Canon SX50 - Pegasus Information Technology
Transkript
CANON DİJİTAL FOTOĞRAF MAKİNESİ SX50 TÜRKÇE TANITMA VE KULLANMA KILAVUZU • Dijital Fotoğraf Makinenizi çalıştırmadan önce bu kılavuzu dikkatlice okuyunuz. • Daha sonraki kullanımlarınız için bu kılavuzu mutlaka saklayınız. • Cihazın model ve seri numarasını kaydediniz. Malın enerji tüketimi açısından verimli kullanımına ilişkin bilgiler Satın almış olduğunuz ürünün ömrü boyunca enerji tüketimi açısından verimli kullanımı için bakım hizmetlerinin yetkilendirilmiş sertifikalı elemanlarca yapılması, varsa periyodik bakımlarının aksatılmaması gerekmektedir. Cihazınızın bu kullanım kılavuzunda belirtilen çevresel karakteristiklere uygun ortamlarda çalıştırılması gerekmektedir. 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()ODú SDWODUVD ODPED \DQÕN NDOÕU. 60 dHNLP ($NÕOOÕ 2WRPDWLN )RWR÷UDÀDU 7DULK'DPJDVÖ(NOHPH )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL J|UQWOHUL VD÷ DOW N|úHVLQH oHNLP WDULKLQL HNOH\HELOLU. $QFDN WDULK GDPJDODUÕQÕQ G]HQOHQHPH\HFH÷LQL YH\D NDOGÕUÕODPD\DFD÷ÕQÕ XQXWPD\ÕQ. BX QHGHQOH HNOHPHGHQ |QFH WDULK YH VDDWLQ GR÷UX ROGX÷XQGDQ HPLQ ROXQ (=19. 1 $\DUÕ\DSÕODQGÕUÕQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ >4@ VHNPHVLQGHQ >TDULK DDPJDVÕ@ QÕ VHoLQ YH VRQUD LVWHGL÷LQL] VHoHQH÷L EHOLUOH\LQ (=42. X $\DU WDPDPODQGÕNWDQ VRQUD >T$5øH@ J|UQWOHQLU. 2 ÇHNLP X dHNLP \DSÕOGÕNoD IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL J|UQWOHULQ VD÷ DOW N|úHVLQH oHNLP WDULKLQL YH\D VDDWLQL HNOHU. z 2ULMLQDO D\DUD JHUL G|QPHN LoLQ 1. DGÕPGD >.DSDOÕ@ \Õ VHoLQ. TDULK GDPJDODUÕ G]HQOHQHPH] YH\D NDOGÕUÕODPD]. 61 dHNLP ($NÕOOÕ 2WRPDWLN 2ULMLQDOLQGH WDULK EDVNÕVÕ EXOXQPD\DQ J|UQWOHU EX ELOJLOHUOH ELUOLNWH DúD÷ÕGDNL JLEL \D]GÕUÕODELOLU. $QFDN WDULK YH VDDW ELOJLVL ]DWHQ EXOXQDQ J|UQWOHUH EX ELOJLOHULQ HNOHQPHVL oLIW WDULKVDDW EDVNÕVÕQD QHGHQ RODELOLU. - BDVNÕ LoLQ VL]H YHULOHQ \D]ÕOÕPÕ NXOODQÕQ$\UÕQWÕODU LoLQ EN]. <D]ÕOÕP .ÕODYX]X (=28 . - <D]ÕFÕ LúOHYOHULQL NXOODQDUDN EDVNÕ DOÕQ (= 231. - BDVNÕ LoLQ IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQLQ D32) EDVNÕ D\DUODUÕQÕ (=238 NXOODQÕQ )RWR÷UDÀDU 2GDNODQPDNùoLQ.RQXODUÖQ6HoLOPHVLù]OHPH$) 2GDNODQPDN ]HUH ELU NRQX VHoWLNWHQ VRQUD DúD÷ÕGDNL JLEL oHNLP \DSÕQ. 1 ø]OHPH$) \LVHoLQ z o! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X > @ VLPJHVL HNUDQÕQ RUWDVÕQGD J|UQWOHQLU. 2 2GDNODQPDN]HUHELUNRQX VHoLQ z )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL > @ VLPJHVL LVWHGL÷LQL] NRQX ]HULQH JHOHFHN úHNLOGH NDGUDMOD\ÕQ YH VRQUD GHNODQú|U WXúXQD \DUÕP EDVÕQ. X MDYL ELU oHUoHYH J|UQWOHQLU YH IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL NRQX\X VUHNOL RGDNWD WXWDU YH J|UQW SDUODNOÕ÷ÕQÕ D\DUODU (6HUYR $). 3 ÇHNLP z dHNLP \DSPDN LoLQ GHNODQú|U WXúXQD VRQXQD NDGDU WDP EDVÕQ. z ø]OHPH $) \L LSWDO HWPHN LoLQ o! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. .RQXODU oRN NoN YH\D DúÕUÕ KÕ]OÕ KDUHNHW HWWL÷LQGH \D GD NRQX UHQJL YH\D SDUODNOÕ÷Õ IRQD oRN \DNÕQ ROGX÷XQGD WDNLS \DSÕODPD\DELOLU. 62 .XOODQÖFÖ<].LPOLöL *HoPLúWH ELU NLúL ND\GÕ \DSPÕúVDQÕ] IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL EX NLúLQLQ \]Q WHVSLW HGHU YH oHNLP \DSDUNHQ RGDN SDUODNOÕN YH UHQN D\DUODUÕQÕ EX NLúL\H J|UH |]HOOHúWLULU. A! PRGXQGD IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL ND\ÕWOÕ GR÷XP WDULKOHULQH J|UH EHEHNOHUL YH oRFXNODUÕ WHVSLW HGHELOLU YH oHNLPL \DSDUNHQ D\DUODUÕ EXQODUD J|UH HQ X\JXQ KDOH JHWLUHELOLU. BX LúOHY D\QÕ ]DPDQGD oRN VD\ÕGD J|UQW DUDVÕQGDQ ND\ÕWOÕ EHOLUOL ELU NLúL\L DUDUNHQ oRN NXOODQÕúOÕGÕU (=166. KLúLVHO%LOJLOHU <] .LPOL÷L LOH ND\GHGLOPLú \] (\] ELOJLVL J|UQWV YH NLúLVHO ELOJLOHU (DG GR÷XP JQ JLEL ELOJLOHU IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQH ND\GHGLOLU. BXQD HN RODUDN ND\ÕWOÕ NLúLOHU WHVSLW HGLOGL÷LQGH IRWR÷UDÀDUD EXQODUÕQ DGODUÕ GD \D]GÕUÕOÕU. <] .LPOL÷L LúOHYLQL NXOODQÕUNHQ IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL YH\D J|UQWOHUL GL÷HUOHUL\OH SD\ODúÕUNHQ \D GD J|UQWOHUL ELUoRN NLúL WDUDIÕQGDQ J|UOHELOHFHNOHUL oHYULPLoL RUWDPODUD SRVWDODUNHQ GLNNDWOL ROXQ. <] .LPOL÷L LúOHYLQL NXOODQGÕNWDQ VRQUD IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL HOGHQ oÕNDUÕUNHQ YH\D EDúND ELU NLúL\H YHULUNHQ IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQGHQ WP ELOJLOHUL (ND\ÕWOÕ \]OHU DGODU YH GR÷XP JQOHUL VLOGL÷LQL]GHQ HPLQ ROXQ (= 71. <].LPOLöL%LOJLOHULQLQ.D\GHGLOPHVL <] .LPOL÷L LOH ELUOLNWH NXOODQPDN ]HUH HQ ID]OD 12 NLúL\H DLW ELOJLOHUL (\] ELOJLVL DGÕ GR÷XP WDULKL ND\GHGHELOLUVLQL]. 1 $\DUHNUDQÕQDHULúLQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ >4@ VHNPHVLQGH ><] .LPOL÷L $\DUODUÕ@ VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ (=42. 63 dHNLP ($NÕOOÕ 2WRPDWLN z >.D\GD (NOH@ \L VHoLQ YH VRQUD ><HQL <] (NOH@ \L VHoLQ. 2 <]ELOJLOHULQLND\GHGLQ z )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL ND\GHWPHN LVWHGL÷LQL] NLúLQLQ \] HNUDQ RUWDVÕQGDNL JUL oHUoHYH LoLQGH NDODFDN úHNLOGH \|QHOWLQ. z .LúL \]QGHNL EH\D] oHUoHYH \]Q WDQÕQGÕ÷ÕQÕ J|VWHULU. <] ]HULQGH ELU EH\D] oHUoHYH J|UQWOHQGL÷LQGHQ HPLQ ROXQ YH VRQUD oHNLP \DSÕQ. z <] WDQÕQPD]VD \] ELOJLVL ND\GHGLOPH]. 3 $\DUODUÕND\GHGLQ z >.D\GHW"@ PHVDMÕ J|UQWOHQGLNWHQ VRQUD q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >TDPDP@ Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 64 dHNLP ($NÕOOÕ 2WRPDWLN X >3UR¿OL D]HQOH@ HNUDQÕ J|UQWOHQLU. 4 %LUDGJLULQ z m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z o!p!q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU GLO VHoLQ DUGÕQGDQ m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z > @ YH\D > @ VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH m! WXúXQD EDVDUDN LPOHFL KDUHNHW HWWLULQ. z BLU |QFHNL NDUDNWHUL VLOPHN LoLQ a! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH\D > @ VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z 3UR¿O G]HQOHPH HNUDQÕQD JHUL G|QPHN LoLQ n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 5 %LUGR÷XPWDULKLJLULQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >DR÷XP JQ@ VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN ELU D\DUÕ EHOLUOH\LQ. z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN WDULK YH VDDWL EHOLUOH\LQ. z øúOHP WDPDPODQGÕ÷ÕQGD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 65 dHNLP ($NÕOOÕ 2WRPDWLN 6 $\DUODUÕND\GHGLQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >.D\GHW@ VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z BLU PHVDM J|UQWOHQGLNWHQ VRQUD q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >(YHW@ L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 7 <]ELOJLOHULQLND\GHWPH\HGHYDP HGLQ z<] ELOJLOHULQH (LIDGHOHU YH\D DoÕODU 4 QRNWD GDKD ND\GHWPHN LoLQ 2 ± 3 DGÕPODUÕ WHNUDUOD\ÕQ. z )DUNOÕ \] ELOJLOHUL HNOHUVHQL] ND\ÕWOÕ \]OHUL GDKD NROD\ WDQÕ\DELOLUVLQL]. DLUHNW DoÕ\D HN RODUDN KD¿I \DQ DoÕ ELU JOPVHPH oHNLPL YH LoGÕú oHNLPOHU GH HNOH\LQ. 2. DGÕP X\JXODQÕUNHQ ÀDú SDWODPD]. 5. DGÕPGD GR÷XP WDULKL ND\GÕ \DSÕOPD]VD A! PRGXQGD BHEHNOHU YH\D dRFXNODU VLPJHOHUL (= 51 J|UQWOHQPH]. <] ELOJLVLQH DLW 5 KDQHQLQ WDPDPÕQÕ GROGXUPDGÕ\VDQÕ] ND\GHGLOPLú ELU \] ELOJLVLQLQ ]HULQH \D]DELOLU YH ELU \] HNOH\HELOLUVLQL] (= 69. dHNLP *HoPLúWH ELU NLúL ND\GÕ \DSPÕúVDQÕ] IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL DQD NRQX RODUDN EX NLúLQLQ \]QH |QFHOLN WDQÕU YH oHNLP \DSDUNHQ RGDN SDUODNOÕN YH UHQN D\DUODUÕQÕ EX NLúL\H J|UH RSWLPL]H HGHU. X )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL ELU NRQX\D oHYLUGL÷LQL]GH PDNLQH WHVSLW \DSWÕ÷ÕQGD HQ ID]OD 3 ND\ÕWOÕ NLúLQLQ DGODUÕ J|UQWOHQLU. z dHNLQ. X *|UQWOHQHQ DGODU IRWR÷UDÀDUD ND\GHGLOLU. .LúL WHVSLWL \DSÕOÕU DQFDN NLúL DGODUÕ HNUDQGD J|UQWOHQPH]VH ELOH DGODU (HQ ID]OD 5 NLúLQLQ DGÕ J|UQWOHUH ND\GHGLOLU. 