andrei ilarionovi

59
andrei ilarionovi
gamoqveynda 2000 wels
Targmna nino gorgaZem
aSS-Si, q. vaSingtonSi mdebare katonis saxelobis institutis ufrosi
mecnier-TanamSromeli da ruseTSi, q. moskovSi mdebare ekonomikuri analizis institutis damfuZnebuli da direqtori. ruseTis prezidentis
(vladimer putinis) mrCevli ekonomikur sakiTxebSi 2000-2005 wlebSi
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba
“rodesac qveyanaSi bevri akrZalvaa, mosaxleoba Raribdeba.
rodesac matulobs kanonebi da brZanebebi, izrdeba qurdebisa da
yaCaRebis ricxvi”.
lao-Zi, dao de Zini, V saukune Zv.w.aR.
saukuneebisa da aTaswleulebis, aseve umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirTa cvlileba Cvens qveyanaSi sakmaod kargi mizezia grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ruseTis
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis winaswari Sedegebis SejamebisTvis, misi garkveuli
kanonzomierebis gansazRvrisa da ekonomikuri politikisTvis SesaZlo rekomendaciebis formulirebisTvis.
XIX _ XX saukuneebSi msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
tendenciebi da ruseTi
drois monakveTi 1820 wlidan dRemde (1998 weli. red. SeniSvna), warmoadgens
periods, romlis analizi SesaZlebelia, radganac arsebobs im epoqis umsxvilesi da yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri potencialis statistikurad ramdenadme misaRebi Sefasebebi. Sualedur TariRs am or wels Soris warmoadgens 1913 weli, romelic TiTqmis Tanabradaa daSorebuli orive TariRidan da saanalizo periods or ZiriTad qveperiodad yofs, romlebic daaxloebiT emTxveva XIX da XX saukuneebis droiT sazRvrebs – 1820_1913 da 1913_1998
wlebi. koordinatTa sistemas, romelSic SesaZlebelia aRniSnul periodsa da
qveperiodebSi ruseTis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis analizi, msoflio ekonomikis ganviTareba warmoadgens (cxr. 1 da 2).
gasuli ori saukune manamde arnaxuli ekonomikuri zrdis periodi iyo.
mTlianobaSi, 1820_1998 wlebSi msoflios jamuri mSp 831 miliardidan 36836 miliard dolaramde, anu 44-ze metjer gaizarda 1993 wlis fasebiT.
XX saukuneSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempma SesamCnevad moimata. Tu periodisTvis, romelic ase Tu ise emTxveva XIX saukunis sazRvrebs (1820_1913
wlebi), msoflio mSp 3,5-jer gaizarda, pirobiTad „ekonomikur“ XX saukuned
wodebul periodSi ki (1913_1998 wlebi) – 12,5-jer, saSualo wliur tempebze
gadaTvliT, ekonomikuri zrda XX saukuneSi, wina saukunesTan SedarebiT, daaxloebiT 2,2-jer (1,37 procentdan 3,02 procentmde) aCqarda.
msoflios mSp zrdis ZiriTadi faqtori gaxda msoflio mosaxleobis da erT
sul mosaxleze warmoebuli mSp erTdrouli zrda (rac garkveuli gamartivebis
Semdeg SeiZleba interpretirdes, rogorc maCvenebeli, romelic mowmobs msoflioSi Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas). XX saukuneSi orive faqtoris zrda ufro meti iyo vidre XIX saukuneSi: mosaxleobis raodenoba 2,6-jer ufro swrafad
izrdeboda (saSualo wliuri nametis tempebi Sesabamisad – 0,55 da 1,44%), mSp
erT sul mosaxleze – 1,9-jer (0,82 da 1,56% Sesabamisad). Tu msoflios
mosaxleobis raodenoba 5,6-jer gaizarda (1-dan 6 miliard adamianamde), mSp erT
sul mosaxleze 8-jer gaizarda (778-dan 6189 dolaramde, 1993 wlis fasebSi).
60
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “reformebi da Tavisufleba”
bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi msoflio ekonomika uTanabrod viTardeboda. kumulaciuri zrdis masStabebi (an saSualo wliuri matebis tempebi) periodebis mixedviT am maCveneblebis minimaluri da maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis
mqone qveynebs Soris sakmaod mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.
im 50 qveyanas Soris, romlebzec Sesabamisi statistikuri monacemebi moipoveba, irlandiis ekonomika sxvebze nela izrdeboda – 1820 – 1998 wlebSi misi
masStabebi mxolod 14,4-jer gaizarda. XIX saukuneSi msgavsi situacia CineTSi
iyo (gaizarda mxolod 42 procentiT), xolo XX saukuneSi ruseTis ekonomika
4,2-jer gaizarda. XX saukuneSi zrdis rekordsmeni iyo taivani (mSp gaizarda
133-jer), xolo rogorc XIX, ise XX saukuneSi — avstralia (mSp zrda, Sesabamisad, TiTqmis 494-jer da 6833-jer). am periodebSi avstralia liderobda aseve
mosaxleobis zrdis tempebiTac (Sesabamisad 146-jer da 568-jer), Tumca XX saukuneSi pirveli gana iyo (mosaxleoba gaizarda 9,2-jer). sxvebze nela aRniSnul
periodsa da mis orive qveperiodSi irlandiis mosaxleoba izrdeboda. sinamdvileSi, misi mosaxleoba ar izrdeboda: aswleulze met xanSi — 1845-1960
wlebSi mosaxleobis raodenoba Tanmimdevrulad klebulobda (4,9 milionidan –
2,8 milion adamianamde) da mciredi mateba mxolod XX saukunis bolo oTx
aTwleulSi daiwyo.
rac Seexeba erT sul mosaxleze mSp-s dones, „rekordsmenebi“ XIX saukuneSi
kanada (gaizarda 4,4-jer), XX saukuneSi taivani (20,8-jer), orive saukuneSi ki
iaponia (26,8-jer) iyvnen. yvelaze nela XIX da orive saukuneSi mSp sul mosaxleze bangladeSSi izrdeboda (XIX s. – 9 procentiT, orive saukuneSi – 2,3jer). XX saukuneSi am maCvenebliT „lideroba“ kubas gadaeca: 1913_1998 wlebSi
mSp sul mosaxleze mxolod 31 procentiT gaizarda.
msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis fonze ruseTis dinamika sakmaod araTanabaria. XIX saukuneSi misi absoluturi masStabebi sakmaod swrafad gaizarda
da ruseTis ekonomikis SefardebiTi mniSvneloba msoflios mSp-sTan mimarTebiT daaxloebiT 5-dan 9,3 procentmde gaizarda 1913 wlisTvis, xolo 2,6-dan
4,9 procentamde 1998 wlisTvis. magram XX saukuneSi ruseTis mSp absoluturi
zrdisas (mudmiv fasebSi 143 miliardidan 600 miliard dolaramde), misi wili
msoflios mSp-Si samjer (4,86-dan 1,63 procentamde) Semcirda. rogoria XX s-Si
ruseTis aSkara “ekonomikuri Cavardnis” mizezebi XIX saukeneSi mis “ekonomikur
warmatebasTan” SedarebiT?
rogorc 1 da me-2 cxrilebis monacemebidan Cans, XIX saukuneSi ruseTis, erTi SexedviT, savsebiT warmatebul ekonomikur ganviTarebaze gadamwyveti gavlena misi mosaxleobis swraf zrdas hqonda da gacilebiT naklebi _ erovnuli
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas. msoflio mosaxleobaSi ruseTis wilis
cxrili 1. msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi XIX-XX saukuneebSi
maCveneblebi/wlebi
1820
1913
1998
36836
mSp, miliardi aSS dolari 1993 wlis fasebSi
sul msoflio
831
2941
ruseTi 1913 wlis periodis farglebSi
41
274
ruseTi 1998 wlis periodis farglebSi
22
143
ruseTi 1913 wlis periodis farglebSi
4.98
9.32
ruseTi 1998 wlis periodis farglebSi
2.6
4.86
1.63
msoflios saSualo maCvenebeli
778
1660
6189
ruseTi
864
1605
4081
ruseTis %, msoflios saSualo donidan
111
96.7
65.9
600
% mTeli msoflios maCveneblebisgan:
mosaxleoba, mln. adamiani
wyaro: Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992. OECD, Paris, 1995
Aandrei ilarionovi, “ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba”
61
gaormagebam nawilobrivi kompensireba moaxdina erovnuli warmoebis 111-dan 97
procentmde SemcirebiT msoflios saSualo donesTan SedarebiT. magram XX
saukuneSi mosaxleobis wili msoflio mosaxleobaSi orjer da metad Semcirda,
xolo mSp erT sul mosaxleze msoflioSi mSp-s saSualo donis miaxloebuli maCveneblidan, mis 2/3-mde Semcirda. Tu 1913 wels sulze warmoebuli mSp-iT ruseTi 23-e adgils ikavebda msoflioSi, 1999 wels igi 101 adgilze Camovida.
XIX saukuneSi mSp saSualo wliuri nameti ruseTSi daaxloebiT erTnaxevarjer meti iyo vidre msoflio ekonomikaSi saSualod, xolo XX saukuneSi es maCvenebeli daaxloebiT orjer naklebi iyo. 1913_1998 wlebSi mSp zrda ruseTSi
iyo yvelaze neli im 50 qveyanas Soris, romelTa Sesaxebac statistikuri monacemebi moipoveba. garkveulwilad aseTi imedgamacruebeli Sedegebi, ra Tqma
unda, dakavSirebulia 90-iani wlebis bolos Rrma da xangrZliv ekonomikur krizisTan. garda amisa, 80_90-iani wlebis zRvramdec, ruseTis (da yofili sabWoTa
kavSiris) ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempebi iyo sakmaod dabali vidre msoflio
ekonomikisa mTlianobaSi. ratom?
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da ekonomikuri zrda
xalxTa mier miRweuli simdidris donis da, aseve, misi zrdis tempebis mizezi keTildReobis arsebuli Teoriebis mixedviT aris:
 xelsayreli geografiul mdebareoba;
 kargi klimati;
 bunebrivi resursebis arseboba/ararseboba;
 mosaxleobis raodenoba (rogorc mcire, aseve didi raodenoba);
 fizikuri kapitali da misi dagroveba (danazogi da investicia);
 adamianuri kapitali (mosaxleobis janmrTeloba da ganaTleba), aseve
misi dagrovebis tempebi;
 mosaxleobis kulturuli, moraluri da religiuri faseulobebi;
 samecniero-teqnikuri progresi;
 ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done da stadia;
 saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi monawileoba;
 sagareo eqspluataciisadmi midrekileba (an gare daxmarebis miReba);
 sabazro stiqiis “mecnieruli marTva” da bevri sxva.
keTildReobis yoveli Teoria Taviseburad sainteresoa. magram verc erTma
maTganma ver warmoadgina sakuTari sisworis damajerebeli mtkicebuleba. yovel magaliTze, romelic TiTqosda damajereblad amtkicebs SemoTavazebul
hipoTezas, yovelTvis moiZebneba sxva – misi aranakleb damajereblad uarmyofi. statistikuri analizic ki ar aCvenebda am faqtorebs da grZelvadian ekonomikur ganviTarebas Soris mdgrad kavSirebs. amrigad, XIX_XX saukuneebis
udides nawilSi ekonomikur mecnierebasa da sazogadoebriv azrSi gabatonebul
tradiciul ekonomikur Teoriebs ar gaaCnia unari, Tanamedrove ekonomikuri
zrdis damakmayofilebeli axsna SemogvTavazos.
amis axsna mogvca ekonomikurma liberalizmma. jer kidev adam smiTis klasikur naSromSi “xalxTa simdidris bunebis Sesaxeb” dasaxelebuli iyo qveynebis
da maTi mosaxleobis ayvavebis ZiriTadi pirobebi: kargi kanonebi, gadasaxadebi,
romlebic mZime tvirTad ar awveba mosaxleobas da mSvidoba — sameurneo saqmianobis Tavisuflebis kanonikuri gansazRvrebis ZiriTadi komponentebia. iqve
iyo formulirebuli ekonomikuri politikis mTavari wesi: rac ufro naklebad
ereva saxelmwifo ekonomikur saqmianobaSi, miT ufro ukeTesia ekonomikisTvis.
