PDF İndir - Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi
Transkript
72.$7¶7$<$ù$<$1$/(9ø/(5ø1&(05ø7h(//(5ø1'( ø&5$('ø/(10h=ø.g51(./(5ø '5*$1ø3(.ù(1 $%675$&7 7RNDWDQGLQWKHSURYLQFHDQGGLVWULFWVH[HPLQHGWKHWUDGLWLRQIRONPXVLFVSHFL¿FWKHUHSOD\LQJDQGVLQJLQJ EHORQJVWRDUHD$VZLWKRWKHUFLWLHVDQGRXWOL\QJWRZQVRI$QDWROLDVWLOH[LVWVLQGLIIHUHQWFRORXUV 7RNDWOLYLQJ WKHFRORXUVDUHDOVRVHHQLQWKHVHEHOLHIV)RUH[DPSOH5HúDGL\HIRONPXVLFRIIHDWXUHVVLQJLQJDQGSOD\LQJ OLNHWKDWPDLQWDLQKDVEHHQVLQJLQJ³$\HW%H\LW6HPDK´LQFHP/RFDOOD\NQRZQDV³)DGLND÷]Õ´OLNHWKDW H[SHUVVHGLQIURPRIGLVFRXUVH 6XUYH\SDSHUVWKDWZHKDYHGRQHDVDUHVXOWRIWKHGLVWULFWDQGWKHYLOODJHVRI7RNDWZKHQZHJRWWKHHVHQFH RIWKHUHJLRQNQRZQDVWKHÀDPHUHJLRQEXWZKLFHKDV³6ÕUDF$OHYLOHUL+XE\DU¶OÕODU´IURPFDPHWKHRWKHU YLOODJHVOLYLQJ$OWKRXJKLWVHHPVWKDWWKHVDPHVHQVLWLYHVLQWKHORFDOUHHGDQGDXGLRSOD\EDFN )RUH[DPSOHDOWKRXKLQ7RNDWLQWKHIURPIRONVSHHFKLQJHQHUTDOFHUWDLQPRGHVVRPHRIWKHJUDQGIDWKHUVQRW LPSRUWDQW7KHVHIHDWXUHVFDQFRQWXQLW\DQGLWVRZQFXOWXUHULFKQHVVRIOLYLQJWKHUH)RUH[DPSOHLVVDLGWREH VDPHVRQJ0DODW\D$UJXYDQGLIIHUQW$UDSNLUGLIIHUHQW$\GÕQZKLOHGLIIHUQWWKHRWKHUDSSHDUVWRVD\DOPRVW WKHVDPHIURPWRGD\)RONVRQJVSHRSOHRXWVLGHVWKHUHJLRQLQRUGHUWRSUD\DWFHUWDLQWLPHWKH\HDULQ&HP 3RVWWRSLFWKHSDUWLFXOVWDJHRIWKHOHJXHRISURSHUWLHVLQWKLVUHJLRQZKLFKLQFKDUJHNQRZQDVFHPkúÕNODUÕOLNH VRQJWKHUHVWROLQJVKHHWVWKDWGXD]ÕLPDPPLKUDoODPDSHUYD]WHYKLGHWFWKDW ,QWKHUHJLRQRXWVLGHRIIRONVRQJVSHRSOHDWFHUWDLQWLPHVRI\HDULQRUGHUWRZRUVKLS&HP¶VSHUIRUPULWXDO $FFRUGLQJWRWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKLVULWXDOELQGLQJSOD\DFHUWDLQVRQJWHOOVWKHSHUVRQLQFKDUJHGXULQJ WKLVULWXDOOLNHWKDW%H\LW'XD]ÕøPDP0LKUDoODPD3HUYD]7HYKLG*|QOOHU6HPDKÕHWF« ,QRXUDUHDRIZRUNLGHQWLI\WKHVHWXQHVSOD\HGDQGVRQJHGDQGUHVHDUFKRILQYROYHVWKHLQVWUXPHQWKRZWR SOD\LQWKLVDUHD .H\ZRUGV $\HW%H\LW'XD]ÕLPDP0LKUDoODPD*|QOOHU6HPDKÕ 'U*DQL3(.