66 dHNLP ($NÕOOÕ 2WRPDWLN .D\GHGLOHQ NLúLOHU GÕúÕQGDNL NLúLOHU GH EHQ]HU \] |]HOOLNOHULQH VDKLSOHUVH \DQOÕúOÕNOD ND\ÕWOÕ \] JLEL DOJÕODQDELOLU. dHNLOHQ J|UQW YH\D VDKQH ELOJLVL ND\ÕWOÕ \] ELOJLVLQGHQ oRN IDUNOÕ\VD ND\ÕWOÕ NLúLOHU GR÷UX ELU úHNLOGH WHVSLW HGLOHPH\HELOLU. .D\ÕW ELU \] KLo YH\D NROD\OÕNOD WHVSLW HGLOHPH]VH \HQL \] ELOJLVL JLUHUHN HVNL ND\GÕQ ]HULQH \D]ÕQ. <] ELOJLVLQLQ oHNLPGHQ KHPHQ |QFH ND\GHGLOPHVL ND\ÕWOÕ \]OHULQ GDKD NROD\ WHVSLW HGLOPHVLQL VD÷ODU. BLU NLúL \DQOÕúOÕNOD ELU EDúND NLúL RODUDN WHVSLW HGLOLUVH YH VL] EXQD UD÷PHQ oHNLPH GHYDP HGHUVHQL] J|UQW\H ND\GHGLOHQ DGÕ L]OHPH VÕUDVÕQGD G]HQOH\HELOLU YH\D VLOHELOLUVLQL] (=171. BHEHNOHULQ YH oRFXNODUÕQ \]OHUL E\GNoH KÕ]OD GH÷LúWL÷L LoLQ EXQODUÕQ \] ELOJLOHULQL G]HQOL RODUDN JQFHOOHúWLUPHQL] JHUHNLU (= 69. >4@ VHNPHVLQGHNL >g]HO (NUDQ@ (=154 VHoHQH÷LQGHNL >dHNLP BLOJLOHUL@ RQD\ NXWXVX WHPL]OHQVH ELOH DGODU ND\GHGLOPH] YH GROD\ÕVÕ\OD DGODU J|UQWOHQPH]. $GODUÕQ J|UQW\H ND\GHGLOPHVLQL LVWHPL\RUVDQÕ] >4@ VHNPHVLQGHQ ><] .LPOL÷L $\DUODUÕ@ QÕ VHoLQ YH VRQUD >.DSDOÕ@ \Õ VHoLQ. *|UQWOHUH ND\ÕWOÕ RODQ DGODUÕ L]OHPH HNUDQÕQGDQ NRQWURO HGHELOLUVLQL] (WHPHO ELOJL J|VWHULPL (=160. .D\ÖWOÖ%LOJLOHULQ.RQWURO(GLOPHVLYH']HQOHQPHVL KD\ÕWOÕ<]KLPOL÷L%LOJLOHULQLQKRQWUROEGLOPHVL 1 >%LOJL\LKRQWUROEW']HQOH@ HNUDQÕQDHULúLQ z = 63 GDNL 1. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >BLOJLOHUL .RQWURO (WD]HQOH@ \L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 KRQWUROHGLOHFHNNLúL\LVHoLQ z o!p!q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU GLO VHoLQ DUGÕQGDQ m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 67 dHNLP ($NÕOOÕ 2WRPDWLN 3 KD\ÕWOÕELOJL\LNRQWUROHGLQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU |÷H VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z .D\ÕWOÕ ELOJL\L NRQWURO HGLQ. $GÕYH\D'R÷XPTDULKLQLQ'H÷LúWLULOPHVL 1 >3UR¿OL']HQOH@HNUDQÕQDHULúLQ z = 67 ± 68 GHNL 1-3. $GÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >3UR¿OL D]HQOH@ VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 *LULúGH÷LúLNOLNOHUL z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU |÷H VHoLQ YH GH÷LúLNOLNOHUL JLUPHN LoLQ = 65 GHNL 4-5. $GÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\ÕQ. >3UR¿OL D]HQOH@ GH DGODUÕ GH÷LúWLUVHQL] ELOH |QFHGHQ oHNLOPLú J|UQWOHUGH ND\ÕWOÕ RODQ DGODU D\QÕ NDOÕU. .D\ÕWOÕ DGODUÕ G]HQOHPHN LoLQ VL]H YHULOHQ \D]ÕOÕPÕ NXOODQDELOLUVLQL]. 6L]H YHULOHQ \D]ÕOÕPOD JLULOHQ ED]Õ NDUDNWHUOHU IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQGH J|UQWOHQPH\HELOLU DQFDN J|UQWOHUH GR÷UX ELU úHNLOGH ND\GHGLOLU. 68 dHNLP ($NÕOOÕ 2WRPDWLN <]%LOJLOHULQLQÜ]HULQH<D]ÕOPDVÕYHENOHQPHVL MHYFXW \] ELOJLOHULQLQ ]HULQH \HQL \] ELOJLOHULQL \D]DELOLUVLQL]. <] ELOJLOHULQL |]HOOLNOH EHEHNOHULQ YH oRFXNODUÕQ \] ELOJLOHULQL G]HQOL RODUDN JQFHOOHúWLUPHQL] JHUHNLU oQN EXQODUÕQ \]OHUL E\GNoH oRN KÕ]OÕ GH÷LúLU. $\UÕFD 5 \] ELOJLVL KDQHVLQLQ KHSVL GROGXUXOPDGÕ÷ÕQGD \HQL \] ELOJLOHUL HNOH\HELOLUVLQL]. 1 ><HQL<]%LOJLVL@HNUDQÕQD HULúLQ z = 63 GHNL 1. $GÕP HNUDQÕQGD ><HQL <] BLOJLVL@ QL VHoLQ YH m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 Ü]HULQH\D]DFD÷ÕQÕ]NLúLDGÕQÕVHoLQ z 3UHVV WKH o!p!q!r! EXWWRQV RU WXUQ WKH 5! GLDO WR FKRRVH WKH QDPH RI D SHUVRQ WR RYHUZULWH DQG WKHQ SUHVV WKH m! EXWWRQ. z 4 YH\D GDKD D] \] ELOJLVL KDQHVLQH ND\ÕW \DSÕOÕUVD GDKD ID]OD \] ELOJLVL HNOHPHN LoLQ = 70 GHNL 5. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\ÕQ. 3 <]ELOJLVLHNUDQÕQDHULúLQ z *|UQWOHQHQ PHVDMÕ RNX\XQ q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >TDPDP@ Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X <] ELOJLVL HNUDQÕ J|UQWOHQLU. 4 Ü]HULQH\D]PDN]HUH\] ELOJLVLQLVHoLQ z 3UHVV WKH o!p!q!r! EXWWRQV RU WXUQ WKH 5! GLDO WR FKRRVH WKH IDFH LQIR WR RYHUZULWH DQG WKHQ SUHVV WKH m! EXWWRQ. 69 dHNLP ($NÕOOÕ 2WRPDWLN 5 <]ELOJLOHULQLND\GHGLQ z dHNLP \DSPDN LoLQ = 64 GHNL 2 ± 3. DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\ÕQ YH VRQUD \HQL \] ELOJLOHULQL ND\GHGLQ. z )DUNOÕ \] ELOJLOHUL HNOHUVHQL] ND\ÕWOÕ \]OHUL GDKD NROD\ WDQÕ\DELOLUVLQL]. DLUHNW DoÕ\D HN RODUDN KD¿I \DQ DoÕ ELU JOPVHPH oHNLPL YH LoGÕú oHNLPOHU GH HNOH\LQ. 5 ELOJL KDQHVLQLQ KHSVL GROX\VD \] ELOJLVL HNOH\HPH]VLQL]. <] ELOJLOHULQLQ ]HULQH \D]PDN LoLQ \XNDUÕGDNL DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\ÕQ. (Q D]ÕQGDQ ELU ELOJL KDQHVL ERú ROGX÷XQGD \XNDUÕGDNL DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\DUDN \HQL \] ELOJLVL ND\GÕ \DSDELOLUVLQL] DQFDN \] ELOJLOHULQLQ ]HULQH \D]DPD]VÕQÕ]. <] ELOJLOHULQLQ ]HULQH \D]PDN \HULQH |QFH LVWHQPH\HQ ELOJL\L VLOLQ YH VRQUD \HQL \] ELOJLVLQL (DúD÷Õ\D EDNÕQ ND\GHGLQ (= 63.. <]%LOJLOHULQLQ6LOLQPHVL 1 >%LOJL\LKRQWUROEW']HQOH@ HNUDQÕQDHULúLQ z = 63 GDNL 1. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >BLOJLOHUL .RQWURO (WD]HQOH@ \L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 <]ELOJLVLQLVLOPHNLVWHGL÷LQL] NLúLDGÕQÕVHoLQ z 3UHVV WKH o!p!q!r! EXWWRQV RU WXUQ WKH 5! GLDO WR FKRRVH WKH IDFH LQIR WR RYHUZULWH DQG WKHQ SUHVV WKH m! EXWWRQ. 70 dHNLP ($NÕOOÕ 2WRPDWLN 3 ><]%LOJLVL/LVWHVL@HNUDQÕQD HULúLQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ><] BLOJLOHUL LLVWHVL@ VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 4 6LOPHN]HUH\]ELOJLVLQLVHoLQ z3UHVV WKH m! EXWWRQ SUHVV WKH o!p!q!r! EXWWRQV RU WXUQ WKH 5! GLDO WR FKRRVH WKH IDFH LQIR \RX ZDQW WR HUDVH DQG WKHQ SUHVV WKH m! EXWWRQ. z$IWHU >(UDVH"@ LV GLVSOD\HG SUHVV WKH q!r! 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L-.RQWUDVW (=120 NXOODQÕODPD]. )RWR÷UDI ND\GÕ GDKLOL EHOOH÷L GROGXUXUVD YLGHR oHNLP GXUDELOLU. > @ YH\D > @ YLGHR ND\GÕ VÕUDVÕQGD (169 HQER\ RUDQÕ\OD IRWR÷UDÀDUÕQ HQ ER\ RUDQÕ > @ ROXU. > @ YLGHR ND\GÕ VÕUDVÕQGD (43 HQER\ RUDQÕ\OD IRWR÷UDÀDUÕQ HQER\ RUDQÕ > @ ROXU. > @ J|UQWOHU YLGHR YH IRWR÷UDI HQER\ RUDQÕ HúOHúPHGL÷LQGH ND\GHGLOHPH]. 9LGHR ND\GÕ VÕUDVÕQGD >DLQDPLN I6@ GH >1@ VHoLPL \DSÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD (= 148 HNUDQGD J|UQWOHQHQGHQ GDKD JHQLú ELU DODQ J|VWHULOLU. I62 KÕ]Õ > @ ROXU. 109 dHúLWOL 9LGHRODUÕQ dHNLOPHVL 9LGHRODU ÇHNLPGHQgQFH*|UQW3DUODNOÕ÷ÕQÕQKLOLWOHQPHVLYH\D'H÷LúWLULOPHVL dHNLPGHQ |QFH SR]X NLOLWOH\HELOLU YH\D -3 YH\D 3 DUDOÕ÷ÕQGD 13 GXUDNOÕ DUWÕúODUOD GH÷LúWLUHELOLUVLQL]. 1 3R]XNLOLWOH\LQ z o! WXúXQD EDVDUDN SR]X NLOLWOH\LQ. 3R] GH÷LúLP oXEX÷X J|UQWOHQLU. z 3R] NLOLGLQL DoPDN LoLQ WHNUDU o! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 'LRSWHUD\DUÕ\DSÕQ z (NUDQGDQ EDNDUNHQ 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN SR]X D\DUOD\ÕQ. 3 ÇHNLP18 9LGHRODU L)UDPH9LGHRODUÖQdHNLOPHVL L)UDPH X\XPOX \D]ÕOÕPOD YH\D FLKD]ODUOD G]HQOHQHELOHQ YLGHRODU oHNLQ. 6L]H YHULOHQ \D]ÕOÕPÕ NXOODQDUDN L)UDPH YLGHRODUÕ KÕ]OÕ ELU úHNLOGH G]HQOH\HELOLU ND\GHGHELOLU YH \|QHWHELOLUVLQL] (=28. 1 > @VHoLPL\DSÕQ z MRG NDGUDQÕQÕ E! NRQXPXQD JHWLULQ. z m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ PHQGHQ >E@ VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD > @ (=41 VHoHQH÷LQL EHOLUOH\LQ. X (NUDQÕQ VW YH DOW NHQDUÕQGD J|UQWOHQHQ VL\DK EDQWODU ND\GHGLOPH\HQ J|UQW DODQODUÕQÕ EHOLUWLU. 2 ÇHNLP=18 d|]QUON > @ (= 77 GH÷HULQGHGLU YH GH÷LúWLULOHPH]. L)UDPH $SSOH WDUDIÕQGDQ JHOLúWLULOHQ ELU YLGHR IRUPDWÕGÕU. 110 dHúLWOL 9LGHRODUÕQ dHNLOPHVL 9LGHRODU 6SHU$öÖUdHNLP9LGHRODUÖQdHNLOPHVL HÕ]OÕ KDUHNHW HGHQ NRQXODUÕ oHNHELOLU YH EXQODUÕ GDKD VRQUD D÷ÕU oHNLPGH L]OH\HELOLUVLQL]. 6HV ND\GÕ \DSÕOPDGÕ÷ÕQÕ XQXWPD\ÕQ. 1 > @VHoLPL\DSÕQ z MRG NDGUDQÕQÕ E! NRQXPXQD JHWLULQ. z m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ PHQGHQ >E@ VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD > EHOLUOH\LQ. @ (=41 VHoHQH÷LQL 2 %LUoHNLPKÕ]ÕVHoLQ z m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ PHQGHQ > @ VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH LVWHGL÷LQL] oHNLP KÕ]ÕQÕ EHOLUOH\LQ (=41. X <DSÕODQGÕUGÕ÷ÕQÕ] VHoHQHN úLPGL J|UQWOHQLU. 3 ÇHNLP18 X *HoHQ VUH\L J|VWHUHQ ELU oXEXN J|UQWOHQLU. MDNVLPXP NOLS X]XQOX÷X \DNODúÕN 30 VQ.¶GLU. ÇHNLP+Õ]Õ *|UQWKDOLWHVL ø]OHPH6UHVL3VQ OLN KOLSLoLQ 240 NDUHVQ. (320 [ 240 <DNO. 4 GN. 120 NDUHVQ. (640 [ 480 <DNO. 2 GN. =XP G÷PHVLQL KDUHNHW HWWLUVHQL] ELOH ND\ÕW VÕUDVÕQGD ]XPODPD \DSÕODPD]. 9LGHR G÷PHVLQH EDVWÕ÷ÕQÕ]GD RGDN SR] YH UHQN D\DUÕ \DSÕOÕU. 111 dHúLWOL 9LGHRODUÕQ dHNLOPHVL 9LGHR\X D÷ÕU oHNLP L]OHPHN LoLQ =160 GDNL 1 ± 3 DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\ÕQ. > @ PRGXQGD YLGHRQXQ L]OHPH KÕ]ÕQÕ VL]H YHULOHQ \D]ÕOÕPÕ NXOODQDUDN GH÷LúWLUHELOLUVLQL]. $\UÕQWÕODU LoLQ <D]ÕOÕP.ÕODYX]X (=28 QD EDNÕQ. 112 4 30RGX øVWHGL÷LQL] oHNLP VWLOLQGH GDKD VH]JLVHO oHNLPOHU \DSÕQ. BX E|OPGHNL WDOLPDWODU PRG NDGUDQÕ G! PRGXQD D\DUODQPÕú ELU IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQH X\JXODQÕU. G! 3URJUDP $( $( 2WRPDWLN 3R] BX E|OPGH DQODWÕODQ ELU LúOHYL G! GÕúÕQGDNL PRGODUGD NXOODQPDGDQ |QFH V|] NRQXVX LúOHYLQ EX PRGGD NXOODQÕODELOGL÷LQGHQ HPLQ ROXQ (= 260 ± 271. 