Baskı önizleme - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
Transkript
Baskı önizleme - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
Hakemli. Makale 1(2/ø%(5$/ø=09(<$ù$0%2<8(öø7ø0 *(5d(öø*ø=/(<(1%h<h/h6g=/(5 1HROLEHUDOLVPDQG/LIH/RQJ(GXFDWLRQ ,QFDQWDWLRQ+LGLQJWKH5HDOLW\ ù(UKDQ%D÷FÕ* Öz <DüDPER\XHùLWLPKD\DW×QKHUDQ×QGDYHDODQ×QGD\DüYHPHNkQV×Q×UODU×QDEDùO×NDOPDNV×]×Q RNXOLoLQGHYHG×ü×QGDJHUoHNOHüHQWPHùLWLPHWNLQOLNOHULQHJ|QGHUPH\DSDQELUNDYUDPG×U (ùLWLPWRSOXPVDOKD\DWWDNLK×]O×GHùLüLPLQ\DUDWW×ù×VRUXQODUDELUo|]PRODUDNJ|UOGùQGHQ \DüDPER\XHùLWLPJQFHOHùLWLPWDUW×üPDODU×QGDV×NoDNDUü×ODü×ODQELUNDYUDPROPXüWXUdQN RNXOVLVWHPOHULEXK×]O×GHùLüLPLQ\HQLLKWL\DoODU×QD\DQ×WYHUHPHPHNWHGLU2NXOHùLWLPLVDGHFH \DüDP×Q LON G|QHPOHULQGH YDUG×U YH GRùDO RODUDN \HWLüNLQOLNWHNL VRUXQODU NDSVDP G×ü×QGD NDOPDNWDG×U <DüDP ER\X HùLWLP ELUH\H KD\DW×QGDNL K×]O× GHùLüLPLQ \DUDWW×ù× VRUXQODUOD EDü HWPHVLLoLQHùLWVHOo|]POHUOHVUHNOLELULOLüNL|QHUPHNWHGLU $QFDN\DüDPER\XHùLWLPNDYUDP×QD\NOHQHQQHROLEHUDODQODPODUJHUoHNG×ü×ELUUHWRULùHQHGHQ ROPDNWDYHEXGDNDYUDP×QWDü×G×ù×SRWDQVL\HOOHULGDUDOWPDNWDG×UdQNQHROLEHUDO\DNODü×PODU NDYUDP× SL\DVDQ×Q LKWL\DoODU× ]HULQGHQ WDULI HWPHNWHGLU 3L\DVD LKWL\DoODU× \DüDP×Q WP \|QOHULQLDo×NODPDNWDQX]DNW×U+DWWDUHWRULNYHJHUoHNOLNDUDV×QGDNLDo×\×NDSDWPDNLoLQ\DüDP ER\X HùLWLP PRGHUQ WRSOXPODU×Q EWQ VRUXQODU×QD \|QHOLN ELU o|]P RODUDN VXQXOPDNWDG×U 6RQXoRODUDNWRSOXPVDOKD\DWWDNLK×]O×GHùLüLPLQLQ\DUDWW×ù×VRUXQODUDGD\DQDQJHUoHNHùLWLP LKWL\DoODU×Q×NDUü×OD\DELOHFHNJHUoHNoLELU\DüDPER\XHùLWLP\DNODü×P×QHROLEHUDOV|\OHPLQ E\OV|]OHULQLQDUNDV×QGDNDOPDNWDG×U Anahtar Sözcükler:1HROLEHUDOL]P\DüDPER\XHùLWLP Abstract /LIHORQJ HGXFDWLRQ LV D FRQFHSW ZKLFK UHIHUV WR WUDLQLQJOHDUQLQJ DFWLYLWLHV ERWK ZLWKLQ DQG RXWRIVFKRROLQHYHU\PRPHQWDQGDOOIDFHVRIOLIHZLWKRXWERXQGLQJWRWKHOLPLWVRIDJHDQG ORFDWLRQ $QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL(ùLWLP%LOLPOHUL(QVWLWV'RNWRUDgùUHQFLVL HUKDQEDJFL#JPDLOFRP (ùLWLP%LOLP7RSOXP'HUJLVL&LOW8 6D\×30 %DKDU 2010 Sayfa: (GXFDWLRQ6FLHQFH6RFLHW\-RXUQDO9ROXPH8 ,VVXH30 6SULQJ 2010 3DJH 53 1HROLEHUDOL]PYH<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP*HUoHùL*L]OH\HQ%\O6|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ÀQHVWKHFRQFHSW XSRQWKHQHHGVRIWKHPDUNHWV0DUNHWQHHGVDUHQRWDEOHWRH[SODLQDOOWKHDVSHFWVRIOLIH(OVH LQRUGHUWRFORVHWKHJDSEHWZHHQWKHUKHWRULFDQGWKHUHDOLW\OLIHORQJHGXFDWLRQLVVHUYHGDVD VROXWLRQWRHYHU\SUREOHPRIPRGHUQVRFLHWLHV$VDUHVXOWUHDOHGXFDWLRQDOQHHGVGHSHQGLQJRQ WKHUDSLGFKDQJHLQVRFLDOOLIHWKDWFRXOGEHPHWE\DUHDOLVWLFOLIHORQJHGXFDWLRQDSSURDFKDUH FRYHUHGE\WKHLQFDQWDWLRQRIWKHQHROLEHUDOGLVFRXUVH Keywords:1HROLEHUDOLVPOLIHORQJHGXFDWLRQ 54 *LULü <DüDP ER\X HùLWLP JQFHO HùLWLP WDUW×üPDODU×QGD V×NoD NDUü×ODü×ODQ ELU NDYUDPG×U (Q EDVLW DQODP×\OD RNXO VLVWHPL LoLQGH JHUoHNOHüHQ HùLWLP ELoLPOHULQLNDSVDPDNODELUOLNWHEXQODU×Q|WHVLQGHRNXOVLVWHPLLoLQEHOLUOHQPLü \Dü YH PHNkQ V×Q×UODPDODU×QD EDùO× NDOPDNV×]×Q \DüDP×Q KHU DQ×QGD YH DODQ×QGDRUWD\Do×NDQHùLWLPHWNLQOLNOHULQLDQODWDQELUNDYUDPRODUDN\DüDP ER\XHùLWLPLOHLOJLOLÀNLUOHUX\JDUO×NWDULKLNDGDUHVNLGLU7DULKWHEXJQGHQ \×O |QFHVLQH NDGDU JHUL JLGLOGLùLQGH \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP GüQFHVLQLQ L]OHULQHUDVWODPDNPPNQGU%\NGYHQFLV.DYUDP×Q HùLWLP ELOLPOHUL OLWHUDWUQH JLULüL LVH ;; \\ EDüODU×QD UDVWODU 'HZH\ /LQGHPDQYH<HD[OHJLELHùLWLPGüQUOHULQLQJQON\DüDP×QVUHNOLELU SDUoDV×RODUDNHùLWLPH\DNODüPDODU×LOHHùLWLPYH|ùUHQPHQLQ\Dü]DPDQYH PHNkQLOHV×Q×UO×WXWXODPD\DFDù×GüQFHVLNXUDPVDOWHPHOOHULQHNDYXüPD\D EDüODP×üW×U $\KDQ <LQH GH \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP ÀNULQLQ EXJQN KDOL\OHSRSOHUOHüPHVLQLQ\DNODü×N\LUPL\×OO×NELUJHoPLüLYDUG×Ug]HOOLNOH VRQ RQ \×OGD HNRQRPLN VRV\DO NOWUHO YH VL\DVDO DODQGD XOXVODUDUDV× RUJDQL]DV\RQODU×QEHOLUOH\LFLKDOHJHOPHVL\OHELUOLNWH\DüDPER\XHùLWLPÀNUL NUHVHO ELU KkNLPL\HW NXUPXü QHUHGH\VH VRUXQODU×Q o|]PQGH VLKLUOL ELU IRUPORODUDNJ|UOPH\HEDüODQP×üW×U 'Q\DoRNK×]O×YHoRN\|QOELUGHùLüLPLoLQGHGLU'HùLüLPLQ\|QYHQLWHOLùL ]HULQH IDUNO× EDN×ü Do×ODU×QGDQ IDUNO× \RUXPODU \DS×O×\RU ROVD ELOH KHUNHVLQ NDEXOHWWLùLüH\GHùLüLPLQVUHNOLOLùLYHDUWDQK×]×G×U<DüDPER\XHùLWLPK×]O× GHùLüLPLQLQVDQKD\DW×QGDRUWD\Do×NDUG×ù×\HQLLKWL\DoODU×QJLGHULOPHVLLoLQELU o|]PQRNWDV×RODUDNJ|UOHQHùLWLPLOHLOJLOLWDUW×üPDODUGDV×NoDNDUü×ODü×ODQ ELUNDYUDPROPXüWXU0LVHU·HJ|UH\DüDPER\XHùLWLPoWHPHONDEXOH û(UKDQ%DùF× GD\DQ×U%LULQFLVLHùLWLPLQRNXOGDQLEDUHWROPDPDV×LNLQFLVLLQVDQODU×QRNXO HùLWLPLQGHQVRQUDGDHùLWLPI×UVDWODU×QDVDKLSROPDV×JHUHNWLùLoQFVLVH EXQODU×Q KDON HùLWLPL\OH VDùODQDELOHFHùLGLU dQN RNXO VLVWHPL WHN EDü×QD HùLWLP LKWL\DoODU×Q× NDUü×ODPDNWDQ X]DNW×U dRFXNOXN YH JHQoOLN G|QHPLQGH \HU DODQ RNXO HùLWLPL RNXO VRQUDV× NDUü×ODü×ODQ JHUoHN \DüDP SUREOHPOHULQL o|]PHNWH\HWHUOLROPDPDNWDG×U2KDOGH\HWLüNLQOHULQGHVRUXQODU×Q×Qo|]P LoLQRNXOVRQUDV×HùLWLPI×UVDWODU×QDJHUHNVLQLPLYDUG×U 6RUXQ \HWLüNLQOHULQ GH HùLWLP I×UVDWODU×QGDQ \DUDUODQDELOPHVL ROGXùXQGDQ \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP NDYUDP× LON EDN×üWD VDGHFH \HWLüNLQ HùLWLPL GLVLSOLQLQLQ V×Q×UODU×QGDJLELJ|]NPHNWHGLU*HQHORODUDN\DüDPER\XHùLWLPX\JXODPDODU× RODUDNDQ×ODQHùLWLPSUDWLNOHULQLQKHPHQKHSVLQLQ\HWLüNLQHùLWLPLHWNLQOLNOHUL ROPDV×Q×Q QHGHQL GH \HWLüNLQ HùLWLPL YH \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP NDYUDPODU× DUDV×QGDNL D\U×P oL]JLOHULQLQ EHOLUVL]OLùLQGHQ ND\QDNODQPDNWDG×U 2\VDNL \DüDPER\XHùLWLPWDUW×üPDODU×Q×QJHOGLùLDüDPDGDJ|UOPHNWHGLUNLNDYUDP HùLWLP VLVWHPOHULQLQ WP G]H\OHULQGH ELU \HQLGHQ \DS×ODQPD\× NDSVD\DQ ´EHüLNWHQPH]DUDNDGDUµELoLPLQGH|]HWOHQHQGDKDJHQLüELULoHULùHVDKLSWLU YH EX NDYUDP \HWLüNLQ HùLWLPL X\JXODPDODU×Q×Q \D\J×QODüW×U×OPDV×Q× YH JHOLüWLULOPHVLQL NDSVDPDNOD ELUOLNWH EXQD LQGLUJHQHPH] 6D\×ODQ·D J|UH\DüDPER\XHùLWLPNDYUDP×WHPHOHùLWLP\HWLüNLQHùLWLPLYH|ùUHQPH RUWDPODU×Q×Q \D\J×QODüW×U×OPDV× ROPDN ]HUH WRS\HNQ HùLWLP HWNLQOLNOHULQL DQODWPDNWDG×U<DüDP ER\X HùLWLPLQ DV×O YXUJXVX |ùUHQPH oDEDV×Q×Q \DüDP ER\X VUGù ROGXùXQD J|UH NDYUDP×Q EWQ HùLWLP VUHoOHULQLQ WRSODP×Q× LIDGH HWPHVL NDo×Q×OPD]G×U$QFDN \LQH GH WDUW×üPD NRQXVX RODQ DV×O DODQ×Q \HWLüNLQ HùLWLPL SUDWLNOHUL ROGXùX GD J|] DUG× HGLOPHPHOLGLU 'HQLOHELOLU NL \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP NDYUDP× HùLWLP VLVWHPOHULQLQ EWQQQ K×]OD GHùLüHQGQ\DGD|QHPLDUWDQ\HWLüNLQHùLWLPLQLQLKWL\DoODU×QDJ|UH\HQLGHQ \DS×ODQG×U×OPDV×JHUHNWLùLQLQDOW×Q×oL]PHNWHGLU g]HWLIDGH\OH\DüDPER\XHùLWLPÀNULoRFXNODU×QJHQoOHULQYH\HWLüNLQOHULQ \DüDPODU×ER\XQFDLKWL\DoGX\GXNODU×HùLWLPRODQDNODU×QGDQID\GDODQDELOPHOHUL ]HULQHNXUXOXGXUYHWDULKVHOVUHoLoLQGHoRFXNODUODJHQoOHULQHùLWLPOHULLOH \HWLüNLQOHULQHùLWLPLDUDV×QGDNLNDO×QODüW×U×OP×üoL]JLOHULQRUWDGDQNDOG×U×OPDV× GüQFHVLQLGHLoLQGHEDU×QG×UDQ|QHPOLELUNDYUDPG×U <DüDP%R\X(ùLWLPH)DUNO×<DNODü×PODU *QFHO HùLWLP WDUW×üPDODU×QGD |QHPOL ELU \HU WXWDQ \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP NDYUDP×NRQXVXQGDoRNIDUNO×\DNODü×PODUYDUG×U<HWLüNLQ(ùLWLPL7HULPOHUL 6|]Où·QGH´KD\DWER\XQFDHùLWLPµEDüO×ù×DOW×QGDHOHDO×QDQNDYUDPü|\OH Do×NODQPDNWDG×U 55 1HROLEHUDOL]PYH<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP*HUoHùL*L]OH\HQ%\O6|]OHU ´«+D\DWNHQGLEDü×QDVUHNOLELU|ùUHQLPVUHFLGLUDQFDNKHULQVDQ×Q WHNQLN YH WRSOXPVDO GHùLüLPH D\DN X\GXUDELOPHN NHQGL oHYUHVLQH LOLüNLQ HYOHQPHDQDEDEDROPDLüGXUXPX\DüO×O×NYEüDUWODUDOW×QGDPH\GDQD