuradReba miiqcia momentma, romelic SeiZleba, RamiT brZolis
Tu
adamianis
mokvlis
akrZalvis
tradicias
exmaureba
(rogorc
islandiur sagaSi). Tumca is qristianuli saburveliT aris dafaruli.
erT
SemTxvevaSi,
vaxtangi
icavs
am
tradicias
da,
rogorc
samagaliTo qristiani, Rames locvisTvis iyenebs. es Cans im pasaJSi,
romelic “goliaT” TarxanTan vaxtangis SebrZolebas asaxavs:
137
“da daRamda dRe igi,
da vaxtang Sevida karvad TÂsad. da dadga locvad,
da cremliTa evedreboda RmerTsa, da vidre ganTenebadmde ara dajda que
locvisagan: iTxovda RmrTisagan Sewevnasa. da mindobiTa RmrTisaTa eguleboda
TÂTbrZola TarÃanisi, rameTu uSiS iyo viTarca uÃorco, da imedi hqonda
RmrTisagan da Zalisa TÂsisagan. viTar ganTena, kualad STamovida TarÃan
kidesa mdinarisasa, ayuedrebda kualad, da iTxovda muqarasa” (juanSeri
1955: 152).
vaxtangi
pirvelive
Setevisas
klavs
Tarxans,
miwaze
davardeba,
RmerTs Tayvans scems da madlobas swiravs.
aq pirdapir araa naTqvami, magram garkveuli miTiTeba aris imaze,
rom RamiT brZolis dro ar aris.
Tumca meore adgilas, rodesac juanSeri sparselebTan brZolas
aRwers, gorgasalma am mxriv garkveuli “TviTneboba” gamoiCina:
“Ramesa nislisagan ganciskrebulsa oden daesxa vaxtang sparsTa zeda... da
ciskari ra aReReboda, daesxa da Sevlo vidre palatamde mefisa. Sevida karavsa
Sina mefisasa da mefe Seeswra cxensa zeda, da Ze misi bartam mokla da mohkueTa
Tavi misi (juanSeri 1955: 202).
am SemTxvevaSi vaxtangi locvisaTvis gankuTvnil dros _ RamiT _
mters Tavs daesxa.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sagaSi adamiani bedisweris ganaCens da
momavlis
Sesaxeb
informacias
grZneuli
sizmris
meSveobiT
igebs.
juaneSrTan momavalis gageba Tu masze zemoqmedeba wmindad qristianuli
xilvebis meSveobiT xdeba. xilvebs RmerTi rCeul adamianebs uvlens da
amiT misi Tu qveynis momavalze niSans aZlevs. TxzulebaSi “cxovreba
vaxtang gorgasalisa” aseTi xilvis Sesaxeb informacias im monakveTSi
vxvdebiT,
osebTan
sadac
omis
bizantielebis
Semdeg
winaaRmdeg
moulodnelia
omzea
pasaJi,
saubari.
rodesac
warmarT
gorgasali
sparselebTan erTad qristianuli bizantiis winaaRmdeg midis saomrad.
gorgasals daqvemdebarebuli jaris nawilebi, ZiriTadad sparselebi,
angreven eklesiebs da xocaven sasuliero pirebs. gorgaslis brZanebiT,
es devna Sewydeba, Tumca gaTavisuflebuli berZeni mRvdeli petre ridiT
etyvis, rom miuxedavad am kargi saqcielisa, manamde qristianebis xocviT
mefem mainc ganarisxa RmerTi. mRvdeli Txovs, rom vaxtangs sparselebis
138
nacvlad keisarTan hqondes kargi urTierToba. vaxtangi pasuxobs: Tu am
Rames locviT keisars miCveneb, maSin dagijereb, rom Seni ganzraxva
qristesTvisac sasurveliao.
gorgasals ZilSi gamoecxadeba wminda nino, romelsac igi zecisa da
qveynis
mefeebis
winaSe
mihyavs.
zeciuri
meufe
am
SemTxvevaSi
aris
grigol nazianzeli, xolo qveynis mbrZanebeli bizantiis imperatoria.
bizantiis
imperatori
taxtze
Tavis
gverdiT
uTavisuflebs
adgils
gorgasals, uboZebs Zvirfas beWeds da Semdeg mimarTavs mas:
“ukeTu gnebavs, raTa mogce gÂrgÂni, aRuTqvi vin-ese dgas Cven zeda, raTa
hbrZodi mterTa misTa da miiRe misgan gÂrgÂni. moixila vaxtang da ixila jvari,
romelsa frTeTa misTa zeda aqvnda gÂrgÂni. da umetesad xilvaman jvarisaman
dasca SeZrwuneba, rameTu usaSineles iyo zari misi. da dadumna... da mihyo xeli
keisarman da moiRo gÂrgÂni jvarisagan da daarqva gÂrgÂni igi vaxtangs Tavsa”
(juanSeri 1955: 167).
xilvis
Semdeg
vaxtangi
bizantielebis
mxares
gadadis,
ikvreba
kavSiri keisarTan. es ukanaskneli sparselebisagan saidumlod gorgasals
gvirgvins da jvars gaugzavnis. mefobis erTgvari legitimacia qristes
da jvris xeldasxmiT xdeba. gorgasali realobaSi iRebs imas, rac
sizmarSi ixila. TiTqos ise Cans, rom am xilvaSi adamianis xeli ar
urevia,
magram
pirebisagan
garkveuli
Sesabamisad,
sayuradReboa
locviT
xilvis
TvalsazrisiT,
misi
momenti,
gamowvevas
vaxtangis
momavalic
rodesac
aman
vaxtangi
moiTxovs.