113 )RWR÷UDÀDU 9LGHRODU 3URJUDP$(0RGXQGDdHNLP<3!0RGX øúOHY D\DUODUÕQÕQ ELU oR÷XQX oHNLP VWLOL WHUFLKOHULQL]H J|UH |]HOOHúWLUHELOLUVLQL]. 1 G!PRGXQDJLULQ z MRG NDGUDQÕQÕ G! NRQXPXQD JHWLULQ. 2 $\DUODUÕLVWHGL÷LQL]JLEL |]HOOHúWLULQ=115±147YH VRQUDoHNLQ DHNODQú|U WXúXQD \DUÕP EDVÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD \HWHUOL SR] HOGH HGLOHPH]VH HQVWDQWDQH KÕ]Õ YH GL\DIUDP GH÷HUOHUL WXUXQFX UHQNWH J|VWHULOLU. <HWHUOL SR] HOGH HWPHN LoLQ DúD÷ÕGDNL D\DUODUÕ \DSPD\Õ GHQH\LQ. - )ODúÕ HWNLQOHúWLULQ (= 142 - I62 KÕ]ÕQÕ GH÷LúWLULQ (= 117 G! PRGXQGD GD YLGHR WXúXQD EDVDUDN YLGHR ND\GÕ \DSDELOLUVLQL]. $QFDN YLGHR oHNLPLQGH ED]Õ H! YH n! D\DUODUÕ RWRPDWLN RODUDN D\DUODQDELOLU. G! 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BX GXUXPGD DUWÕN > @ VLPJHVL J|UQWOHQPH]. 2 ÇHNLPLROXúWXUXQYHoHNLQ z BLU oHNLP \DSÕOGÕNWDQ VRQUD $( NLOLGL DoÕOÕU YH DUWÕN > @ VLPJHVL J|UQWOHQPH]. $( 2WRPDWLN 3R] 3R] NLOLWOHQGLNWHQ VRQUD 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN (3URJUDP DH÷LúLPL HQVWDQWDQH KÕ]Õ YH GL\DIUDP GH÷HUL NRPELQDV\RQXQX D\DUOD\DELOLUVLQL]. 115 *|UQW 3DUODNOÕ÷Õ (3R] THOD¿VL )RWR÷UDÀDU gOoP<|QWHPLQLQ'HöLøWLULOPHVL dHNLP NRúXOODUÕQÕ]D X\JXQ |OoP \|QWHPLQL (SR]XQ QDVÕO |OoOHFH÷L DúD÷ÕGDNL JLEL D\DUOD\DELOLUVLQL]. z m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ PHQGHQ > @ VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH LVWHGL÷LQL] VHoHQH÷LQL EHOLUOH\LQ (=41. X <DSÕODQGÕUGÕ÷ÕQÕ] VHoHQHN úLPGL J|UQWOHQLU. DH÷HUOHQGLUPHOL $UNDGDQ D\GÕQODWPDOÕ oHNLPOHU GDKLO WLSLN oHNLP NRúXOODUÕ LoLQ. dHNLP NRúXOODUÕQD X\JXQ KDOH JHWLUPHN LoLQ SR]X RWRPDWLN RODUDN D\DUODU. 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WXúODUÕQD EDVÕQ. z =XPOX NRQXPGD GL÷HU J|UQWOHUH JHoPHN LoLQ 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLULQ. B\WOPú J|VWHULPGHQ WHN WHN J|UQW L]OHPH\H JHUL G|QPHN LoLQ n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 172 dHNLPOHUL *|UQWOHPH 6HoHQHNOHUL )RWR÷UDÀDU 9LGHRODU 6OD\W*|VWHULOHULQLQù]OHQPHVL BLU KDIÕ]D NDUWÕQGDNL J|UQWOHUL DúD÷ÕGDNL JLEL RWRPDWLN RODUDN L]OH\LQ. 1 $\DUHNUDQÕQDHULúLQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH >1] VHNPHVLQGH >6OD\W J|VWHULVL] VHoLPL \DSÕQ (=42. 2 $\DUÕ\DSÕODQGÕUÕQ z <DSÕODQGÕUPDN ]HUH ELU PHQ |÷HVL VHoLQ YH VRQUD LVWHGL÷LQL] VHoHQH÷L EHOLUOH\LQ (=42. 3 2WRPDWLNL]OHPH\LEDúODWÕQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >BDúODW] VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X (NUDQGD >*|UQW \NOHQL\RU...] PHVDMÕ J|UQWOHQGLNWHQ NÕVD ELU VUH VRQUD VOD\W J|VWHULVL EDúODU. z n! WXúXQD EDVDUDN VOD\W J|VWHULVLQL GXUGXUXQ. 6OD\W J|VWHULVL VÕUDVÕQGD IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQLQ Jo WDVDUUXIX LúOHYOHUL (=38 GHYUH GÕúÕ EÕUDNÕOÕU. 6OD\W J|VWHULVLQL GXUDNODWPDN YH\D \HQLGHQ EDúODWPDN LoLQ m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. ø]OHPH VÕUDVÕQGD q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN GL÷HU J|UQWOHUH JHoHELOLUVLQL]. HÕ]OÕ LOHUL YH\D KÕ]OÕ JHUL VDUPD LoLQ q!r! WXúODUÕQÕ EDVÕOÕ WXWXQ. >(IHNW] RODUDN >.RQXúPD BDORQX] VHoLOLUVH >ø]OHPH 6UHVL] D\DUÕ GH÷LúWLULOHPH]. $\UÕFD \HN WHN J|UQW L]OHPHGH m! WXúXQX EDVÕOÕ WXWDUDN YH KHPHQ VRQUD ! WXúXQD EDVDUDN GD ELU VOD\W J|VWHULVLQL EDúODWDELOLUVLQL]. 173 dHNLPOHUL *|UQWOHPH 6HoHQHNOHUL )RWR÷UDÀDU %HQ]HU*|UQWOHULQ2WRPDWLNù]OHQPHVL$NÖOOÖ.DUÖøWÖUPD (NUDQGDNL J|UQW\H J|UH IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL VL]H L]OHPHQL] LoLQ EHQ]HU G|UW VHoHQHN GDKD VXQDU. BX J|UQWOHUGHQ ELULQL L]OHPHN ]HUH VHoHUVHQL] VL]H G|UW J|UQW VHoHQH÷L GDKD VXQXOXU. BX J|UQWOHUL EHNOHQPHGLN ELU VÕUDGD L]OHPHQLQ ]HYNOL ELU \ROXGXU. BX |]HOOL÷L IDUNOÕ VDKQHOHUGHQ ROXúDQ oRN VD\ÕGD oHNLPLQL] YDUVD NXOODQÕQ. 1 $NÕOOÕKDUÕúWÕUPD \ÕVHoLQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ >1] VHNPHVLQGHQ >$NÕOOÕ .DUÕúWÕUPD] \Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ (=42. X D|UW DGD\ J|UQW HNUDQD JHWLULOLU. 2 %LUJ|UQWVHoLQ z o!p!q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN J|UPHN LVWHGL÷LQL] VRQUDNL J|UQW\ VHoLQ. X 6HoLOHQ J|UQW HNUDQ RUWDVÕQGD J|UQWOHQLU YH GL÷HU G|UW DGD\ UHVLP EXQXQ HWUDIÕQGD \HU DOÕU. z 2UWDGDNL UHVPLQ WDP HNUDQ J|VWHULPL LoLQ m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2ULMLQDO HNUDQD JHUL G|QPHN LoLQ m! WXúXQD WHNUDU EDVÕQ. z n! WXúXQD EDVDUDN WHN WHN J|UQW L]OHPH\H JHUL G|QQ. $NÕOOÕ .DUÕúWÕUPD |]HOOL÷L\OH VDGHFH EX IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL\OH oHNLOPLú IRWR÷UDÀDU L]OHQHELOLU. $úD÷ÕGDNL GXUXPODUGD $NÕOOÕ .DUÕúWÕUPD |]HOOL÷L NXOODQÕODPD] - BX IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL\OH oHNLOPLú 50 GHQ D] oHNLP YDUVD - DHVWHNOHQPH\HQ ELU J|UQW HNUDQGD J|UQWOHQL\RUVD - dHNLPOHU ¿OWUHOL L]OHPHGH J|UQWOHQLU (= 166 - *UXS L]OHPH VÕUDVÕQGD (= 170 174 )RWR÷UDÀDU 9LGHRODU *|UQWOHULQ.RUXPD\D$OÖQPDVÖ )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQGH \DQOÕúOÕNOD VLOLQPHVLQL |QOHPHN LoLQ |QHPOL oHNLPOHULQL]L NRUXPD\D DOÕQ (= 179. %LU6HoLP<|QWHPLQLQ%HOLUOHQPHVL 1 $\DUHNUDQÕQDHULúLQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH >1] VHNPHVLQGH >.RUXPD\D DO] VHoLPL \DSÕQ (=42. 2 %LUVHoLP\|QWHPLEHOLUOH\LQ z øVWHGL÷LQL] PHQ |÷HVLQL YH D\DUÕ VHoLQ (=42. z MHQ HNUDQÕQD JHUL G|QPHN LoLQ n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. .DUW IRUPDWODQÕUVD KDIÕ]D NDUWÕQGDNL NRUXPDOÕ J|UQWOHU GH VLOLQLU (=203 204. .RUXPD DOWÕQGDNL J|UQWOHU IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQLQ VLOPH LúOHYL LOH VLOLQHPH]OHU. BX J|UQWOHUL VLOPH LúOHYL\OH VLOPHN LoLQ |QFH NRUXPD\Õ LSWDO HGLQ. *|UQWOHULQ7HN7HN6HoLOPHVL 1 >6Ho@VHoLPL\DSÕQ z <XNDUÕGDNL 2. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >6Ho] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 175 *|UQWOHULQ .RUXPD\D $OÕQPDVÕ 2 %LUJ|UQWVHoLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. > ] J|UQWOHQLU. z 6HoLPL LSWDO HWPHN LoLQ WHNUDU m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. > ] DUWÕN J|UQWOHQPH]. z DL÷HU J|UQWOHUL GH EHOLUOHPHN LoLQ EX LúOHPL WHNUDUOD\ÕQ. 3 *|UQW\NRUXPD\DDOÕQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. BLU RQD\ PHVDMÕ J|UQWOHQLU. z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >TDPDP] Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 3. DGÕPGDNL D\DU LúOHPL WDPDPODQPDGDQ dHNLP PRGXQD JHoHUVHQL] YH\D IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL NDSDWÕUVDQÕ] J|UQWOHU NRUXPD\D DOÕQPD]. %LU6HoLP$UDOÖöÖQÖQ%HOLUOHQPHVL 1 >6HoLP$UDOÕ÷Õ@ QÕVHoLQ z = 175 GDNL 2. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >6HoLP $UDOÕ÷Õ] QÕ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 %LUEDúODQJÕoJ|UQWVVHoLQ z m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 176 *|UQWOHULQ .RUXPD\D $OÕQPDVÕ z q!r!WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 3 %LUELWLúJ|UQWVVHoLQ z r! WXúXQD EDVDUDN >6RQ J|UQW] \ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z øON J|UQWGHQ |QFH JHOHQ J|UQW VRQ J|UQW RODUDN VHoLOHPH]. 4 *|UQWOHULNRUXPD\DDOÕQ z p! WXúXQD EDVDUDN >.RUXPD\D $O] Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. <XNDUÕGDNL 2. YH 3. $GÕPODUD DLW HNUDQODU J|UQWOHQGL÷LQGH 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN GH LON YH\D VRQ J|UQW\ VHoHELOLUVLQL]. 177 *|UQWOHULQ .RUXPD\D $OÕQPDVÕ 7P*|UQWOHULQ7HN6HIHUGH%HOLUOHQPHVL 1 >TP*|UQWOHUL6Ho@ LVHoLQ z = 175 GDNL 2. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >TP *|UQWOHUL 6Ho] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 *|UQWOHULNRUXPD\DDOÕQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >.RUXPD\D DO] VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. *|UQW JUXSODUÕQÕQ NRUXPDVÕQÕ LSWDO HWPHN LoLQ BLU 6HoLP $UDOÕ÷ÕQÕQ BHOLUOHQPHVL NRQXVXQXQ 4. DGÕPÕQGD YH\D TP *|UQWOHULQ THN 6HIHUGH BHOLUOHQPHVL NRQXVXQXQ 2. DGÕPÕQGD >.LOLW $o] Õ VHoLQ. 178 )RWR÷UDÀDU 9LGHRODU *|UQWOHULQ6LOLQPHVL *HUHNVL] UHVLPOHUL WHNHU WHNHU VHoLS VLOHELOLUVLQL]. 6LOHUNHQ GLNNDWOL ROXQ oQN VLOLQHQ UHVLPOHU JHUL NXUWDUÕODPD]. $QFDN NRUXPD DOWÕQGDNL J|UQWOHU (= 175 VLOLQHPH]. 1 6LOPHNLoLQELUJ|UQWVHoLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ. 2 *|UQW\VLOLQ z a! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z >6LO"] PHVDMÕ J|UQWOHQGLNWHQ VRQUD q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >6LO] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X (NUDQGDNL J|UQW úLPGL VLOLQLU. z 6LOPH LúOHPLQL LSWDO HWPHN LoLQ q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >øSWDO] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. > ] J|UQWOHU HNUDQGD\NHQ a! WXúXQD EDVÕOÕUVD VLOPH LoLQ >6LO -3(*] VHoLPL \DSDELOLUVLQL]. 