ù(1 Ege ÜQLYHUVLWHVL'HYOHW7UN0XVLNLVL .RQVHUYDWDXDUÕ 0XVLNDOLVFKH %HLVSLHOH DXV GHP FHP5LWXDO GHU $OHYLWHQDXV7RNDW 'U*DQL3(.ù(11 =XVDPPHQIDVVXQJ g=(7 7RNDW YH LOoHOHUL JHOHQHNVHO KDON P]LNOHULQL LQFHOHGL÷LPL]GH \|UH\H KDV oDOÕS V|\OHPH ELoLPL EXOXQPDNWDGÕU $QDGROX¶QXQ GL÷HU LO YH LOoHOHULQGH ROGX÷X JLEL 7RNDW¶WD GD IDUNOÕ UHQNOHU \DúDWÕOPDNWD EX UHQNOHU LQDQoODUÕQ \DúDWÕOPDVÕQGD GD NHQGLQL J|VWHUPHNWHGLU gUQH÷LQ 5HúDGL\H WUNOHULQGHNL 8QVHUH8QWHUVXFKXQJGHUWUDGLWLRQHOOHQ9RONVPXVLN LQ 7RNDW XQG LQ GHQ /DQGNUHLVHQ KDW HUJHEHQ GDVV HV KLHU HLQH HLJHQH UHJLRQDO JHSUlJWH 6SLHO XQG *HVDQJVDUW JLEW :LH LQ DQGHUHQ DQDWROLVFKHQ 6WlGWHQXQG/DQGNUHLVHQEOLFKSÀHJWPDQDXFKLQ 7RNDWYHUVFKLHGHQH1XDQFHQGLHVLFKZLHGHUXPEHL GHU $XIUHFKWHUKDOWXQJ GHU *ODXEHQVYRUVWHOOXQJHQ ]HLJHQ 1 .QVWOHU /HKUEHDXIWUDJWHU GHV 6WDDWOLFKHQ .RQVHUYDWRULXPV IU.ODVVLVFKH7UNLVFKH0XVLNGHU(JH8QLYHUVLWlW FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM oDOÕS V|\OHPH |]HOOL÷LQL FHPOHUGH V|\OHQHQ ³D\HW EH\LW VHPDKODU´GD GD J|UPHNWH\L] <HUHO RODUDN ³)DGLND÷]Õ´RODUDNLIDGHHGLOHQEXV|\OHPHELoLPL FHPOHUGHGHNDUúÕPÕ]DoÕNPDNWDGÕU 7RNDW LOoH YH N|\OHULQGH \DSPÕú ROGX÷XPX] DUDúWÕUPDODUVRQXFXQGD\|UHGH$OHYLRODUDNELOLQHQ DQFDN GDKD |]H LQGL÷LPL]GH LVH E|OJH\H KDV RODQ ³6ÕUDo$OHYLOHUL+XE\DU¶OÕODU´ÕQGÕúÕQGD%HNWDúLOHU YH IDUNOÕ LOOHUGHQ JHOHQ $OHYLOHU \DúDPDNWDGÕU *HQHOLQGH \DSÕODQ FHP ULWHOOHUL D\QÕ J|]NVH GH |]GHIDUNOÕOÕNODUEXOXQPDNWDGÕU %\N úHKLUOHUGH ROGX÷X JLEL 7RNDW YH LOoHOHULQGH GH FHP ULWHOOHUL EHQ]HUOLN J|VWHUPHNWH \ROXQ GHYDPOÕOÕ÷Õ NRQXVXQGD KDVVDVL\HW J|VWHUHQ $OHYLOHU FHPOHUGHNL\HUHOVHVOHQGLUPHYHVD]oDOPDNRQXVXQGD D\QÕKDVVDVL\HWOHULJ|VWHUPHPHNWHGLUOHU gUQH÷LQ 7RNDW LOLQGH WUNOHUL VHVOHQGLUPH ELoLPL JHQHO RODUDN EHOOL NDOÕSODUGD ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ ED]Õ FHP kúÕNODUÕ YH ED]Õ GHGHOHU LoLQ |QHP DU] HWPHPHNWHGLU +kOEXNL NOWUQ GHYDPOÕOÕ÷Õ YH \|UHQLQ NHQGLQH DLW EX |]HOOLNOHU RUDGD \DúD\DQ NOWUHO]HQJLQOL÷LLIDGHHWPHNWHGLUgUQH÷LQ0DODW\D $UJXYDQ¶GDoDOÕQÕSV|\OHQLOHQD\QÕEH\LW$UDSNLU¶GH IDUNOÕ $\GÕQ¶GD IDUNOÕ 6LYDV¶WD 0DUDú¶WD 7RNDW¶WD IDUNOÕ LNHQ JQP]GH KHPHQ KHPHQ D\QÕ V|\OHPH ELoLPLLOHNDUúÕPÕ]DoÕNPDNWDGÕUøOHWLúLPDUDoODUÕQÕQ \D\JÕQOÕ÷ÕSRSOHUNOWUQEDVNÕQoÕNPDVÕLQVDQODU ]HULQGHROXPVX]HWNL\LX\DQGÕUPDNWDGÕU <|UHGH WUNOHULQ GÕúÕQGD LQVDQODU \ÕOÕQ EHOOL ]DPDQODUÕQGD LEDGHW HWPHN DPDFÕ\OD FHP ULWHOOHUL \DSDUODU <DSÕODQ EX FHPOHULQ |]HOOLNOHULQH J|UH FHPLQ EHOOL DúDPDVÕQGD J|UHYOL RODQ YH EX E|OJHGH FHP DúÕ÷Õ RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕODQ NLúL VD] oDODUDN EH\LWOHUGXD]ÕLPDPPLKUDoODPDSHUYD]WHYKLGYH J|QOOHUVHPDKÕoDODU %HLVSLHOVZHLVH EHJHJQHQ XQV GLH (LJHQKHLWHQ GHU 9RONVOLHGHUYRQ5HúDGL\HPLWLKUHU6SLHOXQG*HVDQJVNXQVW DXFKLQGHQEHLGHQ*RWWHVGLHQVWHQJHVXQJHQHQ´.RUDQ 9HUVHQD\HW'RSSHOYHUVHQEH\LWULWXHOOHQ*HEHWVWlQ]HQ VHPDK´'LHVHLQGHU5HJLRQDOV´)DGLND÷]Õ´ ´)DGLN0XQGDUW JHQDQQWH *HVDQJVDUW SUlVHQWLHUW VLFK XQVDXFKEHLGHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQ 8QVHUH 6WXGLHQ LQ 7RNDW GHU JOHLFKQDPLJHQ 6WDGW GHQ GD]XJHK|ULJHQ /DQGNUHLVHQ XQG '|UIHUQ KDEHQ ]X GHP 6FKOXVVJHIKUWGDVVLQGHU5HJLRQDEJHVHKHQYRQGHQVRJ ´6ÕUDo$OHYLWHQ´E]ZGLH´+XE\DU´GLH]XGLHVHU5HJLRQ JHK|UHQ DXFK %HNWDúL XQG$OHYLWHQ DXV DQGHUHQ 6WlGWHQ JLEW :HQQ DXFK GLH GXUFKJHIKUWHQ FHP=HUHPRQLHQ LP $QVFKHLQQDFKlKQOLFKVLQGJLEWHVLP*UXQGHJHQRPPHQ DEHU8QWHUVFKLHGH bKQOLFKZLHLQGHQ*URVWlGWHQZHLVHQDXFKLQ7RNDWXQG LQ/DQGHVNUHLVHQ7RNDWVGLH FHP=HUHPRQLHQ HEHQIDOOV *HPHLQVDPNHLWHQ DXI ZRKLQJHJHQ GLH $OHYLWHQ IU GLH GLH .RQWLQXLWlW GHV >DOHYLWLVFKHQ@ :HJHV E]Z GHU >DOHYLWLVFKHQ@ /HKUH YRQ EHVRQGHUHU :LFKWLJNHLW LVW QHKPHQ GLH ORNDOHQ *HVlQJH XQG GDV 6SLHOHQ GHV VD] EHL GHQ FHP=HUHPRQLHQ QLFKW VRHUQVW %HLVSLHOVZHLVHVSLHOHQGLH*HVDQJVDUWGHU9RONVOLHGHUGHU 