War on Drugs_Georgian

WA R
ON DR U GS
R E PO RT OF T HE
G LO B AL C OMM ISSI ON
ON D RUG P O LI CY
J U N E 201 1
“omi narkotikebTan”
globaluri komisiis angariSi narkopolitikis Sesaxeb
2011 wlis ivnisi
1
globaluri komisiis angariSi narkotikebTan brZolis
politikis Sesaxeb
komisiis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciis miRebis mizniT ewvieT veb-gverds:
www.globalcommissionondrugs.org
an dagvikavSirdiT el.fostaze: [email protected]
komisrebi
asma
jahangiri ,
specialuri
adamianTa
momxsenebeli
uflebebis
saarbitraJo,
aqtivisti,
gaeros
arasasamarTlo
da
yofili
saboloo
aRsrulebis sakiTxebze, pakistani
karlos fuentesi, mwerali da Jurnalisti, meqsika
sezar gaviria, kolumbiis yofili prezidenti
ernesto zedilo, meqsikis yofili prezidenti
fernando enrike kardozo, braziliis yofili prezidenti (Tavmjdomare)
georg papandreu, saberZneTis premier-ministri
jorj p. Sulci , yofili saxelmwifo ministri, aSS (sapatio Tavmjdomare)
xavier solana , evrokavSiris yofili umaRlesi warmomadgeneli saerTo
sagareo politikisa da usafrTxoebis politikis sakiTxebSi, espaneTi
jon
uaiThedi , bankiri da sajaro moxele, msoflio savaWro centris
memorialuri fondis Tavmjdomare, aSS
kofi anani, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis yofili mdivani, gana
luis arbori,
gaeros yofili adamianTa uflebebis umaRlesi komisari,
saerTaSoriso krizisi jgufis prezidenti, kanada
maria
kataui,
"petroplas
holdingz"-is
direqtorTa
sabWos
wevri,
saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis yofili generaluri mdivani, Sveicaria
mario vargas lioza, prozaikosi, peru
marion
kasper-merki,
germaniis
jandacvis
federaluri
saministros
yofili saxelmwifo mdivani
maikl
kazaCkini,
SidsTan, tuberkulozTan da malariasTan brZolis
globaluri fodis aRmasrulebeli direqtori, safrangeTi
pol volker, aSS-s federaluri rezervis da ekonomikuri aRorZinebis
sabWos yofili Tavmjdomare
riCard
brensoni,
mewarme, mrCeveli sazogadoebriv sakiTxebSi, "Virgin
Group" –is damfuZnebeli, " The Elders"-is TanadamfuZnebeli, gaerTianebuli
samefo
2
ruT
dreifusi,
Sveicariis
yofili
prezidenti
da
Sinagan
saqmeTa
ministri
Torvald Stoltenbergi, sagareo saqmeTa yofili ministri da gaeros
umaRlesi komisari ltolvilTa sakiTxebSi, norvegia
3
reziume
narkotikebis
winaaRmdeg
gamocxadebuli
globaluri
omi
dasrulda
warumateblad, msoflioSi calkeuli individebisa da sazogadoebebisTvis
savalalo
SedegebiT.
narkotikebis
Sesaxeb
gaeros
erTiani
konvenciis
Seqmnidan ormocdaaTi wlis Semdeg da 40 wlis Semdeg, rac prezidentma
niqsonma wamoiwyo aSS xelisuflebis brZola narkotikebis winaaRmdeg,
aucilebeli gaxda arsebiTi reformebis gatareba narkotikebTan brZolis
politikasTan dakavSirebiT, erovnul da globalur doneze.
aralegaluri narkotikebis mwarmoeblebis, movaWreebisa da momxmareblebis
kriminalizaciasa
da
maT
winaaRmdeg
represiuli
RonisZiebebis
gatarebasTan dakavSirebiT gaweuli uzarmazari xarjebis miuxedavad ver
moxerxda miwodebis an moxmarebis arsebiTad Semcireba. erTi wyaros an
aralegaluri organizaciis ganadgurebasTan dakavSirebiT miRweuli aSkara
gamarjvebebi TiTqmis maSinve kargavs mniSvnelobas sxva wyaroebisa da
movaWreebis gamoCeniT. momxmareblebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli represiuli
zomebi winaaRmdegobas uqmnis aiv/Sidsis, gadaWarbebuli dozis miRebiT
gamowveuli
saziano
fataluri
Sedegebis
SemTxvevebis
Semcirebis
da
mizniT
narkotikebis
gamoyenebis
gaxorcielebul
sxva
sazogadoebrivi
jandacvis RonisZiebebs. mTavrobis mier miwodebis uSedego Semcirebis
strategiebisTvis da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis mizniT gaRebuli xarjebi
anacvlebs
ekonomikurad
ufro
momgebian
da
faqtebze
dafuZnebul
investiciebs moTxovnisa da zianis minimumamde dayvanasTan dakavSirebiT.
Cveni
principebi
da
rekomendaciebi
SesaZlebelia
Sejamdes
Semdegnairad:
SewyviteT
im
adamianebis
kriminalizacia,
socialuri
izolacia
-
marginalizacia da maTze damRis dasma -stigmatizacia, romlebic moixmaren
narkotikebs,
magram
zians
ar
ayeneben
sxvebs.
narkotikebis
bazrebis,
narkotikebis moxmarebisa da narkodamokidebulebis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli
araswori warmodgenebis ganmtkicebis magier umjobesia gaakritikeba da
kamaTi.
4
moaxdineT mTavrobebis mier gaxorcielebuli, narkotikebis samarTlebrivi
regulirebis
modelebTan
organizebuli
dakavSirebuli
danaSaulis
Zalis
eqsperimentebis
Sesustebis
da
stimulireba,
maTi
moqalaqeebis
janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT. aRniSnuli rekomendacia
gansakuTrebiT
gamoiyeneba
marixuanasTan
mimarTebaSi,
magram
Cven
aseve
mxars vuWerT sxva eqsperimentebsac dekriminalizaciasa da samarTlebriv
regulirebasTan
mimarTebaSi,
romelTa
meSveobiTac
SesaZlebelia
aRniSnuli miznebis miRweva da modelebis uzrunvelyofa sxva miznebisTvis.
SesTavazeT
janmrTelobis
dacvasa
da
mkurnalobasTan
dakavSirebuli
momsaxureba maT, vinc amas saWiroebs. uzrunvelyaviT, rom xelmisawvdomi
iyos
mkurnalobis
buprenofrinis,
samkurnalo
evropis
sxvadasxva
aramed
aseve
programebis
bevr
meTodebi,
heroinis
CaTvliT,
qveyanasa
da
ara
mxolod
saSualebiT
romlebic
kanadaSi.
metadonisa
da
gaxorncielebuli
warmatebiT
ganxorcielda
uzrunvelyaviT
Spricebis
xelmisawvdomobisa da zianis Semamcirebeli sxva RonisZiebebis gatareba,
rac
efeqturad
moqmedebs
aiv
da
sxva
sisxliT-gadamdebi
infeqciebis
gavrcelebis, aseve gadaWarbebuli dozis miRebiT gamowveuli fataluri
SemTxvevebis
Semcirebis
kuTxiT.
pativi
eciT
im
adamianTa
uflebebs,
romlebic moixmaren narkotikebs. nuRar gamoiyenebT mkurnalobis saxeliT
gatarebul
iZulebiTi
arkeTilsindisier
dakaveba,
iZulebiTi
praqtikasa
Sroma
da
da
meTodebs,
fizikuri
Tu
rogoricaa
fsiqologiuri
zewola, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba adamianTa uflebebisTvis gansazRvrul
normebsa da standartebs an romlebic arTmevs TviTgamorkvevis uflebas.
gamoiyeneT
TiTqmis
igive
zemoTaRniSnuli
principebi
da
politika
im
adamianebis mimarT, romlebic CarTulni arian aralegaluri narkotikebis
bazrebis qveda eSelonebSi, rogoricaa fermerebi, kurierebi da wvrili
movaWreebi. bevri maTgani TviTon warmoadgens Zaladobis da daSinebis
msxverpls
an
wamaldamokidebuls.
bolo
aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi
uamravi amgvari adamianis dakavebis da maTTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTis
Sedegad moxda cixeebis gadavseba da mravali adamianis cxovrebisa da
ojaxis dangreva ukanono narkotikebis xelmisawvdomobis an kriminaluri
organizaciebis
arsebobs
Zalauflebis
aranairi
zRvari
Sesustebis
im
adamianTa
gareSe.
rogorc
raodenobasTan
sCans
ar
dakavSirebiT,
romelTac surT amgvar RonisZiebebSi CarTva maTi cxovrebis gaumjobesebis,
5
sakuTari
ojaxebis
uzrunvelyofis
an
siRaribisagan
sxvagvarad
Tavis
daRwevis mizniT. narkotikebTan brZolis resursebs ukeTesi mimarTuleba
SeiZleba mivceT.
ganaxorcieleT
SesaZlebeli
investiciebi
iqneba
im
pirvel
RonisZiebebSi,
rigSi
romelTa
axalgazrdebis
dacva
meSveobiTac
narkotikebis
moxmarebisgan da aseve narkotikebis momxmarebelTa dacva, raTa Tavidan
iqnas acilebuli ufro seriozuli problemebi. Tavi aarideT zedmetad
martivi frazebis - "ubralod Tqvi ara" da "nulovani tolerantobis"
politikis
gamoyenebas
dafuZnebul
da
upiratesoba
saganmanaTleblo
mianiWeT
tipis
saimedo
RonisZiebebsa
informaciaze
da
prevenciis
programebs, romlebic fokusirebulia socialur unarebsa da Tanatolebis
gavlenaze. yvelaze warmatebul prevenciul RonisZiebebad SesaZlebelia
CaiTvalos is RonisZiebebi, romlebic gamiznulia specifiur, riskis-qveS
myof jgufebze.
represiuli qmedebebi mimarTeT mZlavri kriminaluri organizaciebisken ise,
rom Seiryes maTi Zalaufleba da Semcirdes maTi gavlenis sferoebi da
upiratesoba
mianiWeT
Zaladobisa
da
daSinebis
minimumamde
dayvanas.
samarTlebrivi iZulebis RonisZiebebi mimarTuli unda iyos ara TviTon
narkotikebis
bazrebis
Semcirebaze,
aramed
calkeul
pirebze,
sazogadoebebsa da erovnul usafrTxoebaze maTi zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli
zianis Semcirebaze.
daiwyeT
narkotikebTan
CaanacvleT
brZolis
ideologiuri
gaxorcielebuli
da
globaluri
politikuri
narkotikebTan
brZolis
sistemis
transformacia.
meqanizmebis
politika
mecnierebaze,
jandacvaze,
usafrTxoebasa
da
dafuZnebuli,
finansuri
TvalsazrisiT
saimedo
da
adamianTa
safuZvelze
strategiebi
uflebebze
politikiTa
da
strategiebiT da gansazRvreT Sesabamisi kritriumebi maT Sesafaseblad.
gadaxedeT
narkotikebis
anomaliebamde,
rogoricaa
CamonaTvals,
magaliTad
ramac
marixuanis,
migviyvana
kokas
aSkara
foTlebisa
da
meTilendoqsiamfetaminis (MDMA) araswori klasifikacia. uzrunvelyaviT,
rom
xdebodes
saerTaSoriso
konvenciebis
interpretireba
da/an
maTSi
koreqtirebebis Setana Sesabamisi gamocdilebis miRebis mizniT, zianis
6
Semcirebis, dekriminalizaciisa da kanonieri maregulirebeli politikis
uzrunvelyofiT.
daarRvieT tabu debatebsa da reformebTan dakavSirebiT. axla moqmedebis
droa.