6LO] YH\D >6LO ] >-3(* 7P*|UQWOHULQ6LOLQPHVL TP J|UQWOHUL WHN VHIHUGH VLOHELOLUVLQL]. 6LOHUNHQ GLNNDWOL ROXQ oQN VLOLQHQ UHVLPOHU JHUL NXUWDUÕODPD]. $QFDN NRUXPD DOWÕQGDNL J|UQWOHU (= 175 VLOLQHPH]. 179 *|UQWOHULQ 6LOLQPHVL %LU6HoLP<|QWHPLQLQ%HOLUOHQPHVL 1 $\DUHNUDQÕQDHULúLQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH >1] VHNPHVLQGH >6LO] VHoLPL \DSÕQ (=42. 2 %LUVHoLP\|QWHPLEHOLUOH\LQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN ELU VHoLP \|QWHPL EHOLUOH\LQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z MHQ HNUDQÕQD JHUL G|QPHN LoLQ n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. *|UQWOHULQTHNTHN6HoLOPHVL 1 >@VHoLPL\DSÕQ z <XNDUÕGDNL 2. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >6Ho] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 %LUJ|UQWVHoLQ z = 176 WDNL 2. DGÕP X\JXODQDUDN ELU J|UQW VHoLOGLNWHQ VRQUD > ] VLPJHVL J|UQWOHQLU. z 6HoLPL LSWDO HWPHN LoLQ WHNUDU m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. > ] DUWÕN J|UQWOHQPH]. z DL÷HU J|UQWOHUL GH EHOLUOHPHN LoLQ EX LúOHPL WHNUDUOD\ÕQ. 3 *|UQW\VLOLQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. BLU RQD\ PHVDMÕ J|UQWOHQLU. z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >TDPDP] Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 180 *|UQWOHULQ 6LOLQPHVL %LU6HoLP$UDOÕ÷ÕQÕQ%HOLUOHQPHVL 1 >6HoLP$UDOÕ÷Õ@ QÕVHoLQ z = 185 GDNL 2. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >6HoLP $UDOÕ÷Õ] QÕ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 >@VHoLPL\DSÕQ z = 176 GHNL 2 ± 3. DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\DUDN UHVLPOHUL EHOLUOH\LQ. 3 *|UQWOHULVLOLQ z p! WXúXQD EDVDUDN >6LO] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. TP*|UQWOHULQTHN6HIHUGH%HOLUOHQPHVL 1 >TP*|UQWOHUL6Ho@ LVHoLQ z = 185 GDNL 2. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >TP *|UQWOHUL 6Ho] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 *|UQWOHULVLOLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >TDPDP] Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 181 )RWR÷UDÀDU 9LGHRODU *|UQWOHULQ'|QGUOPHVL *|UQWOHULQ \|QOHULQL DúD÷ÕGDNL JLEL GH÷LúWLULS ND\GHGLQ. 1 >@VHoLPL\DSÕQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH >1] VHNPHVLQGH >D|QGU] VHoLPL \DSÕQ (=42. 2 RHVPLG|QGUQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ. z m! WXúXQD KHU EDVWÕ÷ÕQÕ]GD J|UQW 90 G|QGUOU. z MHQ HNUDQÕQD JHUL G|QPHN LoLQ n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. > ] YH\D > ] J|UQW NDOLWHVL D\DUÕQD VDKLS RODQ YLGHRODU G|QGUOHPH]. >2WRPDWLN D|QGUPH] VHoHQH÷L >.DSDOÕ] \D D\DUODQÕUVD G|QGUPH LúOHPL \DSÕODPD] (= 183. 182 *|UQWOHULQ D|QGUOPHVL 2WRPDWLN'|QGUPHQLQ'HYUH'ÖøÖ%ÖUDNÖOPDVÖ )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL GLNH\ \|QGH oHNLOHQ J|UQWOHUL RWRPDWLN RODUDN G|QGUHUHN IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQGH GLNH\ \|QGH J|UQWOHQPHOHULQL VD÷ODU. 2WRPDWLN G|QGUPH |]HOOL÷LQL GHYUH GÕúÕ EÕUDNPDN LoLQ DúD÷ÕGDNL DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\ÕQ. z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ >1] VHNPHVLQGH >2WRPDWLN D|QGUPH] \L VHoLQ VRQUD >.DSDOÕ] \Õ VHoLQ (=42. >2WRPDWLN D|QGUPH] VHoHQH÷L >.DSDOÕ] \D D\DUODQGÕ÷ÕQGD J|UQWOHU G|QGUOHPH] (= 182. $\UÕFD |QFHGHQ G|QGUOPú J|UQWOHU RULMLQDO \|QOHULQGH J|UQWOHQLU. $NÕOOÕ .DUÕúWÕUPD VHoHQH÷LQGH (= 174 >2WRPDWLN D|QGUPH] D\DUÕ >.DSDOÕ] \D JHWLULOPLú ROVD GD GLNH\ oHNLOPLú J|UQWOHU GLNH\ \|QGH J|UQWOHQLU YH G|QGUOPú J|UQWOHU GH G|QGUOPú \|QOHULQGH J|UQWOHQLU. 183 *|UQW.DWHJRULOHUL *|UQWOHUL IDYRULOHU RODUDN HWLNHWOH\HELOLU YH EXQODUÕ .DWHJRULP JUXSODUÕQD DWD\DELOLUVLQL] (= 185. )LOWUHOL L]OHPHGH ELU NDWHJRUL VHoHUHN EX NDWHJRULGHNL WP J|UQWOHUH \DSÕODFDN LúOHPOHUL DúD÷ÕGDNL LúOHPOHUOH VÕQÕUODQGÕUDELOLUVLQL]. *|UQWOHPH (= 1606OD\W *|VWHULOHULQLQ ø]OHQPHVL (= 173 *|UQWOHULQ .RUXPD\D $OÕQPDVÕ (= 175*|UQWOHULQ 6LOLQPHVL (= 179BLU 6HoLP $UDOÕ÷ÕQÕQ BHOLUOHQPHVL (=2389LGHRODUÕQ D]HQOHQPHVL (=243 )RWR÷UDÀDU 9LGHRODU *|UQWOHULQ)DYRULOHU2ODUDN(WLNHWOHQPHVL 1 >)DYRULOHU@VHoLPL\DSÕQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH >1] VHNPHVLQGH >)DYRULOHU] VHoLPL \DSÕQ (=42. 2 %LUJ|UQWVHoLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. > ] J|UQWOHQLU. z *|UQW HWLNHWLQL NDOGÕUPDN LoLQ WHNUDU m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. > ] DUWÕN J|UQWOHQPH]. z DL÷HU J|UQWOHUL VHoPHN LoLQ EX LúOHPL WHNUDUOD\ÕQ. 3 $\DULúOHPLQLWDPDPOD\ÕQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. BLU RQD\ PHVDMÕ J|UQWOHQLU. z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >TDPDP] Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 3. DGÕPGDNL D\DU LúOHPL WDPDPODQPDGDQ dHNLP PRGXQD JHoHUVHQL] YH\D IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL NDSDWÕUVDQÕ] J|UQWOHU IDYRULOHU RODUDN HWLNHWOHQPH]. 184 *|UQW .DWHJRULOHUL :LQGRZV 7 YH\D :LQGRZV 9LVWD LúOHWLPOL ELOJLVD\DUODUGD IDYRUL J|UQWOHUGH EXOXQXU. (9LGHRODUD YH 5$: o \ÕOGÕ] GHUHFHOHQGLUPHVL ( J|UQWOHUH X\JXODQPD]. )RWR÷UDÀDU 9LGHRODU *|UQWOHUL.DWHJRULOHU+DOLQGH']HQOHPH.DWHJRULP *|UQWOHUL NDWHJRULOHU KDOLQGH G]HQOH\HELOLUVLQL]. *|UQWOHULQ oHNLP VÕUDVÕQGD oHNLP NRúXOODUÕQD J|UH RWRPDWLN RODUDN NDWHJRUL]H HGLOGL÷LQL XQXWPD\ÕQ. <] WHVSLWOL J|UQWOHU \D GD >I] YH\D > ] PRGXQGD oHNLOPLú J|UQWOHU. IPDJHV GHWHFWHG DV > ] > ] RU > ] LQ A! PRGH RU LPDJHV VKRW LQ > ] PRGH. > ] >P] YH\D >t] PRGXQGD oHNLOPLú J|UQWOHU. %LU6HoLP<|QWHPLQLQ%HOLUOHQPHVL 1 $\DUHNUDQÕQDHULúLQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH VRQUD >1] VHNPHVLQGHQ >.DWHJRULP] L VHoLQ (=42. 2 %LUVHoLP\|QWHPLEHOLUOH\LQ z øVWHGL÷LQL] PHQ |÷HVLQL YH D\DUÕ VHoLQ (=42. z MHQ HNUDQÕQD JHUL G|QPHN LoLQ n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 185 *|UQW .DWHJRULOHUL *|UQWOHULQTHNTHN6HoLOPHVL 1 >6Ho@VHoLPL\DSÕQ z = 185 GDNL 2. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >6Ho] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 %LUJ|UQWVHoLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ. 3 %LUNDWHJRULVHoLQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN ELU NDWHJRUL VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. ] J|UQWOHQLU. z 6HoLPL LSWDO HWPHN LoLQ WHNUDU m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. > ] DUWÕN J|UQWOHQPH]. z DL÷HU J|UQWOHUL VHoPHN LoLQ EX LúOHPL WHNUDUOD\ÕQ. 4 $\DULúOHPLQLWDPDPOD\ÕQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. BLU RQD\ PHVDMÕ J|UQWOHQLU. q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >TDPDP] Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 4. DGÕPGDNL D\DU LúOHPL WDPDPODQPDGDQ dHNLP PRGXQD JHoHUVHQL] YH\D IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL NDSDWÕUVDQÕ] J|UQWOHU ELU NDWHJRUL\H DWDQDPD]. 186 *|UQW .DWHJRULOHUL %LU6HoLP$UDOÕ÷ÕQÕQ%HOLUOHQPHVL 1 >6HoLP$UDOÕ÷Õ@ QÕVHoLQ z = 185 GDNL 2. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >6HoLP $UDOÕ÷Õ] QÕ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 *|UQWOHULVHoLQ z = 176 GHNL 2 ± 3. DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\DUDN UHVLPOHUL EHOLUOH\LQ. 3 %LUNDWHJRULVHoLQ z p! WXúXQD EDVDUDN J|UQW WLSLQL VHoLQ YH VRQUD q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU NDWHJRUL VHoLQ. 4 $\DULúOHPLQLWDPDPOD\ÕQ z p! WXúXQD EDVDUDN >6Ho] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 4. DGÕPGD >6HoLPL .DOGÕU] Õ VHoHUVHQL] >6HoLP $UDOÕ÷Õ] NDWHJRULVLQGHNL WP oHNLPOHULQ VHoLPLQL LSWDO HGLOLUVLQL]. 187 )RWRöUDÁDUÖQ']HQOHQPHVL *|UQW G]HQOHPHVL (= 188 ± 193 VDGHFH KDIÕ]D NDUWÕQGD \HWHULQFH ERú DODQ EXOXQGX÷XQGD \DSÕODELOLU. )RWR÷UDÀDU *|UQWOHULQ<HQLGHQ%R\XWODQGÖUÖOPDVÖ *|UQWOHULQ GDKD GúN o|]QUONO NRS\DODUÕQÕ ND\GHGLQ. 1 ><HQLGHQER\XWODQGÕU@VHoLPL \DSÕQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH >1] VHNPHVLQGH ><HQLGHQ ER\XWODQGÕU] VHoLPL \DSÕQ (=42. 2 %LUJ|UQWVHoLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 3 %LUJ|UQWER\XWXVHoLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ER\XWX VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X ><HQL J|UQW ND\GHGLOVLQ PL"] PHVDMÕ J|UQWOHQLU. 