Zalisxmevis
gansazRvra.
am
anu,
Sedegic
pasaJSic
sasuliero
es
xilva,
iyo
da,
Cans,
rom
vaxtangis xelisufleba sakraluria. oRond, skandinavieli konungebisagan
gansxvavebiT, is Zaluflebas RmerTisagan iRebs, da ara warmarTuli
xanis zebunebrivi Zalebisagan.
msgavs moments vxvdebiT sxva qarTul teqstSic. kerZod, “istoriani
da azmani SaravandedTani”-Si moTxrobilia:
da mefe Tamar movida oZrÃes: da eaxlnes SavTeli, kaci filasofosi da
ritori,
leqsTa
gamomTqmeli
da
moRuawebaTa
Sina
ganTqmuli,
da
evlogi
salosad wodebuli da winaswar-mcnoblobisa Rirs-qmnili. amaT Tana iyvis mefe
Tamar dRisi da Rame locviTa, fsalmunebiTa, RamisTeviTa dauZineblad, da
yovelTa RameTa dRe-litaniobda da ara dascxreboda. da yovelTa saydarTa,
139
monasterTa da sofelTa ubrZana litanioba da vedreba... iyo vedreba RmrTisa
da RameTa gaTeva laSqarTa gamarjuebisaTvis...
xolo ese Tqmul ars, romel mefisa Tamarisa oZrÃes yofasa Sina eaxlnes
SavTeli iovane da evlogi, da iyo vedreba RmrTisa da RameTa gaTeva laSqarTa
gamarjuebisaTÂs. dResa erTsa SavTeli da evlogi mefesa Tamarsa winaSe sxdes:
da anasdaT evlogi daeca Wmunvis saxed – da viTar aha esera _ samgzis, da
meyseulad asxlta da xma yo: “aha wyaloba RmrTisa saxlsa zeda Tamarissa
moiwia”...
SavTelman
rqua:
“uwyode,
mefeo,
romel
Cueneba
ixila
sulel-
sagonebelman, garna Cuenebasa keTilsa vhgoneb!” amisTÂs daweres dRe da Rame da
Jami igi (istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: 95-99).
basili
ezosmoZRvris
teqstis
mixedviT,
Samqoris
brZolis
win
Tamari eubneba anton Wyondidels:
“miumceniT
yovelTa
eklesiaTa
da
monasterTa,
raTa
daucadeblni
RamisTevani da litaniobani aResrulebodian yovelsa adgilsa, da wargzavneT
friadi safase da saÃmari glaxakTaTÂs, raTa moicalon locvad da mowyale
yon RmerTi, nu sada Tquan warmarTTa: sada ars RmerTi igi maTi...” (basili
ezosmoZRuari 1959: 125).
rogor vxedavT, zogierT qarTul teqstSi, gansakuTrebiT, juanSeris
TxzulebaSi, adamianas mier drois kontrolis mcdelobebia asaxuli. Tu
snori
sturlusonis
gamokveTilia,
qarTul
“haimskringlaSi”
teqstebSi
adamianis
droze
roli
zemoqmedebis
ufro
mcdelobebi
qristianuli konteqstSia naCvenebi. aq mainc xazgasmulia, rom drois
meufe RmerTia, Tumca adamiani xandaxan TviTon iCens iniciativas.
saerTod, motanili magaliTebi tipuria Sua saukuneebis adamianis
cnobierebisaTvis.
xilvebi
da
gamocxadebebi
qristianuli
religiis
aucilebeli maxasiaTebelia. magram Cven am momentebs yuradReba drosTan,
momavalTan
damokidebulebis
gvainteresebda
is
niunasi,
TvalsazrisiT
Tu
rogor
mivaqcieT.
cdilobs
konkretulad,
adamiani
momavali
gamarjvebis Tu sasurveli Sedegis miRwevas RmerTis daxmarebiT. am
mizniT
is
cdilobs,
konkretul
miiRos
qmedebas,
konkretuli
sxvadasxva
niSani
rituals
RmerTisagan
imis
asrulebs.
is
Taobaze,
Tu
rogor ganviTardeba movlenebi. ra Tqma unda, drois meufe RmerTia da
adamiani maszea damokidebuli. amitom, SesaZloa, adamianis mcdelobebma
140
Sedegi ar gamoiRos. aseT magaliTs vxvdebiT grigori turelTan. is wers,
rom tongrSi arivaciusis episkoposobis dros xma gavrcelda, rom hunebi
galiaSi
Semosevas
apirebdnen.