6WDGW7RNDWGLHLQGHU5HJHOHLQHEHVWLPPWH)RUPKDWIU HLQLJH9RONVVlQJHUEHLGHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQVRZLHIUHLQLJH GHGHV NHLQH JURH 5ROOH ,Q :LUNOLFKNHLW EULQJHQ MHGRFK GLH %HZDKUXQJ GHU .XOWXU VRZLH GLH (LJHQWPOLFKNHLWHQ GLHVHU 5HJLRQ HLQHQ NXOWXUHOOHQ 5HLFKWXP ]XP$XVGUXFN GHU GRUW YRUKDQGHQ LVW %HLVSLHOVZHLVH SUlVHQWLHUW VLFK XQV JHJHQZlUWLJ GHUVHOEH 'RSSHOYHUV EH\LW GHU LQ 0DODW\D$UJXYDQ JHVSLHOW XQG JHVXQJHQ ZLUG XQG LQ $UDSNLU$\GÕQ6LYDV0DUDúXQG7RNDWYHUVFKLHGHQLVW DXIHLQHVHKUlKQOLFKH*HVDQJVDUW'LHZHLWH9HUEUHLWXQJ GHU .RPPXQLNDWLRQVPHGLHQ VRZLH GLH 9RUKHUUVFKDIW GHU SRSXOlUHQ.XOWXUKDEHQHLQHQHJDWLYH$XVZLUNXQJDXIGLH 0HQVFKHQ 1HEHQGHQ9RONOLHGHUQLQGHU5HJLRQIKUHQGLH0HQVFKHQ ]X EHVWLPPWHQ =HLWHQ GHV -DKUHV IU GLH *RWWHVDQGDFKW FHP=HUHPRQLHQGXUFK-HQDFK(LJHQKHLWHQGLHVHUFHP =HUHPRQLHQVSLHOWHLQH3HUVRQGLHLQGHU5HJLRQDOVFHP 0XVLNHUEHNDQQWLVWXQGZlKUHQGHLQHUEHVWLPPWHQ3KDVH GHU=HUHPRQLHHLQH$XIJDEHDXVIKUWVD]XQGVLQJWGD]X 9HUVH EH\LW +\PQHQ IU GLH ,PDPH GXD]Õ LPDP 2'LH´VD]´LVWHLQH/DQJKDOVODXWHGLHIUGLHDOHYLWLVFKH.XOWXU YRQLPPHQVHU%HGHXWXQJLVW$Gh $/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ %L]LP oDOÕúPD DODQÕPÕ] LVH FHP DúÕ÷ÕQÕQ oDOÕS V|\OHGL÷L EX H]JLOHUL WHVSLW HWPHN \|UHGH oDOÕQPD ELoLPLLOHLOJLOLDUDúWÕUPD\DSPDNWÕU $QDKWDU NHOLPH $\HW %H\LW 'XD]Õ LPDP 0LKUDoODPD*|QOOHU6HPDKÕ $QDGROX \]OHUFH \ÕO PHGHQL\HWOHUH HY VDKLSOL÷L \DSPÕúE\NKNPGDUOÕNODUÕQKNPVUG÷ELU FR÷UDI\D ROPXúWXU %X FR÷UDI\DGD IDUNOÕ NOWUOHU ELUELUOHULLOHLoLLoH\DúDPÕúELUELUOHULQGHQHWNLOHQHUHN EX JQH NDGDU JHOPLúOHUGLU øQVDQODU \DúDGÕNODUÕ E|OJHOHUGH E|OJHQLQ FR÷UD¿N |]HOOLNOHULQH X\XP VD÷ODGÕNODUÕ JLEL RUDGD \DúDWÕODQ PDGGL YH PDQHYL GH÷HUOHULQGH HWNLVL DOWÕQGD NDOPÕúODUGÕU TUNOHULPL]GH R\XQODUÕPÕ]GD JHOHQHN YH J|UHQHNOHULPL]GHNL IDUNOÕOÕNODU LQDQo ELoLPLQL GH HWNLOHPLú NOWUQ ROXúPDVÕQGD YH \DúDPDVÕQGD HWNLQROPXúWXU 7UNOHULPL]GHNL \HUHO oDOÕSV|\OHPH IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕ ONHPL]GHNL NOWU ]HQJLQOL÷LQL LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU %X ]HQJLQOLNOHU DUDúWÕUÕOGÕNoD RUWD\D oRN GH÷LúLN NOWUHOUQOHUortaya oÕNPDNWDGÕU2UWD\DoÕNDUÕODQ EX UQOHU GH÷LúLN \|QWHPOHUOH ELOLP GQ\DVÕQD YH LQVDQOÕ÷ÕQ KL]PHWLQH GH VXQXOPDNWDGÕU %LOLP GQ\DVÕQD ND]DQGÕUÕODQ |UQHNOHULQ EDúÕQGD GD LQDQo NOWUJHOPHNWHGLUøQDQoELoLPOHULQLQ\DNÕQWDULKH NDGDU V|]O RODUDN \DúDWÕOÕS \D]Õ\D DNWDUÕOPDPDVÕ D\UÕFDEX\DúD\ÕúELoLPOHULQLQGÕúDUÕ\DNDSDOÕROPDVÕ QHGHQL\OH GH ELUoRN UQOHU WHVSLW HGLOHPHPLú \RN ROXS JLWPLúWLU %X DPDoOD $QDGROX¶QXQ GH÷LúLN \|UHOHULQGH \DúDWÕODQ EX NOWUOHULQ DUDúWÕUÕOÕS GHUOHQLOHUHNJQÕúÕ÷ÕQDoÕNDUPDNYHELOLPHVXQPDN LQVDQOÕ÷ÕQHQ|QHPOLJ|UHYOHULQGHQGLU 7RNDW YH LOoHOHULQLQ JHOHQHNVHO KDON P]LNOHULQL LQFHOHGL÷LPL]GHEXUDQÕQNHQGLQHKDVoDOÕSV|\OHPH JHOHQH÷L EXOXQPDNWDGÕU $QDGROX¶QXQ GL÷HU LO YH LOoHOHULQGH ROGX÷X JLEL 7RNDW¶WD GD IDUNOÕ UHQNOHU GLH PLKUDoODPD3 HLQ SHUYD] HLQ WHYKLG4 XQG >*HGLFKW IU@ GDV VRJ J|QOOHU VHPDKÕ >´VHPDK GHU +HU]HQ´@ 8QVHU8QWHUVXFKXQJVJHJHQVWDQGKDWMHGRFKGDV=LHOGLH YRQ GHP 0XVLNHU LQ GHU FHP=HUHPRQLH JHVSLHOWHQ XQG JHVXQJHQHQ 0HORGLHQ ]X EHVWLPPHQ XQG GLH UHJLRQDOH 6SLHODUW]XXQWHUVXFKHQ 6FKOVVHOEHJULIIH .RUDQYHUV D\HW 9HUVH EH\LW +\PQHQ IU GLH =Z|OI ,PDPH GXD] LPDP PLUDoODPD GDVJ|QOOHUVHPDKÕ $QDWROLHQZDU-DKUKXQGHUWHODQJ+HLPDWIU=LYLOLVDWLRQHQ DXI GHVVHQ %RGHQ PlFKWLJH 5HLFKH KHUUVFKWHQ $XI GLHVHP *HELHW KDEHQ GLH XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKVWHQ .XOWXUHQ PLWHLQDQGHU JHOHEW VLFK JHJHQVHLWLJ EHHLQÀXVVW XQG VR GLH*HJHQZDUWHUUHLFKW'LH0HQVFKHQSDVVWHQVLFKQLFKW QXUDQGLHJHRJUDSKLVFKHQ(LJHQKHLWHQGHU5HJLRQDQLQ GHU VLH OHEWHQ VLH VWHKHQ DXFK XQWHU GHP (LQÀXVV MHQHU PDWHULHOOHQXQGJHLVWLJHQ:HUWHGLHGRUWJHSÀHJWZHUGHQ 6R KDEHQ VLFK GLH XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ 9RONVOLHGHU 7lQ]H 7UDGLWLRQHQ XQG %UlXFKH QLFKW HLQHQ (LQÀXVV DXI GLH *ODXEHQVIRUP JHKDEW VRQGHUQ VLH ZDUHQ DXFK ZLUNVDP EHLGHU(QWVWHKXQJXQG%HZDKUXQJGHU.XOWXU 'LHXQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH$UWZLHXQVHUH9RONVOLHGHUJHVXQJHQ XQG JHVSLHOW ZHUGHQ LVW $XVGUXFN GHU .XOWXUYLHOIDOW LQ XQVHUHP/DQG%HLGHU8QWHUVXFKXQJGLHVHU>NXOWXUHOOHQ@ 5HLFKWPHU NRPPHQ XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH NXOWXUHOOH (U]HXJQLVVH]XP9RUVFKHLQ'LHVHNXOWXUHOOHQ(U]HXJQLVVH ZHUGHQ GDQQ GHU :LVVHQVFKDIW XQG GHU 0HQVFKKHLW PLW XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ 0HWKRGHQ SUlVHQWLHUW 'LH UHOLJL|VH .XOWXU]lKOWGDEHL]XGHQHUVWHQ%HLVSLHOHQGLHVHU$UWGLH IU GLH :LVVHQVFKDIWVZHOW EHZDKUW ZXUGHQ (V NRQQWHQ MHGRFKYLHOHNXOWXUHOOH(U]HXJQLVVHQLFKWEHZDKUWZHUGHQ XQGVLQGYHUORUHQJHJDQJHQZHLOGLH*ODXEHQVIRUPHQELV LQ GLH IUKH 9HUJDQJHQKHLW PQGOLFK JHSÀHJW XQG QLFKW VFKULIWOLFK IHVWJHKDOWHQ ZXUGHQ XQG GLHVH /HEHQVIRUPHQ DXHUGHP QRFK NHLQHQ .RQWDNW ]XU $XHQZHOW KDWWHQ 'DKHU JHK|UW HV ]X GHQ ZLFKWLJVWHQ $XIJDEHQ GHU 0HQVFKKHLW GLHVH LQ GHQ XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKHQ 5HJLRQHQ YRQ $QDWROLHQ JHSÀHJWHQ .XOWXUHQ ]X XQWHUVXFKHQ ]X VDPPHOQ EHNDQQW]XPDFKHQ XQG LQ GHQ 'LHQVW GHU :LVVHQVFKDIW]XVWHOOHQ :HQQ PDQ GLH WUDGLWLRQHOOH 9RONVPXVLN LQ GHU 6WDGW 7RNDWXQGGHQ/DQGHVNUHLVHQ7RNDWVXQWHUVXFKWEHPHUNW PDQGDVVHVHLQHHLJHQH6SLHOXQG*HVDQJVDUWLQGLHVHU 5HJLRQJLEWbKQOLFKZLHLQDQGHUHQDQDWROLVFKHQ6WlGWHQ XQG /DQGHVNUHLVHQ EOLFK JLEW HV DXFK LQ 7RNDW HLQH >(LQEHVWLPPWHV*HGLFKWLQ=XVDPPHQKDQJPLWGHU+LPPHO >(LQEHVWLPPWHV*HGLFKWLQ=XVDPPHQKDQJPLWGHU+LPPHO UHLVHGHV3URSKHWHQ0XKDPPHG@ >(LQEHVWLPPWHV*HGLFKWGDVYRQGHU(LQKHLW*RWWHVE]ZGHU P\VWLVFKHQ(LQKHLWKDQGHOW@ FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM \DúDWÕOPDNWDGÕU%XUHQNOHULQDQoODUÕQ\DúDWÕOPDVÕQGD