JHOHQ GHùLüLNOLNOHU NDUü×V×QGD KD]×UO×NO× RODELOPHN YH ELUH\VHO JHOLüLPL EDN×P×QGDQ WP JL]LO JFQ KDUHNHWH JHoLUHELOPHN DPDF×\OD VUHNOL PDNVDWO×YHDUG×ü×NELU|ùUHQLPJ|UPHVLLoLQ|]JOI×UVDWODUDLKWL\DF×YDUG×U +D\DWER\XQFD HùLWLP ELUH\LQ KHP PDNVDWO× KHP GH UDVJHOH |ùUHQPH \DüDQW×ODU×Q×NDSVDU«µ870. .DYUDPLOHLOJLOLWPIDUNO×\DNODü×PODUGD\XNDU×GDNLWDQ×PGDYXUJX\DS×ODQ |]HOOLNOHU YDUG×U %XQODUGDQ LONL |ùUHQPHQLQ EHOOL ELU \Dü G|QHPL\OH V×Q×UO× ROPDG×ù× GRùXPGDQ |OPH NDGDU JHoHQ VUH LoLQGH YH VUHNOL RODUDN YDU ROGXùXGXU úNLQFL WHPHO |]HOOLN oRN K×]O× YH VUHNOL GHùLüLPOHULQ PH\GDQD JHOGLùL ELU KD\DW DN×ü×QGD ELUH\OHULQ GHùLüLPH D\DN X\GXUDELOPHOHULQLQ ]RUOXùXYHGHùLüLPLQ\DUDWW×ù×]RUOXNODUODEDüDo×NDELOPHNLoLQ|UJQHùLWLP VLVWHPLQLQ \HWHUOL ROPDG×ù×G×U hoQFV GH ELUH\OHULQ HùLWLP I×UVDWODU×QGDQ KD\DWODU× ER\XQFD \DUDUODQDELOPHOHULQLQ RQODU×Q NLüLVHO JHOLüLPOHULQH NDWN× VDùODG×ù×G×U 56 <DüDPER\XHùLWLPNDYUDP×Q×WDQ×POD\DQEXo|]HOOLùLQ|WHVLQGHNDYUDPD IDUNO×EDN×üDo×ODU×QGDQIDUNO×DQODPODU\NOHQPHNWHGLU.DYUDPODLOJLOLIDUNO× EDN×üDo×ODU×Q×LNLNDWHJRULGHWRSODPDNPPNQGU%LULQFLVLNDYUDP×Qo|]P UHWPHNDSDVLWHVLLNLQFLVLLVHNDYUDP×QLoHULùLQH\NOHQHQDQODPG×U <DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP+DQJL6RUXQODU×d|]HELOLU <DüDP ER\X HùLWLP LOH LOJLOL \DNODü×P IDUNO×O×NODU× NDYUDP×Q o|]P UHWPH NDSDVLWHVLQH EDN×üWD RUWD\D o×NPDNWDG×U %XUDGD LON HùLOLP \DüDP ER\X HùLWLPLQ QHUHGH\VH LQVDQO×ù×Q \DüDG×ù× EWQ VRUXQODU LoLQ JHQLü ELU o|]P UHWPH NDSDVLWHVL ROGXùXQX LGGLD HGHU úNLQFL HùLOLP LVH HOHüWLUHOGLU \DüDP ER\XHùLWLPLQNLPL\HQLRODQDNODUVDùOD\DELOHFHùLQHGHùLQLUNHQGLùHU\DQGD GDV×Q×UO×O×NODU×Q×J|UUSUDWLNNDUü×O×ù×QGDNLKDWDODUDLüDUHWHGHU $ù×UO×NOD$%2(&'YH'%JLELXOXVODUDUDV×RUJDQL]DV\RQODU×QPHWLQOHULQGH EHOLUJLQOHüHQELULQFL\DNODü×PHQWHPHOLQGHHùLWLPLOHLOJLOLEWQWDUW×üPDODU× HNRQRPLN JHOLüPH KHGHÁHULQH EDùOD\DQ HùLWLP \ROX\OD GD HNRQRPLN YH WRSOXPVDODODQGD\DüDQDQEWQVRUXQODU×Qo|]OHELOHFHùLQLYH\DüDPER\X HùLWLPLQ HNRQRPLN VRV\DO NOWUHO EWQ VRUXQODU×Q o|]PQGH JHoHUOL ROGXùXQXV|\OH\HQELUQLWHOLùHVDKLSWLU %X EDN×ü Do×V×QGDQ NUHVHOOHüPH JLEL HNRQRPLN YH WRSOXPVDO GHùLüLPOHULQ oRN K×]O× \DüDQG×ù× ELU G|QHPGH ELOJL WHPHOOL WRSOXP ELUH\OHUH oRN oHüLWOL û(UKDQ%DùF× I×UVDWODU VXQGXùX JLEL oRN oHüLWOL ULVNOHUL GH EHUDEHULQGH JHWLUPHNWHGLU %LUH\OHULQ WRSOXPD DNWLI RODUDN NDW×OPDODU× YH ULVNOHUGHQ X]DNODüDUDN I×UVDWODUGDQ\DUDUODQDELOPHOHULLoLQELOJLYH\HWHQHNOHULQLVUHNOLJHOLüWLUPHOHUL JHUHNPHNWHGLU+×]O×GHùLüLPWRSOXPGDNLHüLWVL]OLNOHULQGHULQOHüPHVLWHKGLGLQL GHLoLQGHWDü×PDNWDG×U+DNLPV|\OHPHJ|UHHüLWVL]OLNOHULQWRKXPODU×\DüDP×Q HUNHQ G|QHPOHULQGH HùLWLPH NDW×OPDGD \DüDQDQ IDUNO×O×NODUOD DW×OPDNWDG×U (XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ $\Q×EDN×üDo×V×QDJ|UHNUHVHOOHüPHYHWHNQRORMLNGHùLüLPOHULQDUWDQHWNLOHUL LüLQYHHPHNSL\DVDV×Q×QGHùLüHQGRùDV×YHJLGHUHN\DüODQDQWRSOXPXQLüYH KD\DW\HWHQHNOHULQLVUHNOLJHOLüWLUPHLKWL\DF×QHGHQL\OH\DüDPER\X|ùUHQPH |QHPOLGLU $\U×FD JHQLü NDSVDPO× \DS×VDO GHùLüLPOHU ELOJL YH EHFHULOHUH VDKLSRODQODUODROPD\DQODUDUDV×QGDNLNXWXSODüPD\×DUW×UPDNWDYHEXGXUXP GHPRNUDVL\LWHKGLWHWPHNWHGLU2(&' 'Q\D %DQNDV× UDSRUODU×QGD LVH \DüDP ER\X |ùUHQPH oRN GDKD JHQLü ELU PLV\RQD VDKLSWLU gUJWQ \×O×QGD \D\×PODG×ù× ¶.UHVHO %LOJL (NRQRPLVLQGH <DüDP %R\X gùUHQPH· EDüO×NO× UDSRUXQGD \DüDP ER\X |ùUHQPHQLQ|QHPLü|\OHDQODW×OPDNWDG×U ´«<DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHLüoLOHULQNUHVHOHNRQRPLGHUHNDEHWHGHELOPHOHUL LoLQ \DüDPVDOG×U (ùLWLP \RNVXOOXùX D]DOWPD\D \DUG×PF× ROXU HùHU JHOLüPHNWHRODQONHOHU\DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHRODQDNODU×Q×JHOLüWLUPH]OHUVH HQGVWULOHüPLü ONHOHUOH DUDODU×QGDNL EHFHUL YH WHNQRORML Do×ù× JLGHUHN E\U úQVDQODU×Q WRSOXOXNODU×Q×Q ELUHU \HVL JLEL LüOHYOHQPH \HWHQHNOHUL JHOLüWLULOHUHNHùLWLPYH\HWLüWLUPHLOHD\Q×]DPDQGDVRV\DOVHUPD\HGDKD JHQLüLIDGH\OHVRV\DOX\XP\DGDVRV\DOEDùODUGH\NVHOWLOLUE|\OHOLNOH LQVDQVHUPD\HVL\DUDW×ODUDNHNRQRPLNE\PHLOHUOHWLOLUYHJHOLüPHWHüYLN HGLOLU 6RV\DO VHUPD\H D\Q× ]DPDQGD HùLWLP YH VDùO×N UQOHULQL oRFXN VDùO×ù×Q× WRSOXPVDO FLQVL\HW YH ×UN HüLWOLùLQL JHOLüWLULU VLYLO |]JUONOHUL LOHUOHWLU \XUWWDüODU DUDV× HNRQRPLN HüLWOLN VDùODU VXoX D]DOW×U YHUJL NDoDNODU×Q×HQJHOOHU3XWQDP%X\]GHQVDGHFHLQVDQVHUPD\HVLQL JHOLüWLUGLùL LoLQ GHùLO D\Q× ]DPDQGD VRV\DO VHUPD\H\L JHOLüWLUGLùL LoLQ GH HùLWLPJHOLüPHQLQWHPHOLQGHJ|UOPHOLGLU«µ:RUOG%DQN <XNDU×GDNL PHWLQOHUGH JHoHQ LIDGHOHUH EDN×OG×ù×QGD \DüDP ER\X |ùUHQPH NDYUDP×Q×QQHUHGH\VHNXWVDOELUo|]PRODUDNVXQXOGXùXQXV|\OHPHNDEDUW×O× ROPD\DFDNW×U%XNXUXPODULoLQ\DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHJQP]GQ\DV×QGD NDUü×ODü×ODQEWQVRUXQODU×Qo|]PDQDKWDU×G×U 57 1HROLEHUDOL]PYH<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP*HUoHùL*L]OH\HQ%\O6|]OHU %X \DNODü×PGD WHPHO NDYUDPODU ELOJL WHPHOOL HNRQRPL YH UHNDEHW JFGU <DüDPER\X|ùUHQPH\LNXWVD\DQEXOLEHUDOUHWRULùLQDOW×QGD\DWDQYDUVD\×P üLUNHWOHULQ ELOJL WHPHOOL NUHVHO HNRQRPL LoLQGH UHNDEHW HGHELOPHOHUL LoLQ HùLWLPOLLüJFQHLKWL\DoODU×ROGXùXGXU5HNDEHWJHUoHNOHüWLùLQGHLVH\HQLLü DODQODU×Do×ODFDNW×UhFUHWOHUDUWDFDNYHKHUNHVLQ\DüDPVWDQGDUG×\NVHOHFHNWLU %X\]GHQNUHVHOSL\DVDGDUHNDEHWHGHELOLUPDOYHKL]PHWUHWPHNJHUHNOLGLU %XQXQ\ROXGDLüoLOHULQEHFHULOHULQLJHOLüWLUPHNLoLQHùLWLPHGDKDoRN\DW×U×P \DS×OPDV× YH \DüDP ER\X |ùUHQPH LPNkQODU×Q×Q JHOLüWLULOPHVLGLU %LUH\OHU üLUNHWOHUONHOHUYHXOXVODUDUDV×ELUOLNOHULoLQK×]ODGHùLüHQNUHVHOHNRQRPLGH EDüDU×Q×Q DQDKWDU× LQVDQ VHUPD\HVLQH \DW×U×PG×U %XQXQ HQ L\L LIDGHVL LVH \DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHSROLWLNDODU×Q×QJHOLüWLULOPHVLGLU 58 %X\DNODü×P×QNDUü×V×QGD\HUDODQLNLQFL\DNODü×PLVH\DüDPER\XHùLWLPLQ o|]P UHWPH NDSDVLWHVLQH HOHüWLUHO \DNODüPDNWDG×U &UXLNVKDQN·D J|UHEXJQNELoLPL\OH\DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHX\JXODPDODU×YHULOLWRSOXPVDO G]HQLQ JoOHQGLULOPHVLQH YH HüLWVL]OLNOHULQ VUPHVLQH \DUDPDNWDG×U <DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHQLQoRNJHQLüELUoHüLWOLOLùHVDKLSRODQLOJLDODQ×\HQL HNRQRPL LoLQGH JHUHNOL EHFHULOHULQ JHOLüWLULOPHVLQH RGDNODQP×üW×U (VNLGHQ WRSOXP NDON×QPDV× YH VRV\DO DGDOHW KHGHÀ\OH \UWOHQ RNXO VRQUDV× HùLWLP HWNLQOLNOHUL \HQL HNRQRPLQLQ JHOLüPHVL\OH XOXVODUDUDV× UHNDEHWH HWNLQ NDW×ODELOPHNLoLQoDO×üDQODU×QEHFHULOHULQLQJHOLüPHVLQHLQGLUJHQPLüWLU 7HNV|\OHQHQüH\ELOJLWHPHOOLHNRQRPLGHHQ|QHPOLLüoLOHULQ¶ELOJLOLLüoLOHU· ROGXùXGXU <D]DUD J|UH EX V|\OHP ELOH NHQGL LoLQGH oHOLüNLOLGLU YH HùLWLP PLWL WDUW×ü×OPDO×G×U E úüLQ oDS× YH GRùDV×QGD KHUKDQJL ELU GHùLüLP GDKD GRùUXVX JHQLüOHPH ROPDGDQ VDGHFH PHVOHNL JHOLüLP LoLQ HùLWLP RODQDNODU×Q× DUW×UPDN UHIDK \DUDWPD] 'DKD ID]OD HùLWLP \HQL LüOHU UHWPH] VDGHFHHùLWLPDODQODU×QDODPD\DQODU×Q\HULQHJHoPHVLQLVDùODU<D]DUDJ|UH LQVDQ VHUPD\HVL NXUDP× ELUH\OHULQ HùLWLP YH \HWLüWLUPH \ROX\OD NHQGLOHULQH \DW×U×P\DSPDV×\ODJHOLUOHULQLDUW×UDFDNODU×YHKNPHWOHULQGHEX\DW×U×PODU× HNRQRPLN E\PH \ROXQGD NXOODQDFDù×Q× LOHUL VUHU %X DQOD\×ü RNXOODU× HNRQRPLN VDYDü×Q |Q FHSKHVLQH VUPüWU $\Q× PDNDOHVLQGH \D]DU \DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHUHWRULùLLOHLü\HULQGHNLKD\DWDUDV×QGDNLJHQLüDo×\DGD GLNNDWoHNHU5HWRULNNUHVHOUHNDEHWWHQV|]HGHUNHQLüoLOHULü\HULQGHD\DNWD NDODELOPH\LNRQXüPDNWDG×U5HWRULNELOJLWHPHOOLLüWHQYHEHFHULHùLWLPLQGHQ EDKVHGHUNHQ LüoLOHU \DüDP ER\X |ùUHQPHQLQ ¶VU\ JWPH·QLQ EDVLW ELU \ROXROGXùXQXV|\OHPHNWHGLU(OHüWLULOHULQLQVRQXQGD\D]DUo|]P|QHULVLQL oDO×üPDKD\DW×QGDELUUHIRUP\DSPDNYH\DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHQLQLOJLDODQ×Q× PHVOHNL EHFHULOHULQ JHOLüWLULOPHVLQLQ |WHVLQH JHQLüOHWPHN RODUDN IRUPOH HWPHNWHGLU û(UKDQ%DùF× *HUoHNWHQ GH \HQL NUHVHO HùLOLPOHU EWQ G]H\OHUL\OH HùLWLPL PHVOHNL HùLWLPH LQGLUJHU QLWHOLNWHGLU 'XPDQ·D J|UH $YUXSD YH .X]H\ $PHULND PHUNH]OL \HQL HùLWLP \DNODü×PODU× HùLWLPLQ DQODP×Q× |QFHOLNOH JHQoOHULQYHGDKDVRQUDGDWP\XUWWDüODU×QLVWLGDPHGLOHELOPHVL\DGDRQODUD LüJF SL\DVDV×QD JLUHELOPHOHUL LoLQ JHUHNOL EHFHULOHULQ ND]DQG×U×OPDV×QD Hü WXWPDNWDG×U <D]DUD J|UH ´\HQL PHVOHNLOHüPHµ QHZ YRFDWLRQDOLVP RODUDN WDQ×PODQDELOHFHNEXHùLOLP\DüDPER\XHùLWLPLGHùHUVL]OHüWLUPHNWHGLU 3L\DVD LoLQ HùLWLP ÀNULQLQ SUDWLN Dù×UO×N ND]DQPDV×\OD HùLWLP GL]JHVLQGH WDULKVHORODUDNNXUXOPXü|]JUOHüPHYHX\XPVDùODPDGHQJHVLQGHHùLWLPOH ELUH\OHULQWRSOXPVDOUROOHULQHU×]DJ|VWHUPHOHULQLVDùOD\DQNHIHK×]ODDüDù×\D oHNPHNWHGLU6D\×ODQ·DJ|UHPRGHUQOLùLQNOWUHOVL\DVDOYHWRSOXPVDO G]H\GH o|]OPH\H EDüODPDV×Q×Q PRGHUQOHüPHQLQ PHUNH]LQGH \HU DODQ HùLWLPDODQ×QGD\×N×F×HWNLOHULROPXüWXU%XJHOLüPHQLQDUNDV×QGDNLHQJoO GLQDPLNLVHQHROLEHUDOSROLWLNDODUG×U6HUEHVWSL\DVDQ×QPXWODNKkNLPL\HWLYH NoN JoO GHYOHW DQOD\×ü× ]HULQH NXUXOX QHROLEHUDO GQ\DGD VHUPD\HQLQ UDKDWV×] HGLOPHGHQ GRODüDELOPHVL LoLQ NDPX KL]PHWOHULQLQ GDUDOW×OPDV× VRQXFXPRGHUQVL\DVDODODQ×QNDPX\DUDU×\DNODü×P×\×SUDQP×üW×U*HOLüPLü ONHOHUGHNL PRGHUQOLN o|]OUNHQ JHOLüPHNWH RODQ ONHOHUGH GH GHYOHW HOL\OH PRGHUQOHüPH SROLWLNDODU× UDID NDOG×U×OP×üW×U 6DQD\L WRSOXPODU×QGD VDYDü VRQUDV× K×]O× E\PHQLQ GH VRQD HUPHVL\OH LOHUOHPHQLQ YH WRSOXPVDO G|QüPQRODQDNV×]O×ù×ÀNULKkNLPROPXüWXU7PEXJHOLüPHOHUWRSOXPVDO GHùLüPHLoLQNDPXHOL\OHHùLWLPLGGLDV×Q×RUWDGDQNDOG×U×UNHQWRSOXPVDO\DUDU× SL\DVDPHUNH]LQGH\HQLGHQWDQ×POD\DQOLEHUDOGüQFHOHUUDNLSVL]NDOP×üW×U 3L\DVDLVHHùLWLPVRUXQODU×Q×GRùDV×JHUHùLGDKDID]ODNkULoLQHOHDOPDNWDG×U YH ELU WDUDIWDQ NDPX HùLWLPLQLQ GDUDOW×OPDV× YH WLFDULOHüWLULOPLü HùLWLPLQ JHOLüWLULOPHVL\OH NHQGLVLQH \HQL NkU DODQODU× Do×OPDV×Q× GLùHU WDUDIWDQ GD HùLWLPLQ NHQGLVL LoLQ JHUHNOL PHVOHN HOHPDQODU× \HWLüWLUPH\H RGDNODQPDV×Q× WDOHSHWPHNWHGLU $YUXSD%LUOLùL·QLQHùLWLPKHGHÁHULQLEHOLUOH\HQ´(ùLWLP6LVWHPOHULQLQ6RPXW *HOHFHN+HGHÁHULµ(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQUDSRUXQGDELUOLùLQ/L]ERQ 6WUDWHMLVL·QGHEHOLUOHQPLüRODQ(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ¶GDKDoRNYHL\L LüYHGDKDJHQLüVRV\DOX\XPODVUGUOHELOLUELUHNRQRPLNE\PH\HWHQHùLQH VDKLSRODQGQ\DQ×QHQUHNDEHWoLYHGLQDPLNELOJLWHPHOOLHNRQRPLVLKDOLQH JHOPH·KHGHÀQLJHUoHNOHüWLUPHNLoLQHùLWLPH\NOHQHQDQODP×QJHQLüOHWLOPHVL JHUHNWLùLQH YXUJX \DS×OPDNWDG×U 5DSRU EXQXQ \ROXQXQ ELUH\LQ WRSOXPXQ YH HNRQRPLQLQ JHOLüPHVLQGHQ JHoWLùLQL EHOLUWLUNHQ EX J|UHYL GH IRUPHO YH LQIRUPHO HùLWLP ELoLPOHUL DUDV×QGDNL JHOHQHNVHO HQJHOOHUL DüDQ ELU \DüDP ER\X|ùUHQPHVWUDWHMLVLQHYHUPHNWHGLU(ùLWLPYHHNRQRPLDUDV×QGDNXUXODQ 59 1HROLEHUDOL]PYH<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP*HUoHùL*L]OH\HQ%\O6|]OHU EX LQGLUJHPHFL LOLüNL \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP ÀNULQLQ GH PHVOHNL HùLWLPOH Hü WXWXOPDV×QDYHNDYUDP×QHùLWLPVLVWHPOHULLoLQJHOLüWLULFLRODELOHFHNSRWDQVL\HO LoHULùLQGHQDU×QG×U×OPDV×QDQHGHQROPDNWDG×U +HUVRUXQLoLQo|]P\ROXRODUDNJ|VWHULOHQ\DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHGüQFHVL YHX\JXODPDODU×Q×QVRQXoODU×Q×QNHQGLLoLQGHELOHLOHULVUGùLGGLDODUGDQ X]DN NDOPDV× +DNH ELU WDUDID HùLWLP DODQ×QGDNL HQ |]JO VRUXQODU RODUDN ×UN HWQLN N|NHQ YH WRSOXPVDO FLQVL\HW VRUXQODU×QGD GD KHUKDQJL ELU o|]PUHWHPHGLùLoHüLWOL\D]DUODUWDUDI×QGDQEHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU6PLWK 7DQ 60 *|UOGù JLEL \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP GüQFHVLQLQ o|]P UHWPH NDSDVLWHVL LOHLOJLOLIDUNO×\DNODü×PODU×QDOW×QGDDVO×QGDVRUXQODU×QQHROGXùXQDYHQDV×O o|]OHELOHFHùLQH GDLU \DS×ODQ IDUNO× EHOLUOHPHOHU \DWPDNWDG×U %LU WDUDIWD \DüDPER\XHùLWLPLVDGHFHHNRQRPLNJHOLüPHQLQELUHQVWUPDQ×RODUDNJ|UHQ YH WRSOXPVDO JHOLüPH\L GH SL\DVDQ×Q UHNDEHWoL GHQJHOHULQLQ VDùOD\DFDù× YDUVD\×P×]HULQHNXUXOXKDNLPOLEHUDODQOD\×üEXOXQXUNHQGLùHUWDUDIWD\DüDP ER\XHùLWLPLQDPDoODU×SL\DVDQ×QLKWL\DoODU×QDLQGLUJHQPLüYHULOLELoLPL\OH LGGLD HGLOGLùL JLEL LüVL]OLùH HüLWVL]OLùH DGDOHWVL]OLùH o|]P ROPD\DFDù×Q× V|\OH\HQHOHüWLUHOEDN×üODU\HUDOPDNWDG×U <DüDP%R\X(ùLWLPLQúoHULùL <DüDPEDü×QGDQVRQXQDNDGDUD\Q×]DPDQGDELU|ùUHQPHVUHFLGLUúoLQGH YDU ROGXùX WDULKVHO YH WRSOXPVDO NRüXOODU LoLQGH LQVDQ KD\DW×Q×Q \|QQ |ùUHQPHOHULQEHOLUOHGLùLQLV|\OHPHN\DQO×üROPD](ùHULQVDQODUNHQGLOHULQL oHYUHOH\HQNRüXOODU×QVXQGXùXV×Q×UODULoLQGHNHQGLWHUFLKOHUL\OHYDUROX\RUVD WHUFLKOHULQLQDOW×QGD\DWDQWHPHOGLQDPLùLQGHJHoPLü|ùUHQPHOHULROGXùXQX V|\OHPHNPPNQGUúQVDQ×QG×üGQ\D]HULQGHJHUoHNOHüWLUGLùLH\OHPOHUL \RUXPODPDV×\ODJHUoHNOHüHQELULoVHOOHüWLUPHVUHFLRODUDN|ùUHQPHVDGHFH oRFXNODUDYHJHQoOHUH|]JROPDG×ù×JLELVDGHFHRNXOGDGDKD\DWEXOPD] 1LWHNLPPRGHUQRNXOHùLWLPLÀNULWDULKVDKQHVLQGH\HULQLDOG×ù×G|QHPGHQ EX\DQDoRNoHüLWOL\|QOHUGHQHOHüWLULOHUHWDELWXWXOPXüWXU2NXO|ùUHQFLOHULQL JHOHFHN KD\DWODU×QGD NDUü×ODüPDODU× PXKWHPHO VRUXQODUD KD]×UOD\DQ EX QHGHQOH GH |QFHGHQ KD]×UODQP×ü ELOJLOHULQ NXUXPVDO ELU LOHWLüLP DUDF×O×ù×\OD DNWDU×OG×ù× ELU WRSOXPVDOODüPD VLVWHPLGLU *QO·\H J|UH NLWOHVHO RNXO HùLWLPL WDULKVHO JHOLüLPL LWLEDU×\OD PRGHUQL]PLQ ELU UQGU YH PRGHUQ GHYOHW VLVWHPLQLQ PHUNH]LQGH \HU DO×U 0RGHUQ GHYOHW D\G×QODQP×ü \XUWWDüODUD LKWL\Do GX\GXùXQGDQ YH VDQD\L UHWLPL HQ D]×QGDQ RNXU \D]DU ELULüoLNLWOHVLJHUHNWLUGLùLQGHQ\\·GDEXLKWL\DF×JLGHUPHN]HUHXOXVDO û(UKDQ%DùF× NDPXVDOHùLWLPVLVWHPOHULNXUXOPXüWXU'DKD|QFHGHQV×Q×UO×ELOJLYHEHFHUL JHUHNWLUHQ WDU×PVDO UHWLP VUHoOHUL LoLQGH \HWHUOL RODQ DLOH LoL HùLWLP \HULQL NDSLWDOL]PLQ YH PRGHUQ NDSLWDOLVW GHYOHWLQ GRùXüX\OD NDUPDü×NODüDQ UHWLP VUHFLYHVL\DVDONDW×OPDKDNODU×Q×QJHOLüPHVL\OHPHUNH]LVWDQGDUWNDPXVDO NLWOHVHOYHSDUDV×]\XUWWDüO×NHùLWLPLQHE×UDNP×üW×U.DSLWDOL]PLQJHOLüPHVL\OH oHüLWOHQHQ PHVOHNL LKWL\DoODU HùLWLPLQ GH oHüLWOHQPHVLQH PHVOHNL HùLWLP YH \NVHN|ùUHWLPLQ \D\J×QODüPDV×QD QHGHQ ROPXüWXU .LWOHVHO HùLWLP PRGHUQL]PLQ YH D\G×QODQPDQ×Q RUWD\D o×NDUG×ù× NDSLWDOL]PLQ JHOLüLPL\OH \DüDG×ù×GHùLüLPOHUHJ|UHLoHULNOHQHQYHEXWDULKVHOJHOLüLPLoLQGHJHUoHNOHüHQ V×Q×IoDW×üPDODU×Q×QROXüWXUGXùXGHQJHLoLQGHüHNLOOHQHQELUVH\LUL]OHPLüWLU $YUXSD·Q×Q D\G×QODQPD VHUYHQL LOH ELUOLNWH LIDGH HGLOHFHN ROXUVD HùLWLP +×ULVWL\DQ D\G×QODQPDV× \XUWWDü D\G×QODQPDV× KDONXOXV D\G×QODQPDV× LüoLOHULQD\G×QODQPDV×YHNLüLVHOD\G×QODQPDWHPHOLQGHELUWDULKVHOG|QüP JHoLUPLüWLU.RUVJDDUG·GDQDNWDUDQ*QO $\G×QODQPDQ×QUQRODUDNNLWOHVHORNXOHùLWLPLRUWD\Do×NW×ù×G|QHPGLNNDWH DO×QG×ù×QGD|]JUOHüWLULFL|]HUNOHüWLULFLELULüOHYJ|UVHGHKDNLPLGHRORMLQLQYH NOWUQ oRFXNODUD DNWDU×OG×ù× YH LWDDW HWPHQLQ |ùUHWLOGLùL NXUXPODU ROGXùX üHNOLQGHUDGLNDOHOHüWLULOHUOHNDUü×ODüP×üW×U*RGZLQ,OOLFK)HUUHUJLEL\D]DUODU RNXOGDVUGUOHQHùLWLPHWNLQOLNOHULQGHWRSOXPGDYDURODQRWRULWHELoLPOHULQLQ oRFXNODUD|ùUHWLOGLùLQLEXQODUDLWLUD]HWPHPHQLQHPSR]HHGLOGLùLQLHQEDVLW J|UQHQSURJUDP\|QWHPYHWHNQLNWHELOHoRFXùDRWRULWH\HER\XQHùPHQLQ YH WRSOXPGD YDURODQ KL\HUDUüLQLQ NXUDOODU×Q×Q DQODW×OG×ù×Q× V|\OH\HUHN RNXO ÀNULQH IDUNO× G]H\OHUGH NDUü× o×NP×üODUG×U 6SULQJ 2NXOD \|QHOLN UDGLNDOHOHüWLULOHUJQP]HNDGDUDUWDUDNVUPüHOHüWLULOHULQED]×ODU×RNXOX