episkoposi,
romelic
Tavisi
RvTismoSiSobiT gamoirCeoda, mTel dros locvaSi atarebda da RmerTs
evedreboda, rom ar daeSva galiaSi “am urwmuno da RvTis uRirsi tomis”
Semoseva. magram man uflisgan miiRo miniSneba, rom adamianebis codvebis
gamo, misi locvebi ar iqneboda Sesmenili. maSin episkoposma romSi
wasvla
gadawyvita,
raTa
mindoboda
mociqulis
saswaulebriv
Zalas.
romSi yofnis dros episkoposi mTel dReebs da Rameebs mociqulis
mimarT locvaSi atarebda, ise, rom arc Wamda da arc svamda. bolos mas
mociqulma pasuxi gasca da uTxra, rom RmerTma mtkiced gadawyvita
hunebis mosvla galiaSi, raTa maT qariSxaliviT gadauaron am qveyanas.
man episkoposs saxlSi dabruneba da sikvdilisTvis winaswar momzadeba
urCia (grigori tureli 1987: 33). rogorc vxedavT, miuxedavad adamianis
mcdelobisa, man ver SeZlo winaswar gansazRvruli movlenis Tavidan
acileba, is uZluri aRmoCnda.
gamocxadebis garda, momaval droze zemoqmedebis qristianuli
formebia sxva tipis
zebunebrivi miniSnebebis axsna da gaTvaliswineba.
magaliTad, miniSnebebi koknkretuli piris (magaliTad, mefis) an qveynis
momavalze, miwisZvraze, xanZarze, nagebobis dangrevaze da a.S. ra Tqma
unda, adimians niSans RmerTi aZlevs, magram adamiani iTvaliswinebs mas
da amiT gavlenas axdens sakuTar Tu qveynis momavalze. magaliTad,
ainhardi wers, rom karlos didis sikvdilamde cota xniT adre mravali
zebunebrivi niSani moaswavebda mis daRupvas. maTi arsi gasagebi iyo ara
marto garSemo myofebisTvis, aramed TviTon karlosisTvisac. avtori
wers, rom bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiniSneboda mzisa da mTvaris
dabneleba, xolo mzes mTeli Svidi dRe Savi laqebi emCneoda. garda
amisa, iyo sxva miniSnebebic, magaliTad,
taZarsa da mefis sacxovrebels
Soris agebuli portikis moulodneli dangreva, reinze xidis dawva,
saqsoniaSi laSqrobis dros cidan cecxlis alis Camovardna, aaxenis
sasaxlis xSiri ryevebi, eklesiaze mexis dacema da a.S. (ainhardi 1977: 166).
cud miniSnebebze wers grigori turelic. mis TqmiT, mefe xilperikis
mmarTvelobis meSvide wels, ianvarSi wvimda, elavda da saSineli Weqaquxili iyo. xeebma yvavilebi gamoisxes. caze kometa gamoCnda. aRdgomis
141
dRes qalaq suasonSi yvelam ixila almodebuli ca. parizSi ki namdvili
sixxlis wvima wamovida da adamianebis tansacmeli ise daTxvara, rom
isini SeZrwunebulebi ixdidnen samoss. amave wels xalxSi saSineli Wiri
da
avadmyofobebi
gavrcelda,
romelmac
didi
msxverpli
moitana
(grigori tureli 1987: 168-169).
Cvens mier ganxiluli ramdenime momenti, ra Tqma unda, sakmarisad
ar avlens, Tu ra temporaluri ritmebiT cxovrobda Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli
sazogadoeba.
Cven
visaubreT
drosTan
damokidebulebis
im
formebze, risi danaxvac movaxerxeT am etapze konkretuli teqtebis
safuZvelze. erTi ram, albaT, SeiZleba iTqvas:
droTa mravalgvarobis
muxedavad, Sua saukuneebSi dro, pirvel rigSi, religiuri, eklesiuri
iyo.
maSindeli
sazogadoebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
temporaluri
heterogenulobac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, qristianul konteqstSi jdeboda.
eklesiuri
dro,
rogorc
dominanti
socialuri
dro,
saerTo
iyo
sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebisTvis. Sua saukuneebSi drois sazomi
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis iaraRebi iyo socialuri batonobisaTvis.
“rogorc
damwerloba,
ise
drois
sazomi
saSualebebi
Zlieri
fenis
(sasuliero fena, aristokratia) sakuTreba iyo. masa ar flobda sakuTar
dros da misi gansazRvris unaric ar hqonda. is emorCileboda zarebis,
sayvirisa da raindis bukis meSveobiT dawesebul dros” (le gofi 2002:
217).
ZiriTadad,
swored
“eklesiaTa
samrekloebidan
zarebis
rekviT
regulirdeboda drois mdinareba. magaliTad, igi krZalavda muSaobas
sadResaswaulo
dReebSi,
awesebda
marxvis
periods
drois
garkveul
monakveTebSi. garda amisa, micvalebulTa mosaxseniebeli locvebis da
wirvebis
saSualebiT,
romelic
miznad
isaxavda
gardacvlilTa
imqveyniuri tanjvis Semsubuqebas, eklesia ereoda ara marto cocxali
adamianebis,
aramed
saiqios
drois
periodSi
msvlelobaSic,
tardeboda”
radgan
(gureviCi
1972
aseTi
liturgiebic
garkveul
b:
160).