GD NHQGLQL J|VWHUPHNWHGLU 7ÕSNÕ \HUHO RODUDN 5HúDGL\H WUNOHULQGHNL oDOÕS V|\OHPH |]HOOL÷LQL FHPOHUGH V|\OHQHQ ³D\HW GH\Lú VHPDKODU´GD GD J|UPHNWH\L] <HUHO ³)DGLN D÷]Õ´ RODUDN LIDGH HGLOHQ EX V|\OHPH ELoLPL FHPOHUGH GH NDUúÕPÕ]D oÕNPDNWDGÕU %X |UQHNOHULQ \D]ÕOÕ ND\QDNODUGD |UQHNOHULQLQ ROPDPDVÕ QHGHQL\OH DODQ DUDúWÕUPDVÕ \DSÕOÕSEXLOYHLOoHOHUGH\DúDWÕODQJHOHQH÷LQNOWUHO |]HOOLNOHULRUWD\DoÕNPDNWDGÕU JURH9LHOIDOW'LHVH9LHOIDOW]HLJWVLFKZLHGHUXPEHLGHU 3ÀHJH GHU UHOLJL|VHQ hEHU]HXJXQJHQ ZLHGHU :LU VHKHQ GLH%HVRQGHUKHLWGHU6SLHOXQG*HVDQJVDUWGLHUHJLRQDO LQ GHQ 9RONVOLHGHUQ GHU 5HúDGL\H YRUNRPPHQ JHQDXVR DXFK LQ GHQ 9HUVHQ D\HW GHU UHOLJL|VHQ /LHGHU GH\Lú LQ GHQ ULWXHOOHQ *HEHWVWlQ]HQ VHPDK GLH ZlKUHQG GHU FHP=HUHPRQLHJHEUDXFKWZHUGHQ'LHVHDOV´)DGLND÷]Õ´ JHQDQQWH UHJLRQDOH *HVDQJVDUW EHJHJQHW XQV >IROJOLFK DXFK LQ GHQ FHP=HUHPRQLHQ 'D GLHVH *HVlQJH XQG 7lQ]H QLFKW LQ GHQ VFKULIWOLFKHQ 4XHOOHQ ¿[LHUW ZXUGHQ ZLUGHLQH)HOGIRUVFKXQJLQGLHVHU5HJLRQJHPDFKWXPGLH NXOWXUHOOHQ%HVRQGHUKHLWHQGLHVHU7UDGLWLRQKHUDXVDUEHLWHQ ]XN|QQHQ %\N úHKLUOHUGH ROGX÷X JLEL 7RNDW YH LOoHOHULQGH GH FHP ULWHOOHUL EHQ]HUOLN J|VWHUPHNWH \ROXQ GHYDPOÕOÕ÷ÕNRQXVXQGDKDVVDVL\HWJ|VWHUHQ$OHYLOHU FHPOHUGHNL\HUHOVHVOHQGLUPHYHVD]oDOPDNRQXVXQGD D\QÕKDVVDVL\HWOHULJ|VWHUPHPHNWHGLUOHU bKQOLFKZLHLQGHQ*URVWlGWHQZHLVHQDXFKLQ7RNDWXQG LQ /DQGHVNUHLVHQ 7RNDWV GLH FHP=HUHPRQLHQ HEHQIDOOV *HPHLQVDPNHLWHQ DXI ZRKLQJHJHQ GLH $OHYLWHQ IU GLH GLH .RQWLQXLWlW GHV >DOHYLWLVFKHQ@ :HJHV E]Z GHU >DOHYLWLVFKHQ@ /HKUH YRQ EHVRQGHUHU :LFKWLJNHLW LVW QHKPHQGLHORNDOHQ*HVlQJHXQGGDV6SLHOHQGHVVD] bei GHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQQLFKWVRHUQVW gUQH÷LQ 7RNDW LOLQGH WUNOHUL VHVOHQGLUPH ELoLPL JHQHO RODUDN EHOOL NDOÕSODUGD ROPDVÕQD UD÷PHQ ED]Õ FHP kúÕNODUÕ YH ED]Õ GHGHOHU LoLQ |QHP DU] HWPHPHNWHGLU +kOEXNL NOWUQ GHYDPOÕOÕ÷Õ YH \|UHQLQ NHQGLQH