RUWDGDQ NDOG×UPD\× |QHULUNHQ ED]×ODU× GD |]JUOHüWLULFL HùLWLP RODQDNODU×\OD LOJLOHQPLüOHUGLU 2NXOD\|QHOLNGLVLSOLQHUELUHOHüWLULGH\HWLüNLQHùLWLPLDODQ×QGDQJHOPHNWHGLU /RZH·D J|UH V HùLWLP VLVWHPOHULQLQ DNVDG×ù× EHü QRNWDGDQ EDKVHWPHN PPNQGU %LULQFLVL HùLWLP VLVWHPOHULQLQ NXOODQG×NODU× DUDoODU DPDoODU×QD X\JXQ GHùLOGLU 2NXOGD |ùUHQFL\H KD\DW× ER\XQFD \HWHFHùL GüQOHQELOJLYHEHFHULOHUYHULOPH\HoDO×ü×O×UúNLQFLVLELOJLVUHNOLRODUDN oRùDO×UYHoRFXNODUNLWOHLOHWLüLPDUDoODU×\ODRNXOGD|ùUHQGLNOHULQGHQoRNGDKD ID]ODELOJL|ùUHQHELOPHNWHGLUOHUDQFDNHùLWLPVLVWHPOHULoRFXNODUDEXQODUGDQ QDV×OID\GDODQDFDNODU×Q×|ùUHWPHNWHQX]DNW×UhoQFVRNXOODUGDKDNLPRODQ EDüDU×VDSODQW×V×VDùO×NO×ROPD\DQELU\DU×üPD\×WHüYLNHWPHNWHGLU'|UGQFV DPDoODU×VDSWD\DQ|ùUHQPHoHYUHVLQLEHOLUOH\HQWHPSR\XD\DUOD\DQGDLPDHQ L\LVLQLELOGLNOHULYDUVD\×ODQUHVPL\HWNLOLOHUYH|ùUHWPHQOHUGLU%HüLQFLRODUDN 61 1HROLEHUDOL]PYH<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP*HUoHùL*L]OH\HQ%\O6|]OHU GD HùLWLP VLVWHPOHUL |ùUHQPHQLQ VDGHFH NXUXPODU LoLQGH ROPDG×ù×Q× HYGH \DüDQ×ODQWRSOXPGDR\XQV×UDV×QGDGDVUGùQJ|UPH]GHQJHOPHNWHGLU %WQ HOHüWLULOHULQ YDUG×ù× QRNWDGD RNXO KD\DW×Q KHU DODQ×QGD YH \DüDP×Q EDü×QGDQ VRQXQD NDGDU YDU RODQ oRN oHüLWOL |ùUHQPH RODQDNODU×Q×Q ELUH\LQ LKWL\DoODU× GRùUXOWXVXQGD NXOODQ×OPDV×Q× VDùODPDNWDQ X]DNW×U gùUHQPH KD\DW×Q KHU DODQ×QGDG×U YH VUHNOLGLU DQFDN RNXO EX ]HQJLQOLùLQ JHUHNOHULQL \HULQHJHWLUHPHPHNWHGLU<HD[OHHGDKD\×O×QGDü|\OHV|\O\RUGX ´«'RùUX\UWOHQ\HWLüNLQHùLWLPLJQONKD\DWWD\HPHN\HPHNWHQYH KDUHNHWHWPHNWHQD\U×ODPD]«FDQO×JoOYH\DUDW×F×ELUKD\DWGHQH\LPOHU ]HULQH VUHNOL GüQPH\L JHUHNWLULU %|\OHFH H\OHP DNO×Q UHKEHUOLùLQGH JHUoHNOHüLUYHNHQGLQLLIDGHHWPHQLQELU\ROXROXUµ<HD[OHH·GHQDNWDUDQ 6PLWK0. 62 %XQRNWDGD\×OODU×DUDV×QGD81(6&2·QXQ\DüDPER\XHùLWLPLOH LOJLOL oDO×üPDODU×QD LP]D DWDQ (WWRUH *HOSL·QLQ NDYUDPD JHWLUPH\H oDO×üW×ù× Do×O×PODUD EDNPDNWD \DUDU YDUG×U *HOSL \×O×QGD \D\×PODG×ù× ´<DüDP %R\X(ùLWLPh]HULQH%D]×'üQFHOHUµDGO×oDO×üPDV×QGD\DS×VDOELUEDN×ü Do×V× JHOLüWLUPHN LoLQ \DüDP ER\X HùLWLPL VHNL] NDWHJRUL GDKLOLQGH J|UPHN JHUHNWLùLQL V|\OHPHNWHGLU 2NXO |QFHVL HùLWLP GH GDKLO ROPDN ]HUH RNXO YH RNXO VRQUDV× HùLWLP VLVWHPOHUL NLWOH LOHWLüLP DUDoODU× Lü\HUL WRSOXPVDO KDUHNHWOHU DLOH RUJDQL]H ROPDP×ü JUXSODU LoLQGHNL EDù×PV×] H\OHPOHU ERü ]DPDQ YH ELUH\<DüDP ER\X HùLWLPL JHOLüWLUPHQLQ EX VHNL] IDUNO× NDWHJRUL LoLQGHNL HùLWLPVHO GHQH\LPOHULQ JHUoHNOHüPHVLQH RODQDN WDQ×PDN DQODP×QD JHOGLùLQL V|\OH\HQ \D]DU EXQXQ VDGHFH XOXVDO HùLWLP EDNDQO×NODU×Q×Q \D GD GLùHU EDNDQO×NODU×Q IDDOL\HW DODQ×QGD EXOXQPDG×ù×Q× HNOHPHNWHGLU <D]DU LQVDQ KD\DW×QGDNL EWQ |ùUHQPHOHULQ SODQODQDPD\DFDù×Q× YXUJXODUNHQ \DüDP ER\X HùLWLPLQ EWQ WRSOXPVDO \DS×ODU×Q HùLWLP \DS×ODU×\OD JHUoHNoL EDùODUNXUPDV×Q×VDùODPDNOD\DQLHùLWLPVHODPDoODU×GDURNXOSURJUDPODU×Q×Q |WHVLQHWDü×PDNODJHUoHNOHüHELOHFHùLQLEHOLUWPHNWHGLU*HOSL *HOSL·QLQGüQFHVLQLQEXJQQQHROLEHUDOGQ\DV×QGDPHUNH]NDYUDPODUGDQ ELULRODQ´|ùUHQPHWRSOXPXµNDYUDP×\ODWDü×G×ù×SDUDOHOOLNGLNNDWHGHùHUGLU $QFDN SL\DVDGDNL UHNDEHWL JHUoHNOHüWLUPHQLQ ELU NRüXOX RODUDN VXQXODQ |ùUHQPH WRSOXPX LOH NDPXVDO \DUDU LoLQ oRN \|QO |ùUHQPH RODQDNODU×Q×Q ELULQFLODPDF×|ùUHQPHROPD\DQWRSOXPVDO\DS×ODUDGRùUXJHQLüOHWLOPHVLÀNUL DUDV×QGD EHOLUJLQ ELU oL]JLQLQ ROGXùXQX GD WHVOLP HWPHN JHUHNOLGLU %XUDGD D\U×PQRNWDV×|ùUHQPHQLQQHLüH\DUD\DFDù×LOHLOJLOLGLU*HOSLHVHULQLYHUGLùL G|QHPLQ ELU |]HOOLùL RODUDN \DüDP ER\X HùLWLPL JHOLüPHNWH RODQ ONHOHUGH û(UKDQ%DùF× V|PUJHFLOLN VRQUDV× G|QHPGH YDUO×ù×Q× VUGUHQ JHUL NOWUHO \DS×ODU×Q×Q o|]OPHVLQH\DUD\DQYHEXONHOHULQNDON×QPDODU×LoLQWPJoOHULQLKDUHNHWH JHoLUHELOPHOHULQH LPNkQ WDQ×\DQ PRGHUQ ELU HùLWLP VWUDWHMLVL RODUDN HOH DOPDNWDG×U <DüDP ER\X HùLWLPLQ LoHULùL\OH LOJLOL \XNDU×GDNL E|OPOHUGH GH LSXoODU× YHULOHQ IDUNO× ÀNLUOHU \DNODü×P IDUNO×O×NODU×Q×Q V×Q×ÁDQG×U×OPDV×QGD LNLQFL G]H\LROXüWXUPDNWDG×U'RùDOG×UNL\DüDPER\XHùLWLPLQLoHULùLQLQQHROGXùX KDNN×QGDEHOLUWLOHQÀNLURQXQQDV×O\UWOHFHùLQLGHEHOLUOHPHNWHGLU 'LùHUEWQHùLWLPÀNLUOHULYHX\JXODPDODU×JLEL\DüDPER\XHùLWLPGHSROLWLN ELU LoHULùH VDKLSWLU WRSOXPGD VUHNOL PFDGHOH KDOLQGH RODQ GHùHUOHUGHQ EDù×PV×]HOHDO×QDPD].XüNXVX]\DüDPER\XHùLWLPSROLWLNDODU×PHYFXWJo LOLüNLOHULQLQ üHNLOOHQGLUGLùL WRSOXPVDO \DS×ODU×Q ROXüWXUGXùX WDULKVHO GHQJH LoLQGHJHUoHNOHüPHNWHGLU3ROLWLNDODU×EHOLUOHPHNRQXPXQGDRODQODU×QWHUFLKOHUL EX GHQJH LoLQGH ROXüWXùXQGDQ \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP SROLWLNDODU×Q×Q LoHULùL YH ELoLPL LOH LOJLOL WDUW×üPD GD ELU oHüLW LNWLGDU PFDGHOHVLQH VDKQH ROPDNWDG×U <DüDP ER\X HùLWLP GHPRNUDWLN NDW×O×P× WHüYLN HGHELOLU YH JoOHQGLUHELOLU \D GD EDVN× PDQLSODV\RQ YH NRQWURO LoLQ GH NXOODQ×ODELOLU *HOSL·GHQ DNWDUDQ &UXLNVKDQN *HOSL·QLQ GHùLQGLùL GHPRNUDWLN WHUFLKLQ KD\DWD JHoLULOPHVLQGH\HWLüNLQHùLWLPLQLQNDW×O×PF×Q×QNHQGLGHQH\LPOHULQHGD\DQDQ YHLoLQGHEXOXQGXùXGXUXPXG|QüWUPHNLoLQKDUHNHWHJHoPHVLQLKHGHÁH\HQ \DNODü×P×\ROJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU $\KDQ·D J|UH \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP YH |ùUHQHQ WRSOXP ÀNLUOHULQLQ LQVDQO×ù×QELUH\VHOYHWRSOXPVDODQODPGDPXWOXELUJHOHFHNKD\DOHWPHVLQH KL]PHW HGHU ELU QLWHOLùH NDYXüWXUXOPDV× RODV×G×U $QFDN EXQXQ LoLQ EX NDYUDPODU×Q |QFHOLNOH GHQHWLPVL] NUHVHO HNRQRPLQLQ oHOLüNLOHULQLQ YH EX oHOLüNLOHULQ \DUDWW×ù× G×üODQPDQ×Q VWHVLQGHQ JHOHFHN DUDoODU \DUDWPD\D DUDF×O×NHWPHVLJHUHNPHNWHGLU<D]DU\DüDPER\XHùLWLPÀNULQLQEXDUDF×O×N J|UHYLQL\HULQHJHWLUHELOPHVLLoLQLVHLQVDQLGHùHUOHULJHOLüWLUHFHNELUWRSOXPVDO YHNOWUHO\DüDPLoLQHùLWLPYHHNRQRPLDUDV×QGDNLLOLüNLQLQVRUJXODQPDV× ELUH\LDNWLIELUG|QüWUF|]QHRODUDNNDEXOHGHQ|ùUHQPH\DNODü×PODU×Q×Q GHYUH\H VRNXOPDV× YH EXQODU× \DSDUNHQ GH WHNQRORMLGHQ \DUDUODQ×OPDV× JHUHNWLùLQLEHOLUWPHNWHGLU <DüDP ER\X |ùUHQPH NDYUDP×Q×Q QHROLEHUDO LoHULùLQL HOHüWLUHO ELU DQDOL]H WDELWXWDQoDO×üPDODU×QGD%RUJYH0D\RQHROLEHUDODQODP×\OD\DüDP ER\X|ùUHQPHLGGLDODU×Q׶HVNLüDUDE×Q\HQLüLüHLoLQGHVXODQG×U×OP×üRODUDN VXQXOPDV×· üHNOLQGH WDQ×PODUODU <D]DUODU $YUXSD %LUOLùL·QLQ <DüDP %R\X 63 1HROLEHUDOL]PYH<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP*HUoHùL*L]OH\HQ%\O6|]OHU gùUHQPH 0HPRUDQGXPX·QX NDYUDP×Q SL\DVDQ×Q LKWL\DoODU× HNVHQLQGH YH SRWDQVL\HO RODUDN YDURODQ |]JUOHüWLULFL LoHULùLQGHQ DU×QG×U×OP×ü KDOL\OH HOH DO×Q×ü×Q×Q |UQHùL RODUDN LQFHOHGLNWHQ VRQUD ·ODU×Q YH ·OHULQ GQ\DV×QGD RUWD\Do×NDQHOHDO×Q×üELoLPLQLQJQFHOOHüWLULOPHVLQL|QHULUOHU%RUJYH0D\R oDO×üPDODU×Q×Q VRQXQGD R G|QHPGH 81(6&2 HWUDI×QGD |]HOOLNOH *HOSL WDUDI×QGDQNDYUDPD\NOHQHQKPDQLVWLoHULùLQEXJQQG|QüWUFHùLWLP YH\XUWWDüO×N\DNODü×PODU×\ODELUOHüWLULOPHVLQLQDOWHUQDWLIYH|]JUOHüWLULFLELU \DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHNDYUDPVDOODüW×UPDV×Q×QJHOLüWLULOPHVLQLVDùOD\DELOHFHùLQL EHOLUWLUOHU 64 g]HWRODUDN\DüDPER\XHùLWLPGüQFHVLQHIDUNO×\DNODü×PODU×LNLG]H\GH V×Q×ÁDQG×UPDN PPNQGU %LULQFL G]H\GH \DüDP ER\X HùLWLPLQ o|]P UHWPHNDSDVLWHVLKDNN×QGDNLLNLIDUNO×\DNODü×P\HUDOPDNWDG×ULONL\DüDP ER\X HùLWLPLQ PRGHUQ WRSOXPODU×Q EWQ VRUXQODU×QD o|]P ROGXùXQX LOHUL VUHQ \DNODü×P GLùHUL \DüDP ER\X HùLWLPLQ VXQGXùX RODQDNODU×Q ]HULQGHQ DWODPDGDQ V×Q×UO×O×NODU×QD LüDUHW HGHQ YH LOJLOHQPHVL JHUHNHQ VRUXQODU× EHOLUOHPH\HoDO×üDQ\DNODü×PG×UúNLQFLG]H\GHLVH\DüDPER\XHùLWLPLQQH LüH\DUDPDV×JHUHNWLùL]HULQHLNLIDUNO×\DNODü×PEXOXQPDNWDG×ULONLWRSOXPX SL\DVD\D LQGLUJH\HUHN \DüDP ER\X