TumcaRa Tavis Teoriul warmodgenasa da praqtikul saqmianobaSi Tavad a. smiTi yovelTvis ar iyo Laissez-faire sistemis Tanamimdevruli momxre, rogorc amaze
tradiciulad moaruli azri mogviTxrobs.
Semdgomi orze meti saukunis ganmavlobaSi arcTu ise cota mkvlevarma Seitana Tavisi wvlili ekonomikuri liberalizmis ganviTarebaSi. yvelaze mniSvne-
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “reformebi da Tavisufleba”
62
cxrili 2. ekonomikuri zrda ruseTsa da msoflioSi XIX_XX saukuneebSi
kumulaciuri zrda
saSualo wliuri namatis
periodisTvis, jeradi
tempebi, erTeul mosaxleze,%
1820-1913 1913-1998 1820-1998 1820-1913 1913-1998 1820-1998
mSp, mlrd. aSS dolari 1993 wlis fasebSi
maCveneblebi
sul msoflio
3.5
12.5
44.3
1.37
3.02
2.15
qveyana minimaluri maCvenebliT
1.4
4.2
14.4
0.37
1.7
1.51
qveyana maqsimaluri maCvenebliT
493.6
132.9
6832.5
6.9
5.92
5.09
ruseTi
6.6
4.2
27.8
2.05
1.7
1.89
ruseTis % mTeli msoflios
maCveneblidan
187
33.5
62.6
150
56.4
87.5
mosaxleoba, mln. adamiani
msoflio sul
1.7
3.4
5.6
0.55
1.44
0.97
qveyana minimaluri maCvenebliT
0.6
1.1
0.7
-0.52
0.15
-0.2
qveyana maqsimaluri maCvenebliT
146.1
9.2
568.2
5.51
2.65
3.63
ruseTi
3.6
1.6
5.9
1.38
0.59
1
ruseTis % mTeli msoflios
maCveneblidan
214.8
49.1
105.5
252
41.1
103.1
mSp erT sul mosaxleze, aSS dolari, 1993 wlis fasebSi
msoflio sul
2.1
3.7
8
0.82
1.56
1.17
qveyana minimaluri maCvenebliT
1.1
1.3
2.3
0.09
0.32
0.46
qveyana maqsimaluri maCvenebliT
4.4
20.8
26.8
1.61
3.64
1.87
ruseTi
1.9
2.5
4.7
0.67
1.1
0.88
ruseTis % msoflios
maCveneblidan saSualod
87.1
68.2
59.4
81.7
70.8
74.8
wyaro: M addison A. M onitoring the World Economy 1820--1992. OECD, Paris, 1995.
lovani wvlili Seitanes avstriuli, Cikagosa da fraiburgis skolebis warmomadgenlebma. kerZod, “avstrielebi” (k. mengeri, f. fon bem-baverki, f. fon vizeri, l. fon mizesi, f. fon haieki, g. xaberleri, f. maxlupi, m. roTbardi, l. laxmani), “Cikagoelebi” (f. naiTi, j. vineri, g. saimonsi, m. fridmeni, j. stigleri, r.
kouzi, j. biukeneni, g. beikeri, a. xaberleri, a. alCiani), neoliberalebi fraiburgis universitetidan (a. riustovi, v. ropke, v. oikeni, l. erxardi), maT SeimuSaves Rirebulebis, kapitalis, fulis, procentis, firmebis, grZelvadiani
wonasworobis, inflaciis, saqmiani ciklebis, saxelmwifo regulirebis, sazogadoebrivi arCevanis da saerTaSoriso fuladi sistemis Teoriebi, riTac faqtobrivad Seqmnes Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecniereba.
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarsa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ekonomikuri zrdis TeoriaSi revoluciuri gadatrialeba moxda. egzogenuri
zrdis modelebis axsnis unaris SezRuduloba, romelSic ekonomikuri zrdis
tradiciuli faqtorebi (Sroma da kapitali) warmoadgens egzogenur (gare)
faqtorebs modelTYan mimarTebaSi da romelTa ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSnebad gamodis maTi gamoyenebidan klebadi ukugeba, sicocxle Caberes modelebis
axal klass, romlebmac endogenuri zrdis 1 modelebis saxelwodeba miiRes. am
modelebSi, Sromis danaxarjebis da kapitalis fiqsirebul doneze SenarCunebis
SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia ekonomikuri zrdis mudmivi anda periodulad mzardi tempis uzrunvelyofa. msgavs modelebSi ekonomikuri zrda arsebuli faqtorebis gamoyenebis efeqturobis zrdis xarjze miiRweva, sameurneo garemos
1 msgavsi tipis pirveli naSromi iyo: Romer P.M. Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Political Economy,
1986, October, p. 1002.1037.
Aandrei ilarionovi, “ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba”
63
saerTo pirobebis cvlilebis Sesabamisad. gadamwyvet rols am pirobebis cvlilebaSi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politika TamaSobs. mravalma empiriulma gamokvlevam aCvena mdgradi uaryofiTi kavSiri ekonomikur saqmianobaSi saxelmwifos Carevasa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris (ix. cxr. 3). saxelmwifos ekonomikurma politikam rogori konkretuli formebi da saxeebic ar unda miiRos (saxelmwifo mewarmeoba, sabiujeto, fuladi, sagareo savaWro politika), ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo Careva ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvas niSnavs.