Sesabamisad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sua saukuneebSi socialuri drois
muefed qristianuli eklesia gamodioda.
142
daskvna
kulturis
mecnierebebis
amosavali
da
fuZemdebluri
principia
kulturaTa gaazreba holistur WrilSi. am principis mixedviT, kultura
aris
mTliani,
konkretuli
TviTkmari
da
kulturuli
rogorc
konteqstidan
mTliani
da
unikaluri
erToba.
maxasiaTeblebi
amoglejili
integrirebuli
ram,
erTobis,
unda
aramed
es
niSnavs,
rom
ganixilebodes
ara
kulturis,
ganuyofeli
da
rogorc
misi
arsis
gamomxatveli tipologiuri niSani. kulturaTa amgvari xedva, didwilad,
kulturanTropologebis
da
kulturaTa
kvlevis
lokalur-
civilizaciuri midgomis warmomadgenlebis mier SemuSavebul Teoriul
da meTodologiur safuZvlebs emyareba. anTropologiuri da lokalurcivilizaciuri perspeqtiviT
msoflio, realurad, mravali TviTmyofadi
kulturisa da civilizaciis erTobliobas warmoadgens. yovelive amis
gacnobierebam
biZgi
misca
kulturuli
da
civilizaciuri
maxasiaTeblebis kvlevisa da, maT safuZvelze, kulturaTa tipologiuri
klasifikaciis mecnieruli tradiciis Camoyalibebas.
qarTul
kulturaSi
drois
aRqmisa
da
istoriis
koncefciis,
rogorc tipologiuri maxasiaTeblis analizi mis sxvadasxva aspeqtSi
gaazrebas saWiroebs. am amocanam iseTi sakiTxebis gamokveTisken gvibiZga,
romlebic, vfiqrobT, nawilobriv mainc mohfenen Suqs am fundamentur
problemas. naSromis farglebSi gaanalizebulia Semdegi sakiTxebi: Sua
saukuneebis saistorio mwerlobis Janrobrivi kuTvnilebis problema da
misi mimarTeba droisa da istoriis ideasTan; warsulis organizebis
formebi
(periodizacia
Camoyalibebis
da
qronologia);
Taviseburebebi
da
koleqtiuri
istorikosis
roli
mexsierebis
am
procesSi;
momavalTan damokidebuleba; droTa mravalgvaroba Sua saukuneebSi da
sxv. am problemebis analizis Sedegad, garkveul daskvnebamde mivediT:
1. iudeur-qristianuli droisa da istoriis Segneba yovelTvis ar
aris
Sua
faqtori.
saukuneebis
qarTuli
“qarTlis
cxovrebis”
teqstebis
maorganizebeli
Txzulebebis
Janrobrivi
siWrele, garkveulwilad, gansazRvravs im faqts, rom TiToeul
teqstSi gansxvavebulad vlindeba drosTan damokidebuleba da
143
istoriis xedva. magaliTad, Janrobrivi araerTgvarovnebis
gamo,
leonti mrovelis “cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa” da juanSeris
“cxovreba
vaxtang
gorgasalisa”
Seicavs
iseT
plastebs,
romlebic maT folklorul da epikur tradiciebTan akavSirebs.
am teqstebSi, antikuri da bizantiuri “istoriebis” msgavsad,
xSirad, sivrciTi da Tematuri faqtorebi gamodis wina planze.
geografiuli Tu problemuri interesebi, garkveuli gagebiT,
aneitraleben drois faqtoris mniSvnelobas TxrobaSi. ufro
mniSvnelovania sad? vidre rodis? amaze miuTiTebs isic, rom
orive teqsti Zalian mwiria TariRebiT. samagierod, dro sumbat
daviTis-Zis
“cxovreba
maorganizebeli
da
uwyeba
faqtoria.
qristianuli
xazovani
qronologiuri
monacemebiT
bagratonianTa”-s
teqstSi
drois
da
ZiriTadi
sagrZnobia
primati,
TariRebiT.
iudeur-
igi
mdidaria
miuxedavad
aseTi
sxvaobisa, “qarTlis cxovrebis” yvela teqsts aerTianebs e.w.
“matianiseuli”
Txrobis
damaxasiaTebelia
teqstSi
qronikis
Tanmimdevrobis
dakavSirebis
frazebi,
mizniT
stili,
tipis
dacvis,
rac,
teqstebisTvis.
axali
gamoyenebulia
magaliTad,
“xolo”,
rogorc
“maSin”,
magaliTad,
siuJetis
sagangebo
“amis
wesi,
winasTan
sityvebi
da
Semdgomad”,
“Semdgomad missa” da a.S.
2. qarTlis
cxovrebis”
teqstebi
erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdebian
daTariRebis sixSiriT, magram maT saerTo aqvT qronologiis da
movlenaTa droSi lokalizebis garkveuli xerxebi. es xerxebi.