HùLWLPL PHVOHNL HùLWLPGHQ LEDUHW J|US RQXQODSL\DVDQ×QVRUXQODU×Q×o|]PH\LKHGHÁHUNHQGLùHUL\DüDPER\XHùLWLPLQ GHPRNUDWLN NDW×O×P× JoOHQGLUPH\L YH NDW×O×PF×ODU×Q× NHQGLOHULQL N×V×WOD\DQ WRSOXPVDO \DS× LoLQGH G|QüWUF ELUHU |]QH RODUDN |]HUNOHüWLUPH\L DPDo HGLQPHVLJHUHNWLùLQLLGGLDHWPHNWHGLU +DQJL<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP +HUNHV ]DWHQ \DüDP ER\X |ùUHQLU <DüDP ER\X HùLWLP JHOHQHNVHO RNXO VLVWHPLQLQ |WHVLQGH ELU HùLWLP \DNODü×P×Q× LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU RNXO VLVWHPLQL G×üODPD\DQ DQFDN RQXQ K×]OD GHùLüHQ GQ\DGD ELUH\OHULQ NDUü×ODüW×NODU× oRN oHüLWOL VRUXQODU×Q o|]PQGH \HWHUOL ROPDG×ù×Q× LGGLD HGHQ YH \HWLüNLQ HùLWLPL\DNODü×PODU×QGDQID\GDODQ×UNHQRQXQGDWHNEDü×QDo|]PROPDG×ù×Q× V|\OH\HQEWQVHOELUHùLWLPÀNULQHGD\DQPDNWDG×U2KDOGHWDUW×üPDQ×QDQD NRQXVX¶QHLoLQ\DüDPER\XHùLWLPYHQDV×OELU\DüDPER\XHùLWLP"·ROPDO×G×U .DYUDP×Q WDUW×üPDO× ROPDV× RQGDQ YD]JHoPH\L JHUHNWLUPHPHNWHGLU <DüDP ER\XHùLWLPDQODP×VDELWOHQPLüPXWODNELUNDYUDPGHùLOGLU(ùLWLPELOLPOHUL DODQ×QGD \DNODü×N \] \×OO×N ELU WDULKL ROPDV×QD NDUü×Q ]HULQGHNL WDUW×üPD KHQ]WNHQPHPLüWLUYHEXQHGHQOHGHVDGHFHPHYFXWJ|UQPOHULLOHGHùLO KDOHQWDü×G×ù×SRWDQVL\HOOHULLWLEDU×\ODGHùHUOHQGLUPHNJHUHNLU û(UKDQ%DùF× ¶1H LoLQ YH QDV×O ELU \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP"· VRUXODU×QD YHULOHFHN FHYDE× YHULOL \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP SDUDGLJPDV×Q× VRUJXOD\DQ o DOW EDüO×NWD HOH DOPDNJHUHNPHNWHGLU<DüDPER\XHùLWLPYHSL\DVD\DüDPER\XHùLWLPYH GH]DYDQWDMO×WRSOXPVDOJUXSODUYH\DüDPER\XHùLWLPYHWRSOXPVDOGHùLüPH <DüDP%R\X(ùLWLPYH3L\DVD (ùLWLPYHSL\DVDDUDV×QGDNLLOLüNLGHoRNoDWDUW×ü×ODJHOHQLNLQRNWDWHVSLWHWPHN PPNQGU%LUELUL\OH\DN×QLOLüNLOLRODQEXQRNWDODUGDQLONLHùLWLPLQLüOHYL LNLQFLVLLVHHùLWLPLQÀQDQVPDQ×VRUXQXGXU .UHVHO RUJDQL]DV\RQODU WDUDI×QGDQ \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP NDYUDP×QD DWIHGLOHQ NXWVDO DQODP EX DNW|UOHULQ HùLWLP YH SL\DVD DUDV×QGD NXUGXùX LOLüNL GROD\×P×QGDJHUoHNOHüPHNWHGLU(ùLWLPHSL\DVD\DEDù×PO×ELUEDN×üDo×V×QGDQ \DNODüDQ EX oHYUHOHULQ WP HùLWLP G]HQOHPHOHULQL SL\DVDQ×Q LKWL\DoODU× EDùODP×QGDHOHDOPDODU×VRQXFXQGD\DüDPER\XHùLWLPNDYUDP×Q×GDoDO×üPD KD\DW×ER\XQFDVUGUOHQPHVOHNLHùLWLPHLQGLUJHGLNOHULQLV|\OHPHN\DQO×ü ROPD\DFDNW×U 2\VDNL HùLWLP YH SL\DVD DUDV×QGDNL LOLüNLGH JQFHO KkNLP EDN×üDo×V×VRUJXODQPD\DPXKWDoW×UdDO×üPDKD\DW×QD\|QHOLNHùLWLPHùLWVHO IDDOL\HWOHULQ ELU N×VP× ROVD GD WDPDP× GHùLOGLU YH EX \DNODü×P HùLWLPLQ |]JUOHüWLULFL oRN \|QO NLüLVHO JHOLüLPL GHVWHNOH\LFL YH WRSOXPVDO \DUDU× J|]HWHQNDPXFXLoHULùLQLQJGNOHüWLULOPHVLQHQHGHQROPDNWDG×U (ùLWLPYHSL\DVDDUDV×QGDNLLOLüNLQLQLQFHOHQPHVLQGHLNLQFLQRNWDÀQDQVPDQ NRQXVXGXU (ùLWLPLQ PDOL\HWLQLQ QDV×O NDUü×ODQDFDù× VRUXQXQD \DQ×W DUD\DQ IDUNO× ÀQDQVPDQ \DNODü×PODU× PHYFXWWXU (ùLWLPLQ ELUH\VHO \DUDU VDùODG×ù× NDW×O×PF×Q×Q GDKD L\L KD\DW VWDQGDUWODU×QD XODüPDV×QD RODQDN VDùODG×ù× LoLQ ÀQDQVPDQ×Q×QGDNDW×O×PF×WDUDI×QGDQVDùODQPDV×JHUHNWLùLJ|Uü7UNL\H·GH YH GQ\DGD DUWDQ RUDQGD LOHUL VUOPHNWHGLU %X J|UüQ DUND SODQ×QGD DVO×QGDUHIDKGHYOHWLX\JXODPDODU×QGDNDPXKL]PHWLRODUDNVXQXODQHùLWLPLQ SL\DVD\DGDKLOHGLOPHVLYH\HQLELUNDUDODQ×RODUDNSL\DVDDNW|UOHULQHDo×OPDV× JHUHNWLùL ÀNUL \DWPDNWDG×U 'HYOHWLQ HùLWLPGHQ HOLQL oHNPHVL YH EX LüL |]HO VHNW|UHGHYUHWPHVLJHUHNWLùLLGGLDV×Q×GHVWHNOHPHNLoLQLOHULVUOHQELUH\VHO \DUDUV|\OHPLHùLWLPLQLoHULùLQLQSL\DVDLKWL\DoODU×QDJ|UHG]HQOHQPHVLQLQ |WHVLQGHGHYOHWOHULQJHQHOEWoHOHUGHQHùLWLPHD\×UG×NODU×SD\ODU×QD]DOPDV×QD YHHùLWLPLQPDOL\NQQKL]PHWLDODQODUDND\G×U×OPDV×Q×JHWLUPHNWHGLU 2\VDNLKkNLPV|\OHPYHX\JXODPDWRSOXPVDOKD\DWWDEDüDU×O×ROPD\×HùLWLPH EDùODP×üW×UYHHüLWVL]OLNOHULQND\QDù×Q×GDHùLWLPHNDW×OPDLOHDo×NODPDNWDG×U *HUoHNWH LVH KHUNHVLQ HùLWLP RODQDNODU×QGDQ ID\GDODQPDN LoLQ HüLW I×UVDW× \RNWXU.DW×OPDYHWDELNLEDüDU×O×ROPDRODQDNODU×KHU]DPDQNDW×O×PF×Q×Q 65 1HROLEHUDOL]PYH<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP*HUoHùL*L]OH\HQ%\O6|]OHU V×Q×IGLOGLQFLQVL\HWJLELWRSOXPVDONOWUHO|]HOOLNOHULLOHV×Q×UO×G×U(ùLWLPLQ ÀQDQVPDQ×Q×Q GD NDW×O×PF× WDUDI×QGDQ NDUü×ODQPDV× GXUXPXQGD EX V×Q×UODU GHULQ HüLWVL]OLNOHUH QHGHQ ROPDNWDG×U %LU WDUDIWD EDüDU×\× HùLWLPH EDùODPDN YHGLùHUWDUDIWDGDHùLWLPLQPDOL\HWLQLNDW×O×PF×\D\NOHPHNHùLWLPLQHüLWOLN VDùODG×ù×LGGLDV×Q×ERüDo×NDUPDNWDG×U'DKDV×HùLWLPLQWRSOXPVDOLOHUOHPH\L GHVWHNOH\HQHüLWOLNYHDGDOHWKHGHÁHULQHVDKLS\|QEX\DNODü×PGDJ|]DUG× HGLOPHNWHGLU $\U×FD \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP NDYUDP×Q×Q SL\DVD LOH LOLüNLVLQGH NDYUDP×Q NXOODQ×P×Q×Q\D\J×QO×NND]DQG×ù×VRQ\LUPL\×OO×NG|QHPGHG|QüPJHoLUHQ VHUPD\HELULNLPUHMLPL\OHEDùODQW×V×Q×QLQFHOHQPHVLEXJQNDYUDP×QQHGHQ EXGHUHFHSRSOHUROGXùXQXDQODPDNLoLQDo×NOD\×F×ELUoHUoHYHVXQPDNWDG×U 66 (ùLWLP XOXV GHYOHWOHULQ WDULKVHO JHOLüLPL LoLQGH PHUNH]L ELU \HUH VDKLS ROPXüWXU8OXVODURODUDNELUDUD\DJHWLULOHQWRSOXOXN\HOHULQLQ\XUWWDüODUKDOLQH JHWLULOPHVLYH\HQLVLVWHPLoLQGHNLJ|UHYOHULQHKD]×UODQPDV×LoLQNLWOHVHOHùLWLP üDUWW× 2NXO HùLWLPL EX DQODPGD FHPDDWOHULQ KNP VUGù ELU GQ\DGDQ |]HUNELUH\OHULQGQ\DV×QDJHoLüWH|QHPOLELUWDULKVHOUROR\QDP×üW×U*QO·\H J|UHHùLWLPLQSROLWLNGHùHULQLQ\DQ×QGDHNRQRPLNGHùHUL·ODUGD |QHPND]DQG×(ùLWLPSODQODPDV×QGDVRV\DOWDOHSYHSL\DVDLoLQLQVDQJF \HWLüWLULOPHVLQH GD\DQDQ EXUMXYD PRGHOOHU WHPHO ROXüWXUPD\D EDüODG× %X \×OODU UHIDK GHYOHWL \×OODU×\G× YH NDSLWDOLVW VLVWHP WDOHS DUW×U×F× WDP LVWLKGDP SROLWLNDODU×\OD\U\RUGX(NRQRPLNYHVRV\DOSROLWLNDODUJHQLüNLWOHOHULoLQ JYHQFHOL Lü LPNkQODU× UHWPH\H \|QHOL\RUGX 6RV\DO JYHQOLN HùLWLP YH VDùO×N NDPX KL]PHWL RODUDN KHUNHVH GHYOHW WDUDI×QGDQ VXQXOX\RU E|\OHFH GH JHOHFHN ND\J×V× ROPD\DQ NLWOHOHULQ WNHWLPH \|QHOHUHN WDOHEL VUHNOL \NVHN WXWPDV× VDùODQ×\RUGX +HUNHVH HùLWLP LPNkQ× KHUNHVH Lü LPNkQ×Q×Q \DQLWDPLVWLKGDP×QGDJHUHùL\GLYHUHIDKGHYOHWLEXPLV\RQX\UW\RUGX (ùLWLPLQG]HQOHQPHVLYHLoHULùLGHWDP]DPDQO×JYHQFHOLoDO×üPD\DüDP×QD SDUDOHOOLNWDü×\RUGX'Q\DoDS×QGD·OHULQEDü×QGD\DüDQDQNUL]OHUOHELUOLNWH EXELULNLPUHMLPL\HULQL\HQLOLEHUDOSROLWLNDODUDE×UDNPD\DEDüODG× %LULNLP UHMLPOHULQGHNL YH GRùDO RODUDN oDO×üPD \DüDP×QGDNL GHùLüLPOHULQ HùLWLP \DNODü×PODU×QGD YH JQGHPH JHOHQ \HQL HùLWLP G]HQOHPHOHULQGH GROD\V×] HWNLVL ROGXùX V|\OHQHELOLU dDO×üPD KD\DW×QGD RUWD\D o×NDQ \HQL LKWL\DoODU HVNL HùLWLP G]HQOHPHOHUL LOH NDUü×ODQDPDPD\D EDüODG×ù×QGD HùLWLPUHIRUPODU×JQGHPHJHOLUYH\HQLNDYUDPODU|QHo×NDU\DGDEXUDGDNL GXUXPGD ROGXùX JLEL HVNL NDYUDPODU JQ ×ü×ù×QD o×NDU×O×U <DüDP ER\X HùLWLP \DNODü×PODU×Q×Q GD ELU HNRQRPL SROLWLùL YDUG×U YH NDYUDP ´ELOJL WHPHOOLHNRQRPLµNQRZOHGJHEDVHGHFRQRP\LOHEDùODQW×O×RODUDNJQGHPH û(UKDQ%DùF× JHOPHNWHGLU%LOJLWHPHOOLHNRQRPLUHIDKGHYOHWLQLQNUL]LQHHüOLNHGHQELOJL LOHWLüLPWHNQRORMLVLQGHNLSDWODPDQ×QJQGHPHJHWLUGLùLELUNDYUDPG×U+×]OD DUWDQYHXODü×ODELOHQELOJLQLQHNRQRPLGHYHWRSOXPVDO\DüDPGD\DUDWW×ù×K×]O× GHùLüLPOHULLIDGHHGHQ\HQLOLEHUDOELUDQODPDVDKLSWLU 0HUNH]NDSLWDOLVWONHOHUGHELOJLELOLüLPWHNQRORMLOHULQLQUHWLP]LQFLULLoLQGH DUWDQRUDQGD\HUDOPDV×\ODWDP]DPDQO×oDO×üPDDù×UO×ù×Q×\DU×]DPDQO×SDUW WLPH HVQHN oDO×üPD\D E×UDNPDNWDG×U 6DQD\LGH ELU |QFHNL G|QHPGH KkNLP RODQ NLWOHVHO VUHNOL UHWLP \HULQL VWRNVX] UHWLPH E×UDNW×NoD WDP ]DPDQO× LVWLKGDP×Q GD \HULQL HVQHN oDO×üPD DOPDNWDG×U 7DP ]DPDQO× oDO×üPDQ×Q GHYUH G×ü× NDOPDV×\OD RUWD\D o×NDQ Do×N WHNQRORMLN JLUGLOHULQ DUW×U×OPDV×\OD NDSDQPDNWDG×U %|\OHFH UHWLP PDOL\HWOHULQGH JHUHNOL J|UOHQ D]DOPD