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, Tanamedrove gagebiT, gulisxmobs xelSeuxebel
kerZo sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli warmoebis, vaWrobis, dagrovebis, investirebis, gamomuSavebis da Seqmnilis gamoyenebis, TanamemamuleebTan Yanda ucxoelebTan ekonomikur kontaqtSi Sesvlis, fasebis dawesebis, kontraqtSi monawile
pirTa urTierTTanxmobis Sedegad nebismieri fuladi erTeulis gamoyenebis
Tavisuflebas.
bazris monawileTa ekonomikur Tavisuflebas zRudaven saxelmwifo da aseve masTan konkurirebadi arasaxelmwifo pirebi. saxelmwifo ekonomikur Tavisuflebas iseTi instrumentebis saSualebiT zRudavs, rogorebicaa kerZo sakuTrebis konfiskacia, kontraqtebis Seusrulebloba, sameurneo saqmianobis
araTanabari da araprognozirebulad cvalebadi pirobebi, pirdapiri saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi, saxelmwifo sesxebi, saxelmwifo inflaciuri gadasaxadebi,
saxelmwifo xarjebi, sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwifo valebi, inflacia,
regresuli savaluto-fuladi politika, saxelmwifo regulireba, proteqcionizmi.
maRali gadasaxadebi zrdis warmoebis danaxarjebs, aZvirebs maT produqcias, xdis mas naklebad konkurentunarians, auaresebs erovnuli kompaniebis
poziciebs axal da Zvel bazrebze. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi produqcia ufro maRali gadasaxadebis mqone qveynidan ufro Zviria da, Sesabamisad, naklebad konkurentunariani.
gadasaxadebis da sxva gadasaxdelebis Sedegad mogrovebuli ekonomikuri
resursebis ukmarisoba mTavrobas sesxebis aRebas aiZulebs. Sida bazridan
aRebuli sesxi erovnuli masStabiT amcirebs danazogebs da investiciebs,
zrdis procentis ganakveTebs, aZvirebs komerciul kredits. gare bazridan sesxis aReba zrdis sagareo valebs, xolo saxelmwifos bankrotobiT da savaluto
krizisiT emuqreba.
tradiciuli sabiujeto Semosavlebis ukmarisobisas saxelmwifo mimarTavs
fulad emisias da, Sesabamisad, inflaciur gadasaxadebs — ekonomikurad yvelaze arafeqtur da sabiujeto sferos muSakTaTvis, pensionerebisa da fiqsirebuli Semosavlis mqone yvela pirisTvis yvelaze damTrgunvel qmedebas.
ekonomikuri procesebis regulirebisas saxelmwifo finansur resursebs
biujetis gverdis avliT gadaanawilebs. normebis, wesebis, SezRudvebis, kvotebis, SeRavaTebis, nebarTvebis, gamonaklisebis da sxvaTa dawesebiT igi ekonomikuri resursebis moZraobis mimarTulebebsa da masStabebs cvlis, riTac
maT naklebad efeqtians xdis. magaliTad, samomxmareblo saqonelze da “bunebriv” monopoliebad wodebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebze fasebis regulirebisas, saxelmwifo erTi saqonlis subsidirebas meore saqonlis gaZvirebis xarjze
xelovnurad axdens, riTac momxmarebelTa upiratesobebis orientirebs amrudebs da moTxovnis struqturis adaptacias amuxruWebs.
saxelmwifo SezRudvebi sagareo vaWrobaze, savaluto-gacvliT operaciebze, kapitalis saerTaSoriso gadaadgilebaze aZnelebs adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis adaptacias msoflio bazris pirobebis mimarT, mivyavarT kapitalis gadinebisaken, anelebs nacionaluri ekonomikis zrdas, aZlierebs sameurneo stagnacias. sabaJo tarifebi, arasatarifo barierebi zRudavs ucxouri saqonlis
Semodinebas, mivyavarT msoflio bazridan Semosuli informaciuli signalebis
Sesustebisaken, zrdis msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare procesebisagan nacionaluri ekonomikis izolaciis xarisxs.
64
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “reformebi da Tavisufleba”
ekonomikuri kanonmdeblobis mudmivi cvlilebebi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umTavresi koordinatebis arastabiluroba (inflaciis tempebi, savaluto kursis saprocento ganakveTebi, gadasaxadebis raodenoba da ganakveTi,
sabaJo tarifebi da sxva regulaciebi) zRudavs bazris monawileTa ekonomikur
Tavisuflebas, amcirebs maT sameurneo aqtivobas, anelebs ekonomikur zrdas.
sameurneo saqmianobis warmoebisTvis stabiluri da ganWvretadi pirobebi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli komponentebia.
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvas arasaxelmwifo pirebis mier, romlebic konkurireben saxelmwifosTan bazris monawileTa mimarT Zaladobis an
muqaris sferoSi, miekuTvneba mosaxleobis fizikuri safrTxe (danaSauli), kerZo sakuTrebis daucveloba (reketi), kerZo pirebs Soris kontraqtebis Seusrulebloba (kreditorebis, aqcionerebis, meanabreebis uflebebis darRveva).
arasaxelmwifo pirTa mier saxelmwifos kuTvnili Zaladobis gamoyenebis mo-
Aandrei ilarionovi, “ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba”
65
nopoliuri uflebebis uzurpacia mowmobs maT gardasaxvaze kvazisaxelmwifoebriv pirobebSi. ruseTSi bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi kerZo dacviTi
struqturebis da kerZo arbitraJebis swrafi ganviTareba saxelmwifos e.w. “Cavardnebis” aSkara dadasturebaa – misi pirdapiri da aSkara funqciebis Seusrulebloba.
saxelmwifos da arasaxelmwifo pirebis mxridan ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis
SezRudva saSualebas gvaZlevs movaxdinoT saxelmwifos umTavresi valdebulebebis amomwuravi CamonaTvalis formulireba:
 bazris monawileTa Sida da gare usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa;
 kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis uzrunvelyofa;
 sameurneo cxovrebis erTiani, Tanabari, gamWvirvale da stabiluri wesebis uzrunvelyofa;
 kerZo pirTa mier kontraqtis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa;
 moqalaqeTa sameurneo cxovrebaSi monawileobis SezRudvebis likvidireba, konkurenciis xelSewyoba.
saxelmwifos aseTi funqciebi ganapirobebs mis mier uaris Tqmas gansakuTrebul ekonomikur interesebze, mis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi monawileobaze da
masSi Caurevlobas.
mkvlevarTa jgufis mier, romlebmac Seqmnes ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis
mxardamWerTa msoflio asociacia, romelic aerTianebs msoflios 55 qveyanas
(2007 wlisTvis ukve 141-s. red. SeniSvna), SemoTavazebuli iyo raodenobrivi sazomi saxelmwifos mier Tavisi pirdapiri valdebulebebis Sesrulebis unaris
da liberaluri ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis ekonomikuri indeqsis2 gasarkvevad.