4 <HQLJ|UQW\ND\GHGLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >TDPDP] Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X *|UQW úLPGL \HQL ELU GRV\D RODUDN ND\GHGLOLU. 188 )RWR÷UDÀDUÕQ D]HQOHQPHVL 5 <HQLJ|UQW\J|]GHQJHoLULQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. ><HQL J|UQW J|UQWOHQVLQ PL"] PHVDMÕ J|UQWOHQLU. z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >(YHW] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X .D\GHGLOHQ J|UQW úLPGL HNUDQD JHOLU. 3. DGÕPGD > ] RODUDN ND\GHGLOHQ J|UQWOHUH G]HQOHPH LúOHPL X\JXODQDPD]. 5$: UHVLPOHU G]HQOHQHPH]. *|UQWOHU GDKD \NVHN ELU o|]QUON GH÷HULQH \HQLGHQ ER\XWODQGÕUÕODPD]. 189 )RWR÷UDÀDUÕQ D]HQOHQPHVL )RWR÷UDÀDU .ÖUSPD *|UQWQQ ELU NÕVPÕQÕ VHoHELOLU YH EXQX D\UÕ ELU J|UQW GRV\DVÕ RODUDN ND\GHGHELOLUVLQL]. 1 >@VHoLPL\DSÕQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH >1] VHNPHVLQGH >.ÕUSPD] VHoLPL \DSÕQ (=42. 2 %LUJ|UQWVHoLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. .ÕUSPD $ODQÕ 3 KÕUSPDDODQÕQÕD\DUOD\ÕQ X *|UQWQQ NÕUSÕODFDN NÕVPÕ HWUDIÕQGD ELU oHUoHYH J|UQWOHQLU. X 2ULMLQDO J|UQW VRO VW NÕVÕPGD J|UQWOHQLU YH NÕUSÕOPÕú J|UQWQQ |QL]OHPHVL VD÷ DOW NÕVÕPGD J|VWHULOLU. z dHUoHYH\L \HQLGHQ ER\XWODQGÕUPDN LoLQ ]XP G÷PHVLQL LWLQ. z dHUoHYH\L WDúÕPDN LoLQ o!p!q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVÕQ. .ÕUSPD 6RQUDVÕ *|UQW gQL]OHPHVL z dHUoHYHQLQ \|QQ GH÷LúWLUPHN LoLQ l! .ÕUSPD 6RQUDVÕ d|]QUON WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z *|UQWGH WHVSLW HGLOHQ \]OHU VRO VW J|UQWGH JUL oHUoHYHOL J|VWHULOLU. *|UQW\ EX oHUoHYH\H J|UH NÕUSPDN LoLQ 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU VRQUDNL oHUoHYH\H JHoLQ. z m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 4 <HQLELUJ|UQWRODUDNND\GHGLQYH J|]GHQJHoLULQ z = 188 GHNL 4 ± 5. DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\ÕQ. o|]QUO÷QGH oHNLOPLú > ] ( 74= YH\D > ] (= 188 ER\XWXQD \HQLGHQ ER\XWODQGÕUÕOPÕú J|UQWOHU G]HQOHQHPH]OHU. 5$: UHVLPOHU G]HQOHQHPH]. 190 )RWR÷UDÀDUÕQ D]HQOHQPHVL *|UQWQQ HQER\ RUDQÕ NÕUSPD VRQUDVÕQGD GD D\QÕ NDOÕU. .ÕUSÕOPÕú J|UQWOHULQ o|]QUON GH÷HUL NÕUSÕOPDPÕú J|UQWOHUGHQ GDKD GúNWU. )RWR÷UDÀDU *|UQWQQ5HQN7RQODUÖQÖQ'HöLøWLULOPHVL5HQNOHULP *|UQW UHQNOHULQL D\DUOD\DELOLU YH VRQUD G]HQOHQPLú J|UQW\ D\UÕ ELU GRV\D RODUDN ND\GHGHELOLUVLQL]. HHU ELU VHoHQHNOH LOJLOL D\UÕQWÕODUÕ J|UPHN LoLQ EN]. =125.. 1 >RHQNOHULP@ LVHoLQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH VRQUD >1] VHNPHVLQGHQ >5HQNOHULP] L VHoLQ (=42. 2 %LUJ|UQWVHoLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 3 %LUVHoHQH÷LEHOLUOH\LQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU VHoHQH÷L EHOLUOH\LQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 4 <HQLELUJ|UQWRODUDN ND\GHGLQYHJ|]GHQJHoLULQ z = 188 GHNL 4 ± 5. DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\ÕQ. BX úHNLOGH VW VWH G]HQOHGL÷LQL] UHVLPOHULQ J|UQW NDOLWHVL KHU LúOHPGHQ VRQUD \DYDú \DYDú GúHU YH LVWHGL÷LQL] UHQJL HOGH HGHPHPH RODVÕOÕ÷ÕQÕ] YDUGÕU. 5$: UHVLPOHULQ UHQNOHUL G]HQOHQHPH]. BX LúOHY NXOODQÕODUDN G]HQOHQHQ J|UQW UHQJL 5HQNOHULP NXOODQÕODUDN (=125 oHNLOHQ J|UQWOHULQ UHQJLQGHQ ELUD] IDUNOÕ RODELOLU. 191 )RWR÷UDÀDUÕQ D]HQOHQPHVL )RWR÷UDÀDU *|UQW3DUODNOÖöÖQÖQ']HOWLOPHVLL.RQWUDVW $úÕUÕ NDUDQOÕN J|UQW DODQODUÕ (|UQH÷LQ \]OHU YH\D DUND SODQODU WHVSLW HGLOHELOLU YH HQ X\JXQ SDUODNOÕN D\DUÕ RWRPDWLN RODUDN \DSÕOÕU. *|UQW JHQHOLQGHNL \HWHUVL] NRQWUDVW GD RWRPDWLN RODUDN G]HOWLOHELOLU YH NRQXODUÕQ IRQGDQ GDKD L\L D\UÕúWÕUÕOPDVÕ VD÷ODQÕU. D|UW G]HOWPH VHYL\HVLQGHQ ELULQL VHoLQ YH VRQUD J|UQW\ D\UÕ ELU GRV\D RODUDN ND\GHGLQ. 1 >@VHoLPL\DSÕQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH >1] VHNPHVLQGH >L-.RQWUDVW] VHoLPL \DSÕQ (=42. 2 %LUJ|UQWVHoLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 3 %LUVHoHQH÷LEHOLUOH\LQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU VHoHQH÷L EHOLUOH\LQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 4 <HQLELUJ|UQWRODUDN ND\GHGLQYHJ|]GHQJHoLULQ z = 188 GHNL 4 ± 5. DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\ÕQ. BD]Õ J|UQWOHUGH KDWDOÕ G]HOWPH \DSÕODELOLU YH\D \DSÕODQ G]HOWPH J|UQWOHULQ JUHQOL J|UQPHVLQH QHGHQ RODELOLU. *|UQWOHU EX LúOHY NXOODQÕODUDN VW VWH G]HQOHQGLNWHQ VRQUD JUHQOL J|UQHELOLUOHU. 5$: UHVLPOHU EX úHNLOGH G]HQOHQHPH]. >2WRPDWLN] VHoHQH÷L NXOODQÕODUDN EHNOHQHQ VRQXoODU HOGH HGLOHPH]VH J|UQWOHUL >DúN] >2UWD] YH\D ><NVHN] VHoHQH÷LQL NXOODQDUDN G]HOWPH\L GHQH\LQ. 192 )RWR÷UDÀDUÕQ D]HQOHQPHVL )RWR÷UDÀDU .ÖUPÖ]Ö*|]Q']HOWPHVL .ÕUPÕ]Õ J|]GHQ HWNLOHQHQ J|UQWOHU RWRPDWLN RODUDN G]HOWLOLU. D]HOWLOPLú J|UQW\ D\UÕ ELU GRV\D RODUDN ND\GHGHELOLUVLQL]. 1 >KÕUPÕ]Õ*|]']HOWLVL@ QLVHoLQ zn! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH VRQUD >1] VHNPHVLQGHQ >.ÕUPÕ]Õ *|] D]HOWLVL] QL VHoLQ (=42. 2 %LUJ|UQWVHoLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ. 3 *|UQW\G]HOWLQ z m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQLQ WHVSLW HWWL÷L NÕUPÕ]Õ J|] úLPGL G]HOWLOLU YH G]HOWLOPLú J|UQW DODQODUÕ HWUDIÕQGD oHUoHYHOHU J|UQWOHQLU. z *|UQW\ JHUHNWL÷L JLEL E\WQ YH\D NoOWQ. = 172 GDNL DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\ÕQ. 4 <HQLELUJ|UQWRODUDNND\GHGLQ YHJ|]GHQJHoLULQ z o!p!q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU GLO VHoLQ DUGÕQGDQ m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X *|UQW úLPGL \HQL ELU GRV\D RODUDN ND\GHGLOLU. z = 189 GHNL 5. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\ÕQ. BD]Õ J|UQWOHU G]JQ úHNLOGH G]HOWLOHPH\HELOLU. TR RYHUZULWH WKH RULJLQDO LPDJH ZLWK WKH FRUUHFWHG LPDJH FKRRVH >2YHUZULWH] LQ VWHS 4. IQ WKLV FDVH WKH RULJLQDO LPDJH ZLOO EH HUDVHG. .RUXPD DOWÕQGDNL J|UQWOHULQ ]HULQH \D]ÕODPD]. 5$: UHVLPOHU EX úHNLOGH G]HQOHQHPH]. > ] PRGXQGD oHNLOHQ -3(* J|UQWOHUH NÕUPÕ]Õ J|] G]HOWLVL X\JXODQDELOLU DQFDN RULMLQDO J|UQWQQ ]HULQH \D]ÕODUDN VLOLQLU. 193 9LGHRODU 9LGHRODUÖQ']HQOHQPHVL 9LGHRODUÕ EDúÕQGDQ YH\D VRQXQGDQ NHVHUHN JHUHNVL] NÕVÕPODU DWDELOLUVLQL]. 1 >*@VHoLPL\DSÕQ z = 160 ± 161 GDNL 1 ± 3. DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >*] VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X ùLPGL YLGHR G]HQOHPH SDQHOL YH G]HQOHPH oXEX÷X J|UQWOHQLU. 9LGHR D]HQOHPH 3DQHOL 2 KHVHFH÷LQL]NÕVPÕEHOLUOH\LQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN > 9LGHR D]HQOHPH dXEX÷X ] YH\D > ] VHoLPL \DSÕQ. z .HVHELOHFH÷LQL] NÕVÕPODUÕ (HNUDQGD > ] LOH J|VWHULOLU J|UPHN LoLQ q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN > ] VHoHQH÷LQH JHOLQ. > ] VHoLPL \DSDUDN YLGHRQXQ EDúÕQÕ (> ] QRNWDVÕQGDQ LWLEDUHQ NHVLQ YH > ] VHoLPL \DSDUDN YLGHRQXQ VRQXQGDQ NHVLQ. z> ] VHoHQH÷LQL > ] LúDUHWLQGHQ IDUNOÕ ELU NRQXPD WDúÕVDQÕ] ELOH > ] VHoLPL \DSÕOÕQFD VDGHFH HQ \DNÕQ > ] QRNWDVÕQGDQ VROD GR÷UX RODQ NÕVÕP NHVLOLU YH > ] VHoLPL \DSÕOÕQFD HQ \DNÕQ > ] QRNWDVÕQGDQ VD÷D GR÷UX NHVLP \DSÕOÕU. 3 ']HQOHQHQYLGHR\XJ|]GHQJHoLULQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN > ] VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. D]HQOHQHQ YLGHR úLPGL L]OHQLU. z 9LGHR\X WHNUDU G]HQOHPHN LoLQ 2. DGÕPÕ WHNUDUOD\ÕQ. z D]HQOHPH\L LSWDO HWPHN LoLQ o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN > ] VLPJHVLQL VHoLQ. m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ >TDPDP] Õ VHoLQ (q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVÕQ YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLULQ YH VRQUD WHNUDU m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 194 9LGHRODUÕQ D]HQOHQPHVL 4 ']HQOHQHQYLGHR\XND\GHGLQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN > ] VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z o!p!q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU GLO VHoLQ DUGÕQGDQ m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X 9LGHR úLPGL \HQL ELU GRV\D RODUDN ND\GHGLOLU. TR RYHUZULWH WKH RULJLQDO PRYLH ZLWK WKH FXW RQH FKRRVH >2YHUZULWH] LQ VWHS 4. IQ WKLV FDVH WKH RULJLQDO PRYLH ZLOO EH HUDVHG. >h]HULQH <D]] VHoHQH÷L KDIÕ]D NDUWÕQGD \HWHUOL ERú DODQ ROPDGÕ÷ÕQGD NXOODQÕOÕU. .D\ÕW LúOHPL GHYDP HGL\RUNHQ SLO ELWHUVH YLGHRODU ND\GHGLOPH\HELOLU. 9LGHRODU G]HQOHQLUNHQ WDP úDUMOÕ ELU SLO YH\D $& DGDSW|U NLWL (D\UÕ VDWÕOÕU = 215 NXOODQPDOÕVÕQÕ]. 195 9LGHRODUÕQ D]HQOHQPHVL 9LGHRODU )LOPOLg]HW.OLSOHULQLQ']HQOHQPHVL > ] PRGXQGD ND\GHGLOHQ ED÷ÕPVÕ] E|OPOHU (= 86 JHUHNWL÷LQGH G]HQOHQHELOLU. B|OPOHUL VLOHUNHQ GLNNDWOL ROXQ oQN VLOLQHQ UHVLPOHU JHUL NXUWDUÕODPD]. 