VDùODQPDNWD YH Dü×U× UHWLPLQ \DUDWW×ù× NUL] GH o|]OPHNWHGLU 7HNQRORMLN JHOLüPHVDQD\LUHWLPLQHEXELoLPGHHWNLHGHUNHQKL]PHWVHNW|UQGHDUWDQELU LüJFWDOHELRUWD\Do×NPDNWDG×U+L]PHWVHNW|UQGHDUWDQWDOHSQLWHOLNOLLüJF JHUHNWLUGLùLQGHQ HùLWLP G]HQOHPHOHUL GH EX LKWL\DFD J|UH \DS×OPDNWDG×U 1LWHOLNOLLüJFQQPDOL\HWLGH\NVHNROGXùXQGDQEXDODQGDGDHVQHNoDO×üPD |QSODQGDG×U+L]PHWVHNW|UQGHNLHVQHNOLNSDUoDEDü×FUHWOHQGLUPH\LHVDV DO×UNHQEXSL\DVDGD\HUDODQODU×QK×]O×WHNQRORMLNJHOLüPH\HD\DNX\GXUPDODU× YH VUHNOL \HQLOHQPHOHUL EHNOHQPHNWHGLU +HU LNL VHNW|UGH GH HVNL G]HQGH oDO×üPDKD\DW×QDEDüOD\DQYHLüLQGHX]PDQODüDUDNHPHNOLRODQDNDGDUD\Q×LüL \DSDQLGHDOLüJFWLSL\HULQLVUHNOLGHùLüHQUHWLPLKWL\DoODU×Q×NDUü×ODPDN ]HUH NHQGLVLQL VUHNOL \HQLOHPHVL JHUHNHQ Lü JYHQFHVL ROPDG×ù×QGDQ KD\DW× ER\XQFD ELUGHQ oRN LüWH oDO×üPDN ]RUXQGD NDODQ GHùLüLPH D\DN X\GXUDPDG×ù×QGDNHQGLVLQLoDO×üPDKD\DW×Q×QG×ü×QGDEXODQELULüJFWLSLQH E×UDNPDNWDG×U úKWL\Do GX\XODQ LüJF WLSLQGHNL GHùLüLP HùLWLPGH GH \HQL G]HQOHPHOHUL JQGHPH JHWLUPLüWLU dDO×üPD KD\DW×QGDNL HVQHNOLN HùLWLP GL]JHVLQGH GH HVQHNOLùL JHUHNOL N×OPD\D EDüODG×ù×QGD \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP NDYUDP× |QHP ND]DQP×üW×U 'HQLOHELOLU NL \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP NDYUDP×\OD LOJLOL KDNLP \DNODü×P RQX HVQHN oDO×üPD LoLQ JHUHNOL RODQ HVQHN ELU HùLWLP PRGHOL RODUDN J|UPHNWHGLU 3L\DVDGD DUW×N LKWL\Do GX\XOPD\DQ EHFHULOHULQ ND]DQG×U×OPDV×\OD XùUDüDQ JHOHQHNVHO RNXO VLVWHPL \HQL YH VUHNOL GHùLüHQ LKWL\DoODUD FHYDS YHUHQ \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP DQOD\×ü× LOH \HU GHùLüWLUGLùLQGH HVQHN oDO×üPD\D X\JXQ YH VUHNOL \HQLOHQPH \HWHQHùLQH YH LPNkQ×QD VDKLS \HQLLüJFQQUHWLPLQHNDWN×VDùODQDFDù×GüQOPHNWHGLU <DüDP%R\X(ùLWLPYH'H]DYDQWDMO×7RSOXPVDO*UXSODU <DüDPER\XHùLWLPV|\OHPLQLQNHQGLVLLoLQROXüWXUGXùXGD\DQDNQRNWDODU×QGDQ ELULVLGHVRV\DOG×üODQPDQ×Q|QOHQPHVLGLU6RV\DOG×üODQPD\DGDWHUVLQGHQ VRV\DO LoHUPH NDYUDP× NDSLWDOLVW WRSOXPXQ UHWWLùL HJHPHQOLN LOLüNLOHUL 67 1HROLEHUDOL]PYH<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP*HUoHùL*L]OH\HQ%\O6|]OHU 68 LoLQGHHüLWVL]OLNOHULQJ|]DUG×HGLOHPH]ER\XWODUDXODüPDV×\ODRUWD\Do×NP×ü ELUWHGLUJLQOLNJ|VWHUJHVLJLELJ|]NPHNWHGLU6DSDQFDO×·\DJ|UHVRV\DO G×üODQPD EHOLUOL ELUH\OHULQ YH\D JUXSODU×Q oHüLWOL JHUHNoHOHUOH PHNkQVDO EDN×PGDQ ELU DUDGD EXOXQPDNOD ELUOLNWH WRSOXPVDO VLVWHP YH WHPHO DOW VLVWHPOHULQ WDPDPHQ \D GD N×VPHQ G×ü×QGD NDOPDV×G×U <D]DU DOW VLVWHPOHUL GHPRNUDVL YH KXNXN VLVWHPL LüJF SL\DVDV× VRV\DO UHIDK VLVWHPL DLOH YH WRSOXP VLVWHPL JLEL GLùHUOHUL\OH ELUOLNWH HNOHPOHQHUHN WRSOXPVDO \DS×\× ROXüWXUDQWRSOXPVDOLOLüNLOHURODUDNWDQ×PODPDNWDG×UdDN×ULVHVRV\DO G×üODQPDQ×Q WDQ×P×Q× HNRQRPLN G×üODQPD VRV\DO LOLüNLOHULQ ]D\×ÁDPDV× YH VRV\DOGHVWHN\RNVXQOXùXYHNXUXPVDOG×üODQPDNXUXPVDOGHVWHN\RNVXQOXùX RODUDN o DQD XQVXUGDQ KDUHNHWOH \DSPDNWDG×U dDN×U·D J|UH HNRQRPLN G×üODQPD oDO×üPD KD\DW×Q×Q G×ü×QGD NDOPDNOD JHUoHNOHüPHNWHGLU dQN oDO×üPD KHP ELU JHOLU ND\QDù× RODUDN \HPH LoPH EDU×QPD JLEL WHPHO LKWL\DoODU×QNDUü×ODQPDV×QDKHPGHWRSOXPVDO\DüDPDNDW×OPDQ×QELUNRüXOX RODUDNEHOLUOLVRV\DOLOLüNLOHULQNXUXOPDV×QD\DUDUúüVL]OLNHQ|QHPOLHNRQRPLN G×üODQPDND\QDù×GXUXPXQGD\NHQGüNFUHWOLN|WNRüXOODUGDoDO×üPDGD EHQ]HU ELU VRQXo GRùXUPDNWDG×U <D]DU VRV\DO LOLüNLOHULQ ]D\×ÁDPDV×Q× GD HNRQRPLN G×üODQPDQ×Q ELU VRQXFX RODUDN J|UPHNWHGLU dDO×üPD KD\DW×Q×Q VDùODG×ù×VRV\DOLOLüNLOHUGHQ\RNVXQNDOPDGXUXPXHNRQRPLNG×üODQPDQ×QELU X]DQW×V×RODUDNVRV\DOLOLüNLOHULQ]D\×ÁDPDV×Q×JHWLUPHNWHGLU6RV\DOLOLüNLOHULQ ELU EDüND ELoLPL RODQ DLOH DNUDEDO×N DUNDGDüO×N KHPüHULOLN JLEL GD\DQ×üPD GLQDPLNOHUL LVH WRSOXPVDO \DS×\D J|UH IDUNO×ODüPDNWDG×U 'DKD GD\DQ×üPDF× WRSOXPODUGDELUH\HNRQRPLN\RNVXQOXNLoLQGHROVDELOHEXWLSLOLüNLOHULQVRV\DO YHHNRQRPLNGHVWHùLQLDODELOPHNWHDQFDNWRSOXPELUH\FLOHüWLNoHEXLOLüNLOHUGH \RNVXQOXN\DüD\DQELUH\LQDOH\KLQHGHùLüPHNWHGLU6RV\DOG×üODQPDQ×QGLùHU ELU XQVXUXQX GD WRSOXPGD ELUH\OHUL VRV\DO NRUXPD DOW×QD DODFDN NXUXPODU×Q \HWHUVL] ROPDV× GXUXPXQD EDùOD\DQ \D]DU ELUH\FL WRSOXPODUGD ELULQFLO VRV\DOLOLüNLOHULQ\RNROPDV×Q×Q\DUDWW×ù×Do×ù×QVRV\DOJYHQOLNNXUXPODU×\OD JLGHULOHELOHFHùLQL GüQPHNWHGLU .XUXPVDO G×üODQPDGD HùLWLP YH VDùO×N JLEL LKWL\DoODU×Q NDUü×ODQPDV×QGD |]HO VHNW|U YH\D NDPX KL]PHWOHULQGHQ \DUDUODQDPDPDQ×QGDHWNLOLROGXùXQXEHOLUWHQdDN×U·DJ|UH\XNDU×GD V×UDODQDQoXQVXUXQELUDUD\DJHOPHVL\OHELUOLNWHVRV\DOG×üODQPDQ×QNHVNLQ YHüLGGHWOLELUKDODOPDNWDG×U 7RSOXPVDO VLVWHPLQ WPQQ \D GD DOW VLVWHPOHULQ ELU N×VP×Q×Q G×ü×QGD NDOP×üELUH\\DGDJUXSODU×QYDUO×ù×VLVWHPLQVUGUOHELOLUOLùLLoLQELUWHKGLW ROXüWXUPDNWDG×UoQNPHNkQVDORUWDNO×NGHYDPHWPHNWHGLU%XGXUXPDo×NoD J|]OHPOHQHELOHQ ELU WHGLUJLQOLN \DUDWPDNWDG×U (NRQRPLN VRV\DO NOWUHO VL\DVDORODUDNWRSOXPODEDùODU×]D\×ÁDP×ü\DGD\RNROPXüLQVDQJUXSODU×Q×Q NUHVHOOHüPHVUHFLLOHELUOLNWHQLFHORODUDNDUWPDV×VLVWHPLQVUGUOHELOLUOLùL û(UKDQ%DùF× Do×V×QGDQ o|]OPHVL JHUHNHQ ELU VRUXQ RODUDN J|UOPHNWHGLU dQN NHQGL LüOH\Lü NXUDOODU× RODQ WRSOXP D\Q× PHNkQGD \DüDG×ù× DQFDN LoHUHPHGLùL KHU üH\GHQNRUNPDNWDG×U%XNRUNXG×üODQPD\DQHGHQRODQHüLWVL]OLùLQND\QDù×\OD LOJLOLKHUKDQJLELU\HQLG]HQOHPHDUD\×ü×QDJLUPHNVL]LQG×üODQP×üGXUXPGD RODQODU×QLoHULOPHVLLOHLOJLOHQLOPHVLVRUXQXQXGRùXUPDNWDG×U/LEHUDOÀNLUOHULQ EXOGXùXo|]PEXGXUYHVRUXQXQND\QDù×\ODLOJLOHQPHGLùLLoLQ\]H\VHOGLU %X EDN×ü Do×V× GRùDO RODUDN HùLWLPGHNL \HQL PHVOHNLOHüPH HùLOLPOHUL\OH oDN×üPDNWDG×U (ùLWLPL LüJF SL\DVDV×Q×Q LKWL\DoODU×Q×Q JLGHULOPHVL LOH Hü WXWDQ EDN×ü Do×V×QGDQ VRV\DO G×üODQPD\D NDUü× PFDGHOHGH HQ |QHPOL DUDo \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP RODUDN J|VWHULOPHNWHGLU %X QRNWDGD OLEHUDO WDVDU×P VRV\DO DQODPGD G×üDU×GD NDOP×ü RODQODU×Q Lü VDKLEL ROPDODU×\OD WRSOXPD HNOHPOHQHFHùLQLYHG×üODQPDVRUXQXQXQEX\ROODDü×ODFDù×Q×YDUVD\PDNWDG×U $QFDNEXWDVDU×P×QLNLQRNWDGDÀNULDo×ù×EXOXQPDNWDG×U%LULQFLVLHùLWLPLQ \HQL Lü RODQDNODU× \DUDWPDG×ù× JHUoHùLGLU (ùLWLPL RODQDNODU×Q×Q DUW×U×OPDV× \HQLLüDODQODU×DoPDPDNWDG×U%LUNLüLQLQHùLWLPDOPDV×\ODLüEXOPDV×DUDV×QGD GROD\V×]ELUEDùODQW×\RNWXU%DüNDELUGH\LüOHLüEXOPDNYHoDO×üPDNHùLWLPLQ GRùDO VRQXFX GHùLOGLU dDO×üPD KD\DW×QGD JHQLü oDSO× YH GDKD HüLWOLNoL G]HQOHPHOHUROPDG×ù×GXUXPGDHùLWLPDOP×üELUNLüLQLQLüHJLUPHVLGDKDD] HùLWLPDOP×üELUGLùHULQLQLüWHQo×NPDV×DQODP×QDJHOPHNWHGLU%XEDN×PGDQ HùLWLPLüVL]OLNVRUXQXQXQo|]PGHùLOGLUúNLQFLVLLVHNUHVHOOHüPHLOHELUOLNWH RUWD\Do×NDQHVQHNJYHQFHVL]\HQLLVWLKGDPELoLPOHULVRQXFXQGDoDO×üPDNYH \RNVXQOXùXQJLGHULOPHVLDUDV×QGDNLEDùGDNRSPXüWXU%XJQQGQ\DV×QGD ELULQVDQoDO×üDELOLUDQFDNEXRQXQLQVDQFD\DüD\DELOHFHùLDQODP×QDJHOPH] %XEDùODPGDVRV\DOG×üODQPD\DNDUü×\DüDPER\XHùLWLPL|QHUHQEDN×üDo×ODU× WDUW×üPDO×G×U 6RV\DOG×üODQPDYH\DüDPER\XHùLWLPNDYUDPODU×DUDV×QGDNXUXODQWDUW×üPDO× LOLüNLQLQG×ü×QGDHùLWLPLQWRSOXPVDOKD\DW×QVXQGXùXRODQDNODU×QWDPDP×QGDQ \DUDUODQDPD\DQNDPXVDODODQGDHüLWVL]OLNOHUOHYDURODQGH]DYDQWDMO×WRSOXPVDO JUXSODUODLOLüNLVLQLQGRùUXELoLPGHWDQ×PODQPDV×JHUHNPHNWHGLU *HOHQHNVHOOLEHUDOHùLWLPNXUDPODU×WRSOXPGDYDURODQKHUELUH\LQHüLWHùLWLP LPNDQ×QDVDKLSROGXùXQXYDUVD\DU%X\DNODü×PDJ|UH HùLWLPVLVWHPL LoLQH JLUHQKHUNHVEXUDGDNLHüLWOLNoLX\JXODPDGDQ\DUDUODQ×UYH\HWHQHNOHULQHJ|UH EDüDU×VDùOD\DELOLU(ùLWLPVUHFLQGHEDüDU×VDùOD\DQKHUELUH\LQGHWRSOXPGD GDKDL\LELUVWDW\HVDKLSROPDYH\NVHOPHüDQV×YDUG×U(ùLWLPD\U×FDKHU ELUH\LQ \XUWWDü RODUDN ELOLQoOHQPHVLQH WRSOXPVDO LüE|OP LoLQGH ]HULQH