Sesavali
gaeros Sefaseba narkotikebis wliur moxmarebasTan dakavSirebiT, 1998-2008
ww.
opiati
kokaini
marixuana
1998
12.9 mln.
13.4 mln.
147.4 mln.
2008
17.35 mln.
17 mln.
160 mln.
zrda %
34.5%
27%
8.5%
narkotikebisTvis gamocxadebuli globaluri omi warumateblad dasrulda.
rodesac 50 wlis win miRebul iqna gaeros erTiani konvencia narkotikebis
Sesaxeb da rodesac prezidentma niqsonma 40 wlis win brZola gamoucxada
narkotikebs, politikosebs sjerodaT, rom mkacri kanoniero RonisZiebebis
gamoyeneba
narkotikebis
momxmareblebis
mimarT
mwarmoeblebis,
gamoiwvevda
distributorebisa
kontrols
da
daqvemdebarebuli
narkotikebis (rogoricaa magaliTad, heroini, kokaini da marixuana) bazris
TandaTanobiT Sesustebas da saboloo jamSi miviRebdiT "narkotikebisagan
Tavisufal
msoflios".
sinamdvileSi,
organizebuli
danaSaulebrivi
dajgufebebis mier farTod kontrolirebadi, aralegaluri narkotikebis
bazrebis globaluri masStabi am periodSi mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda.
maSin roca ar gagvaCnia zusti informacia mTeli am 50-wliani periodis
ganmavlobaSi narkotikebis globaluri moxmarebis Sesaxeb, mxolod bolo
10-wliani periodis analiziT dafiqsirda didi da mzardi bazari (ix.
cxrili zemoT).
miuxedavad imisa, rom aSkaraa amJamindeli politikis saSualebiT ver
xerxdeba
dasaxuli
miznebis
miRweva,
politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis
mimRebi, erovnuli da saerTaSoriso donis organoebis umetesoba gaurboda
alternativebis Taobaze kritikas an debatebs.
7
narkotikebTan dakavSirebul politikasTan mimarTebaSi xelmZRvanelobis
aRniSnulma naklovanebam daaCqara Cveni komisiis Camoyalibeba da mivyavarT
im Tvalsazrisamde, rom swored axla dadga strategiebis seriozulad,
yovlismomcvelad
fenomenze
da
reagirebis
farTomasStabianad
mizniT.
gadaxedvis
aRniSnuli
dro,
ganxilvis
narkotikebis
sawyisi
wertilia
vaRiaroT narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli globaluri problema, rogorc
jandacvisa
da
erToblioba,
socialuri
romlebic
im
urTierTdakavSirebuli
saWiroebs
marTvas
da
ara
sakiTxebis
mosagebi
omis
gamocxadeba.
komisiis
wevrebi
safuZvelzec
unda
SeTanxmdenen
moxdes
oTx
ZiriTad
narkotikebTan
principze,
dakavSirebuli
romelTa
erovnuli
da
saerTaSoriso politikisa da strategiebis marTva da maT aseve SeimuSaves
TerTmeti samoqmedo rekomedacia.
principebi
1. narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli politika unda efuZnebodes myar,
faqtobriv da mecnierul mtkicebulebas. warmatebis miRwevisTvis
umTavresia
calkeuli
janmrTelobaze,
pirebisa
da
usafrTxoebasa
mTlianad
da
sazogadoebis
kaTildReobaze
saziano
gavlenis Sesusteba.
am 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi, rac gaerom aamoqmeda narkotikebis akrZalvis
namdvilad globaluri sistema, Cven bevri ram SevityveT narkotikebis
warmoebis, gavrcelebis, gamoyenebisa da damokidebulebis Sesaxeb da aseve
Cveni
im
mcdelobebis
efeqturobis
Sesaxeb,
romlebic
mimarTuli
iyo
aRniSnuli problemebis Sesamsubuqeblad.
gasagebia, rom sistemis Semqmnelebs sjerodaT narkotikebis warmoebisa da
moxmarebis
Zirfesvianad
xelmisawvdomi
SezRuduli
aRmofxvris
koncefciis
faqtebidan
gamomdinare).
(im
droisTvis
Tumca,
aranairi
gamarTleba ar SeiZleba moiZebnos mas Semdeg dagrovili mtkicebulebebisa
da
gamocdilebis
ignorirebasTan
dakavSirebiT.
narkotikebTan
dakavSirebuli politika da strategiebi yvela doneze Zalian xSirad
imarTeba
ideologiuri
gamomdinare
da
Zalian
rakursiT
mwiri
an
yuradReba
politikuri
eTmoba
Tvalsazrisidan
narkotikebis
bazris,
narkotikebis gamoyenebisa da wamaldamokidebulebis kompleqsurobas.
8
politikis
efeqturad
SemuSavebisTvis
saWiroa
politikis
miznebis
garkveviT gansazRvra. gaeros 1961 wlis erTiani konvencia narkotikebis
Sesaxeb naTels hfens imas, rom sistemis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda
"kacobriobis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis" gaumjobeseba.
es
kidev
politika
erTxel
gvaxsenebs,
Tavidanve
rom
narkotikebTan
muSavdeboda
da
dakavSirebuli
xorcieldeboda
im
yvela
imediT,
rom
moxdeboda calkeuli pirebisa da mTlianad sazogadoebisTvis miyenebuli
zianis Sesusteba –danaSaulis Semcirebuli SemTxvevebi, gaumjobesebuli
janmrTeloba da ufro meti ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTareba. Tumca,
Cven
pirvel
rigSi
gamocxadebul
vafasebdiT
brZolaSi
mimdinareobis
Taobaze),
sul
Cvens
sxva
warmatebas
sazomebiT
rogoricaa
narkotikebisTvis
(angariSebi
magaliTad,
procesis
dapatimrebebis
ricxvi,
CamorTmeuli Tanxebi an dasjis simkacre. am indikatorebis saSualebiT
SeiZleba gavigoT Tu ramdenad mkacrebi varT, magram ver gavigebT imas, Tu
ramdenad
warmatebulni
varT
"kacobriobis
janmrTelobisa
da
keTildReobis" gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT.
2.
narkotikebTan
dakavSirebuli
politika
unda
efuZnebodes
adamianTa uflebebisa da sazogadoebrivi jandacvis principebs.
unda
SevwyvitoT
gariyva,
im
romlebic
CarTulni
arian
doneebze
da
adamianebze
moixmaren
moyvanaSi,
unda
iarliyebis
narkotikebs
warmoebasa
ganixiloT
miwebeba
da
da
maTic,
da
romlebic
gavrcelebaSi
wamaldamokidebuli
maTi
qveda
adamianebi,
rogorc pacientebi da ara kriminalebi.
garkveuli
fundamentaluri
principebi
udevs
safuZvlad
erovnuli
da
saerTaSoriso politikis yvela aspeqts. es ufro vrcladaa mocemuli
adamianTa
uflebebis
saerTaSoriso
deklaraciasa
da
im
mraval
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebaSi, romelTa dacvac xorcieldeba. narkotikebTan
dakavSirebul politikaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba sicocxlis,
jandacvis,
Sesabamisi
sasamarTlo
garCevis,
damamcirebeli
diskriminaciisgan
samarTlebrivi
aseve
procedurebisa
wamebisgan
mopyrobisgan,
gaTavisuflebis
monuri
an
sastiki,
da
samarTliani
arahumanuri
damokidebulebisgan
uflebebs.
aRniSnuli
an
da
uflebebi
erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia da maTTan mimarTebaSi valdebulebas eniWeba
upiratesoba sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebTan mimarTebaSi, narkotikebTan
9
brZolis
konvenciebis
uflebebis
dacvis
momxmarebel
CaTvliT.
umaRlesma
pirebs
ar
rogorc
komisarma
erTmevaT
aRniSna
navaneTe
adamianTa
gaeros
pilaim,:
uflebebi.
adamianTa
"narkotikebis
Zalian
xSirad,
narkotikebis momxmareblebi ganicdian diskriminacias, maTze xorcieldeba
zewola mkurnalobis gavlasTan dakavSirebiT, arian gariyulni da xSirad
zaraldebian
im
midgomebis
gamo,
sadac
gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba
eniWeba kriminalizaciasa da dasjas, xolo zianis Sesusteba da adamianTa
uflebebis pativiscema ki naklebadaa xazgasmuli".
sazogadoebrivi jandacvis kargad dasabuTebul rig RonisZiebebs (zogadad
moxseniebuli,
rogorc
zianis
Sesusteba,
midgoma,
romelic
moicavs
Spricebis xelmisawvdomobasa da metadonisa da buprenofrinis gamoyenebiT
mkurnalobas)
SeuZliaT
Seamciron
narkotikebis
gadaWarbebuli
dozis
miRebiT gamowveuli sikvdilianobis da aiv da sisxliT gadamdebi
sxva
infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebis riskebi. Tumca, mTavrobebi xSirad
srulad
ar
axorcieleben
amgvar
narkotikebis
momxmarebeli
adamianebis
gaumjobesebiT
isini
asusteben
Carevebs,
mowodebas
radgan
fiqroben,
janmrTelobis
"vebrZoloT
rom
mdgomareobis
narkotikebs". es
alogikuria – moqalaqeTa erTi jgufis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobis
ugulebelyofa, maSin roca xelmisawvdomia jandacvis efeqturi meTodebi –
es miuRebelia da zrdis sazogadoebis ufro farTod mocvis riskebs.
narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli politikis zegavlena bolo wlebSi aiv gavrcelebaze
im adamianebs Soris, romlebic ineqciis saxiT moixmaren narkotikebs
qveynebi,
romelTac
Tanmimdevrulad
ganaxorcieles
farTomasStabiani,
zianis Semamcirebeli strategiebi:
gaerTianebuli samefo
Sveicaria
germania
avstralia
aiv gavrcelebis procentuli maCvenebeli adamianebSi, romlebic ineqciis saxiT moixmaren
narkotikebs
10
qveynebi, romelTac zianis Semamcirebeli strategiebi danerges nawilobriv
an mogvianebiT, epidemiis progresirebis periodSi:
aSS
portugalia
malaizia
safrangeTi
aiv gavrcelebis procentuli maCvenebeli adamianebSi, romlebic ineqciis saxiT moixmaren
narkotikebs
qveynebi, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen zianis Semamcirebeli strategiebis
farTomasStabian gaxorcielebas, narkotikebis ineqciisa da Spricebis
koleqtiurad moxmarebis faqtebis miuxedavad:
tailandi
ruseTi
aiv gavrcelebis procentuli maCvenebeli adamianebSi, romlebic ineqciis saxiT moixmaren
narkotikebs
qveynebs, romelTac ganaxorcieles zianis Semcirebisa da sazogadobrivi
jandacvis
strategiebi,
adreve
gaaCndaT
narkotikebis
ineqciis
saxiT
momxmarebel adamianebs Soris aiv gavrcelebis dabali maCveneblebi. aseve,
qveynebma,
romelTac
zianis
Semamcirebeli
programebis
gaxorcielebis
saSualebiT reagireba moaxdines narkotikebis momxmareblebs Soris aiv
gavrcelebaze, warmatebas miaRwies aiv-is Semdgomi gavrcelebis SezRudvisa
da
aRkveTis
sferoSi.
meores
mxriv,
im
qveynebSi,
sadac
narkotikebis
moxmarebiT aiv-gavrcelebis mzardi maCveneblebis pasuxad gaxorcielda
represiebi da daSineba, narkotikebis momxmarebel mosaxleobaSi aRiniSneba
aiv-is yvelaze maRali maCveneblebi.
msgavsadve
midgoma.