ZiriTadad, Seesabameboda iudeur-qristianuli xazovani drois
koncefcias. magaliTad, qarTveli avtorebi warsulis movlenebis
aRwerisas
exebian
msoflio
istoriis
erTmaneTis
am
movlenaTa
ambebsac;
paralelulad
xdeba
Tanadroul
zogierT
mefeebisa
bibliur
qarTul
da
da
teqstSi
kaTalikosebis
moRvaweobis wlebis dafiqsireba; garda amisa, naCvenebia mefeebis
cxovrebis konkretuli wlebis da asakis Tanadrouli procesebi
da sxv.
144
3. Sua saukuneebis qarTul sazogadoebaSi warsulis damaxsovrebis
da
organizebis
xerxebi,
maSindeli
istorikosis
roli
koleqtiuri mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi sainteresod vlindeba
“qarTlis
cxovrebis
TxzulebaTa
Suqze.
Sua
saukuneebSi,
rogorc wesi, “masis” koleqtiur mexsierebaze zegavlena, misi
formirebis
mimarTulebis
gansazRvra,
ramdenadac
es
SesaZlebelia cnobier doneze, xdeboda emociuri zemoqmedebis
gziT.
msgavsi
zemoqmedebis
magaliTad
gamodgeba
qadageba,
romlis meSveobiT masas “gasagebi” eniT miewodeboda bibliuri
istoriis ZiriTadi momentebi. sakuTriv istorokosic bibliuri
TemebiT operirebiT cdilobda, emociuri zegavlena moexdina
Tavis auditorize.
bunebrivi
istoriul teqstebSic xilvebi, saswaulebi,
kataklizmebi
“dasamaxsovrebel”,
RvTiuri
nebis
gamomxatvel niSnebad ganixileboda, romelTa gaTvaliswineba
marTebda maSindel adamians.
Sua
saukuneebis
teqsti
agebuli
iyo
maSindel
sazogadoebaSi miRebul Sablonur sqemebsa da narativebze. es
narativebi
gamoxatavda
istoriis
aRmasvlas
Tu
daRmasvlas;
istoriis xangrZliv da uwyvet perspeqtivaSi dasanaxad, rac ase
mniSvnelovani
iyo
qristianuli
xazovani
drois
konteqtSi,
iyenebdnen iseT xerxebs, romlebic warsulTan “xidis gadebaSi”
exmarebodaT
avtorebs.
magaliTad,
bibliur
personaJebTan
analogiebis, maTTan genealogiuri kavSirebis Ziebis, istoriis
dasawyisis
dabadebis
personaJebTan
gadatanis
gziT
xdeboda
xangrZlivi da uwyveti istoriuli narativis ageba; “qarTlis
cxovrebis” TxzulebebSic Txroba am da qristianul samyaroSi
miRebul sxva narativebs misdevda.
SeiZleba
vTqvaT,
rom
Sua
saukuneebis
qarTul
sazogadoebaSi, iseve rogorc medievalur evropaSi, mexsierebas
gansakuTrebuli statusi hqonda. Cvens mier “qarTlis cxovrebi”
teqstebSi
dafiqsirebuli
momentebi
miuTiTebs,
rom
Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli kultura “mexsierebis kultura” iyo.
145
4. warsulis gagebis garda, Sua saukuneebis droisa da istoriis
koncefciaSi erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli niSani RvTis samsjavros
molodini da momavlis esqatologiuri gancda iyo. am periodis
qarTul istoriul
aRsasrulze
gageba
ar
aris,
momavlis
konkretulad,
teqstebSi pirdapiri miniSneba samyaros
Tumca
amgvar
istoriis
xedvas
apokalipsuri
iudeur-qristniauli
aucileblad
ideebi,
gulisxmobda.
mkvlevarTa
azriT,
saqarTvelosTvis ucxo ar iyo da aq literaturuli gziT unda
Semosuliyo.
5. Sua
saukuneebis
qarTul
intepretaciasTan
erTad,
teqstebSi,
drois
drois
aRqmis
“oficialur”
“mravalgvarobis”
kvalsac vxvdebiT. kultura/sazogadoeba ar aris homogenuri, is
kompleqsuri, mravali jgufisgan Semdgari erTobaa. Sesabamisad,
ar
SeiZleba
dro
imdenad
unificirebuli
iyos,
rom
ar
arsebobdes lokalur konteqstze damokidebuli drois gagebebi.
es SeuZlebelia Tundac 21-e saukuneSi da, miT umetes, Sua
saukuneebSi,
roca
mravalaspeqtiani
arastandartuli
dro
ar
fenomenis,
aRqmis
iyo
standartizebuli.
misi
qristianuli
gamovlinebaa,
drois
gagebiT,
magaliTad,
leonti
mrovelis TxzulebaSi farnavazis nadirobis da sizmris pasaJis
arseboba.
mkvlevarTa
romelic
drois
azriT,
ciklur
es
gagebas
wminda
miTosuri
amJRavnebs.
plastia,
saintereso
iyo
agreTve juanSeris teqstSi adamianis mier droze zemoqmedebis
unarze garkveuli miniSnebebis arseboba. qarTul teqstebSi aseve
vlindeba
bunebis
drois,
sxvadasxva
lokalur
konteqstze
damokidebuli drois gagebebi. Tumca drosTan damokidebulebis
es
sxvadasxva
forma,
ZirTadad,
qristianul
konteqsts
aris
morgebuli.
am debulebebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Sua saukuneebis
qarTul
kulturaSi
Tavsdeboda
zogad
drois
aRqma
qristianul
da
istoriis
konteqstSi.
gageba
maSindeli
organulad
qarTveli
istorikosi acnobierebda, rom drois meufe RmerTi iyo da istoriac
RvTis
Canafiqris
droSi
realizaciis
process
warmoadgenda.
yvela
146
qristians istoriis erT dinebaSi rTavda saerTo sawyisis _ adamis
drois da
sasrulis - RvTis samsjavros gancda. amitomac iwyebda sumbat
daviTisZe
bagrationTa
dabadebis
personaJebidan.
principic
amaze
Janrobrivi
istorias
sakuTriv,
miuTiTebs.
siWrelisa,
adamidan
maT,
leonti
“qarTlis
miuxedavad
rac
da
_
cxovrebis”
Sedgenis
Semavali
teqstebis
masSi
mTavaria,
mroveli
erTmaneTTan
organulad
akavSirebda istoriis erTianobis Segneba. es erTianoba, pirvel rigSi
qristianuli gagebiT, droSi Tanmimdevrobis danaxvas gulsxmobs. aqedan
gamodinare,
“qarTlis
cxovrebis”
teqstebi
periodebis
monacvleobis
principiT aris dalagebuli. Zveli berZnuli “istoriisgan” gansxvavebiT,
“qarTlis” cxovreba” ar iyo mxolod erTi lokaluri sazogadoebis
matiane.
Zveli
berZnuli
gagebiT,
TiToeuli
sazogadoeba
sakuTar,
avtonomiur, sxvebisgan gancalkevebul droSi cxovrobs. erTi polisis
dro
ar
miesadageboda
meoris
dros,
radgan
ar
arsebobda
erTiani
qronologia. es iyo erT-erTi mizezi imisa, rom antikuri xanis istoria,
faqtobrivad,
erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli xalxebis istoria iyo. sxva
sazogadoeba niSnavda sxva dros. amis sapirispirod, Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli sazogadoeba Tavis Tavs zogadqristianuli, xsnis istoriis
nawilad moiazrebda.
yovelive zemoTqmuli ar niSnavs, rom am problemis Semdgomi kvlevis
saWiroeba ar arsebobs. winamdebare naSromi, vfiqrobT, am TvalsazrisiT
ufro met kiTxvas gaaCens, vidre pasuxebs gascems. rogorc aRiniSna,
anTropologiuri
perspeqtiva
drois
aRqmisa
da
istoriis
gaazrebis
problemis mravalmriv analizs iTvaliswinebs. Cvens mier ganxiluli
ramdenime momenti, ra Tqma unda, sakmarisad ar avlens imas, Tu ra
temporaluri
sazogadoeba.
ritmebiT
am
cxovrobda
problemis
Sua
mxolod
saukuneebis
ramdenime
aspeqtiT
qarTuli
kvleva
srulyofil suraTs ar mogvcems, miT umetes, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
msgavsi kvlevebis gamocdileba CvenSi, jerjerobiT, ar arsebobs.
drois
aRqmisa
da
istoriis
gaazrebis
problema
imdenad
fundamenturi sakiTxia, rom man SeiZleba gamoavlinos sazogadoebis
msoflmxedvelobrivi
dasawyisia,
Zafis
tendenciebi.
erTi
wveri,
vfiqrobT,
romelsac
es
SeiZleba
naSromi
am
mxolod
problemasTan
dakavSirebuli uamravi sxva sakiTxi amohyves.
147
Cveni
azriT,
saWiroa
Sua
saukuneebis
wyaroebis
mimarT
axali
kiTxvebis formulireba. aseve aucilebelia, istoriuli teqstebis garda,
sxva
naratiuli
wyaroebis
(agiografia,
poezia,
eposi)
gaanalizeba.
magaliTad, saintereso iqneboda saistorio da agiografiuli teqstebis
erTmaneTTan
Sedareba
gaviTvaliswinebT
im
drosTan
damokidebulebis
garemoebas,
rom
Sua
TvalsazrisiT.
saukuneebSi
Tu
mwerlobis
sxvadasxva Janrs Soris mkafiod dadgenili sazRvrebi ar arsebobda,
msgavsi tipis kvlevam, SesaZloa, bevri msgavsi niSani gamoavlinos, rac
meti
da ufro safuZvliani daskvnebis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas Seqmnis.