GüHQJ|UHYL\HULQHJHWLUHELOPHVLLoLQJHUHNOLELOJLYHEHFHULOHUOHGRQDQPDV×QD \DUDU 0RGHUQ RNXO VLVWHPL LKWL\Do GX\XODQ LQVDQ ND\QDù×Q× \HWLüWLUHUHN 69 1HROLEHUDOL]PYH<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP*HUoHùL*L]OH\HQ%\O6|]OHU WRSOXPVDOJHOLüPH\LEX\ROODVDùODU+HUELUH\NHQGLVLQLYHWRSOXPXJHOLüWLUHFHN RODQ HùLWLP RODQDNODU×QGDQ \DUDUODQPDNWD |]JUGU YH EX RODQDNODUGDQ \DUDUODQ×UNHQ GLùHUOHUL\OH HüLW NRQXPGDG×U %X DQODPGD OLEHUDO LGGLDODUD J|UH HùLWLP LVWH\HQ KHUNHVLQ VRQXQD NDGDU \DUDUODQPDV×QD Do×N ROGXùX YH oDO×üDQ KHUNHVLQ EDüDU× VDùOD\×S GDKD VW VWDWOHUH \NVHOPHVLQL VDùODG×ù× LoLQ HüLWOLNoLGLU %DüDU×V×]O×N VDGHFH YH VDGHFH ELUH\VHO \HWHQHNVL]OLNOHUH YH HNVLNOLNOHUHEDùO×G×U 70 %X LGGLD JHUoHùL \DQV×WPDNWDQ X]DNW×U dQN HùLWLP WRSOXPXQ G×ü×QGD EDù×PV×]ELUDODQGHùLOGLU7DPDNVLQHELUWRSOXPVDOODüPDDUDF×RODUDNHùLWLP WRSOXPGDNLWPoHOLüNLYHoDW×üPDODU×QHQ\RùXQELoLPGH\DQV×G×ù×NOWUHO ELUPFDGHOHDODQ×G×U7RSOXPGDYDURODQHüLWVL]OLNOHULQWDPDP×HùLWLPLoLQGH GH KNP VUPHNWHGLU WRSOXPGD PFDGHOH KDOLQGH RODQ QH YDUVD HùLWLPLQ LoLQGH GH R YDUG×U KHUNHV WRSOXP LoLQGH QH NDGDU HüLWVH HùLWLP LoLQGH GH R GHUHFHHüLWWLU7RSOXPGDV×Q×IWRSOXPVDOFLQVL\HW×UNHWQLNN|NHQEDN×P×QGDQ GH]DYDQWDMO×GXUXPGDEXOXQDQJUXSODUHùLWLPVLVWHPLLoLQGHGHGH]DYDQWDMO×G×U WRSOXPGDKkNLPGXUXPGDEXOXQDQNOWUHONLPOLNOHULVHHùLWLPDODQ×QGDGD KkNLPGXUXPGDG×UODURQODU×QNOWUOHULGLùHUOHULQHGD\DW×O×UYHGLùHUOHULHùLWLP VLVWHPLQGHNL KkNLP NOWU WDUDI×QGDQ VUHNOL RODUDN GHQHWOHQLU X\PD\DQODU G×üODQ×U 1LWHNLP \DüDP ER\X |ùUHQPH ÀNULQH HOHüWLUHO ELU J|]OH EDNDQ 7DQ EX SUDWLùL NHQGL VLVWHPOHULQH HQWHJUH HWPLü ONHOHULQ GHQH\LPOHULQH DW×IWD EXOXQDUDN\DüDPER\XHùLWLPLQELUG×üODPDYHGHQHWLPPHNDQL]PDV×QLWHOLùL ND]DQG×ù×Q×LGGLDHGHU<D]DUDJ|UH\DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHSUDWLNOHULJHOLüLPL NROD\ODüW×UPDQ×Q \DQ×QGD \HQL YH JoO HüLWVL]OLNOHU UHWPHNWHGLU %LOJL WRSOXPXQGD HQ GüN EHFHUL G]H\LQGHNLOHULQ FUHWOL oDO×üPD RODQDNODU×Q×Q JLGHUHN D]DOG×ù×QD GLNNDW oHNHQ \D]DU NDYUDP×Q KD\DW EXOGXùX ONHOHUGH HüLWVL]OLN VRUXQXQD oDUH ROPDNWDQ |WH VRUXQX GHULQOHüWLUHQ ELU X\JXODPD\D G|QüWùQ |UQHNOHUL\OH YXUJXODPDNWDG×U 7DQ WRSOXPVDO FLQVL\HW VRUXQX EDùODP×QGD GD NDYUDPD EHQ]HU ELU HOHüWLUL JHWLULUNHQ NDYUDP×Q HWUDI×QGDNL UHWRULNKDOHVLQLQVRQXFXRODUDNHùLWLPVL\DVDODU×Q×QEHOLUOH\LFLOHULWDUDI×QGDQ NROD\FD NDEXO J|UGùQ KHUNHVLQ ELOGLùL YDUVD\×ODQ NDYUDP×Q LoLQLQ ERüDOW×OG×ù×Q×HNOHPHNWHGLU <DüDP%R\X(ùLWLPYH7RSOXPVDO'HùLüPH <DüDPER\XHùLWLPLQo|]PUHWPHNDSDVLWHVLKDNN×QGDNL|QFHNLN×V×PODUGD DNWDU×ODQ WDUW×üPD JHUoHNWH RQXQ WRSOXPVDO GHùLüPH\H HWNLVLQH \NOHQHQ DQODP ]HULQGH RGDNODQPDNWDG×U %LU WDUDI RQXQ WRSOXPGD \DüDQDQ KHU WUO ROXPVX]OXùXQ o|]P ROGXùXQX LGGLD HGHUHN GHùLüPHQLQ PHUNH]LQH û(UKDQ%DùF× RWXUWXUNHQ GLùHU WDUDI GD NDYUDPD HOHüWLUHO \DNODüDUDN WRSOXPVDO \DUDU VDùOD\DELOHFHNELU\|QROGXùXQXEHOLUWHUHNWRSOXPVDOGHùLüPHLOHDUDV×QGDNL LOLüNL\LWXWDUO×ELUHNVHQHRWXUWPD\DoDO×üPDNWDG×U <DüDP ER\X HùLWLP ÀNULQLQ DOW×Q× oL]PHN LVWH\HQ \DN×Q WDULKOL OLEHUDO PHWLQOHUGH(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQEXQRNWDGD\DS×ODQYXUJXODU\DüDP ER\X HùLWLP LOH WRSOXPVDO GHùLüPH DUDV×QGDNL LOLüNLQLQ QH GHUHFH EXODQ×N NXUXOGXùXQXJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU%XQDJ|UHWRSOXPGDNLHüLWVL]OLNOHULQND\QDù×QGD \DüDP×Q EDüODQJ×o G|QHPOHULQGHNL HùLWLP RODQDNODU×QD NDW×OPDGD \DüDQDQ IDUNO×O×NODU \DWPDNWDG×U <DüDP×Q EDüODQJ×o G|QHPLQGH HùLWLP RODQDNODU×QD NDW×OPDGD\DüDQDQIDUNO×O×NODULOHULNLG|QHPOHUGHWRSOXPVDOHüLWVL]OLNOHURODUDN RUWD\Do×NPDNWDG×U$UDGDNLEXIDUN×NDSDWPDNLoLQHùLWLPLPNDQODU×Q×\DüDP ER\XQFD\D\PDNHüLWVL]OLNOHULRUWDGDQNDOG×UDFDNW×U $\U×FD VRV\DO YH NOWUHO NXUXPODU HNRQRPL\H EDùO× RODUDN \HQLGHQ G]HQOHQGLùLQGH DUW×N VUHNOLOLN ND]DQP×ü HNRQRPLN NUL]OHU GH o|]OHFHN YHGDKDUHNDEHWoLKDOHJHOPLüHNRQRPLLOHWRSOXPVDOLOHUOHPHVDùODQDFDNW×U $SSOH 2 KDOGHHùLWLPSL\DVDLKWL\DoODU×QDJ|UH G]HQOHQLUVH LOHULFL RODFDNW×U 7RSOXPGDNL HüLWVL]OLNOHULQ ND\QDù×QGD HùLWLPLQ ROGXùXQX LGGLD HWPHN HQ EDVLW \RUXPOD DQODPV×]G×U $VO×QGD WRSOXPGD ]DWHQ YDURODQ HüLWVL]OLNOHU HùLWLPH GH \DQV×PDNWDG×U (ùLWLPH NDW×ODQ KHUNHV EHOOL ELU VRV\DO JUXEXQ \HVL RODUDN EX HüLWVL]OLNOHUGHQ ]DWHQ SD\×Q× DOPDNWDG×U 5HIDK GHYOHWL G|QHPLQGHV×Q×UO×GDROVDEHOOLELURUDQGDWRSOXPVDOKDUHNHWOLOLNVDùOD\DELOHQ DOWV×Q×IPHQVXSODU×Q×Q\XNDU×GRùUXKDUHNHWLQLGHVWHNOH\HELOHQHùLWLPLoLQGH EXOXQGXùXPX]QHROLEHUDOG|QHPGHEXQLWHOLùLQLGHND\EHWPLüWLUûLPGLDUW×N HùLWLPLQELUWLFDUHWQHVQHVLKDOLQLDOPDV×QGDQGROD\×VDGHFHSDUDV×RODQODU×Q QLWHOLNOL HùLWLP LPNkQODU×QGDQ ID\GDODQDELOPHVL PPNQ ROPDNWDG×U %X GXUXPGDGDHùLWLPLQI×UVDWHüLWOLùLVDùODG×ù×Q×LGGLDHWPHN\HUVL]ROPDNWDG×U (ùLWLPLQ HüLWOLN VDùOD\×S VDùODPDG×ù× LOH LOJLOL WDUW×üPD\D HN RODUDN &UXLNVKDQN·DJ|UH\DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHLOHLOJLOLWDULKVHORODUDNLNL IDUNO×HùLOLPNHVLQRODUDNYDUG×U%LULQFLVLWDQ×PODUDYHPRGHOOHUHNRQVDQWUH ROPDNWDG×U%XHùLOLPL\LPVHUYHWRSLNWLUúNLQFLHùLOLPLVHHOHüWLUHOGLU\DüDP ER\X|ùUHQPHQLQLNLOLGRùDV×QDEDNDUWHKOLNHOHULQLYHID\GDODU×Q×DUDüW×UPD\D oDO×ü×UYH\DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHQLQ|]JUOHüWLULFLRODELOHFHùLJLELN|OHOHüWLULFL GHRODELOHFHùLQLWDUW×ü×U<D]DUDJ|UH\DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHYHULOLVL\DVDOLNOLP LoLQGHYDURODQWRSOXPVDOG]HQLJoOHQGLUPH\H\DUDPDNWDG×UdQN\DüDP 71 1HROLEHUDOL]PYH<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP*HUoHùL*L]OH\HQ%\O6|]OHU ER\X |ùUHQPHQLQ oRN JHQLü ELU oHüLWOLOLùL EDU×QG×UDQ LOJL DODQ× JQP]GH \HQLHNRQRPLLoLQJHUHNOLEHFHULOHULQJHOLüWLULOPHVLQHND\P×üYHRGDNODQP×üW×U %XWDUW×üPDQ×QGLùHUWDUDI×QGD\DüDPER\XHùLWLPLQELOJLWRSOXPXQXQWHPHOL ROGXùXQXYXUJXOD\DQYHRQDQHUHGH\VHNXWVDOELUDQODPDWIHGHQELUV|\OHP YDUG×U$%2(&''%JLELNXUXPODUHWUDI×QGD\RùXQODüDQEXV|\OHPJHOLüPLü NDSLWDOLVWONHOHULQ\DüODQDQQIXVXQXQRUWD\Do×NDUG×ù×HùLWLPLKWL\DoODU×QD YHLQVDQND\QDNODU×Q×QK×]O×GHùLüLPHD\DNX\GXUDPDPDV×VRUXQXQDNDUü×ELU o|]PRODUDNGüQOPHNWHGLU+HUQHNDGDUX\JXODPDVRQXoODU×LVWHQLOHQGHQ X]DN NDOVD GD +DNH 7DQ NDYUDP EX oHYUHOHUGHNL PHUNH]L |QHPLQLNRUXPDNWDG×U 72 gùUHQPHNDYUDP×QDDWIHGLOHQPHUNH]L|QHPV|\OHPLQWUHYOHULQLGHRUWD\D o×NDUP×üW×U(NRQRPLNVRV\DOVL\DVDOYHNOWUHOEWQVRUXQODU×QNDUü×V×QD |ùUHQPH\HDW×IWDEXOXQDQo|]P|QHULOHULNRQXOPXüWXU<DüDPER\X|ùUHQPH LOHEDüOD\DQVUHo]DPDQLoLQGH|ùUHQHQWRSOXPOHDUQLQJVRFLHW\|ùUHQHQ GHYOHWOHDUQLQJJRYHUQPHQW|ùUHQHQ|UJWOHDUQLQJRUJDQL]DWLRQ|ùUHQHQ üLUNHW OHDUQLQJ ÀUP YE NDYUDPODU×Q× WUHWPLü YH |ùUHQPH NDYUDP× ELOJL WHPHOOL HNRQRPL YH WRSOXPGDNL NXWVDO \HULQL DOP×üW×U 6PLWK·LQ |ùUHQHQWRSOXPV|\OHPLQLHOHDOG×ù×PDNDOHVLQGHEHOLUWWLùLJLELEXG|QHPGH EWQWRSOXPODUNHQGLOHULQL|ùUHQPHLOHYDV×ÁDQG×UPDNGXUXPXQGDG×UODUDNVL WDNGLUGH\RNROXUODU 6DOW\DüDPER\XHùLWLPRODQDNODU×Q×Q\D\J×QODüW×U×OPDV×\ODWRSOXPVDO\DüDP×Q QDV×O LOHUOH\HFHùL HüLWVL]OLNOHULQ DGDOHWVL] E|OüPQ QDV×O HQJHOOHQHFHùLQL DQOD\DELOPHN OLEHUDO oHYUHOHU WDUDI×QGDQ LOHUL VUOHQ LGGLDODU×Q GD\DQG×ù× DUJPDQODUOD ROGXNoD ]RUGXU 2\VDNL VDGHFH PHVOHNL JHOLüLPL VDùOD\DFDN YH SL\DVDQ×Q LKWL\DoODU×QD FHYDS YHUHFHN ELU HùLWLP DQOD\×ü×Q×Q UHIDK× DUW×UPD\DFDù× YH HüLWVL]OLNOHUL JLGHUPH\HFHùL RUWDGDG×U ´gùUHQHQ WRSOXPµ V|\OHPLQGHNLL\LPVHUWDEORJHUoHN\DüDPOD|UWüPHPHNWHGLU 6RQXo úGGLDODU YH HOHüWLULOHUOH ELUOLNWH \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP NDYUDP× HùLWLP WDUW×üPDODU×QGD JQFHOOLùLQL