1 6LOLQHFHNE|OPVHoLQ z = 160 GHNL 1-2. $GÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\DUDN > ] PRGXQGD ND\GHGLOHQ ELU NOLEL VHoLQ. z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN VLOLQHFHN E|OP VHoLQ YH VRQUD > ] YH\D > ] VHoLPL \DSÕQ. 2 > @VHoLPL\DSÕQ z = 160 ± 161 GDNL 1 ± 3. DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\DUDN > ] VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X 6HoLOHQ E|OP VW VWH L]OHQLU. 3 OPH\LRQD\OD\ÕQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >TDPDP] Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X B|OP VLOLQLU YH NOLELQ ]HULQH \D]ÕOÕU. > ] VLPJHVL PDNLQH ELU \D]ÕFÕ\D ED÷OÕ\NHQ ELU E|OP VHoHUVHQL] J|UQWOHQPH]. 196 7 $\DU0HQV .XOODQÕP NROD\OÕ÷ÕQÕ DUWÕUPDN LoLQ WHPHO IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL LúOHYOHULQL |]HOOHúWLULQ YH\D D\DUOD\ÕQ. 197 7HPHO)RWRöUDI0DNLQHVLùøOHYOHULQLQ$\DUODQPDVÖ øúOHYOHU >3] VHNPHVLQGH \DSÕODQGÕUÕODELOLU. 6ÕNoD NXOODQGÕ÷ÕQÕ] LúOHYOHUL |]HOOHúWLUHUHN NXOODQÕP NROD\OÕ÷ÕQÕ DUWÕUÕQ (=42. )RWRöUDI0DNLQHVLùøOHP6HVOHULQLQ.DSDWÖOPDVÖ )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL VHVOHULQL YH YLGHRODUÕ DúD÷ÕGDNL JLEL VHVVL]OHúWLULQ. z >6HVVL]] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD >$oÕN] Õ VHoLQ. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL DoÕOÕUNHQ l! WXúX EDVÕOÕ WXWXOGX÷XQGD GD LúOHP VHVOHUL NDSDWÕOÕU. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL VHVOHUL NDSDWÕOÕUVD YLGHRODU L]OHQLUNHQ VHV GX\XOPD] (= 160. 9LGHR L]OHPH VÕUDVÕQGD VHVL DoPDN LoLQ o! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 6HV VHYL\HVLQL D\DUODPDN LoLQ JHUHNLUVH o!p! WXúODUÕQÕ NXOODQÕQ. 6HV6HYL\HVLQL$\DUODPD )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL VHVOHULQL DúD÷ÕGDNL JLEL D\DUOD\DELOLUVLQL]. z >6HV 6HYL\HVL] QL VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! 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(>DHNODQú|U 6HQN] >2.SHUGH] \H JHWLULOLUVH >1.SHUGH] RODUDN GH÷LúWLULOLU. 7 >)ODú MRGX] >2WRPDWLN] RODUDN D\DUODQGÕ÷ÕQGD \DSÕODQGÕUÕODELOLU. 8 TP YDUVD\ÕODQ D\DUODUÕ JHUL \NOHU. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL ]HULQGH >3] PHQVQGH \HU DODQ >TPQ 6ÕIÕUOD] VHoHQH÷LQL NXOODQDUDN ><DYDú 6HQNURQ] >*YHQOL )(] >.ÕUPÕ]Õ *|] D]HOWLVL] YH >.ÕUPÕ]Õ *|] LDPEDVÕ] LoLQ YDUVD\ÕODQ D\DUODUÕ JHUL \NOH\HELOLUVLQL] (=211. > ] oHNLP PRGXQGDNL ÀDú D\DUODUÕ G! PRGXQGD ROGX÷X JLEL \DSÕODQGÕUÕODELOLU. A! oHNLP PRGXQGD IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL WDUDIÕQGDQ WHVSLW HGLOHQ *OPVHPH 8\NX BHEHNOHU (*OPVHPH BHEHNOHU (8\NX YH dRFXNODU oHNLP VDKQHOHULQL WHPVLO HGHQ VLPJHOHU J|UQWOHQPH] YH IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL VUHNOL oHNLP \DSPD] (=52. 230 )RWR÷UDÀDU 9LGHRODU 5HVLPOHULQ<D]GÖUÖOPDVÖ )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL ELU \D]ÕFÕ\D ED÷OD\DUDN NROD\OÕNOD EDVNÕ DODELOLUVLQL]. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQGH WRSOX EDVNÕ LoLQ UHVLP VHoHELOLU IRWR÷UDI JHOLúWLUPH KL]PHWOHUL LoLQ EDVNÕ HPLUOHUL KD]ÕUOD\DELOLU YH UHVLPOHUL IRWR GHIWHUL LoLQ KD]ÕUOD\DELOLU \D GD \D]GÕUDELOLUVLQL]. 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X BDVNÕ LúOHPL EDúODU. z DL÷HU UHVLPOHUL \D]GÕUPDN LoLQ EDVNÕ WDPDPODQGÕNWDQ VRQUD 5 ± 6. DGÕPODUÕ WHNUDUOD\ÕQ. z BDVNÕ\Õ WDPDPODGÕNWDQ VRQUD IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL YH \D]ÕFÕ\Õ NDSDWÕQ YH DUDELULP NDEORVXQX V|NQ. &DQRQ 3LFWBULGJH X\XPOX \D]ÕFÕODU (D\UÕ VDWÕOÕU LoLQ EN]. = 217. 5$: UHVLPOHU \D]GÕUÕODPD]. 232 5HVLPOHULQ <D]GÕUÕOPDVÕ )RWR÷UDÀDU %DVNÖ$\DUODUÖQÖQ<DSÖODQGÖUÖOPDVÖ 1 $\DUHNUDQÕQDHULúLQ z = 231 ± 232 GDNL 1 ± 5. DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\ÕS ELU J|UQW VHoWLNWHQ VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVDUDN VROGDNL HNUDQD HULúLQ. 2 $\DUÕ\DSÕODQGÕUÕQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU |÷H VHoLQ YH VRQUD q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDNDUDN ELU VHoHQH÷H EHOLUOH\LQ. 9DUVD\ÕODQ TDULK DRV\D NR HHULNLVL *HoHUOL \D]ÕFÕ D\DUODUÕ\OD HúOHúLU. 5HVLPOHUL WDULK HNOL \D]GÕUÕU. 5HVLPOHUL GRV\D QXPDUDODUÕ HNOL \D]GÕUÕU. 5HVLPOHUL KHP WDULK KHP GH GRV\D QXPDUDVÕ HNOL \D]GÕUÕU. .DSDOÕ 9DUVD\ÕODQ *HoHUOL \D]ÕFÕ D\DUODUÕ\OD HúOHúLU. .DSDOÕ $oÕN (Q L\L D\DUODUGD EDVNÕ \DSPDN LoLQ oHNLP VDDWL ELOJLOHULQL NXOODQÕU. .ÕUPÕ]Õ *|] 1 .ÕUPÕ]Õ J|] G]HOWLU. .RS\D 6D\ÕVÕ BDVNÕ LoLQ NRS\D VD\ÕVÕQÕ VHoLQ. KÕUSPD BDVNÕ LoLQ LVWHGL÷LQL] J|UQW DODQÕQÕ VHoLQ (= 234. KD÷ÕW $\DUODUÕ .D÷ÕW ER\XWXQX VD\ID G]HQLQL YH GL÷HU D\UÕQWÕODU D\DUODU (= 235. 215 5HVLPOHULQ <D]GÕUÕOPDVÕ )RWR÷UDÀDU RHVLPOHULQ%DVNÕgQFHVLKÕUSÕOPDVÕKÕUSPD 5HVLPOHUL EDVNÕ |QFHVLQGH NÕUSDUVDQÕ] UHVPLQ WDPDPÕ \HULQH LVWHGL÷LQL] SDUoDVÕQÕ \D]GÕUDELOLUVLQL]. 1 >KÕUSPD@VHoLPL\DSÕQ z = 233 WHNL 1. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN EDVNÕ HNUDQÕQD HULúWLNWHQ VRQUD >.ÕUSPD] \Õ VHoLQ YH m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X ùLPGL \D]GÕUÕODFDN DODQÕ J|VWHUHQ ELU NÕUSPD oHUoHYHVL J|UQWOHQLU. 2 *HUHNLUVHNÕUSPDoHUoHYHVLQL D\DUOD\ÕQ z dHUoHYH\L \HQLGHQ ER\XWODQGÕUPDN LoLQ ]XP G÷PHVLQL LWLQ YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLULQ. z dHUoHYH\L WDúÕPDN LoLQ o!p!q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVÕQ. z dHUoHYH\L G|QúWUPHN LoLQ l! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z øúOHP WDPDPODQGÕ÷ÕQGD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 3 RHVPL\D]GÕUÕQ z 1. $GÕP HNUDQÕQGD o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ><D]GÕU] VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. .oN J|UQWOHUH YH\D ED]Õ HQER\ RUDQODUÕQGDNL J|UQWOHUH NÕUSPD LúOHPL X\JXODQDPD\DELOLU. >TDULK DDPJDVÕ] VHoLOL GXUXPGD\NHQ oHNLOHQ J|UQWOHU NÕUSÕOÕUNHQ WDULK G]JQ ELU úHNLOGH \D]GÕUÕOPD\DELOLU. 234 5HVLPOHULQ <D]GÕUÕOPDVÕ )RWR÷UDÀDU %DVNÕgQFHVLKD÷ÕW%R\XWXQXQYH6D\ID']HQLQLQ 6HoLOPHVL 1 >KD÷ÕW$\DUODUÕ@ QÕVHoLQ z = 233 WHNL 1. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN EDVNÕ HNUDQÕQD HULúWLNWHQ VRQUD >.D÷ÕW $\DUODUÕ] QÕ VHoLQ YH m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 %LUND÷ÕWER\XWXVHoLQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU VHoHQH÷L EHOLUOH\LQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 3 %LUND÷ÕWWLSLVHoLQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU VHoHQH÷L EHOLUOH\LQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 4 %LUVD\IDG]HQLVHoLQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU VHoHQH÷L EHOLUOH\LQ. z >6-VW] VHoLPLQL \DSDUNHQ q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN VD\ID\D \D]GÕUÕODFDN UHVLP VD\ÕVÕQÕ VHoLQ. z m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 5 RHVPL\D]GÕUÕQ 215 5HVLPOHULQ <D]GÕUÕOPDVÕ 0HYFXW6D\ID']HQL6HoHQHNOHUL 9DUVD\ÕODQ *HoHUOL \D]ÕFÕ D\DUODUÕ\OD HúOHúLU. .HQDUOÕNOÕ 5HVLP HWUDIÕQGD ERú ELU DODQ EÕUDNDUDN EDVNÕ DOÕU. .HQDUOÕNVÕ] .HQDUOÕNVÕ] NHQDUGDQ NHQDUD EDVNÕ. 6-VW 6D\ID EDúÕQD NDo UHVLP \D]GÕUÕODFD÷ÕQÕ VHoLQ. 9HVLNDOÕN )RWR÷UDI 9HVLNDOÕN RODUDN NXOODQÕODELOHFHN IRWR÷UDI EDVNÕVÕ \DSDU. 6DGHFH L o|]QUONO YH 43 HQER\ RUDQOÕ J|UQWOHU LoLQ NXOODQÕODELOLU. 6DELW BR\XW BDVNÕ ER\XWXQX VHoLQ. 35 [ 5 LQo NDUWSRVWDO YH\D JHQLú IRUPDWOÕ EDVNÕODU DUDVÕQGDQ VHoLP \DSÕQ. )RWR÷UDÀDU 9HVLNDOÕN)RWR÷UDÀDUÕQ<D]GÕUÕOPDVÕ 1 >9HVLNDOÕN@ ÕVHoLQ z = 235 GDNL 1 ± 4. DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >9HVLNDOÕN] VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 8]XQYHNÕVDNHQDUÕQ X]XQOX÷XQXVHoLQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU |÷H VHoLQ. q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN X]XQOXN VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 3 <D]GÕUPDDODQÕQÕVHoLQ z = 234 GHNL 2. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN EDVNÕ DODQÕQÕ VHoLQ. 4 RHVPL\D]GÕUÕQ 236 5HVLPOHULQ <D]GÕUÕOPDVÕ 9LGHRODU 9LGHR6DKQHOHULQLQ<D]GÖUÖOPDVÖ 1 $\DUHNUDQÕQDHULúLQ z = 231 ± 232 GDNL 1 ± 5. DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\DUDN ELU YLGHR VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >c] VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 6ROGDNL HNUDQ J|UQWOHQLU. 2 %LUEDVNÕ\|QWHPLEHOLUOH\LQ z 3UHVV WKH o!p! EXWWRQV RU WXUQ WKH 5! GLDO WR FKRRVH > ] DQG WKHQ SUHVV WKH q!r! EXWWRQV WR FKRRVH WKH SULQWLQJ PHWKRG. 3 RHVPL\D]GÕUÕQ 9LGHR%DVNÕVÕ6HoHQHNOHUL THN THN (NUDQGD J|UQWOHQHQ VDKQH\L ELU IRWR÷UDI RODUDN \D]GÕUÕU. 