Sua saukunebeebis qarTuli saistorio teqstebis analizis dros
aseve aucilebelia qarTul xalxur tradiciaSi drosTan mimarTebis
specifikis
gaTvaliswineba.
rogorc
vnaxeT,
qarTul
samecniero
literaturaSi moipoveba gamokvlevebi “qarTlis cxovrebis” teqstebSi
folklorul motivebze. Tumca konkretulad drosTan damikidebulebis
kuTxiT naratiul wyaroebSi folkoruli tradiciis gavlenis kvleva
jer kidev win aris. sakuTriv qarTul xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi drois
aRqmis problemaze arsebuli naSromebi am TvalsazrisiT did damarebas
gagviwevs.
saerTod,
nebismieri
wyaro,
romelic
maSindel
sazogadoebaSi
drois aRqmis Sesaxeb raime miniSnebas mainc mogvcems, aucileblad unda
iyos gaTvaliswinebuli. magram, vfiqrobT, wyaroebis gamravalferovnebam
ar unda gamowvios mTavari sakiTxidan, misi kvlevis arealidan gadaxveva.
yovelTvis
unda
gvaxsovdes,
rom
Cveni
kvlevis
ZiriTadi
obieqtia
kultura/sazogadoeba, rogorc erToba. amitom Cveni mizani ar unda iyos
magaliTad, imis garkveva, Tu ra adgili ekava “naTlis” gaazrebas Sua
saukuneebis qarTvel neoplatonikos filosofosebTan. CvenTvis mTavari
unda
iyos
imis
dadgena,
ramdenad
hqonda
am
filosofosebis
Sexedulebebs gamoZaxili sociumis doneze.
Sua saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi drois aRqmisa da istoriis
gaazrebis problemis kvlevaSi aucileblad mniSvnelovani komponenti
unda iyos komparativistuli meTodis gamoyeneba ufro farTo konteqstis
gaTvaliswinebiT. warmodgenil naSromSi, ZiriTadad, zogadqristianuli
momentebi dafiqsirda. Sedarebebi, umTavresad, medievaluri dasavleTisa
da bizantiis saistorio tradiciebTan keTdeboda.
148
vfiqrobT,
istoriis
samomavlod
koncefciis
qarTul
problemis
kulturaSi
kvleva
unda
drois
aRqmisa
warimarTos
da
somxur,
rusul, balkaneTis qvynebis, muslimur da sxva saistorio tradicebTan
Sedarebis gziTac. magaliTad, CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa somxur saistorio
tradiciaSi
igive
problemis
gaazrebis
Taviseburebebi.
jerjerobiT,
rogorc zemoT gvqonda saubari, is viciT, rom somxuri da qarTuli
saistorio mwerloba erTmaneTisgan bevri niSniT gansxvavdeba. somxuri
saistorio mwerloba ufro met saerTos amJRavnebs maSindel bizantiur
tradiciasTan, vidre “qarTlis cxovreba”. ra mdgomareobaa drois da
istoriis
gagebis
TvalsazrisiT,
es samomavlo
kvlevis
sagani
unda
gaxdes.
aseve Zalze mniSvnelovani iqneboda balkaneTis qveynebis saistorio
tradiciebTan Sedareba. rogorc cnobilia, qarTul samecniero wreebSi
arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, qarTuli kultura e.w. balkanurxmelTaSuazRvispiruli
sivrcis
nawilia.
sainteresoa,
ra
suraTi
gamoCndeba drois aRqmisa da istoriis gaazrebis kuTxiT Cveni saistorio
mwerlobis baklaneTTan Sedarebis Sedegad.
garda amisa, muslimuri da qarTuli istoriografiuli tradiciebis
Sedareba garkvel sicxades Seitans qarTuli kulturis civilizaciuri
raobis
kvlevis
ganmavlobaSi
TvalsazrisiTac.
muslimur
qarTuli
samyarosTan
kultura
uSualo
SexebaSi
saukuneebis
viTardeboda.
sainteresoa, Tu hqonda raime saxis gavlena muslimur istoriografiul
tradicias qarTul saistorio mwerlobaze, drois aRqmisa da istoriis
gaazrebis TvalsazrisiT?
magaliTad, rogor SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti,
rom “matiane qarTlisaSi” qristianul welTaRricxvasTan erTad vxvdebiT
hijriT daTariRebis SemTxvevasac. gasarkvevia, es zogadi tendencia iyo
Tu
gamonaklisi
aucilebelia
SedarebiTi
SemTxveva?
swored
kvleva,
am
qarTuli
rac,
da
da
albaT,
sxva
kiTxvebze
pasuxis
muslimuri
saistoio
garkveuli
daskvnebis
gasacemad
mwerlobis
gakeTebis
saSulebas mogvcems.
mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, rom muslimuri istoriografiuli tradicia
drosTan
da
istoriasTan
damokidebulebaSi
qristianul
saistorio
mwerlobasTan bevr msgavsebas avlens. a. al-azmehis (A. Al-Azmeh) TqmiT,
149
muslimur civilizaciaSi, tradiciulad,
mimarT.
warsulis
mimarT
Zlieri iyo interesi istoriis
gansakuTrebuli
damokidebuleba
arabuli
mwerlobis yvela JanrSi mkafiod vlindeba.
“xsnis
istoria”
aris
is,
rasac
muslimuri
muslimuri gagebiT, samyaros Seqmna misi
iseve,
rogorc
istoriuli
qristianobaSi
drois
muslimur
eyrdnoba.
dasasrulis momaswavebelia.