NRUXPDNWDG×U %X WDUW×üPDODU LoLQGH FHYDS EHNOH\HQLNLVRUXRUWD\Do×NPDNWDG×U<DüDPER\XHùLWLPJHUoHNWHQHùLWLP VRUXQODU×Q×Qo|]PQGHDQDKWDUELUNDYUDPRODELOLUPL"g\OH\VHYHIDNDWWHN ELU\DüDPER\XHùLWLPDQOD\×ü×QGDQV|]HWPHNPPNQGHùLOVHKDQJL\DüDP ER\XHùLWLPHùLWLPLKWL\DoODU×Q×JLGHUPHQRNWDV×QDGDKD\DN×QG×U" û(UKDQ%DùF× 'Q\DGD\DüDQDQK×]O×GHùLüLPJHUoHNWLUYHNDo×Q×OPD]G×UúQVDQODU×QEXK×]O× GHùLüLPLoLQGHNHQGLOHULQLoRN\|QOJHOLüWLUHELOPHOHULYHNHQGLSRWDQVL\HOOHULQL Do×ùDo×NDUDELOPHOHULLoLQ\DüDPER\XHùLWLPÀNULQLQVXQGXùXRODQDNODUYDUG×U (ùLWLPKHUQHNDGDUELUH\OHULQWRSOXPVDO\DüDPGDVD\J×QYHG|QüWUFELUHU |]QHRODELOPHOHULQLQWHNNRüXOXGHùLOVHGHEXGRùUXOWXGDLüOHYJ|UHQHWNLQELU \RORODELOLUúQVDQRùOXQXQ\DUDWW×ù×GHùLüLPLQLQVDQ×H]HQYHHüLWVL]OLùLDUW×UDQ QLWHOLùLQGHQDU×QG×U×OPDV×WHNEDü×QDHùLWLPLQRPX]OD\DPD\DFDù×ELU\NROVD GDEX\ROGDRQDGDPXWODNDELUJ|UHYGüPHNWHGLU 2OHVHQ·H J|UH \DüDP ER\X |ùUHQPH HùLWLPL RNXOODU×Q SHGDJRMLQLQ YH HùLWLP SROLWLNDODU×Q×Q \DUDWW×ù× NXUXPVDO YH LGHRORMLN L\LPVHUOLNWHQ NXUWDUPD\D\DUD\DELOLUoQNVL\DVDOGüQPQoRNWHPHOELUDODQ×RODUDN |ùUHQPH VUHFLQL EHOLUOHQPLü PHUNH]OHULQ G×ü×QD WDü×\DQ Do×N XoOX ELU QLWHOLùLYDUG×U(ùLWLPVHOELUV|\OHPRODUDN\DüDPER\X|ùUHQPHQLQ\D]DUD J|UHUDGLNDOEDüODQJ×oYDUVD\×PODU×YDUG×UgùUHQPHQLQVDGHFHRNXOODUGDYH NXUXPODUGD GHùLO KD\DW×Q KHU DODQ×QGD JHUoHNOHüWLùL GüQFHVLQH GD\DO×G×U LOJL RGDù×Q× RNXOODU×Q G×ü×QGD NDODQ XoVX] EXFDNV×] |]\|QHWLPOL |ùUHQPH SRWDQVL\HOL ]HULQGH WXWDU .XUXPODUGD YHULOHQ RUJDQL]H HGLOPLü ELOJLQLQ YH LOHWLüLPLQWRSOXPVDOJoLOLüNLOHULQL\HQLGHQUHWWLùLQLV|\OH\HQ\D]DU\DüDP ER\X|ùUHQPHV|\OHPLQLQWDü×G×ù×SRWDQVL\HOOHUOHoHOLüNLOLRODUDNHNRQRPLN E\PH\HEDùODQDQLQVDQND\QDNODU×\DNODü×P×LOHSDUDOHOOLNWDü×G×ù×Q×EHOLUWLU dDO×üPD \DüDP× LoLQGH GH VUHNOL ELU \HQLOHQPH NHQGLVLQL GD\DWPDNWDG×U <DüDP ER\X HùLWLP EX QRNWDGD GD LüOHYVHOGLU $QFDN \DüDP ER\X HùLWLPL VDGHFH EX JHUoHùH LQGLUJHPHN \XNDU×GD DG× JHoHQ HOHüWLUHO \D]DUODU×Q GD EHOLUWWLùLJLELGH]DYDQWDMO×GXUXPGDRODQODU×QNRQXPODU×Q×QGDKDGDJHULOHPHVL YH HüLWVL]OLNOHULQ DUWPDV× DQODP×QD JHOHFHNWLU (ùLWLPH NDW×OPD RODQDNODU× RODQODU×Q YH ROPD\DQODU×Q KHP HNRQRPLN KHP GH NOWUHO QHGHQOHUOH HüLW NRüXOODUGD \DU×üW×ù×Q× LGGLD HWPHN J|]OH J|UQU ELU JHUoHùL LQNkU HWPHN DQODP×QDJHOLU <DüDPER\XHùLWLPLSL\DVDHNVHQLQGHWDQ×POD\DQQHROLEHUDOV|\OHPLQNDYUDPD \NOHGLùLDü×U×DQODPDVO×QGDüDü×UW×F×GHùLOGLU1HROLEHUDOL]P|QHUGLùLSL\DVD WRSOXPXQGDRUWD\Do×NDQYHJLGHUHNGHULQOHüHQHüLWVL]OLNOHUHLOLüNLQELUo|]P |QHULVL ROGXùXQX LGGLD HWPHN GXUXPXQGDG×U (ùLWLP PRGHUQ GHYOHWOHULQ LON G|QHPOHULQGHQ EX \DQD NLWOHOHU Do×V×QGDQ KHU ]DPDQ ELU XPXW NDS×V× RODUDNVXQXOPXüWXU1HROLEHUDO\DüDPER\XHùLWLPV|\OHPLGHD\Q×LKWL\DFD KLWDS HWPHNWHGLU 7RSOXPODU×Q EWQ LKWL\DoODU×Q× JLGHUHFHN \HQL ELU HùLWLP ÀNUL ROGXùXQX LGGLD HWPHNOH \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP NDYUDP×Q×Q VDUPDODQG×ù× E\ODPEDODMNDYUDP×QJHUoHNSRWDQVL\HOOHULQLQJ|]GHQNDo×U×OPDV×QDYH 73 1HROLEHUDOL]PYH<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP*HUoHùL*L]OH\HQ%\O6|]OHU JHUoHNG×ü×ELUV|\OHPHüOLùLQGHJHUoHNG×ü×ELUG]OHPHVUNOHQPHVLQHQHGHQ ROPDNWDG×U 2\VDNL E|\OH ROPDN ]RUXQGD GHùLOGLU 7RSOXPGDNL GH]DYDQWDMO× JUXSODU×Q YDUO×ù×Q×J|UHQELUQRNWDGDHüLWOLNVDùODPD\×KHGHÁH\HQNDPXVDO\DüDPER\X HùLWLP SROLWLNDODU×Q×Q KD\DWD JHoLULOPHVL |ùUHQPH LOH WRSOXPVDO GHùLüPH DUDV×QGD JHUoHNoL ELU EDù NXUDFDù× JLEL |UJQ HùLWLP YH \HWLüNLQ HùLWLPL DUDV×QGDNLNDO×QoL]JLOHULRUWDGDQNDOG×UPDV×Do×V×QGDQGDHùLWLPVLVWHPOHULQH LOHUL ELU ER\XW NDWDFDNW×U %X GRùUXOWXGD KHUNHVLQ NLüLVHO LKWL\DoODU×Q× NDUü×OD\DELOHFHùLK×]ODGHùLüHQWRSOXPVDOKD\DWDVD\J×QYHG|QüWUFELU |]QHRODUDNNDW×OPDV×QDGHVWHNRODQWRSOXPVDO\DUDU×YHHüLWOLùLKHGHÁH\HQ \DüDPER\XHùLWLPKL]PHWOHULQLQNDPXHOL\OHVXQXOPDV×HùLWLPLKWL\DoODU×Q×Q JLGHULOPHVLQGH DQDKWDU URO R\QD\DELOHFHNWLU %|\OHFH \DüDP ER\X HùLWLP NDYUDP× GD WDü×G×ù× JoO SRWDQVL\HOL JL]OH\HQ E\O V|]OHUGHQ NXUWXODUDN D\DNODU×]HULQHEDVDQYHJHUoHNVRUXQODU×QVWHVLQGHQJHOPH\H\DUD\DQ\HQL ELUDo×O×PKDOLQLDODELOHFHNWLU 74 .$<1$.d$ $SSOH0(ùLWLPYHúNWLGDU.DONHGRQ<D\úVWDQEXO $\KDQ 6 ´'QGHQ %XJQH<DüDP %R\X gùUHQPHµ <DüDP %R\X gùUHQPH6HPSR]\XPX$UDO×N3HJHP$<D\$QNDUD %RUJ&YH0D\R37KH(80HPRUDQGXP2Q/LIHORQJ/HDUQLQJ 'LOXWHG2OG:LQH,Q1HZ%RWWOHV"KWWSZZZLQIRUPDZRUOGFRPVPSS VHFWLRQ"FRQWHQW DIXOOWH[W %\NGYHQFL6+D\DWER\X(ùLWLP<D\×PODQPDP×ü'RNWRUD7H]L $QNDUDhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV$QNDUD &UXLNVKDQN - /LIHORQJ /HDUQLQJ DQG WKH &KDQJLQJ 1DWXUH RI :RUN KWWSZZZRLVHXWRURQWRFD&$6$(FQIBSDSHUV MFUXLNVKDQN&$6SGI E/LIHORQJ/HDUQLQJRU5H7UDLQLQIRU/LIH6FDSHJRDWLQJ WKH :RUNHU ZZRLVHXWRURQWRFD&$6$(FQIB3DSHUV FUXLNVKDQNZSGI û(UKDQ%DùF× /LIHORQJ/HDUQLQJDQGWKH1HZ(FRQRP\6RUWLQJWKURXJK WKH 5KHWRULFKWWSOLIHORQJRLVHXWRURQWRFDSDSHUVU&UXLNVKDQN3DSHUSGI dDN×U g 6RV\DO '×üODQPD KWWSZZZVEHGHXHGXWUGHUJLFLOW VD\×FDNLUSGI 'XPDQ$<HWLüNLQOHU(ùLWLPLhWRS\D<D\$QNDUD ´7UNL\H·GH<DüDP%R\XgùUHQPH6L\DVDODU×Q×2OXüWXUD PDPDQ×Q 'D\DQ×OPD] +DÀÁLùLµ <DüDP %R\X gùUHQPH 6HPSR]\XPX $UDO×N3HJHP$<D\$QNDUD (XURSHDQ&RPLVVLRQ$0HPRUDQGXP2Q/LIHORQJ/HDUQLQJZZZ HXLQW 7KH &RQFUHWH )XWXUH 2EMHFWLYHV RI (GXFDWLRQ 6\VWHPV HXURSDHXLQWHXUOH[HQFRPUSWFRPBHQSGI 0DNLQJD(XURSHDQ$UHDRI/LIHORQJ/HDUQLQJD5HDOLW\ HFHXURSDHXHGXFDWLRQSROLFLHVOOOOLIHFRPPXQLFDWLRQFRPBHQSGI *HOSL ( 6RPH 7KRXJKWV 2Q /LIHORQJ (GXFDWLRQ ZZZXQHVFRRUJ *QO 5 g]HUNOLN7RSOXPVDO '|QüP YH (ùLWLP (ùLWLP %LOLP 7RSOXP'HUJLVL6D\×V(ùLWLP6HQ<D\$QNDUD %HFHULQLQ 6L\DVDO (NRQRPLVL (ùLWLP %LOLP 7RSOXP 'HUJLVL6D\×V(ùLWLP6HQ<D\$QNDUD +DNH´$%3ROLWLNDODU×YH%LOJL(NRQRPLVL<DüDP%R\XgùUHQPHúoLQ 6WUDWHMLN %LU 5ROµ <DüDP %R\X gùUHQPH 6HPSR]\XPX $UDO×N 3HJHP$<D\$QNDUD /RZH-'Q\D·GD<HWLüNLQ(ùLWLPLQH7RSOX%DN×ü81(6&2<D\ $QNDUD 75 1HROLEHUDOL]PYH<DüDP%R\X(ùLWLP*HUoHùL*L]OH\HQ%\O6|]OHU 0LVHU 5 +DON (ùLWLPL YH 7RSOXP .DON×QPDV× 77. %DV×PHYL $QNDUD 2(&' /LIHORQJ /HDUQLQJ 2(&' 3ROLF\ %ULHI ZZZRHFGRUJ 2OHVHQ+6/LIH/RQJ/HDUQLQJDQG&ROOHFWLYH([SHULHQFHKWWS ZZZHGVWHGXFXEFFDDHUFVDOOLQJROHVHQKZHEKWP 6DSDQFDO×)6RV\DO'×üODQPD'RNX](\OO<D\×QODU×ú]PLU 6D\×ODQ ) ´3DUDGLJPD 'HùLüLUNHQ .UHVHOOHüPH YH <DüDP %R\X gùUHQPHµ&HYDW*HUD\·D$UPDùDQ0ONL\HOLOHU%LUOLùL<D\×Q×$QNDUD 6PLWK0.7KH7KHRU\DQG5KHWRULFRIWKH/HDUQLQJ6RFLHW\KWWS ZZZLQIHGRUJOLIHORQJOHDUQLQJEOUQVRFKWP 6SULQJ-g]JU(ùLWLP$\U×QW×<D\úVWDQEXO 76 7DQ 0 ´<DüDP %R\X gùUHQPH YH7RSOXPVDO &LQVL\HW %R\XWXQGD .LPL úoHUPHOHULµ <DüDP %R\X gùUHQPH 6HPSR]\XPX $UDO×N 3HJHP$<D\$QNDUD 81(6&2 7UNL\H 0LOOL .RPLV\RQX >870.@ <HWLüNLQ (ùLWLPL 7HULPOHUL6|]Où870.$QNDUD :RUOG%DQN/LIHORQJ/HDUQLQJLQWKH*OREDO.QRZOHGJH(FRQRP\ ZZZZRUOGEDQNRUJ
Benzer belgeler
Prof. Dr. - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
<ÕOPD]hVWQHU'Ro'U
øSHN(UHQ9XUDO'Ro'U
*DOLS
hL]PYÛ 4HRHSL - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
.D]DQ×PODU× *HULOHWHQ 1HROLEHUDOL]DV\RQ ´(VNLµ .RQXODU×Q 7HNUDU
3L\DVD\D 6UOPHVL YH .HQWVHO +DUHNHWOHU LOH
Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
YH8\JXUFDdLQ|UQHNOHULVRV\RSROLWLNüDUWODUYHHùLWLPGHDQDGLOLQLQNXOODQ×OPDV×QD\|QHOLN
X\JXODPDODULQFHOHQHUHNPHYFXWGXUXPYH\DN×QJHOHFHùH\|QHOLN\RUXPODUODHOHDO×QP×üW×U
dDO×üPD E...
Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
IDNW|UOHULQ QHOHU ROGXùXQXQ FHYDE×Q× EXOPD\D oDO×üPDNWDG×U %X Do×GDQ HOLQL]GHNL oDO×üPD
WHPHO RODUDN LNL VRUX\X FHYDSODPD\D oDO×üPDNWDG×U $OPDQ\D HùLWLP VLVWHPL YH SROLWLNDO...