am indeqss yoveli qveynisTvis da yoveli wlisTvis standartuli meTodologiiT iTvlian: Tavidan ganisazRvreba 25 ZiriTadi maCveneblis sidide, romelic axasiaTebs ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis dones 7 ZiriTad sferoSi:
 saxelmwifos sidide da misi wili ekonomikaSi;
 ekonomikis struqtura da sabazro meqanizmebis gavrceleba;
 fuladi politika da fasebis stabiluroba;
 sagareo valutis gamoyenebis Tavisufleba;
 kanonis mmarTveloba da kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba;
 sagareo vaWrobis Tavisufleba;
 kapitalis bazrebze saqmianobis Tavisufleba.
yoveli maCveneblis absolutur mniSvnelobas Semdgom eniWeba rangi 0-dan
10-mde imgvarad, rom 0 Seesatyviseba ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis umcires dones, xolo 10 — umaRless. dasasrul, krebsiTi Sedegis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba
mTavari koponentebis meTodis statistikuri procedura.
Sedegad yoveli qveyana (ufro sworad, yoveli qveynis ekonomikuri politika) iRebs misi moqalaqeebisTvis SeTavazebuli ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis raodenobriv Sefasebas.
am Sefasebebis safuZvelze Sesrulebuli statistikuri analizi damajereblad aCvenebs mdgrad urTierTkavSirs ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis donesa da
xalxTa keTildReobas Soris. im 119 qveynidan, romelTa mixedviTac 90-ian wlebSi miRebul iqna ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis Sefasebebi, qveynebi, romlebic pirvel mexuTedSi Sediodnen (qveynebis saerTo raodenobis mexuTedi da
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis yvelaze maRali maCveneblebi), gaaCndaT erT sul
mosaxleze mSp-s warmoebis yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli — TiTqmis 19 aTasi dolari da ekonomikuri zrdis yvelaze maRali tempebi — wliuri 2 procentze
meti. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis donis SemcirebasTan erTad mcirdeba sula2 Gwartney J., Lawson R., Block W. Economic Freedom of the World. 1975.1995.Fraser Institute, Vancouver, 1975; Gwartney J., Lawson R.
Economic Freedom of the World. 1997 Annual Report. Fraser Institute, Vancouver, 1997; Gwartney J., Lawson R.Economic Freedom of the
World. 1998/1999 Interim Report. Fraser Institute, Vancouver,1998; Gwartney J., Lawson R. with D.Samida. Economic Freedom of the
World. 2000 Annual Report. Fraser Institute, Vancouver, 2000.
66
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “reformebi da Tavisufleba”
dobrivi Semosavali da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebic. qveynebs, romlebmac bolo
mexuTe mexuTedi Seadgines (qveynebis 20 procenti ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis
yvelaze dabali maCveneblebiT), erT sul mosaxleze yvelze dabali maCveneblebi gaaCndaT — 200 dolarze odnav meti da ekonomikuri zrdis saSualod
uaryofiTi maCveneblebi — wliurad —1,9 procenti.
principulad mniSvnelovania mdgradi statistikuri kavSiris arseboba ara
mxolod, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis da, meore mxriv, keTildReobis absolutur maCveneblebs da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs Soris, aramed
maTi nametis maCveneblebs Sorisac. im qveynebSi, romlebic 90-ian wlebSi ekonomikur Tavisuflebas zrdidnen (miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogori iyo misi sastarto
mniSvneloba), ekonomikuri zrdis tempebma imata da yvelaze maRali gaxda. xolo
iq, sadac mTavrobebi ekonomikur Tavisuflebas yvelaze Zalian zRudavdnen,
ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi Senelda da yvelaze naklebi — faqtobrivad
uaryofiTi gaxda (-1,0 procenti im qveynebSi, romlebmac bolo mexuTedi
Seadgines).
ekonomikurad Tavisufali qveynebi warmatebebs mxolod ekonomikuri
zrdis sferoSi ar aRweven, praqtikulad, socialuri da adamianis ganviTarebis
yvela tradiciulad gamoyenebadi maCvenebeli maTSi gacilebiT ukeTesia vidre
ekonomikurad araTavisuflebSi (ix. cxr. 5). pirveli mexuTedis qveynebSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 20 welze metiT aRemateba bolo mexuTedis
qveynebis analogiur maCvenebels — 76,4 da 55,2 weli Sesabamisad. Cvil bavSvTa
sikvdilianoba ekonomikurad Tavisufal qveynebSi saSualod 11-jer naklebia
vidre ekonomikurad araTavisufalSi (Sesabamisad 7,3 da 83,3 erT wlamde
gardacvlil yovel 1000 dabadebulze).
socialuri difrenciacia formaluri kriteriumebis mixedviT ekonomikurad Tavisufal qveynebSi aseve mniSvnelovnad dabalia. saSualo gansxvaveba,
skolaSi gatarebuli wlebis mixedviT, qalebsa da kacebs Soris minimaluria
pirveli mexuTedis qveynebSi. ekonomikuri donis SemcirebasTan erTad igi izdeba da mexuTe mexuTedSi maqsimaluri xdeba, romelic ekonomikurad yvelaze
araTavisufali qveynebisgan Sedgeba.
ekonomikuri analizis institutSi ganisazRvra ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis
indeqsis mniSvnelobebi 50 qveynisTvis, romelTaTvisac arsebobs maTi ekonomikuri zrdis statistikuri monacemebi XX saukunis udidesi nawilis – 191398 wlebisTvis. am monacemebis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs kacobriobis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi kanonzomierebis formulireba movaxdinoT.
ekonomikurad Tavisufali qveynebi viTardebian ufro swrafad, vidre qveynebi,
sadac mTavroba zRudavs ekonomikur Tavisuflebas da ereva sameurneo
cxovrebaSi. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis dabali maCveneblis mqone qveynebs
(indeqsis mniSvneloba — 2-ze dabali) gaaCndaT araumetes 1 procentis toli
ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi weliwadSi, ase rom, aswleulis ganmavlobaSi maT
SeeZloT mSp-s sidide erT sul mosaxleze araumetes 5000 dolariT gaezardaT.