“pirvelma
dawyebas,
religia
codvam”
saTave
tradiciaSic
daudo
istoria
aris
adamianebis gamosacdeli gadamwyveti dro. muslimuri gagebiT, istoriul
droSi RmerTi Tavis Tavs winaswarmetyvelebis gamoCenaSi avlens. am
drois kulminaciad ki muhamedis dabadeba (iseve rogorc qristinaobaSi _
macxovris movlineba) ganixileba (al azmehi 2007: 69-70).
erT-erTi
sagangebod
yvelaze
iyo
gamorCeuli
dakavebuli
drois
muslimi
istorikosi
problemiT.
man
dawera
al-tabari
msoflio
istoria samyaros Seqmnidan mis dromde da is sam etapad dayo: samyaros
Seqmna;
muhamedamde
arsebuli
winaswarmetyvelebisa
da
mefeebis
xana;
muhamedis periodi. movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobis rekonstruirebis garda,
tabari
TiToeuli
SemTxvevis
zust
daTariRebasac
cdilobs.
igi
pedanturad, wlidan wlamde da, zogjer, Tvidan Tvemde Tanmimdevrulad
warmoaCens movlenebs, gasakuTrebiT _ hijris Semdeg.
tabari Zalian aris dainteresebuli imis gamorkveviT, Tu ra asakis
aris samyaro da sanamde iarsebebs is. mTeli misi istoria ulmobeli
dasasrulis
mZafri
gancdiT
aris
dawerili,
radgan,
maSindeli
SexedulebiT, samyaro Tavisi arsebobis bolo saukunes iTvlida. tabari
mxolod qronologiur Tanmimdevrobas ar aCvenebda, is swored rom
bolo katastrofamde darCenil wlebs iTvlida. amgvarad, vxedavT, rom
xSir SemTxvevaSi muslimi avtorebi zustad igive problemebiT arian
dakavebuli,
rac
awuxebT
Sua
saukuneebis
qristian
qronistebs.
am
msgavsebas qristianuli da muslimuri religiebis saerTo “abraamistul”
safuZvlebs miaweren (hamfri 1-3).
unda aRiniSnos is, rom am etapze “matiane qarTlisas” SemTxvevas
detalurad
dawvrilebiT
ar
SevexeT,
analizs
radgan
moiTxovda,
es
rac
muslimuri
Cveni
istiriografiis
naSromis
miznebSi
ar
Sedioda.
150
amgvarad, SedarebiTi meTodis sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gamoyeneba
gacilebiT
meti
Sedegis
momtani
iqmeba.
davinaxoT msgavsebebi Tu gansxvavebebi
es
saSualebas
qarTul
da
sxva
mogvcems,
kulturebs
Soris.
rogorc vxedavT, warmodgenil naSromSi gakeTebul daskvnebTan
erTad, bevri axali kiTxva da sakvlevi problema gamoikveTa, rac am
naSromis erT-erT Sedegad SeiZleba miviCnioT. Tanamedrove humanitaruli
mecnierebis
erT-erTi
problema
swored
is
aris,
rom
saqarTvelos
istoriis da kulturis ganmazogadebeli kvleva, faqtobrivad bolo
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi daiwyo. es maSin, roca dasavleTSi msgavsi
kvlevebis
uzarmazari
da
xangrZlivi
tradicia
arsebobs.
amitom
aucilebelia am mimarTulebiT samecniero kvleva-Ziebis gamococxleba da
ukve
arsebuli
SegveZleba
gamocdilebis
met-naklebad
myari
gaTvaliswineba.
da
mxolod
racionaluri
amis
daskvnebis
Semdeg
gakeTeba
CvenTvis uaRresad aqtualur sakiTxebze, romlebic qarTuli kulturis
raobas da danarCen samyaroSi misi adgilis gansazRvras exeba.
151
damowmebebi
a) wyaroebi
leonti mroevli 1955: leonti mroveli. cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa.
qarTlis
cxovreba,
teqsti
dadgenili
yvela
ZiriTadi
xelnaweris
mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tbilisi, 1955.
juanSeri 1955: juanSeri. cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa. qarTlis
cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tbilisi, 1955.
matiane qarTlisa 1955: matiane qarTlisa. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier,
tomi I, Tbilisi, 1955.
cxovreba
daviTisi.
mefeT
qarTlis
mefisa
daviTisi
cxovreba,
teqsti
1955:
cxovreba
dadgenili
mefeT
yvela
mefisa
ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tbilisi, 1955.
sumbat
daviTis-Ze
1955:
sumbat
cxovreba
daviTis-Ze.
da
uwyeba
bagratonianTa. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tbilisi, 1955.
laSa giorgis droindeli mematiane 1955: laSa giorgis droindeli
mematiane. cxovreba demetre mefisa, cxovreba giorgi mefisa, cxovreba
didisa mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi, cxovreba giorgi mefisa, Tamaris Zisa.
qarTlis
cxovreba,
teqsti
dadgenili
yvela
ZiriTadi
xelnaweris
mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tbilisi, 1955.
istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani 1959: istoriani da azmani
SaravandedTani. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi II, Tbilisi, 1959
basili ezosmoZRuari 1959: basili ezosmoZRuari. cxovreba mefeT-
mefisa Tamarisi. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi
xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi II, Tbilisi, 1959.
152
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