problematuria
narkotikebis
"narkotikebiT
bazris
monawile
vaWrobisadmi"
uamravi
gaurkveveli
adamiani
TviTon
11
warmoadgens
Zaladobisa
da
daSinebis
msxverpls
an
arian
wamaldamokidebulebi. am fenomenis magaliTad SesaZlebelia moviyvanoT
"narkokurierebi", romlebic asruleben yvelaze SesamCnev da riskian rols
momarageba-miwodebis jaWvSi. maTgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic pasuxismgebelni
arian narkotikebiT vaWrobis organizebaze, am adamianebs Cveulebriv ar
gaaCniaT xangrZlivi da danaSaulebrivi kriminaluri warsuli da zogierTi
maTgani narkotikebiT vaWrobaSi ZiriTadad erTveba imitom, rom miiRos
fuli
sakuTari
wamaldamokidebulebisTvis.
narkotikebiT
vaWrobisTvis
dakavebuli yvela piri ar unda ganvixloT erTnairad damnaSaved – bevri
maTgani
iZulebulia
moiqces
ase,
an
mimarTaven
amgvar
qmedebebs
maTi
sakuTari wamaldamokidebulebidan an ekonomikuri situaciidan gamomdinare.
ar iqneba samarTliani, rom aseTi adamianebi daisajon igivenairad, rogorc
organizebuli
danaSaulebrivi
dajgufebis
wevrebi,
romlebic
akontroleben bazars.
da bolos, zogierT qveyanaSi kvlav xdeba narkotikebis momxmarebelTa
dasja da maTze iarliyebis miwebeba. realurad wamaldamokidebuleba es
aris janmrTelobis rTuli mdgomareoba, romelsac gaaCnia rigi gamomwvevi
mizezebi – socialuri, fsiqologiuri da fizikuri (maT Soris magaliTad,
cxovrebis umZimesi pirobebi, an piradi travma an emociuri problemebi). am
rTuli problemis dasjis saSualebiT gadaWris mcdeloba araefeqturia –
ufro meti warmateba SesaZlebelia miiRwes mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebuli
farmakoTerapiis
sxvadasxva
saxis
momsaxurebiT.
qveynebSi,
sadac
wamaldamokidebul adamianebs ganixilaven, rogorc pacientebs, romelTac
esaWiroebaT mkurnaloba da ara kriminalebs, romlebic imsaxureben dasjas,
aRiniSneba gansakuTrebiT dadebiTi maCveneblebi danaSaulis SemcirebasTan,
janmrTelobis
gaumjobesebasTan
da
wamaldamokidebulebis
daZlevasTan
dakavSirebiT.
pacientebi ar arian kriminalebi:
ufro metad humanuri da efeqturi midgoma
situaciis detaluri ganxilva: Sveicaria
im
seriozul
da
aSkara
problemebze
pasuxad,
romlebic
ganviTarda
qveyanaSi 1980-ian wlebSi, Sveicariam aamoqmeda politikisa da programebis
(heroinis
Canacvlebis
programebis
CaTvliT)
axali
kompleqti,
rac
12
efuZneboda
sazogadoebriv
jandacvas
da
ara
kriminalizacias.
am
politikis Tanmimdevrulma gaxorcielebam gamoiwvia heroindamokidebuli
adamianebis ricxvis mniSvnelovani Semcireba da aseve rigi sxva sasargeblo
Sedegebi. ZiriTadi kvlevis Sedegad gairkva, rom:
"heroinis
Canacvlebis
programa
gaTvlili
iyo
ZiriTad
problematur
momxmareblebze (aqtiuri momxmareblebi) – Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom
3.000
narkomani
warmoadgens
SveicariaSi
heroinis
momxmarebelTa
10-15
procents, romlebic SesaZloa Seadgendnen aralegalur bazrebze heroinze
moTxovnis
30-60
procents.
iyvnen
ra
myarad
CarTulni
narkotikebiT
vaWrobaSi da aseve danaSaulis sxva formebSi, isini aseve warmoadgendnen
damakavSirebel
radgan
rgols
aRniSnulma,
sabiTumo
aqtiurma
movaWreebsa
da
momsmareblebma
momxmareblebs
aRmoaCines
Soris.
stabiluri,
kanonieri saSualeba maT wamaldamokidebulebasTan mimarTebaSi, maT mier
aralegaluri
narkotikebis
moxmarebis
maCvenebeli
Semcirda
da
aseve
Semcirda maT mier heroiniT vaWrobis da sxva kriminalur saqmianobebSi
CarTvis saWiroebac".
heroinis
Canacvlebis
programas
gaaCnda
sami
tipis
zemoqmedeba
narkotikebis bazarze:
•
man
mniSvnelovnad
momxmareblebs
bazris
Seamcira
Soris
da
moxmarebis
moTxovnis
stabilurobaze.
maCvenebeli
aseTma
(magaliTad,
umsxviles
Semcirebam
ciurixSi
imoqmeda
1990
wels
registrirebuli, axali narkomanebis ricxvi iyo 850. 2005 wlisTvis
aRniSnuli ricxvi Semcirda 150-mde).
•
man
Seamcira
bazarTan
dakavSirebuli
sxva
kriminaluri
saqmianobebis donec (magaliTad, aRiniSna programis monawileebis
mier Cadenili qonebrivi danaSaulis 90%-iani Semcireba).
•
adgilobrivi
Sveicareli
narkomanebisa
SemTxveviTi
da
dilerebis
moxmareblebisTvis
gauvnebelyofiT,
ukve
rTuli
gaxda
gamyidvelebTan dakavSireba".
situaciis detaluri ganxilva: gaerTianebuli samefo
gaerTianebul
samefoSi
Tavisuflebis
aRkveTis
magier
mkurnalobis
programebze gadasvlis politikis kvlevis Sedegad aSkarad dafiqsirda
kanonis darRvevebis raodenobis Semcireba mkurnalobis Semdeg.
13
TviTaRiarebebTan erTad, aRniSnul kvlevaSi CarTuli mkvlevarebi aseve
iyenebdnen policiis sisxlis samarTlis Canawerebis monacemebsac. kvlevam
gviCvena, rom mkurnalobamde da mkurnalobis Semdeg 1.476 narkotikebis
moxmareblis
mimarT
wayenebuli
braldebebis
ricxvi
Semcirda
48
procentiT.
situaciis detaluri ganxilva: niderlandebi
evrokavSiris TxuTmetive qveyanaSi, heroinis ineqciis saxiT momxmarebelTa
yvelaze dabali procentuli maCvenebeli dafiqsirebulia niderlandebSi
da arc SeimCneva axali problematuri momxmareblebis mateba. heroinma
dakarga misi mimzidveloba axalgazrdebis umetesobaSi da igi ganixileba,
rogorc "quCis Cixis narkotikad". heroinis problematur momxmarebelTa
ricxvi
mniSvnelovnad
mniSvnelovnad
Semcirda
gaizarda.
da
momxmarebelTa
farTomasStabiani,
dabali
saSualo
asaki
zRvaris
mqone
wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobisa da zianis Semcirebis momsaxurebebi,
Spricebis xelmisawvdomobisa da metadonisa da heorinis receptiT gacemis
CaTvliT, xorcieldeba mkacri kontrolis qveS.
heroinis
receptiT
gayidva
dainerga
niderlandebSi
wvrili
danaSaulebebisa da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis darRvevis Semcirebis da im
adamianebis
janmrTelobaze
pozitiuri
zemoqmedebis
mizniT,
romlebic
ebrZvian wamaldamokidebulebas. 2001 wels, heroinze damokidebul adamianTa
saSualo
ricxvi
ricxvi
Semcirda
niderlandebSi
axalgazrda
niderlandebSi
18,000-mde.
daberebis
Seadgenda
opiatebis
procesSia
momxmarebelTa
28-30,000.
(15-29
–
2008
wlisTvis
moxmarebeli
aseve
weli)
Semcirda
ricxvic,
es
mosaxleoba
opiatebis
romlebic
im
gadian
wamaldamokidebulebis mkurnalobas
principebi ( gagrZeleba)
3.
narkotikebTan
gatareba
unda
gaxnorcieldes
pasuxismgeblobis
politikuri,
gaTvaliswinebas.
adamianTa
dakavSirebuli
qveS
da
igi
socialuri
aRniSnuli
uflebebs
da
im
politikis
globaluri,
aseve
da
saWiroebs
SemuSaveba
ganawilebuli
sxvadasxvagvari
kulturuli
politika
adamianebis
pativs
da
realobebis
unda
saWiroebebs,
scemdes
romlebic
14
imyofebian
narkotikebis
zemoqmedebis
qveS,
warmoebis,
rogorc
vaWrobisa
es
da
garkveviTaa
moxmarebis
gansazRvruli
narkotikebiT vaWrobis 1988 wlis konvenciaSi.
gaeros narkotikebTan brZolis sistema efuZneba ideas, rom yvela qveynis
mTavrobam
unda
iTanamSromlos
narkotikebis
bazrebTan
da
maTTan
dakavSirebuli sxva problemebis gadaWris mizniT. es gonivruli poziciaa
da ra Tqma unda arsebobs pasuxismgebloba, romelic unda gadanawildes
mwarmoebel, satranzito da momxmarebel qveynebs Soris (Tumca, gansxvaveba
sul ufro da ufro umniSvnelo xdeba, radgan bevr qveyanaSi amJamad
SeiniSneba samive maxasiaTeblis elementebi).
Tumca, pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebis idea Zalian xSirad xels uSlis
politikis SemuSavebas da eqsperimentebis Catarebas. gaero (narkotikebis
kontrolis saerTaSoriso sabWos meSveobiT) da kerZod ki SeerTebuli
Statebi
(gansakuTrebiT
misi
"serTificirebis"
procesis
meSveobiT)
aqtiurad muSaobdnen bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi imis uzrunvelsayofad,
rom yvela qveyanas mieRo erTnairad mkacri midgoma narkotikebTan brZolis
politikasTan dakavSirebiT – erTidaigive kanonebi da erTnairi xisti
midgoma maT gamoyenebasTan mimarTebaSi. radgan erovnuli mTavrobebi ufro
da
ufro
gaerkvnen
teritoriebze
problemis
politikaze
sirTuleSi
reagirebis
da
gaecnen
variantebs,
maT
bevrma
sakuTar
maTganma
gadawyvita gamoeyenebina moqnili midgoma konvenciebis farglebSi, im axali
strategiebisa
da
programebis
gamocdis
mizniT,
rogoricaa
dekriminalizaciis iniciativa an zianis Semcirebis programebi. rodesac es
moicavs ufro metad tolerantul midgomas narkotikebis moxmarebasTan
dakavSirebiT, mTavrobebi xvdebian saerTaSoriso diplomatiuri zewolis
qveS "rom daicvan konvenciebis mTlianoba" maSinac ki, rodesac politika
kanonieria, warmatebiT da mxardaWeriT sargeblobs qveyanaSi.
am
procesis
kontrolis
(romelic
imperializmi")
SesaZloa
aRvweroT,
magaliTad
SeiZleba
rogorc
"narkotikebis
moviyvanoT
boliviis
mTavrobis SeTavazeba kokas foTlebis ReWvis Sesaxeb Tavebis amoReba 1961
wlis
konvenciidan,
gamoyenebas.
foTlebis
rac
krZalavs
yvelanair,
arasamedicino
mizniT
miuxedavad imisa, rom Semdgomma kvlevebma gviCvena, rom kokas
ReWvis
adgilobrivi
tradicia
aranairad
ar
ayenebs
zians
15
kokainis saerTaSoriso bazrebs da rom boliviis (da mezobeli qveynebis)
mosaxleobis umravlesoba mxars uWers amgvar cvlilebas, bevrma qveyanam,
sadac
mravladaa
"kokainis
momxmareblebi"
(aSS-s
meTaurobiT)
–
oficialuri uari ganacxades amgvar cvlilebaze.
ideas, rom narkotikebis kontrolis sistema ucvlelia da rom nebismieri
cvlileba (iqneba es gonivruli Tu ara) safrTxes uqmnis mTliani sistemis
erTianobas – momavali ar gaaCnia. yvela mravalmxrivi SeTanxmebis mixedviT,
narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli konvenciebi saWiroebs mudmiv gadaxedvas da
ganaxlebas,
cvalebadi
mTavrobebs
garemoebebidan
Tavisuflad
reagirebasTan
unda
mimarTebaSi,
gamomdinare.