6HNDQV THN ELU VD\ID\D EHOLUOHQHQ VDKQHGHQ ELU GL]L J|UQW\ \D]GÕUÕU. >5HVLP $OWÕ] VHoHQH÷L >$oÕN] D D\DUODQÕUVD NODV|U QXPDUDVÕ GRV\D QXPDUDVÕ YH JHoHQ VUH GH \D]GÕUÕODELOLU. BDVNÕ LúOHPLQL LSWDO HWPHN LoLQ m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. >9HVLNDOÕN] YH\D >6HNDQV] VHoHQHNOHUL &3720&3730 YH |QFHVLQGHNL &DQRQ 3LFWBULGJH X\XPOX \D]ÕFÕODUGD NXOODQÕODPD]. 215 5HVLPOHULQ <D]GÕUÕOPDVÕ )RWR÷UDÀDU 5HVLPOHULQ%DVNÖ/LVWHVLQH(NOHQPHVL'32) )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQGH ELU IRWR÷UDI JHOLúWLUPH KL]PHWLQGHQ WRSOX EDVNÕ (= 242 YH\D EDVNÕ HPUL YHULOHELOLU. HDIÕ]D NDUWÕQGDQ HQ ID]OD 998 UHVLP VHoLQ YH NRS\D VD\ÕVÕ JLEL JHUHNOL D\DUODUÕ DúD÷ÕGDNL JLEL \DSÕODQGÕUÕQ. BX úHNLOGH KD]ÕUODGÕ÷ÕQÕ] EDVNÕ ELOJLOHUL D32) (DLMLWDO BDVNÕ (PUL )RUPDWÕ VWDQGDUWODUÕQD X\JXQ RODFDNWÕU. 5$: J|UQWOHU EDVNÕ OLVWHVLQH HNOHQHPH]. )RWR÷UDÀDU RHVLPOHULQc!TXúX\OD%DVNÕ/LVWHVLQHENOHQPHVL )RWR÷UDÀDUÕ oHNLPGHQ KHPHQ VRQUD YH\D L]OHPH VÕUDVÕQGD VDGHFH c! WXúXQD EDVDUDN EDVNÕ OLVWHVLQH (D32) HNOH\HELOLUVLQL]. 1 %LUJ|UQWVHoLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ. 2 RHVPLEDVNÕOLVWHVLQHHNOH\LQ z c! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN EDVNÕ VD\ÕVÕQÕ EHOLUOH\LQ. q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >(NOH] \L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. z 5HVPL EDVNÕ OLVWHVLQGHQ oÕNDUPDN LoLQ 1 ± 2. DGÕPODUÕ WHNUDUOD\ÕQ IDNDW q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >.DOGÕU] Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! EDVÕQ. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL ELU \D]ÕFÕ\D ED÷OÕ\NHQ EDVNÕ OLVWHVL D\DUÕ \DSÕODPD]. 238 5HVLPOHULQ <D]GÕUÕOPDVÕ )RWR÷UDÀDU %DVNÕ$\DUODUÕQÕQ<DSÕODQGÕUÕOPDVÕ BDVNÕ IRUPDWÕQÕ WDULKVDDW YH\D GRV\D QXPDUDVÕ HNOHQLS HNOHQPH\HFH÷LQL YH GL÷HU D\DUODUÕ \DSÕQ. BX D\DUODU EDVNÕ OLVWHVLQGHNL WP J|UQWOHUH X\JXODQÕU. z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ YH VRQUD >2] VHNPHVLQGHQ >BDVNÕ $\DUODUÕ] QÕ VHoLQ. $\DUODUÕ LVWHGL÷LQL] JLEL VHoLQ YH \DSÕODQGÕUÕQ (=42. 6WDQGDUW %DVNÕTLSL DL]LQ HHULNLVL TDULK 'RV\D1R '32)YHULVLQL VLO $oÕN .DSDOÕ $oÕN .DSDOÕ $oÕN .DSDOÕ HHU VD\ID\D ELU UHVLP \D]GÕUÕOÕU. HHU VD\ID\D UHVPLQ ELUGHQ ID]OD NoN YHUVL\RQX \D]GÕUÕOÕU. HHP VWDQGDUW KHP GH LQGHNV IRUPDWODUÕ \D]GÕUÕOÕU. 5HVLPOHU oHNLP WDULKL\OH \D]GÕUÕOÕU. ± 5HVLPOHU GRV\D QXPDUDVÕ\OD \D]GÕUÕOÕU. ± BDVNÕ VRQUDVÕQGD WP UHVLP EDVNÕ OLVWHVL D\DUODUÕ VLOLQLU. ± BD]Õ GXUXPODUGD \D]ÕFÕ YH\D IRWR÷UDI JHOLúWLUPH KL]PHWL EDVNÕGD \DSPÕú ROGX÷XQX] WP D32) D\DUODUÕQÕ X\JXODPD\DELOLU. > ] VLPJHVL IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQGH J|UQWOHQLU YH KDIÕ]D NDUWÕQGD EDúND ELU IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQGH \DSÕODQGÕUÕOPÕú EDVNÕ D\DUODUÕ EXOXQGX÷X NRQXVXQGD VL]L X\DUDELOLU. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL NXOODQDUDN EDVNÕ D\DUODUÕQÕQ GH÷LúWLULOPHVL GXUXPXQGD |QFHNL D\DUODUÕQ WDPDPÕQÕQ ]HULQH \D]ÕOÕU. >TDULK] VHoHQH÷L >$oÕN] D D\DUODQGÕ÷ÕQGD ED]Õ \D]ÕFÕODU LNL NH] WDULK EDVNÕVÕ \DSDELOLU. 215 5HVLPOHULQ <D]GÕUÕOPDVÕ >øQGHNV] VHoHQH÷L EHOLUOHQGL÷LQGH KHP >TDULK] KHP GH >DRV\D NR] LoLQ D\QÕ DQGD >$oÕN] VHoLPL \DSPDQÕ] |QOHQPLú ROXU. BD]Õ &DQRQ 3LFWBULGJH X\XPOX \D]ÕFÕODUOD (D\UÕ VDWÕOÕU LQGHNV EDVNÕVÕ \DSÕODPD]. TDULK EDVNÕVÕ >3] (=19 VHNPHVLQGH >TDULK6DDW] VHoHQH÷LQGH EHOLUOHQHQ D\DU D\UÕQWÕODUÕQD X\JXQ úHNLOGH \DSÕOÕU. )RWR÷UDÀDU THNTHN*|UQW%DVNÕVÕ$\DUÕQÕQ<DSÕOPDVÕ 1 >RHVLP$GHGL6Ho@ LVHoLQ z n! WXúXQD EDVÕQ >2] VHNPHVLQGHQ >*|UQW YH .DOLWH\L 6Ho] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 %LUJ|UQWVHoLQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN ELU J|UQW VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. X ùLPGL NRS\D VD\ÕVÕQÕ EHOLUOH\HELOLUVLQL]. z 5HVPH LQGHNV EDVNÕVÕ D\DUÕ \DSDUVDQÕ] UHVLP > ] VLPJHVL LOH HWLNHWOHQLU. øQGHNV J|UQW EDVNÕVÕQÕ LSWDO HWPHN LoLQ WHNUDU m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. > ] DUWÕN J|UQWOHQPH]. 3 %DVNÕVD\ÕVÕQÕEHOLUOH\LQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN EDVNÕ VD\ÕVÕQÕ (HQ ID]OD 99. z DL÷HU UHVLPOHU LoLQ EDVNÕ HPUL YHUPHN YH NRS\D VD\ÕVÕQÕ EHOLUOHPHN LoLQ 2 - 3. DGÕPODUÕ WHNUDUOD\ÕQ. z øQGHNV EDVNÕODU LoLQ EDVNÕ PLNWDUÕ EHOLUOHQHPH]. 6DGHFH 2. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN KDQJL UHVLPOHULQ EDVÕODFD÷ÕQÕ EHOLUOH\HELOLUVLQL]. z øúOHP WDPDPODQGÕ÷ÕQGD n! WXúXQD EDVDUDN PHQ HNUDQÕQD JHUL G|QQ. 240 5HVLPOHULQ <D]GÕUÕOPDVÕ )RWR÷UDÀDU %LURHVLP$UDOÕ÷ÕLoLQ%DVNÕ$\DUÕQÕQ<DSÕOPDVÕ 1 >6HoLP$UDOÕ÷Õ@ QÕVHoLQ z = 240 GDNL 1. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >6HoLP $UDOÕ÷Õ] QÕ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 >@VHoLPL\DSÕQ z =176 GHNL 2 ± 3. DGÕPODUÕ X\JXOD\DUDN UHVLPOHUL EHOLUOH\LQ. 3 %DVNÕD\DUODUÕQÕ\DSÕODQGÕUÕQ z o!p! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN >(PLU] VHoLPL \DSÕQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. )RWR÷UDÀDU TP*|UQWOHUøoLQ%DVNÕ$\DUÕQÕQ<DSÕOPDVÕ 1 >TP*|UQWOHUL6Ho@ LVHoLQ z = 240 GDNL 1. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >TP *|UQWOHUL 6Ho] L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 $\DUÕ\DSÕODQGÕUÕQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >TDPDP] Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 215 5HVLPOHULQ <D]GÕUÕOPDVÕ )RWR÷UDÀDU %DVNÕ/LVWHVLQGHQTPRHVLPOHULQ6LOLQPHVL 1 >TP6HoLPOHULøSWDOEW@ LVHoLQ z = 240 GDNL 1. DGÕPÕ X\JXOD\DUDN >TP *|UQWOHUL THPL]OH] \L VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! WXúXQD EDVÕQ. 2 %DVNÕOLVWHVLQGHVLOPH\L RQD\OD\ÕQ z q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLUHUHN >TDPDP] Õ VHoLQ YH VRQUD m! 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ENUDQ $\UÕQWÕODU <HWHUOL úDUM .ÕVPHQ D]DOPÕú DPD \HWHUOL (.ÕUPÕ]Õ \DQÕS V|QHU >3LOL úDUM HGLQ] 256 NHUHGH\VH WNHQPLú²NÕVD ]DPDQGD úDUM HGLQ TNHQPLú²SLOL KHPHQ úDUM HGLQ (NUDQ BLOJLOHUL ù]OHPH$\UÖQWÖOÖ%LOJL*|VWHULPL (NUDQÕ GH÷LúWLU (5*B KLVWRJUDP (=163 .DWHJRULP (=185 3R] WHOD¿ VHYL\HVL (=115 3R] GH÷LúLP VHYL\HVL (=110 BH\D] D\DUÕ (=122 BH\D] D\DUÕ G]HOWLVL (=124 &ÕYD EXKDUOÕ (HJ ODPED G]HOWLVL (=76 HLVWRJUDP (=162 BDVNÕ OLVWHVL (=238 I62 KÕ]Õ (=117 ø]OHPH KÕ]Õ (=96 111 dHNLP PRGX (= 260 (\H-)L LOH $NWDUÕOGÕ (=245 3LO VHYL\HVL (= 256 gOoP \|QWHPL (=116 .ODV|U QXPDUDVÕ ± DRV\D QXPDUDVÕ (=205 *HoHUOL J|UQW QXPDUDVÕ TRSODP J|UQW VD\ÕVÕ (QVWDQWDQH KÕ]Õ (IRWR÷UDÀDU (=150 *|UQW NDOLWHVL dHNLP KÕ]Õ (YLGHRODU (=77 DL\DIUDP GH÷HUL (=151 L-.RQWUDVW (=120 192 )ODú SR] WHOD¿VL (=144 )ODú oÕNÕú VHYL\HVL (=153 NHWOLN DUDOÕ÷Õ (=129 130 DRV\D ER\XWX )RWR÷UDÀDU d|]QUON (= 275 9LGHRODU ø]OHPH VUHVL 6ÕNÕúWÕUPD (J|UQW NDOLWHVL (=147 d|]QUON (=74 5$: (=146 M29 (YLGHRODU *UXSOX J|UQW (=88 106 *|UQW G]HQOHPH (=188 ± 193 .RUXPD\D DOPD (=175 )DYRULOHU (=184 5HQNOHULP (=125 191 .ÕUPÕ]Õ J|] G]HOWPH (=75 193 dHNLP WDULKLVDDWL (=19 9LGHRODU (=46 160 *UXS L]OHPH (=170 .OLS <UWPH (=164 257 (NUDQ BLOJLOHUL *|UQWOHU ELU WHOHYL]\RQGDQ L]OHQLUNHQ ED]Õ ELOJLOHU J|UQWOHQPH\HELOLU (=218. ³ø]OHPH´LoLQ9LGHRKRQWURO3DQHOLg]HWL=1 dÕNÕú ø]OH $÷ÕU dHNLP (ø]OHPH KÕ]ÕQÕ D\DUODPDN LoLQ q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVÕQ YH\D 5! NDGUDQÕQÕ oHYLULQ. 6HV GX\XOPD]. *HUL $WOD YH\D gQFHNL .OLS (=86 (*HUL DWODPD\Õ VUGUPHN LoLQ m! WXúXQX EDVÕOÕ WXWWXQ. gQFHNL .DUH (HÕ]OÕ JHUL VDUPD\Õ VUGUPHN LoLQ m! WXúXQX EDVÕOÕ WXWWXQ. 6RQUDNL .DUH (HÕ]OÕ LOHUL VDUPD\Õ VUGUPHN LoLQ m! WXúXQX EDVÕOÕ WXWWXQ. øOHUL $WOD YH\D 6RQUDNL .OLS (=86 (øOHUL DWODPD\Õ VUGUPHN LoLQ m! WXúXQX EDVÕOÕ WXWWXQ. D]HQOHPH (=194 > c ] PRGXQGD \DUDWÕODQ ELU YLGHR VHoLOGL÷LQGH J|UQWOHQLU (=196. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL 3LFWBULGJH X\XPOX ELU \D]ÕFÕ\D ED÷ODQGÕ÷ÕQGD J|UQWOHQLU (=231. gQFHNL YH\D VRQUDNL NDUH\H JHoPHGHQ |QFH NDUH\L \DNO. 4 VQ. J|UQWOHU. ø]OHPH VÕUDVÕQGD q!r! WXúODUÕQD EDVDUDN LOHUL YH\D JHUL (YH\D |QFHNL YH\D VRQUDNL E|OPH DWOD\DELOLUVLQL]. 258 .XOODQÖPgQOHPOHUL BX IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVL \NVHN KDVVDVL\HWWH ELU HOHNWURQLN FLKD]GÕU. DúUPHNWHQ YH\D VHUW GDUEHOHUGHQ NDoÕQÕQ. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL DVOD PÕNQDWÕVODUÕQ PRWRUODUÕQ YH\D JoO HOHNWURPDQ\HWLN DODQ \D\DQ FLKD]ODUÕQ \DNÕQÕQGD EÕUDNPD\ÕQ. BXQODU DUÕ]DODQPD\D YH\D J|UQW YHULVLQLQ VLOLQPHVLQH QHGHQ RODELOLU. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQH YH\D HNUDQD VÕoUD\DQ VX GDPODFÕNODUÕQÕ YH\D EXODúDQ NLUOHUL J|]ON VLOHFH÷L JLEL \XPXúDN ELU EH]OH WHPL]OH\LQ. 6HUW EDVWÕUPD\ÕQ YH\D RYPD\ÕQ. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL YH\D HNUDQÕ WHPL]OHPHN LoLQ DVOD RUJDQLN o|]F LoHUHQ WHPL]OH\LFLOHU NXOODQPD\ÕQ. .|UNO ELU IÕUoD\OD OHQVWH ELULNHQ WR]X JLGHULQ. THPL]OHPHN ]RU ROX\RUVD &DQRQ MúWHUL DHVWHN MHUNH]L LOH ED÷ODQWÕ\D JHoLQ. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQGH DQL VÕFDNOÕN GH÷LúLPOHUL VRQXFX (PDNLQH VR÷XN RUWDPGDQ VÕFDN RUWDPD JHoLULOGL÷LQGH QHP \R÷XQODúPDVÕ ROXúPDVÕQÕ |QOHPHN LoLQ IRWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQL KDYD JHoLUPH] SODVWLN ELU SRúHW LoLQH NR\XQ YH EXUDGDQ oÕNDUPDGDQ |QFH VÕFDNOÕ÷D \DYDú \DYDú DOÕúPDVÕQÕ EHNOH\LQ. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQGH QHP \R÷XQODúPDVÕ ROXúXUVD NXOODQPD\Õ KHPHQ GXUGXUXQ. )RWR÷UDI PDNLQHVLQLQ EX GXUXPGD NXOODQÕOPD\D GHYDP HGLOPHVL KDVDUD QHGHQ RODELOLU. 3LOL YH KDIÕ]D NDUWÕQÕ oÕNDUÕQ YH NXOODQPD\D GHYDP HWPHGHQ |QFH QHPLQ NXUXPDVÕQÕ EHNOH\LQ. 259 ùøOHYOHUYH0HQ7DEORODUÖ +HUdHNLP0RGXQGD.XOODQÖODELOLUùøOHYOHU ÇHNLP0RGX D B M G A øúOHY 3R] THOD¿VL (=115 I62 KÕ]Õ (=117 1 1 ± 2 2 2 ± 2 2 1 1 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 1 1 1 1 ± 2 2 ± 2 ± 2 2 ± 2 ± 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 ± 2 2 ± 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 ± 2 2WRPDWLN ]DPDQOD\ÕFÕ (=58 ][$ 2WRPDWLN =DPDQOD\ÕFÕ $\DUODUÕ(=59 *HFLNPHOL2 dHNLP3 )ODú (=142 1434 h Z ! DL\DIUDP DH÷HUL (=151 (QVWDQWDQH HÕ]Õ (=150 3URJUDP DH÷LúLPL (=115 $( .LOLGL)( .LOLGL (=115 1446 $( .LOLGL (9LGHR3R] DH÷LúLPL (=110 $) .LOLGL WXúXQD DWDQGÕ÷ÕQGD (=155 NHWOLN $UDOÕ÷Õ (=129 130 e (=130$) .LOLGL (=140 $) dHUoHYHVLQL TDúÕPD (=135 $) dHUoHYHVLQL <HQLGHQ BR\XWODQGÕUPD (=135 <] 6HoLPL (=139 $) TDNLEL (=62 136 (=56 (=57 9LGHR dHNLP 6ÕUDVÕQGD )RWR÷UDI dHNLPL (=108 (NUDQ *|VWHUJHVL (=43 1 1 2 2 ± 2 2 2 ± 2 ± 2 ± ± 2 2 ± ± ± 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 ± 1 1 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 ± 2 ± 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 ± 2 2 2 1 1 ± ± 1 1 5 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 1 6HoHQHNOHU DWDQDQ oHNLP PRGXQD J|UH GH÷LúHELOLU. 2 dHNLP VD\ÕVÕ VHoHQH÷L ROPD\DQ PRGODUGD 0 VDQL\H RODUDN D\DUODQDPD]. 3 dHNLP VD\ÕVÕ VHoHQH÷L ROPD\DQ PRGODUGD WHN oHNLPGLU (GH÷LúWLULOHPH]. 260 øúOHYOHU YH MHQ TDEORODUÕ K x v 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± P t I 2 2 2 2 2 2 E T E Y ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 5 ± ± 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 ± ± 2 ± 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 ± 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 ± ± ± ± 2 ± 2 ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± 2 ± 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 .XOODQÕODELOLU YH\D RWRPDWLN RODUDN D\DUODQÕU. ± MHYFXW GH÷LO. 4 )ODú LQGLULOGL÷LQGH >!] D\DUÕQGD DQFDN ÀDú NDOGÕUÕOGÕ÷ÕQGD VHoLOHELOLU. 5 .XOODQÕODPD] DQFDN ED]Õ GXUXPODUGD >Z] NRQXPXQD JHoHU. 6 )( NLOLGL >!] ÀDú PRGXQGD NXOODQÕODPD]. 261 øúOHYOHU YH MHQ TDEORODUÕ )81&0HQ ÇHNLP0RGX D B M G A øúOHY D5 D]HOWLVL (=120 1 1 2 2 2 2 ± 1 1 ± 2 2 2 2 ± ± 1 1 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 *|OJH D]HOWLVL (=121 1 1 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± BH\D] D\DUÕ (=122 h 2 2 BH\D] $\DUÕ D]HOWLVL (=124 5HQNOHULP (=125 3 3 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± 2 2 BUDNHWOHPH (=141 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 ± 2 2 2 ± ± ± 1 1 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 6UF PRGX (=127 5 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 ± ± 1 1 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 1 1 2 2 2 2 ± ± 2 1 6HoHQHNOHU DWDQDQ oHNLP PRGXQD J|UH GH÷LúHELOLU. 2 >x] YH\D >v] VHoHQH÷LQGH NXOODQÕODPD]. 3 BH\D] D\DUÕ NXOODQÕODPD]. 4 6HW LQ D UDQJH RI 1 ± 5 FRQWUDVW VKDUSQHVV FRORU VDWXUDWLRQ UHG JUHHQ EOXH DQG VNLQ WRQH. ] $) NLOLGL YH\D >t] LOH D\DUODQÕU. 5 > ] VHoHQH÷L > 262 øúOHYOHU YH MHQ TDEORODUÕ K E I P t x v T E Y 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 ± ± 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 ± ± ± 2 ± 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 ± 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 .XOODQÕODELOLU YH\D RWRPDWLN RODUDN D\DUODQÕU. ± MHYFXW GH÷LO. ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 263 øúOHYOHU YH MHQ TDEORODUÕ ÇHNLP0RGX D B M G A øúOHY )ODú 3R] THOD¿VL(=144 )ODú dÕNÕú 6HYL\HVL (=153 gOoP \|QWHPL (=116 1 1 1 1 ± 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 ± ± 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± )RWR÷UDI (QBR\ 2UDQÕ (=73 *|UQW TLSL (=146 ± d|]QUON (=74 6ÕNÕúWÕUPD (=147 1 1 2 2 2 2 ± ± 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 9LGHR NDOLWHVL (=77 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1 6HoHQHNOHU DWDQDQ oHNLP PRGXQD J|UH GH÷LúHELOLU. 2 6DGHFH > ] YH > ] VHoHQHNOHULQGH NXOODQÕODELOLU. 3 (QER\ RUDQÕ D\DUÕ\OD VHQNURQL]H HGLOLU YH RWRPDWLN RODUDN D\DUODQÕU (=96. 264 ± øúOHYOHU YH MHQ TDEORODUÕ K I ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± x P t v ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± E T E Y ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 ± 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 ± 2 ± 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 .XOODQÕODELOLU YH\D RWRPDWLN RODUDN D\DUODQÕU. ± MHYFXW GH÷LO. 265 øúOHYOHU YH MHQ TDEORODUÕ 4dHNLP0HQV ÇHNLP0RGX D B M G A øúOHY $) oHUoHYHVL (=133 <] THVSLWL1 ø]OHPH $) )OH[L=RQHMHUNH]4 DLMLWDO =XP (=55 6WDQGDUW .DSDOÕ DLMLWDO THOH D|QúWUF (1.5[2.0[ $) NRNWD =XP (=80 $oÕN .DSDOÕ 6HUYR $) (=137 2Q .DSDOÕ5 6UHNOL $) (=138 $oÕN .DSDOÕ $) <DUGÕPFÕ IúÕ÷Õ (=82 $oÕN .DSDOÕ M) NRNWD =XP (=130 $oÕN .DSDOÕ *YHQOL M) (=130 $oÕN .DSDOÕ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 ± 2 2 1 <] WHVSLW HGLOPHGL÷LQGH RSHUDV\RQ oHNLP PRGXQD ED÷OÕGÕU. 2 6HoHQHNOHU DWDQDQ oHNLP PRGXQD J|UH GH÷LúHELOLU. 3 6DGHFH o! WXúXQD EDVÕODUDN NXOODQÕODELOLU (=62. 4 G M B YH D PRGODUÕQGD >)OH[L=RQH] GL÷HU GXUXPGD >MHUNH]]. 5 A! PRGXQGD NRQX KDUHNHWL WHVSLW HGLOGL÷LQGH >$oÕN]. 266 3 øúOHYOHU YH MHQ TDEORODUÕ K I E P t x v 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± 2 ± 2 ± ± ± ± 2 ± 2 ± ± ± ± 2 ± ± ± ± 2 ± 2 2 2 ± 2 T E Y ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± 2 ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± 2 ± 2 ± ± 2 ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 .XOODQÕODELOLU YH\D RWRPDWLN RODUDN D\DUODQÕU. ± MHYFXW GH÷LO. 267 øúOHYOHU YH MHQ TDEORODUÕ ÇHNLP0RGX D B M G A øúOHY )ODú .RQWURO (=75 82 144 145 153 2WRPDWLN )ODú MRGX MDQXHO )ODú 3R] THOD¿VL )ODú dÕNÕúÕ 1. SHUGH DHNODQú|U 6HQNURQX 2. SHUGH $oÕN .ÕUPÕ]Õ *|] D]HOWPH .DSDOÕ $oÕN .ÕUPÕ]Õ *|] LDPEDVÕ .DSDOÕ $oÕN *YHQOL )( .DSDOÕ 2WRPDWLN I62 $\DUODUÕ (=118 MDNV. I62 HÕ]Õ DH÷LúLP HÕ]Õ <NVHN I62 N5 (=118 6WDQGDUW<NVHNDúN HJ LDPED D]HO. (=76 $oÕN.DSDOÕ 6SRW $( NNWD (=116 MHUNH] $) NRNWDVÕ *YHQOL DH÷LúLP (=151 $oÕN .DSDOÕ 9LGHR 6HVL (=78 MLF 6HYL\HVL 6HYL\H 5]JDU )LOWUHVL 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1 1 1 1 ± ± 2 2 2 ± 2 2 ± ± 2 ± 2 ± 1 1 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 ± ± 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± 2 ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6HoHQHNOHU DWDQDQ oHNLP PRGXQD J|UH GH÷LúHELOLU. 268 ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 øúOHYOHU YH MHQ TDEORODUÕ K E x P t v I T E Y 2 ± ± ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± ± 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 ± ± ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 ± ± ± 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 ± ± ± 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± ± 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± ± 2 ± ± 2 2 2 2 ± 2 ± ± ± 2 ± 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Y øúOHYOHU YH MHQ TDEORODUÕ K E x P t v I T E Y 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± 2 ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± 2 2 2 ± ± 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 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