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis donis zrdasTan erTad SeimCneva ekonomikis zrdis
aCqareba. yvelze maRali tempebiT — 2 procentze meti weliwadSi _
izrdebodnen qveynebi, sadac mTavrobebi inarCunebdnen ekono-mikuri
Tavisuflebis maRal maCveneblebs da Tanamimdevrulad afarToebdnen mis
sazRvrebs (indeqsis mniSvneloba — 7-ze meti). aseT qveynebSi mSp sul mosaxleze aswleulis ganmavlobaSi 17 000 dolariT da kidev ufro metiT gaizarda.
aucilebelia gavamaxviloT yuradReba imaze, rom ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis dabali maCveneblis dros SeuZlebelia ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebis miRweva. imavdroulad, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis maRali maCveneblebi faqtobrivad gamoricxavs ekonomikuri zrdis dabali tempebis albaTobas.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg sxvadasxva qveynebSi bazris monawileTaTvis
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovanma zrdam Seqmna yvelasaTvis cnobili
magaliTebi, romlebmac SemdegSi “ekonomikuri saswaulis” saxeli miiRo.
Aandrei ilarionovi, “ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba”
cxrili 4.
67
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis komponentebi
komponentebi
I. moxmareba, transferebi, subsidiebi
a. mTlian moxmarebaSi saxelmwifo moxmarebis wili, procenti
a1. mSp-Si saxelmwifo moxmarebis wili, procenti
b. saxelmwifo transfertebisa da subsidiebis wili mSp-Si, procenti
II. ekonomikis struqtura da sabazro meqanizmebis ganawileba
a. mSp-Si saxelmwifo sawarmoebis da investiciebis xvedriTi wona,
procenti
b. fasebze kontroli:saxelmwifos mier dawesebuli daregulirebuli fasebis wili, procenti
g. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zRvruli done, procenti
d.jaris savaldebuloba
III. fuladi politika da fasismieri stabiluroba
a. fuladi masis saSualo wliuri nameti bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi,
minus realuri mSp-s nametis tempebi bolo 10 wlisTvis, procenti
b. bolo 5 wlisTvis inflaciis tempebis standartuli gadaxra
g. bolo wlisTvis
IV. alternatiuli valutebis gamoyenebis Tavisufleba
a. xalxis Tavisufleba _ qveynis SigniT iqonion angariSebi sagareo
valutaSi
b. xalxis Tavisufleba _ qveynis gareT iqonion angariSebi sagareo
valutaSi
g. nacionaluri valutis konvertireba ucxour valutaSi saerTaSoriso operaciebSi monawileobisTvis
V. sakuTrebis uflebebis dacva
a. kerZo sakuTrebis uflebebis iuridiuli uzrunvelyofis indeqsi
(konfiskaciis riski)
b. kontraqtebis Sesrulebis indeqsi (saxelmwifos mier kontraqtebis darRvevis indeqsi)
g. kanonis uzenaesobis indeqsi
VI. saerTaSoriso gacvla: saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Tavisufleba
a. sagareo vaWrobis satarifo barierebi
- gare vaWrobaze gadasaxadebi, rogorc sagareo vaWrobis brunvis
procenti
- saSualo satarifo ganakveTi, procenti
- satarifo ganakveTebis standartuli gadaxra
b. gare vaWrobis arasatarifo barierebi
- sagareo vaWrobis wili, romelsac exeba satarifo SezRudvebi,
procenti
- sagareo vaWrobis faqtobrivi sidide dagegmilTan SedarebiT,
procenti
g. oficialur da Sav bazrebze arsebul savaluto kursebs Soris
sxvaoba, procenti
VII. finansur da kapitalis bazrebze moqmedebis Tavisufleba
a. kerZo bankebSi arsebuli depozitebis wili mTels depozitebSi,
procenti
msoflios
ruseTi
saukeTeso
1999
maCvenebeli
wels
1995-98
21,6
14,8
7,4
4,2
13,9
1,7
-30
0
-25
0
30
ki
0
ara
86,2
0
83,9
85,9
0
0
ki
ki
ara
ki
ara
ki
8,1
10
6,8
10
4
6
6,4
0
- 12
...
0
0
100
0
62,5
265,4
0
0
26,7
100
45,1
100
g. saprocento ganakveTebze kontroli, sxva regulirebac, romelar aris
sac saprocento ganakveTis uaryofiTi mniSvneloba iwvevs
ar aris
b. kerZo seqtoris kreditebis wili mTels kreditebSi, procenti
d. moqalaqeTa Tavisuflebis SezRudva, imonawileon sazRvargareT
kapitalur operaciebSi
aris
wyaro: Economic Freedom of the World. 2000 Annual Report. Fraser Institute, Vancouver, 2000, p. 7.
ar aris
68
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “reformebi da Tavisufleba”
yvelgan — dasavleT germaniidan da italiidan, iaponiasa da taivanamde,
Ciledan da mavrikiidan — irlandiasa da kontinentur CineTamde, liberaluri
ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebas mihyavda STambeWdav, magram absoluturad kanonzomier Sedegebamde: izrdeboda ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi;
maRldeboda cxovrebis done da xarisxi; mcirdeboda mosaxleobis socialuri
diferenciacia; ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SedegebiT iwyebdnen sargeblobas
mosaxleobis ufro farTo fenebi. mTel msoflioSi ar arsebobs arc erTi
qveyana, sadac liberaluri ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebas mniSvnelovnad dadebiT cvlilebebamde ar mieyvana. imavdroulad, msoflioSi ar arsebobs arc erTi qveyana, sadac liberaluris sawinaaRmdego politikis ganxorcielebas (intervencionisturis an populisturis) sakmaod uaryofiTi
Sedegebi ar moetana.