SeeZloT
arsebul
kerZod,
erovnul
eqsperimentebis
garemoebebTan
Catareba
ufro
metad
Sesabamisobis mizniT. aRniSnuli analizi da gamocdilebebis gaziareba
sxvadasxva midgomebis efeqturobis Seswavlis procesis umniSvnelovanesi
sakiTxia, magram imis mtkiceba, rom yvela Cvengans esaWiroeba erTidaigive
kanonebi, SezRudvebi da programebi – aRmoCnda usargeblo SezRudva.
_______________
gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi
narkotikebis
Sedegebi
winaaRmdeg
wamowyebulma
mwarmoebeli,
sazogadoebebisTvis.
narkotikebTan
satranzito
aRniSnuli
da
brZolam
da
negatiuri
danaSaulTan
brZolis
gamoiwvia
negatiuri
momxmarebeli
qveynebis
Sedegebi
gaeros
kargad
ofisis
Seajama
yofilma
aRmasrulebelma direqtroma antonio maria kostam, rodesac es Sedegebi
dayo xuT kategoriad:
1.
"uzarmazari kriminaluri Savi bazris" zrda, romelic finansdeba
aralegalur
narkotikebze
saerTaSoriso
moTxovnis
dakmayofilebiT
miRebuli sarisko mogebebiT.
2.
politikis
kriminaluri
mniSvnelovani
bazris
cvlileba
daregulirebisken
warmoadgens
mimarTuli
aRniSnuli
samarTalgamoyenebis
farTomasStabiani Zalisxmevis dafinansebis mizniT deficituri resursebis
gamoyenebis Sedegs.
3. geografiuli gadaadgileba, romelsac xSirad uwodeben "sahaero buStis
efeqts" es aris movlena, rodesac narkotikebis mwarmoeblebi icvlian
adgilmdebareobas,
raTa
ar
miiqcion
samarTaldamcavi
organoebis
yuradReba.
16
4. narkotikuli saSualebebis Secvla an momxmareblebis gadayvana axal
saSualebebze, rodesac Zneldeba maT mier adre gamoyenebuli narkotikuli
saSualebebis
moZieba,
magaliTad
samarTaldamcavi
organoebis
mxridan
gamoyenebuli zewolis Sedegad.
5.
narkotikebis
im
momxmarebelTa
miwebebuli aqvT iarliyebi da
aRqma
da
mkurnaloba,
romelTac
arian gariyulni.
________________________
4. narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli politika unda xorcieldebodes
farTo
masStabebiT,
skolebi,
sadac
sazogadoebrivi
specialistebi
da
samarTaldamcav
da
CarTulni
jandacvisa
unda
da
iyvnen
ganviTarebis
samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis
sxva
saxelmwifo
msgavs
ojaxebi,
sferos
liderebi,
organoebTan
TanamSromlobiT.
maT
mier
kanonis
gamoyenebasa
da
dasjaze
myarad
fokusirebisas
moulodnelobas ar unda warmoadgendes is, rom narkotikebTan brZolis
sitemaSi
wamyvani
roli
ekavaT
policias,
sasazRvro
kontrolisa
da
samxedro organoebs, romelTac saTaveSi udgaT iusticiis, usafrTxoebisa
da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebi.
mravalmxriv doneze, regionaluri an
gaeros struqturebi aseve imarTeba am mimarTulebebiT. miuxedavad imisa,
rom
mTavrobebi
sul
ufro
da
ufro
aRiareben,
rom
narkotikebis
kontrolTan dakavSirebiT kanonis gamoyenebis strategiebi saWiroebs ufro
farTe midgomaSi integrirebas, socialur da sazogadoebrivi jandacvis
programebTan erTad, mainc ar xdeba politikis Camoyalibebis, biujetis
ganawilebisa da gaxorcielebis struqturebis amave tempebiT modernizeba.
aRniSnuli
institucionaluri
dinamika
xels
uSlis
obieqturi
da
mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebuli politikis Semqnas. es ufro metia, vidre
Teoriuli problema – ganmeorebiTma kvlevebma gviCvena, rom mTavrobebi
iReben
ufro
met
finansur
da
socialur
sargebels
maTi
sazogadoebebisTvis jandacvisa da socialur programebis dafinansebiT,
vidre
miwodebis
Semcirebasa
da
kanonis
gamoyenebis
RonisZiebebis
investirebiT. Tumca, bevr qveyanaSi, arsebuli resursebis umetesi nawili
ixarjeba
narkotikebTan
dakavSirebuli
kanonebis
gamoyenebasa
da
im
adamianebis dasjaze, romlebic moixmaren narkotikebs.24
17
dasabuTebulobis ararseboba ufro metad aRiniSneba gaerTianebuli erebis
organizaciaSi. narkotikebTan globaluri brZolis sistemis SemuSavebam,
gamoiwvia sami organos Seqmna konvenciebis Sesrulebis zedamxedvelobis
mizniT;
esenia:
(UNODC),
narkotikebTan
narkotikebTan
da
danaSaulTan
brZolis
brZolis
saerTaSoriso
gaeros
sabWo
ofisi
(INCB),
da
narkotikuli saSualebebis komisia (CND). aRniSnuli struqtura efuZneba
cnebas, rom narkotikebis winaaRmdeg gamocxadebuli saerTaSoriso brZola
pirvel
rigSi
warmoadgens
danaSaulisa
da
kriminalebis
winaaRmdeg
brZolas. ar aris gasakviri, rom arsebobs sakmaod didi daintereseba
kanonis
gamoyenebaze
fokusirebasTan
dakavSirebiT
da
rogorc
wesi,
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi maRalCinosnebi am organoebSi yvelaze kargad
icnoben aRniSnul struqturas.
axla,
rodesac
gamowvevis
Seicvala
xasiaTi
–
narkotikebTan
aRniSnulma
dakavSirebuli
organoebma
unda
politikis
daicvan
igi.
narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli globaluri politika unda Seiqmnas yvela im
dainteresebuli
mravalmxrivi
saagentoebis
saerTo
strategiebidan,
rogoricaa ra Tqma unda UNODC, aseve UNAIDS, WHO, UNDP, UNICEF, UN Women,
msoflio banki, da gaeros adamianTa uflebebis dacvis umaRlesi komisris
ofisi.
msoflio
jandacvis
organizaciis
gariyva
ra
Tqma
unda
arasasiamovno faqtia imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mas mieniWa specialuri
mandati narkotikebTan brZolis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebebis Sesabamisad. .
rekomendaciebi
1. daarRvieT tabu. mimarTeT Ria debatebsa da xeli SeuwyveT im
politikas, romelic efeqturad amcirebs moxmarebas da romelic
xels
uSlis
da
amcirebs
narkotikebis
moxmarebasa
da
narkotikebTan brZolis politikasTan dakavSirebul zinas.
politikur liderebsa da politikur maRalCinosnebs unda eyoT gambedaoba,
rom sajarod Camoayalibon Tu ras aRiarebs piradad bevri maTgani: rom
mtkicebuleba
aSkarad
axdens
imis
demonstirebas,
rom
represiuli
strategiebi ver gadaWris narkotikebTan dakavSirebul problemas da rom
narkotikebis winaaRmdeg gamocxadebuli omi ar iqneba da arc SeiZleba
iyos mogebuli. mTavrobebs namdvilad SeuZliaT misdion im politikaTa
erTobliobas,
romlebic
yvelaze
ufro
Seesabameba
maTTan
arsebul
18
situacias
da
aseve
SeuZliaT
gadaWran
narkotikebis
bazrebiTa
da
narkotikebis moxmarebiT gamowveuli problemebi im gziT, romelsac eqneba
ufro didi pozitiuri zegavlena narkotikebTan dakavSirebul danaSaulze,
aseve socialur da janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebul zianze.
2.
CaanacvleT
narkotikebis
kriminalizacia
momsaxurebebis
da
dasja
SeTavazebiT
moxmarebeli
jandacvisa
maTvis,
vinc
adamianebis
da
mkurnalobis
namdvilad
saWiroebs
amas.
narkotikebis winaaRmdeg brZolis strategiis ZiriTad ideas warmoadgenda
is, rom Tavisuflebis aRkveTis safrTxe da mkacri dasja adamianebs xels
aaRebinebda
narkotikebis
uaryofili
–
gaxorcielda
bevr
gamoyenebaze.
qveyanaSi,
narkotikebis
farTomasStabiani
sadac
sinamdvileSi,
amoqmedda
momxmarebelTa
dakaveba
da
da
Tavisuflebis
es
hipoTeza
mkacri
kanonebi
iqna
da
wvrili
movaWreebis
aRkveTa,
dafiqsirda
narkotikebis moxmarebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli danaSaulebebis ufro
maRali maCveneblebi, vidre im qveynebSi, sadac gamoyenebul iqna ufro
tolerantuli
midgomebi.
aseve,
qveynebSi,
sadac
ganxorcielda
dekriminalizacia an dakavebisa an dasjis Sesustebis sxva formebi, ar
aRniSnula narkotikebis moxmarebis an wamaldamokidebulebis maCveneblebis
zrda.
dekriminalizaciis iniciativa ar iwvevs narkotikebis moxmarebis maCveneblebis mniSvnelovan
zrdas
portugalia
2001
wels
portugalia
iyo
pirveli
evropuli
saxelmwifo,
romelmac
ganaxorciela yvela aralegaluri narkotikis gamoyenebisa da flobis
dekriminalizacia. bevri damkvirvebeli kritikulad iyo ganwyobili am
politikis
mimarT,
darwmunebulni
iyvnen
ra,
rom
es
gamoiwvevda
narkotikebis moxmarebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis zrdas.
axali samxreT uelsis universitetis doqtorma qeiTlin hium da kentis
universitetis
profesorma
aleqs
stivensma
Caatares
detaluri
kvleva
portugaliaSi dekriminalizaciis SedegebTan dakavSirebiT. maTma bolo
droindelma publikaciebma gviCvena, rom saqme ase ar iyo, warmogvidgines
ra, maTi adrindeli da katonis institutis kvlevebis daskvnebi.
19
hiusa
da
stivensis
2010
wlis
angariSis
mixedviT
aRmoCnda,
rom
decriminalizaciis Semdgomi 10 wlis manZilze portugaliaSi dafiqsirda
narkotikebis moxmarebis saerTo maCveneblis umniSvnelo zrda, magram es
sxva msgavs qveynebTan SedarebiT, sadac narkotikebis moxmareba kvlav
iTvleba kriminalad. am saerTo tendenciis farglebSi, aseve aRiniSna
heroinis moxmarebis garkveuli Semcireba, rac 2001 wels iyo portugaliis
mTavrobis ZiriTadi problema. maTi saboloo daskvna mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom sisxlis samarTlebrivi sanqciebis gauqmebam alternatiuli Terapiuli
RonisZiebebi
gamoyenebasTan
erTad
im
adamianebis
mimarT,
romlebic
ebrZvian wamaldamokidebulebas – Seamsubuqa narkotikebis Sesaxeb kanonis
gamoyenebis simZime sisxlis samarTlis samarTalwarmoebis sistemaSi da
saerTod narkotikebis gamoyenebis problemis saerTo done.
holandiisa da aSS-s qalaqebis Sedareba
reinermanisa da sxvebis mier Catarebul kvlevaSi gaxorcielda Sedareba
amsterdamis mkveTrad gansxvavebuli maregulirebeli garemoebebsa (romlis
liberaluri "marixuanis kafes" politika (de faqto dekriminalizaciis
forma) gvabrunebs ukan 1970-ian wlebSi) da san-franciskos (aSS) Soris,
sadac
marixuanis
moxmareba
iTvleba
kriminalad.
mkvlevarebs
surdaT
gaerkviaT, xels uwyobda Tu ara san-franciskos ufro metad represiuli
politikis gaxorcieleba imas, rom aRar moewiaT moqalaqeebs marixuana an
Tu Seaferxa gamoyenebis dawyeba. maT aRmoaCines, rom es ar moxda da
daaskvnes Semdegi:
"Cveni kvlevebi mxars ar uWers pretenziebs, rom kriminalizacia amcirebs
marixuanis
gamoyenebas
moxmarebas
.