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da ekonomikuri zrda ruseTSi
Tu liberalur ekonomikur politikas aseT aSkara dadebiT Sedegebamde
mivyavarT, maS ratom, rogorc amtkiceben, rom bolo aTwleulebSi mis ganxorcielebas ruseTSi Tan sdevda aseTi Rrma ekonomikuri krizisi warmoebisa da
moxmarebis aseTi swrafi SemcirebiT da aseTi xangrZlivi stagnaciiT? pasuxi am
SekiTxvaze isaa, rom liberaluri ekonomikuri politika ruseTSi ubralod ar
arsebobda. liberaluri ekonomikuri politikis arsebobis Sesaxeb farTod
gavrcelebuli miTi bolo aTwleulSi ganxorcielebul politikasTan mimarTebaSi iseTi terminebis farTo gamoyenebas emyareba, rogoricaa — “bazari” da
“ekonomikuri Tavisufleba”, “sabazro ekonomika” da “liberaluri ekonomika”,
“sabazro politika” da “liberaluri politika”. maSin, roca es terminebi, iseve,
rogorc sityvebi “bazris momxreebi”, “liberalebi”, “reformatorebi” sazogadoebis masobriv azrovnebaSi aRiqmeba, rogorc sinonimebi, arada maT ukan principulad gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi imaleba.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia mravali saxis ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcieleba: Tanmimdevrulad intervencionistuli da populisturidan — Tanmimdevrulad liberaluramde. amgvarad, erTsa da imave dros SeiZleba qmnide sabazro ekonomikis sistemas da awarmoo araliberaluri ekonomikuri politika. zogierTi ekonomisti da politikosi SeiZleba sabazro ekonomikis momxreni iyvnen da, imavdroulad, populistebi, intervencionistebi,
magram, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara liberalebi. zustad es moxda ruseTSi. gegmiuri
ekonomikidan sabazroze gadasvla xdeboda sabazro ekonomikis momxreebis, Tu
gsurT reformatorebis, magram ara liberalebis mier. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTad Taviseburebebs warmoadgenda ekonomikuri populizmi, saxelmwifo administraciis privatizacia da
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudva.
ruseTis saxelmwifos krizisi, romlis Sesaxebac amdeni iTqva bolo drois
ganmavlobaSi, gamoixateboda, upirveles yovlisa, ekonomikur populizmSi. is
warmoiqmna saxelmwifos uunarobiT _ moaxdinos Tavisi moTxovnebis adaptireba dinamiurad cvalebadi Sida da gare pirobebis mimarT, saxelmwifos valdebulebebis mniSvnelovani gafarToebiT mis ZiriTad funqciebs gareT, misi
mudmivi, magram warumatebeli mcdelobebi, Seasrulos es valdebulebebi (maT
Soris misTvis aradamaxasiaTebeli da arasaWiro) kerZo seqtoridan maTi amoRebis xarjze da Semdgom misi gadanawileba im masStabebiT, romelic Seusabamoa
rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan, aseve mis ekonomikur
potencialTan.
saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri resursebis gadanawilebis masStabebis
zrdas paralelurad Tan sdevda misi wasvla iseTi sferoebidan, romlebic
mTavrobis eqskluziur prerogativas warmoadgens. moxda saxelmwifos ZiriTadi funqciebis — Zaladobis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli uflebamovaleobebis, aseve sameurneo saqmianobis normebisa da wesebis dadgenis procesis Rrma privatizacia. saxelmwifom gamoamJRavna ara mxolod kerZo kont-
Aandrei ilarionovi, “ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba”
69
raqtebis Sesrulebis garantirebis uunaroba, aramed masobrivad arRvevda da
arRvevs mis mierve dadebul kontraqtebs.
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlas Tan sdevda saxelmwifos mier sameurneo
cxovrebaSi Carevis masStabebis zrda Tavisi saqmianobis yvela mimarTulebiT –
gadasaxadebi, regulireba, represiuli fuladi politika. saxelmwifom gazarda ekonomikuri tvirTi kerZo seqtorze da SezRuda ruseTis moqalaqeTa ekonomikuri Tavisufleba. gafarToebuli saxelmwifos biujetis meSveobiT aTwleulis pirvel naxevarSi gadanawilda mSp-s naxevarze meti, xolo meore naxevarSi — daaxloebiT naxevari. inflaciis tempebma saSualod aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gadaameta 20 procents. saxelmwifo regulirebis masStabi (licenzireba, kvotireba, savaluto da sabaJo regulireba, biznesis registraciis nebarTviTi xasiaTi) mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis
mniSvnelovani Semcirebisas, mosaxleobis da, aseve, ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa
14 procentiT Semcirebisas — saxelmwifo struqturebSi momuSaveTa raodenoba gaormagda. adgili hqonda ara imdenad ekonomikis liberalizacias, aramed
saxelmwifos liberalizacias. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis sididis
mixedviT 90-ian wlebSi ruseTma daikava 110-e adgili 119 qveynidan da moxvda
erT jgufSi iseT qveynebTan, rogoricaa zambia, gvinea-bisau, nigeria, burundi,
madagaskari, ruanda. ori procesis erTdrouli moqmedebis Sedegad — ekonomikis saxelmwifos xelSi gadasvla da saxelmwifos privatizacia — moxda rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve ekonomikis saqmianobis efeqtianobis mkveTri
Semcireba.
ekonomikuri politikis “wyvetil” temps, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo ruseTisTvis bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, garkveuli koreqtivebi Seaqvs ruseTis
Tanamedrove ekonomikur istoriaSi gamefebul SexedulebebSi. aSkara faqtebiT
dasturdeba is sazogado kanonzomierebebi, romlebic liberaluri ekonomikuri politikis donesa da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs pirdapirproporciulad
akavSirebs. es niSnavs imas, rom ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebi ruseTSi, iseve, rogorc msoflios sxva qveynebSi, SeuZlebelia ganxorcieldes ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis indeqsis dabali maCveneblisas.
1993, 1995, 1999 wlebSi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis gafarToebas Tan an ekonomikuri vardnis SeCereba an ekonomikuri zrdis aCqareba sdevda. imave dros,
ekonomikuri politikis regress, romelic SeimCneoda e.w. “dakarguli wlebis”
ganmavlobaSi (1994-96 wlebi), ekonomikuri vardnis tempebis gazrdis an misi
SenarCunebisaken mivyavdiT. am fonze aSkara xdeba, rom 1997 wels “axalgazrda
reformatorTa” mTavrobis saqmianoba, romelic sinamdvileSi, ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis gafarToebas xels ar uwyobda, ucxouri kapitalis masiuri Semodinebis gareSe ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebs TavisTavad ver aRadgenda. garda
amisa, aSkaraa, rom 1992 wels warmoebis mkveTri Semcireba gamowveuli iyo ara
imdenad gegmiuri ekonomikidan sabazroze gadasvliT, aramed ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovani SezRudviT.