.
.
da
rom
dekriminalizacia
san-franciskoSi
narkotikebis
zrdis
marixuanis
moxmarebis
maRali
maCveneblis garda, Cven aRmovaCineT bevri msgavseba am or qalaqs Soris.
Cven ver aRmovaCineT veranairi mtkicebuleba imis dasadastureblad, rom
kriminalizacia
amcirebs,
xolo
dekriminalizacia
zrdis
narkotikebis
gamoyenebis maCveneblebs".
avstralia
dasavleT
avstraliis
dekriminalizaciis
sqema
StatSi
SemoRebul
marixuanasTan
iqna
2004
wels
dakavSirebuli
da
mkvlevarebma
20
Seafases
misi
gavlena
mimarTulebebis
aRniSnul
qveynis
StatSi
danarCen
nawilSi
farTod
moqmed
gavrcelebuli
mimarTulebebTan
Sedarebis gziT. kvleva gaarTula im faqtma, rom igi mimdinareobda im
periodSi, rodesac qveyanaSi SeiniSneboda marixuanis gamoyenebis donis
saerTo
Semcireba.
Tumca,
mkvlevarebma
aRmoaCines,
rom
es
daRmavali
tendencia iyo msgavsi dasavleT avstraliaSic, sadac moxda marixuanis
gamoyenebisa
da
flobisTvis
administraciuli
sisxlis
jarimebiT,
samarTlis
Cveulebriv
sanqciebi
policiis
Canacvlda
gafrTxilebis
e.w.
"darRvevis Sesaxeb Setyobinebis" miRebiT". avtorebi aRniSnaven:
"Cvens
kvelvaSi
gamoyenebuli
gvafiqrebinebs,
gansxvavebiT,
rom
monacemebi
im
adamianebis
romlebic
kritikulad
marixuanis
mier
moxmarebis
gakeTebuli
uyurebdnen
am
Sesaxeb
prognozebisgan
sqemas,
dasavleT
avstraliaSi marixuanis moxmarebis maCvenebeli kvlavac agrZelebs klebas
marixuanasTan
dakavSirebiT
kanonis
darRvevis
Sesaxeb
Setyobinebis
gagzavnis sqemis SemoRebis miuxedavad".
Sedareba aSS-s sxvadasxva Statebs Soris
miuxedavad imisa, rom marixuanas floba aSS-s federaluri kanonmdeblobiT
ganixileba sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad, calkeuli StatebSi xdeba
narkotikebis flobasTan dakavSirebuli politikis cvlilebebi. "Beckley
Foundation"-is mier mowveuli marixuanis komisiis 2008 wlis angariSSi,
avtorebi
ganixilaven
gavrcelebis
kvlevas,
Sesadareblad
romelic
Catarda
qveynebs
Soris
im
marixuanis
romelTac
farTo
gaatares
dekriminalizacia da sadac kvlav gamoiyeneba sisxlis samarTlis sanqciebi
marixuanis flobasTan dakavSirebiT. maT daaskvnes Semdegi:
"mTlianobaSi
aRebuli
oTxive
kvleva
gviCvenebs,
rom
StatebSi,
sadac
gatarda reformebi, ar dafiqsirebula marixuanis gamoyenebis maCveneblis
mniSvnelovani
StatebSi
marixuanis
zrda
aseve
ar
mozrdilebsa
daafiqsira
gamoyenebasTan
an
mozardebs
ufro
mimarTebaSi
im
Soris.
xelsayreli
qveynebTan
kvlevebma
am
damokidebuleba
SedarebiT,
sadac
SenarCunebulia mkacri akrZalvebi, sisxlis samarTlis sanqciebTan erTad".
am
faqtebidan
gamomdinare
aSkaraa,
rom
narkotikebis
gamoyenebasTan
dakavSirebiT mkacri kriminalizaciisa da dasjis politika iyo sakmaod
ZviradRirebuli Secdoma da mTavrobebma unda miiRon zomebi, raTa maTi
21
Zalisxmevisa da resursebis xelaxali fokusireba moxdes narkotikebis
momxareblebisTvis jandacvisa da socialuri daxmarebis momsaxurebebis
SeTavazebaze. ra Tqma unda es ar niSnavs aucileblad imas, rom mTlianad
unda gauqmdes sanqciebi – narkotikebis bevri momxarebeli aseve Caidens
sxva danaSaulsac, romelzedac maT pasuxi unda agon – magram narkotikebis
flobasa da gamoyenebaze upirvelesi reagireba unda iyos Sesabamisi rCevis,
mkurnalobisa
da
jandacvis
momsaxurebis
SeTavazeba
maTTvis,
vinc
namdvilad saWiroebs amas da ara ZviradRirebuli da uaresi Sedegebis
gamomwvevi sisxlis samarTlis sanqciebis gamoyeneba.
3.
moaxdineT
mTavrobebis
marixuanis)
samarTlebrivi
dakavSirebiT
romlebic
mier
(magaliTad,
daregulirebis
ganxorcielebuli
mimarTulia
narkotikebis
im
organizebuli
modelebTan
eqsperimentebis
danaSaulis
mxardaWera,
aRmofxvrisken
da maTi moqalaqeebis janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvisken.
narkotikebis
bazris
regulirebis
alternatiul
modelebTan
dakavSirebuli debatebi Zalian xSirad izRudeboda cru diqotomiebiT –
mkacri
Tu
msubuqi,
represiuli
Tu
liberaluri.
sinamdvileSi,
yvela
CvenTagani miviltviT erTidaigive miznisken – narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli
politikisa
da
programebis
erToblioba,
rac
minimumamde
daiyvans
janmrTelobisa da socialur zians da gazrdis individualur da erovnul
usafrTxoebas. aranair Sedegamde ar migviyvans maTi ignorireba, vinc mxars
uWers dReisaTvis aralegaluri narkotikebis dabegril da daregulirebul
bazars. es aris politikis varianti, romelic unda iqnas Seswavlili iseve
mkacrad, rogorc nebismieri sxva.
Tu erovnuli mTavrobebi an adgilobrivi administraciebi Tvlian, rom
dekriminalizacis
janmrTelobasTan
politika
dazogavs
dakavSirebul
sazogadoebebisTvis,
an
rom
da
saxsrebs
socialur
regulirebadi
da
ukeTes
bazrebis
igi
moitans
Sedegebs
Seqmnam
maTi
SesaZloa
Seamciros organizebuli danaSaulebrivi organizaciebis Zalaufleba da
gaaumjobesos
maTi
moqalaqeebis
usafrTxoeba,
maSin
saerTaSoriso
sazogadoebam mxari unda dauWiros da xeli Seuwyos amgvar eqsperimentebs
da miiRos gamocdileba maTi ganxorcielebidan.
aseve,
federalurma
narkotikuli
organoebma
saSualebebis
da
gaerom
unda
klasifikacias.
gadaxedon
dReisTvis
sxvadasxva
arsebuli
22
klasifikaciebi,
romlebic
gankuTvnilia
imisTvis,
rom
warmoadginon
sxvadasxva narkotikuli saSualebebis mier gamowveuli riskebi da ziani,
Sedgenil
iqna
50
wlis
win,
rodesac
arsebobda
mwiri
mecnieruli
mtkicebulebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec miRebul iqna es gadawyvetilebebi.
aman gamoiwvia zogierTi aSkara anomalia – kerZod, marixuana da kokas
foTlebi dReisTvis rogorc sCans arasworad iqna klasificirebuli da es
saWiroebs gadaxedvas.
gansxvavebebi kontrolis doneebsa da zianis doneebs Soris
"The Lancet"-is mier 2007 wels gamoqveynebul angariSSi, mecnierebi ecadnen
moexdinaT fsiqotropuli saSualebebis klasifikacia adamianebisTvis maT
mier gamowveuli SesaZlo potenciuri zianis mixedviT. qvemoT mocemul
grafikSi mocemulia monacemebi da dapirispirebulia im mniSvnelobebiT,
romlis
mixedviTac
narkotikebi
ganxilulia
narkotikebis
kontrolis
globaluri sistemis farglebSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es aris uxeSi Sefasebebi, isini garkveviT gviCvenebs,
rom
saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebebSi
sxvadasxva
nivTierebebisTvis
mikuTvnebuli seriozulobis kategoriebi saWiroebs gadaxedvas dRevandeli
samecniero gamocdilebidan gamomdinare.
damoukidebel eqspertTa mier riskebis Seafseba
23
Zalian saSiSi
zomieri riskis Semcveli
dabali riski matarebeli
ar eqvemdebareba saerTaSoriso kontrols
rekomendaciebi
(gagrZeleba)
4. daadgineT ukeTesi sazomi erTeulebi, indikatorebi da miznebi,
progresis Sesafaseblad
narkotikebTan
dakavSirebuli
politikis
sferoSi
warmatebis
sazomi
arsebuli sistema mTlianad arakoreqtulia. narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli
umetesi
mosavlis,
strategiebis
zemoqmedeba
momxmareblebis,
dReisTvis
mwarmoeblebisa
fasdeba
da
ganadgurebuli
movaWreebis
mimarT
24
gaxorcielebuli
mixedviT.
dakavebebis,
sinamdvileSi,
konfiskaciebisa
narkotikebis
da
moxmarebelTa
sanqciebis
dakaveba
da
donis
dasja
umniSvnelod amcirebs narkotikebis moxmarebis dones; wvrili movaWreebis
ayvana
ubralod
organizebuli
qmnis
bazris
koniunqturas
dajgufebebis
farTomasStabiani
da
sxvebisTvis
winaaRmdeg
yvelaze
warmatebuli
da
gatarebuli,
operaciebic
udides
yvelaze
ki
(romelTa
dasagegmad da gansaxorcieleblad saWiroa wlebi) aRmoCnda, rom ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi axdenen narkotikebis fassa da xelmisawvdomobaze minimalur
da Zalian xanmokle zemoqmedebas. zustad aseve, opiumis, marixuanas an
kokas plantaciebis ganadgureba ubralod iwvevs aralegaluri naTesebis
sxva adgilze gadaadgilebas.
indikatorebis axali kompleqti saWiroa imisTvis, rom zustad moxdes
narkotikebTan
dakavSirebuli
politikis
Sedegebis
asaxva,
calkeuli
pirebisTvis da sazogadoebebisTvis maT mier miyenebuli zaralisa Tu
motanili
sargebelis
mixedviT
–magaliTad,
narkotikebis
bazarTan
dakavSirebuli Zaladobisa da daSinebis msxverplTa ricxvi; narkotikebis
bazris mier warmoSobili korufciis done; wamaldamokidebuli pirebis
mier Cadenili umniSvnelo danaSaulebebis done; socialuri da ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis
doneebi
im
sazogadoebebSi,
sadac
koncentrirebulia
narkotikebis warmoeba, vaWroba an moxmareba; wamaldamokidebulebis done
sazogadoebebeSi; dozis gadaWarbebiT gamowveuli sikvdilianobis done; da
aiv da C hepatitis done narkotikebis momxmareblebs Soris. politikis
Semqmnelebs SuZliaT da unda moaxdinon aRniSnuli miznebis Sedegebis
garkveviT Camoyalibeba da Sefaseba.
aqedan gamomdinare, saerTo resursebis xarjva mimarTul unda iyos im
RonisZiebebisken,
aRniSnul
romelTac
miznebze.
SeuZliaT
arsebul
pozitiuri
situaciaSi,
bevr
zegavlena
qveyanaSi
es
moaxdinon
SesaZloa
niSnavdes dafinansebis gazrdas jandacvisa da socialur programebSi da
samarTalgamoyenebis
narkotikebis
bazrebTan
aRmofxvris mizniT.
uflebas
resursebis
mimarTulebis
dakavSirebuli
ukeTesad
darRvevebisa
da
gansazRvras,
korufciis
finansuri krizisis pirobebSi, Cven veRar mivcemT Tavs
ganvaxorcieloT
mravalmilioniani
investiciebi,
romelTac
gaaCniaT garkveulwilad simboluri mniSvneloba.
25
5.
mxardaWeris
araswori
magier,
ikamaTeT
warmodgena
da
gaakritikeT
gavrcelebuli
bazrebis,
narkotikebis
narkotikebis
moxmarebisa da wamaldamokidebulebis Sesaxeb
dReisTvis, Zalian bevri politikosi mxars uWers ideas, rom yvela adamiani,
romelic
moixmars
wamaldamokidebuls"
narkotikebs
da
yvela,
vinc
warmoadgens
CarTulia
"amoralur
narkotikebis
bazrebis
saqmianobaSi aris daundobeli kriminaluri lideri. realoba gacilebiT
rTulia.
gaerTianebuli
erebis
organizacia
akeTebs
konservatul
Sefasebas, rom dReisTvis msoflioSi arsebobs aralegaluri narkotikebis
250 milioni momxmarebeli da rom milionobiT adamiani ki CarTulia maT
moyvanaSi, warmoebasa da gavrcelebaSi. Cven ubralod ar SegviZlia yvela
maTgani ganvixiloT, rogorc kriminali.
garkveulwilad, is rom politikosebs ar surT aRiaron es sirTule,
efuZneba maT mier am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli sazogadoebrivi azris
gaziarebas. Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis umetesoba namdvilad SeSfoTebulia
aralegaluri narkotikebis bazrebis an wamaldamokidebuli adamianebis
qcevis negatiuri gavleniT. es SiSi efuZneba zogierT zogad varauds
narkotikebis moxmarebeli adamianebis da narkotikebis bazrebis Sesaxeb,
rac
mTavrobam
da
daareguliron
araRiarebuli)
samoqalaqo
garkveuli
faqtebis
sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebuli
Sesaxeb
eqspertebma
(magram
informaciis
unda
mniSvnelovnad
miwodebis
saSualebiT.
magaliTad:
•
narkotikebis moxmarebelTa umetesoba ar Seesabameba "amoraluri da
saZageli
narkomanis"
stereotips.
gaeros
SefasebiT,
msoflios
masStabiT 250 milioni narkotikebis moxmareblidan 10 procentze
naklebi
SesaZlebelia
iqnas
klasificirebuli,
rogorc
wamaldamokidebuli an "problemuri narkotikebis moxmarebeli".
•
kokas, opiumis yayaCos an marixuanas aralegalur moyvanaSi CarTuli
adamianebis
cdiloben
umetesoba
moipovon
alternatiuli
investiciaa
warmoadgens
saarsebo
saarsebo
vidre
is,
wvril
saSualeba
saSualebebis
rom
mTlianad
fermerebs,
sakuTari
romlebic
ojaxebisTvis.
SesaZleblobebi
mouspoT
maT
ukeTesi
gadarCenis
erTaderTi saSualeba.
26
•
faqtorebi,
rac
zemoqmedebas
axdens
calkeuli
admianebis
gadawyvetilebaze – daiwyon narkotikebis gamoyeneba ufro metad
ukavSirdeba modas, Tanatolebis gavlenas da ekonomikur konteqsts,
vidre
narkotikis
samarTlebriv
statuss,
gamovlenis
risks
an
xelisuflebis prevenciul mesijebs.
faqtorebi,
•
romlebic
xels
uwyobs
narkotikebis
gamoyenebis
problematuri an damokidebuli Sablonebis Camoyalibebas, ufro
metad
dakavSirebulia
bavSvobisdroindel
ugulisyurobasTan,
gausaZlis
gariyulobasTan
emocionalur
da
saarsebo
travmasTan
pirobebTan,
problemebTan,
an
socialur
vidre
moralur
aramdgradobasa Tu hedonizmTan.
SeuZlebelia
•
daaSino
an
dasajo
vinme,
vinc
ar
aris
wamaldamokidebuli, magram mtkicebulebaze dafuZnebuli saTanado
mkurnalobis saSualebiT, wamaldamokidebul adamianebs SeuZliaT
Seicvalon
maTi
qceva
da
gaxdnen
sazogadoebis
aqtiuri
da
produqtiuli wevrebi.
•
narkotikebiT vaWrobaSi CarTuli adamianebis umetesoba warmoadgens
wvril
gamsaReblebs
da
ara
filmebidan
Camoyalibebuli
gangsterebis stereotips – narkotikebiT vaWrobis an gasaRebisTvis
dapatimrebuli adamianebis umetesoba warmoadgenen "patara Tevzebs"
(romlebic
gadatanas
xSirad
an
iZulebis
gayidvas),
qveS
romelTa
axorcieleben
Canacvlebac
narkotikebis
Zalian
advilia
momaragebis Sewyvetis gareSe.
ufro metad Camoyalibebuli da dabalansebuli politikuri da mediasaSualebebiT
gaxorcielebul
sazogadoebis
informirebuloba
fermerebis,
moxmareblebis,
azris
SeexoT
moxmarebis
SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba
da
gamoTqmis
Seqmnili
da
SeuZliaT
gaazrebuloba.
ojaxebisa
warmomadgenlebisTvis
narkotikebis
ganxilvebs
da
im
sxva
saSualebis
gansakuTrebiT,
sazogadoebebis
micemiT,
wamaldamokidebulebis
miTebisa
da
gazardon
araswori
romelTac
problemebi,
warmodgenebis
damsxvreva.
6. qveynebma, romlebic agrZeleben ZiriTadad samarTalgamoyenebis
midgomis dafinansebas (mtkicebulebis miuxedavad) unda moaxdinon
maTi
represiuli
RonisZiebebis
fokusireba
Zaladobriv
27
organizebul
Seamciron
danaSaulsa
aralegaluri
da
narkotikebiT
narkotikebis
movaWreebze,
bazrebTan
raTa
dakavSirebuli
ziani
samarTaldamcavi organoebis resursebi SesaZloa ufro metad efeqturad
iqnas mimarTuli organizebuli danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebis winaaRmdeg
brZolisaken, romelTa Zalauflebac gaizarda da ganmtkicda narkokitebis
bazrebidan miRebuli Semosavlebis Sedegad.
amgvari
dajgufebebis
korufciuli
mier
garigebebi
msoflios bevr qveyanaSi
gaxorcielebuli
mniSvnelovan
Zaladoba,
safrTxes
daSineba
warmoadgens
da
rogorc
calkeuli pirebis, aseve erovnuli usafrTxoebisTvis da demokratiuli
institutebisTvis
da
aqedan
gamomdinare
maTi
saqmianobis
Sewyvetisken
mimarTuli mTavrobebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis Zalisxmeva kvlav
umniSvnelovanesia.
Tumca
arsebobs
brZolaSi.
imis
arsebobs
saWiroeba,
"MacCoun"-isa
rom
da
gadavxedoT
"Reuter"-is
Cvens
mier
taqtikas
am
Camoyalibebuli
savaraudo Teoria, romlis mixedviTac miwodebis Semcirebisken mimarTuli
Zalisxmeva ufro metad efeqturia axal da ganuviTarebel bazarze, sadac
miwodebis wyaroebs akontrolebs aralegaluri organizaciebis
mcire
raodenoba. sadac arsebobs amgvari pirobebi, Sesabamisi wesiT dagegmili da
mimarTuli samarTaldamcavi organoebis operaciebs aqvT imis potenciali,
rom CaaxSon axali bazrebis warmoqnis SesaZleblobebi. amgvar situacias
dReisTvis
wavawydiT
narkotikebis
bazrebi
dasavleT
afrikaSi.
mravalferovani
da
meores
mxriv,
kargad
iq
sadac
Camoyalibebulia,
narkotikebis moxmarebis prevencia miwodebis SeCerebiT ar aris realuri
mizani.
narkotikebi dasavleT afrikaSi: reagireba narkotikebiT vaWrobisa da organzebuli danaSaulis
mzard problemaze
sul ramodenime weliwadSi dasavleT afrika gaxda kokainis tranzitisa da
xelaxali
SefuTvis
sindikatebis
mTavari
evropuli
gadmonacvlebis
Semdeg.
centri
bazrebis
laTino-amerikuli
narkotikebis
mimarTulebiT
strategiuli
sargebloben
ra
susti
mmarTvelobiT,
adgilobrivi siRaribiT, arastabilurobiTa da arakompetenturi policiisa
da samarTaldamcavi dawesebulebebis arsebobiT da narkotikebiT vaWrobis
uzarmazari
mniSvnelobis
mxardaWeriT,
kriminaluri
qselebi
moedo
28
mTavrobebs,
saxelmwifo
narkotikebiT
vaWrobiT
dawesebulebebsa
gamowveuli
da
korufcia
SeiaraRebul
da
fulis
Zalebs.
gaTeTreba
amaxinjebs adgilobrivi politikas da anadgurebs adgilobriv ekonomikas.
saSiSi
scenari
safrTxes,
rom
viTardeba,
radgan
warmoiqmnas
ufro
narkotikebiT
vaWroba
farTomasStabiani
qmnis
imis
politikuri
Tu
usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. regionaluri da erovnuli
qmedebebis
mxardasaWerad
gaxorcielebuli
Tavdapirveli
saerTaSoriso
reagirebam ver SeZlo SewinaaRmdegeboda am tendenciis. axali faqtebi
metyvelebs imaze, rom kriminaluri qselebi afarToeben Tavis saqmianobebs
da aZliereben poziciebs axali aliansebis, gansakuTrebiT ki SeiaraRebuli
dajgufebebis saSualebiT. dRevandeli reagirebebi saWiroebs masStabebis
dauyovnebel
gafarToebas
xelmZRvanelobiT
da
dasavleT
koordinirebas
afrikis
saerTaSoriso
mmarTveli
finansur
da
wreebis
teqnikur
mxardaWerasTan erTad. reagirebebi unda moicades samarTalgamoyenebasa da
samarTlebriv
midgomebs,
socialuri
ganviTarebisa
da
konfliqtebis
prevenciis strategiebTan erTad – da maTSi aseve unda CaerTon mTavrobebi
da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.