XX saukunis umetes periodSi ruseTSi intervencionistuli da populisturi ekonomikuri politika xorcieldeboda. zustad es gaxlavT mTavari
mizezi sabWoTa periodSi meurneobis ganviTarebis dabali tempebis, bolo aTwleulis ekonomikuri krizisis, Cveni qveynis sul ufro mzardi CamorCenis
msoflios qveynebis udidesi nawilisagan. siRaribis da CamorCenilobis daZlevis erTaderT saSualebad gamodis swrafi da mdgradi ekonomikuri zrda.
mxolod mis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli grZelvadiani periodis ganmavlobaSi
Seiqmnas aucilebeli resursebi cxovrebis donisa da xarisxis amaRlebisTvis,
mecnierebis dafinansebisTvis, kulturisTvis, misaRebi ekologiuri garemos
da qveynis gare usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisTvis.
am miznis miRweva praqtikulad SeuZlebelia verc intervencionistuli
ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebiT, romelsac adgili hqonda sabWoTa
kavSirSi 20-iani wlebis Suadan 80-iani wlebis Suamde, verc populisturi politikis gagrZelebiT, romelic xorcieldeba Cvens qveyanaSi 80-iani wlebidan
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “reformebi da Tavisufleba”
70
dRemde. ekonomikuri Teoria, XX saukunis ruseTis ganviTarebis da msoflios
gamocdileba mowmobs, rom mdgradi zrdis aRdgena SesaZlebelia mxolod liberaluri politikis Tanamimdevruli gatarebiT.
saxelmwifos mTavari amocana xdeba ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis dacva, mis
mTavar movaleobad – moqalaqeTa ganuyofeli uflebebis uzrunvelyofa:
pirovnebis, kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis, araZaladobrivi saqmianobis
Tavisuflebis, sameurneo cxovrebis erTiani da stabiluri wesebi da normebi.
ekonomikuri zrdis politika igivea, rac ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofisa da gafarToebis politika.
cxrili 5
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCveneblebi 1991-1998 wlebSi
qveynebis jgufi ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebis indeqsis mixed- saSualod
yvela qveynebis
viT
qveynis raodenoba
Zalin
mixedviT
minim. saS. zom. mniSv.
didi
1
dabadebisas mosalodneli
76,4 69,8 68,8
cxovrebis xangrZlivoba, weli
59,7
55,2
66,4
118
2
15 wlis asakSi mosalodneli
62,6 57,9 57,3
cxovrebis xangrZlivoba, weli
52,3
49,6
56,2
119
3
eqimebis monawileobiT dabade98,5 85,9 79,3
bul bavSvTa wili, procent.
50,6
51,6
72,4
86
4
arasakmarisi woniT dabadebul
bavSvTa wili, procent.
5
cudi kvebis gamo fizikuri
gadaxrebis mqone 5 wlamde
bavSvebis wili, procent.
5,6
8,4 10,6
13,2
14,8
10,3
112
- simaRlis mixedviT
5,4
20,5 19,4
30
34,4
26,1
65
- wonis mixedviT
5,1
15,7 14,9
24
26,2
19,3
79
6
kontracefciis saSualebis
gavrceleba (15-49 wlis 68,2 52,8 46,6
qalebSi,procent.)
29,9
29,6
39,4
53
7
dedaTa sikvdilianoba (100
189, 353,
12,1
aTas dabadebul bavSvze)
7
2
746,8
714,5
544,4
45
8
Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianoba (1
wlamde, 1000 dabadebulze)
9
bavSvTa sikvdilianoba (5
wlamde, 1000 dabadebulze)
7,3
27
32,2
67,1
83,3
42
118
9
34
42,1
107,5
130,9
62,9
117
10
13,2
6
119
61,6
54,1
72,9
93
51,2
53,5
70,7
105
sikvdilis albaToba 5 wlamde
0,01 3,2
4
asakSi, procent.
sasmeli wylis misawvdomoba,
11
95,8 77,9 77,2
procent.
10
12
sanitarul-higienur
momsaxurebis misawvdomoba,
96
77,5 71,3
Aandrei ilarionovi, “ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba”
13
jandacvis momsaxurebis misaw100
vdomoba
71
87
87,4
59,6
70
76,7
25
14
eqimebis raodenoba 1000 adamianze
2,3
1,2
1,4
0,7
0,4
1,3
114
15
moswavleTa raodenoba erT
maswavlebelze skolebSi
17
25,5
24,8
36,3
42,6
29,2
94
- pirveli safexuris 15,7
17,9
18,5
25,6
22,7
20,9
67
- meore safexuris 93,9
62,6
63,2
37,3
38,6
60,4
112
13
16,5
47,6
45,5
28,7
79
0,11
0,1
1,1
1,74
0,5
68
- kacebi 13,2
10,8
11,4
8,4
7,8
10,8
68
- qalebi 13,1
10,7
11,3
7,3
6
10,3
68
90
95
36
12
128
108
0,454
0,691
120
3,3
5,5
92
meore safexuris moswavleTa
16
procenti saskolo asakis 7,4
bavSvebTan mimarTebaSi
wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa
17 done, 15 wlis da zemoT, pro- 0,06
centebSi
skolaSi naswavli qalebisa da
18
kacebis raodenobas Soris
sxvaoba, weli
19
20
21
22
skolaSi swavlis wlebis
raodenoba (1980-92 ww)
gazeTebis tiraJi 1000 kacze,
351
egzemplari
adamianuri ganviTarebis
0,936 0,775 0,744 0,497
indeqsi
xarjebi jandacvaze rogorc
8
5
4,9
4,2
mSp-s procenti
23
saxelmwifo xarjebi ganaTlebaze, rogorc mSp-s procenti
5,4
4,1
5
4
3,7
4,5
114
24
xarjebi maRal teqnologiebze, rogorc mSp-s pro-
1,8
0,7
0,8
0,7
0,4
1,1
59
wyaro: gaTvlilia egi-s mier, msoflio bankis, iuneskos, gaeros monacemebze dayrdnobiT.