Cven aseve unda vaRiaroT, rom es aris bazris arlegaluri mxare, romelic
warmoSobs
uamrav,
bazarTan
dakavSirebul
Zaladobriv
qmedebebs
–
legalur da regulirebad sasaqonlo bazrebs maSin, roca problemebis
gareSe
ver
uzrunvelyofs
igive
SesaZleblobebs
organizebuli
danaSaulisTvis uzarmazari sargeblis miRebis, suverenuli mTavrobebis
legitimurobisTvis
problemebis
Seqmnis
da
zogierT
SemTxvevaSi
areulobebisa da terorizmis dafinansebis mizniT.
es aucileblad ar niSnavs imas, rom kanonieri bazrebis Seqmna erTaderTi
gzaa
imisTvis,
Zalaufleba.
rom
dasustdes
samarTalgamoyenebis
aralegaluri
bazrebis
marTva
narkotikebiT
movaWre
strategiebis
meSveobiT
da
daregulireba,
organizaciebis
SesaZlebelia
magaliTad
iseTi
pirobebis SeqmniT, sadac mciremasStabiani da saidumlo "partnioruli
qselis"
tipis
miwodeba
SesaZloa
viTardebodes,
magram
aRmoifxvras
farTomasStabiani operaciebi, rac moicavs zogadad sazogadoebis mimarT
Zaladobas
an
araxelsayreli
pirobebis
Semqnas.
amis
msgavsadve,
narkotikebze moTxovna am wamaldamokidebuli pirebis mxridan zogierT
29
narkotikul
saSualebaze
(mag.
heroinze)
SesaZlebelia
dakmayofildes
receptebis gamoweris programebis saSualebebiT, romlebic avtomaturad
Seamcirebs
moTxovnas
SesaZlebelia
iyos
quCis
ufro
alternativaze.
metad
efeqturi
amgvari
bazarTan
strategiebi
dakavSirebuli
danaSaulebebisa da zianis Semcirebis saqmeSi, vidre fuWi mcdelobebis
imisTvis, rom mTlianad ganadgurdes bazari.
meores
mxriv,
gamoyenebas
narkotikebis
SeuZlia
Sesaxeb
gazardos
kanonebis
narkotikebis
arasworad
bazrebTan
dagegmil
dakavSirebuli
Zaladobis, danaSaulebebisa da korufciis SemTxvevebi. samarTaldamcavi
organoebi da narkotikebiT movaWre organizaciebi SesaZloa aRmoCndnen e.w.
"SeiaraRebis
SejibrSi"
CarTulni,
sadac
samarTalgamoyenebis
udidesi
Zalisxmeva gamoiwvevs narkotikebiT movaWreTa Zalauflebisa da Zaladobis
igive
donis
zrdas.
daundobeli
da
am
scenariT,
mZlavri
Seqmnilia
aralegaluri
pirobebi,
sadac
organizaciebi
yvelaze
TandaTanobiT
viTardebian. samwuxarod, es waagavs imas, rac dReisTvis xdeba meqsikaSi da
kidev msoflios sxva bevr qveyanaSi.
samarTalgamoyeneba da Zaladobis eskalacia
britaneTis
kolumbielma
eqspertebma
mecnierebma
ganaxorcieles
danaSaulebebTan
(magaliTad,
narkotikebiT
vaWrobaze
vaWrobasTan
dakavSirebuli
da
sazogadoebrivi
narkotikebis
bazarTan
SeiaraRebuli
kontrolis
mkvlelobebi
dakavSirebul
dajgufebebi
mosapoveblad,
da
jandacvis
an
ibrZvian
narkotikebiT
Zarcva)
mimarTebaSi
gaZlierebuli samarTalgamoyenebis zemoqmedebis sistematiuri ganxilva.
aSS-s
sxvadasxva
aRmoaCines,
rom
adgilas,
narkotikebis
aseve
sidneiSi
bazrebTan
(avstralia)
dakavSirebuli
mecnierebma
dapatimrebebis
gazrdili ricxvi da gaZlierebuli samarTalgamoyeneba dakavSirebuli iyo
mkvlelobebisa
narkotikebis
da
sxva
bazarTan
Zaladobrivi
danaSaulebebis
dakavSirebul
donis
danaSaulebebTan
zrdasTan.
mimarTebaSi
gaZlierebuli samarTalgamoyenebis zemoqmedebis Sesaswavlad Catarebuli
kvlevebis
91
procentis
mixedviT
gairkva,
rom
gaZlierebuli
samarTalgamoyeneba faqtiurad zrdis narkotikebis bazarTan dakavSirebul
danaSaulebebis ricxvs. mkvlevarebma daaskvnes, rom:
30
"xelmisawvdomi samecniero mtkicebulebis mixedviT, samarTalgamoyenebis
intensiurobis gazrda narkotikebis bazrebis ganadagurebis mizniT ar
amcirebs
narkotikebTan
dakavSirebuli
danaSaulebebis
dones.
xolo
arsebuli samecniero mtkicebuleba gvaZlevs varaudis saSualebas, rom
Zaladobisa da mkvlelobebis maRali maCvenebeli savaraudod warmoadgens
narkotikebis akrZalvisa bunebriv Sedegs da rom narkotikebis gavrcelebis
qselis gandagurebisken mimarTulma ufro da ufro rTulma da kargad
dafinansebulma meTodebma SesaZloa uneblied gamoiwvios danaSaulebebisa
da Zaladobis donis mateba".
gaerTianebul samefoSic mkvlevarebma gamoikvlies narkotikebis bazrebze
samarTalgamoyenebis efeqtebi da daaskvnes:
"samarTalgamoyenebam SesaZloa mniSvnelovani negatiuri gavlena moaxdinos
narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli zianis xasiaTsa da mis farglebze (ra Tqma
unda
winaswari
usafrTxoebis
ganzraxvis
safrTxis
gareSe),
gazrdiT
sazogadebis
da
janmrTelobisa
narkotikebis
da
momxmarebeli
individebis qcevisa da aseve narkotikebis bazrebis stabilurobisa da
saqmianobis SecvliT (mag. movaWreebisa da narkotikebTan dakavSirebuli
saqmianobebis sxva adgilas gadanacvlebiT an incindentebisa da Zaladobis
faqtebis gazrdiT, radgan sxva adgilas gadasuli movaWreebi konfliqtSi
Sedian im adgilas ukve damkvidrebul movaWreebTan)".
rekomendaciebi
(gagrZeleba)
7.
mxari
dauWireT
alternatiuli
wvrili
ganaCenis
movaWreebisa
gamotanas,
da
romlebic
im
movaWreebisTvis
pirvelad
sCadian
danaSauls
maSin, roca dekriminalizacia ZiriTadad ganixileboda im adamianebTan
mimarTebaSi,
romlebic
wamaldamokidebulebas,
moixmaren
gTavazobT,
rom
narkotikebs
igive
midgoma
an
ebrZvian
unda
ganixilos
maTTan damokidebulebaSic, vinc imyofeba narkotikebis gayidvis jaWvis
qveda rgolSi. mcire odenobiT narkotikebis gayidvisTvis dapatimrebuli
admianebis umetesoba ar warmoadgens gangsters an organizebul damnaSaves.
isini arian axalgazrdebi, romelTac iyeneben quCis gayidvebs riskiani
samuSaosTvis,
an
wamaldamokidebulni,
romlebic
cdiloben
moagrovon
31
fuli
narkotikebis
piradi
gamoyenebisTvis,
an
kurierebi,
romelTac
iZulebiT an daSinebiT gadaaqvT narkotikebi sazRvarze. am adamianebs
brali edebaT igivenairad, rogorc sastik da organizebul damnaSeveebs,
romlebic akontroleben bazars da ris Sedegadac xdeba mkacri sanqciebis
qaoturi gamoyeneba.
msoflios masStabiT dapatimrebulTa umetesoba warmoadgens ara moZalade
da dabali rangis "wvril Tevzebs" narkotikebis bazarze. maTi aRmoCena da
dakaveba ufro advilia da maT ar gaaCniaT saxsrebi imisTvis, rom Tavi
daaRwion
usiamovnebebs.
amis
Sedegi
ki
gaxlavT
is,
rom
cixeebi
gadavsebulia im umniSvnelo danaSaulis Camdeni pirebiT, romlebic ixdian
xangrZliv sasjels da es ufro Zviri jdeba da Tan aranair gavlenas ar
axdens bazris masStabebsa Tu momgebianobaze.
zogierT qveyanaSi aseTi damnaSeveebi eqvemdebarebian sasikvdilo ganaCens,
rac
aSkarad
ewinaaRmdegeba
kanonmdeblobas.
imisaTvis,
adamianTa
rom
aCvenon
uflebebis
sakuTari
saerTaSoriso
Sexedulebebi
narkotikebTan brZolasTan dakavSirebiT, bevri qveyana iyenebs kanonebsa da
sadamsjelo sanqciebs, romlebic ar Seesabameba danaSaulis seriozulobas
da amas jer ar moutania aranairi sasikeTo Sedegi. mTavrobebma axla unda
ecadon
moZebnon
alternatiuli
variantebi
"wvrili
TevzebisTvis"
an
Secvalon sakuTari kanonmdebloba, raTa ufro garkveviT da Sesabamisad
moxdes gansxvavebis Camoyalibeba narkotikebis bazarze moqmed sxvadasxva
monawileebs Soris.
8.
moaxdineT
ufro
dafuZnebul
meti
resursis
prevenciaSi,
investireba
mtkicebulebaze
gansakuTrebuli
fokusirebiT
axalgazrdebze aSkaraa, rom investireba gansakuTrebiT Rirebuli iqneba
im
RonisZiebebSi,
romlebic
pirvel
rigSi
xels
Seuwyobs
imas,
rom
axalgazrdobam ar moixmaros narkotikebi da romlebic daicavs im pirebs,
romelTac eqsperimentis saxiT aqvT gamoyenebuli narkotiki, rom isini ar
gaxdnen problematuri momxmareblebi an wamaldamokidebulni. wamowyebis an
eskalaciis prevencia aSkarad ukeTesia problemebze reagirebisTvis mas
Semdeg, rac isini Tavs iCens. samwuxarod, adrindeli mcdelobebi masobrivi
prevenciuli
kampaniebis
saSualebiT
narkotikebis
moxmarebis
saerTo
maCveneblis Sesamcireblad iyo arasworad dagegmili da gaxorcielbuli.
maSin, roca Sesabamisi (da saimedo) informaciis miwodeba narkotikebis
32
moxmarebasTan
globaluri
skolebSi
dakavSirebuli
prevenciis
riksebis
gamocdileba
gaxorcielebuli
Taobaze
sakmaod
(rogoricaa
narkotikebis
Sedegiania,
media-kampaniebi
prevenciis
programebi)
an
iyo
gaurkveveli. mowodebas - "ubralod Tqvi ara" aRmoCnda, rom ar moutania
mniSvnelovani Sedegi.
iyo
ramodenime
saguldagulod
dagegmili
da
gamiznuli
prevenciuli
programa, Tumca isini mimarTuli iyo socialur unarebze da Tanatolebis
gavlenaze, romelTac pozitiuri zemoqmedeba moaxdines dawyebis asakze an
narkotikebis
moxmarebasTan
dakavSirebul
zianze.
samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisa da sazogadoebrivi jgufebis energias, kreatiulobasa da
kompetenturobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba aseTi programebis
dagegmvasa da gaxorcielebaSi. axalgazrdebs naklebad sjeraT saxelmwifo
organoebis mxridan wamosuli prevenciuli mowodebebis.
prevenciis
warmatebul
modelebi
mimarTuli
iyo
garkveuli
risk-
jgufebisken – kriminaluri dajgufebebis wevrebi, mzrunvelobamoklebuli
da Znelad aRsazrdeli bavSvebi – Sereuli saganmanaTleblo programebiT
da socialuri daxmarebebiT, rac xels uwyobda imas, rom maTi umetesoba
ar
Camoyalibebuliyo
wamaldamokidebulad.
narkotikebis
sakmarisi
regularul
masStabebiT
momxmareblad
gaxorcielebisas,
an
aRniSnul
programebs SuZliaT Seamciron im axalgazrdebis saerTo ricxvi, romlebic
xdebian wamaldamokidebulni an erTvebian narkotikebiT wvril vaWrobaSi.
9.
SesTavazeT
wamaldamokidebulebasTan
dakavSirebuli
mkurnalobisa da mzrunvelobis farTo asortimentisa da advilad
xelmisawvdomi variantebi, Canacvlebisa da heroinis saSualebiT
ganxorcielebuli
mkurnalobis
CaTvliT,
gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis miqceviT maTze, vinc imyofeba maRali riskis qveS, maT
Soris
cixeebsa
da
sasjelaRsrulebis
sxva
dawesebulebebSi
myofi adamianebi.
yvela
sazogadoebaSi
da
kulturaSi,
garkveul
pirebs
uyalibdebaT
narkotikebis moxmarebis problemuri an damokidebuli qcevis modelebi, am
sazogadoebaSi
privilegirebuli
mdgomareobisa
an
maTi
iuridiuli
statusis miuxedavad.
33
wamaldamokidebuleba
SesaZlebelia
iyos
potencialis
tragikuli
danakargi am sferoSi CarTuli adamianisTvis, magram igi aseve zarals
ayenebs maT ojaxebs, maT da mTlian sazogadoebas.
aqedan
gamomdinare
warmoadgens
wamaldamokidebulebis
mTavrobis
umTavres
prevencia
da
pasuxismgeblobas
mkurnaloba
–
da
faseul
investicias, radgan efeqtur mkurnalobas SeuZlia moaxdinos mniSvnelovani
danazogebis
gakeTeba
danaSaulis
Semcirebisa
da
janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis da socialuri aqtiurobis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT.
mkurnalobis
warmatebuli
modelebis
umetesoba
–
CanacvlebiTi
mkurnalobisa da fsiqo-socialuri meTodebis erTianobis gamoyenebiT –
gaxorcielda
da
mimarTulebebiT.
gamocdilia
Tumca,
rigi
bevr
socio-ekonomikuri
qveyanaSi,
amgvari
da
kulturuli
mkurnalobebis
xelmisawvdomoba SezRudulia mxolod erT modelamde, rac sakmarisia
imisTvis, rom daakmayofilos moTxovnis mxolod umniSvnelo wili an igi
Seusabamodaa mimarTuli da ver axerxebs resursebis fokusirebas yvelaze
metad wamaldamokidebul adamianebze. amitom, erovnulma mTavrobebma unda
SeimuSaon
yovlismomcveli
mtkicebulebaze
da
strategiuli
dafuZnebuli
gegmebi,
raTa
wamaldamokidebulebis
gazardon
mkurnalobis
momsaxurebebis arCevani.
amavdroulad, unda gamoiricxos mkurnalobis saxeliT gaxorcielebuli
arkeTilsindisieri praqtika, rogoricaa iZulebiTi dakaveba, iZulebiTi
Sroma da fizikuri Tu fsiqologiuri zewola, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba
adamianTa
uflebebisTvis
eqvemdebarebian
sastik,
gansazRvrul
arahumanur
da
normebs,
rodesac
degradirebul
adamianebi
mkurnalobas
an
erTmevaT TviTgamorkvevis ufleba. mTavrobebma unda uzrunvelyon, rom
wamaldamokidebulebis
mkurnalobis
maTi
saSualebebi
iyos
mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebuli da Seesabamebodes adamianTa saerTaSoriso
uflebebis standartebsa da normebs.
10.
gaeros
narkotikebTan
sistemam
unda
dakavSirebuli
Seasrulos
globaluri
wamyvani
politikis
roli
reformis
gatarebaSi, rac niSnavs mtkicebulebebze dafuZnebuli efeqturi
midgomebis
xelSewyobas,
qveynebis
mxardaWeras
narkotikebTan
dakavSirebuli im strategiebis SemuSavebaSi, rac Seesabameba maT
garemos
da
akmayofilebs
maT
moTxovnebs
da
aseve
unda
34
uzrunvelyos kavSiri gaeros sxvadasxva saagentoebs, politikebsa
da konvenciebs Soris.
maSin, roca mTavrobebs gaaCniaT Tavisufleba arCevanSi, rom Tavi daanebon
represiul politikas, gaeros narkotikebTan brZolis sistema agrZelebs
farTomasStabian moqmedebas, rogorc xelis SemSleli faqtori, zRudavs
ra politikis Sesabamis gadaxedvasa da modernizacias. gasul saukuneSi,
swored
aSS
represiuli
mTavroba
edga
politikis
saTaveSi
SemuSavebisa
da
narkotikebTan
gatarebis
dakavSirebuli
mowodebas.
aqedan
gamomdinare, Cven mivesalmebiT im cvlilebas, romlis iniciativac wamovida
amJamindeli administraciisgan – TviTon prezident obamasgan, romelic
aRiarebs
"narkotikebisTvis
gamocxadebuli
omis"
usargeblobas
da
alternativebis ganxilvis dasabuTebulobas. amasTan, aucilebeli iqneba
aSS-sTvis,
rom
misdios
am
axal
ritorikas
realuri
reformiT,
narkotikebis moxmarebelTa Tavisuflebis aRkveTisa da dasjis faqtebis
SemcirebiT da misi mniSvnelovani diplomatiuri gavlenis gamoyenebiT,
raTa stimuli misces am reformis sxva qveynebSi gamoyenebas.
gaeros
narkotikebTan
brZolis
samsaxurebi
aqtiurad
uWerdnen
mxars
tradiciul politikasa da strategiebs. am strategiebis Cavardnis fonze
aucilebelia reformebis gatareba. narkomaniasa da danaSaulebTan brZolis
gaeros samsaxurma (UNODC) aRiara, rom saWiroa sistemis dabalanseba da
modernizeba,
magram
aqve
arsebobs
sakmaod
mZlavri
institucionaluri
winaaRmdegoba am ideebis mimarT.
qveynebi elian gaeros mxridan mxardaWerasa da wamyvani rolis Sesrulebas.
gaeros SeuZlia da unda uzrunvelyos aucilebeli xelmZRvaneloba imaSi,
rom
erovnulma
movuwodeT
mTavrobebma
gaeros
SeZlon
generalur
aRmasrulebel
direqtors
iuri
narkotikebTan
dakavSirebul,
arsebuli
mdivans
pan
fedotovs
zustad
Cixidan
gi
muns
miiRon
dabalansebul
gamosvla.
da
"UNODC"-s
garkveuli
da
Cven
zomebi
Tanmimdevrul
globalur strategiasTan mimarTebaSi, romelic daabalansebs narkotikebis
miwodebis
aRmofxvrasTan
moTxovnas,
jandacvis
da
organizebul
momsaxurebebis,
danaSaulTan
socialuri
brZolis
daxmarebebisa
da
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis aucileblobiT, raTa zemoqmedeba
gaxorcieldes calkeul individebsa da sazogadoebebze.
35
arsebobs rigi saSualebebi am miznis misaRwevad. dasawyisisTvis, gaerom
unda Seqmnas farTomasStabiani komisia axali midgomis Camosayalibeblad;
gaeros
saagentoebma
unda
Seqmnan
axali
da
mZlavri
struqturebi
politikis koordinirebis mizniT; da "UNODC"-ma xeli unda Seuwyos ufro
metad mravalmniSvnelovani programis koordinacias gaeros saagentoebTan
erTad, rogoricaa: WHO, UNAIDS, UNDP an gaeros adamianTa uflebebis
dacvis umaRlesi komisris ofisi.
11.
daiwyeT
moqmedeba
dauyovnebliv:
narkotikebis
winaaRmdeg
gamocxadebuli omi wagebulia da axla strategiebi da politika
moiTxovs cvlilebebs.
msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi SeiniSneba inerciis niSnebi narkotikebTan
dakavSirebul politikaze dawyebul debatebSi, radgan politikosebs esmiT,
rom amJamidelma politikam da strategiebma ar gaamarTla, magram ar ician
ra
moimoqmedon
amis
sanacvlod.
arsebobs
cduneba
amis
Tavidan
asacileblad. es aris politikaze pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acileba –
yovelwliurad
milionobiT
Cven
vagrZelebT
dolari
ixarjeba
adamianebi
xvdebian
itanjeba
wamaldamokidebulebiT,
jandacvisa
da
cixeSi
socialuri
sul
erTidaimave
araefeqtur
midgomis
programebze,
tyuilubralod,
romelTac
daxmarebis
gaxorcielebas,
milionobiT
milionobiT
maTgani
SeuZliaT
miiRon
ar
momsaxurebebi
da
asobiT
aTasi
adamiani iRupeba gadaWarbebuli dozis miRebiT da narkotikebis miRebiT
gamowveuli daavadebebiT, romlis Tavidan acilebac SesaZlebelia.
arsebobs
sxva
problemebis
midgomebic,
gadaWra.
romelTa
narkotikebTan
meSveobiTac
dakavSirebuli
SesaZlebelia
politikis
am
sworad
gaxorcieleba ar warmoadgens Teoriuli Tu inteleqtualuri debatebis
Temas – igi aris Cveni drois erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi politika.
sekretariati
bernardo sori
ilona Jabo de karvalo
migel darsi de oliveira
mrCevlebi
36
doqt. aleqs vodaki , narkotikebis Sesaxeb avstraliuri kanonmdeblobis
reformis fondi
www.adlrf.org.au
iTan nadelmani , narkotikebis politikis aliansi
www.drugpolicy.org
martin ielsma , transnacionaluri instituti
www.tni.org/drugs
maik
Treisi ,
narkotikebTan
dakavSirebuli
politikis
saerTaSoriso
konsorciumi
www.idpc.net
mxardaWera
Centro Edelstein de Pesquisas Sociais
Instituto Fernando Henrique Cardoso
fondi Ria sazogadoeba
ser
riCard
bransoni,
"Virgin Group"-is
damaarsebeli
da
xelmZRvaneli
(mxardaWera xorcieldeba "Virgin Unite"-is saSualebiT )
damxmare dokumentebi
(xelmisawvdomis veb-gverdze: www.globalcommissionondrugs.org)
moTxovnis Semcireba da zianis Sesusteba
doqt. aleqs vodaki
narkotikebTan
dakavSirebuli
politika,
sisxlis
samarTlis
samarTalwarmoeba da masobrivi dapatimreba
braian stivensoni
mowodebis
politikisa
da
praqtikis
Sefaseba:
aRmofxvra
da
alternatiuli ganviTareba
devid mansfildi
37
narkotikebis
saerTaSoriso
kontrolis
ganviTareba:
miRebuli
gamocdileba da samomavlo strategiuli gamowvevebi
martin ielsma
narkotikebTan
dakavSirebuli
politika:
miRebuli
gamocdileba
da samomavlo variantebi
maik treisi
narkotikebiT
vaWroba:
kriminalebis
politikuri
TvalsazrisiT
ganxilva da politikosebis kriminalizacia
moises naimi
damatebiTi informaciisTvis ixileT Semdegi veb-gverdebi:
www.unodc.org
www.idpc.net
www.drugpolicy.org
www.talkingdrugs.org
www.tni.org/drugs
www.ihra.net
www.countthecosts.org
www.intercambios.org.ar
www.cupihd.org
www.wola.org/program/drug_policy
www.beckleyfoundation.org
www.comunidadesegura.org
38
narkotikebTan brZolis politikis globaluri komisia
narkotikebTan
informaciiT
adamianebisa
brZolis
politikis
gajerebuli,
da
mecnierul
sazogadoebisTvis
globaluri
komisiis
mtkicebulebebze
narkotikebiT
mizania
dafuZnebuli,
miyenebuli
zaralis
humanuri da efeqturi gziT Semcirebis Sesaxeb diskusiis saerTaSoriso
doneze gamotana.
miznebi
•
ganixileT
ZiriTadi
varaudebi,
"narkotikebisTvis
gamocxadebuli
omis" midgomis efeqturoba da misi Sedegebi
•
SeafaseT narkotikebis problemaze sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis mier
gaxorcielebuli reagirebis riskebi da upiratesobani
•
SeimuSaveT
rekomendaciebi
dasabuTebuli,
konstruqciuli,
mtkicebulebebze
kanonieri
da
dafuZnebuli
politikasTan
dakavSirebuli reformisTvis.
www.globalcommissionondrugs.org
39