DLW EX |]HOOLNOHU RUDGD \DúD\DQ NOWUHO]HQJLQOL÷LLIDGHHWPHNWHGLUgUQH÷LQ0DODW\D $UJXYDQ¶GDoDOÕQÕSV|\OHQLOHQD\QÕGH\Lú$UDSNLU¶GH IDUNOÕ $\GÕQ¶GD IDUNOÕ 6LYDV¶WD 0DUDú¶WD 7RNDW¶WD IDUNOÕLNHQJQP]GHKHPHQKHPHQD\QÕV|\OHPH ELoLPLLOHNDUúÕPÕ]DoÕNPDNWDGÕUøOHWLúLPDUDoODUÕQÕQ \D\JÕQOÕ÷ÕSRSOHUNOWUQEDVNÕQoÕNPDVÕLQVDQODU ]HULQGHROXPVX]HWNL\LX\DQGÕUPDNWDGÕU %HLVSLHOVZHLVH VSLHOHQ GLH *HVDQJVDUW GHU 9RONVOLHGHU GHU 6WDGW 7RNDW GLH LQ GHU 5HJHO HLQH EHVWLPPWH )RUP KDW IU HLQLJH 9RONVVlQJHU EHL GHQ FHP=HUHPRQLHQ VRZLHIUHLQLJHGHGHVNHLQHJURH5ROOH,Q:LUNOLFKNHLW EULQJHQ MHGRFK GLH %HZDKUXQJ GHU .XOWXU VRZLH GLH (LJHQWPOLFKNHLWHQ GLHVHU 5HJLRQ HLQHQ NXOWXUHOOHQ 5HLFKWXP ]XP $XVGUXFN GHU GRUW YRUKDQGHQ LVW %HLVSLHOVZHLVH SUlVHQWLHUW VLFK XQV JHJHQZlUWLJ GHUVHOEH 'RSSHOYHUVEH\LWGHULQ0DODW\D$UJXYDQJHVSLHOWXQG JHVXQJHQZLUGXQGLQ$UDSNLU$\GÕQ6LYDV0DUDúXQG 7RNDWYHUVFKLHGHQLVWDXIHLQHVHKUlKQOLFKH*HVDQJVDUW 'LHZHLWH9HUEUHLWXQJGHU.RPPXQLNDWLRQVPHGLHQVRZLH GLH9RUKHUUVFKDIWGHUSRSXOlUHQ.XOWXUKDEHQHLQHQHJDWLYH $XVZLUNXQJDXIGLH0HQVFKHQ <|UHGH WUNOHULQ GÕúÕQGD LQVDQODU \ÕOÕQ EHOOL ]DPDQODUÕQGD LEDGHW HWPHN DPDFÕ\OD FHP ULWHOOHUL \DSDUODU <DSÕODQ EX FHPOHULQ |]HOOLNOHULQH J|UH FHPLQ EHOOL DúDPDVÕQGD J|UHYOL RODQ YH EX E|OJHGH FHPkúÕ÷ÕRODUDNDGODQGÕUÕODQNLúLVD]oDODUDNEH\LWOHU GXD]Õ LPDP PLKUDoODPD SHUYD] WHYKLG YH semah oDODU 1HEHQGHQ9RONOLHGHUQLQGHU5HJLRQIKUHQGLH0HQVFKHQ ]X EHVWLPPWHQ =HLWHQ GHV -DKUHV IU GLH *RWWHVDQGDFKW FHP=HUHPRQLHQ GXUFK -H QDFK (LJHQKHLWHQ GLHVHUFHP =HUHPRQLHQ VSLHOW HLQH 3HUVRQ GLH LQ GHU 5HJLRQ DOV FHP0XVLNHU EHNDQQW LVW XQG ZlKUHQG HLQHU EHVWLPPWHQ 3KDVHGHU=HUHPRQLHHLQH$XIJDEHDXVIKUWVD]XQGVLQJW GD]X 'RSSHOYHUVH EH\LW +\PQHQ IU GLH ,PDPH GXD]Õ LPDP GLH PLKUDoODPD HLQ SHUYD] HLQ WHYKLG XQG >*HGLFKW IU@ GDV VRJ J|QOOHU VHPDKÕ >´VHPDK GHU +HU]HQ´@ 7RNDW $PDV\D dRUXP <R]JDW YH 6LYDV¶ÕQ ED]Õ E|OJHOHULQGH \DúD\DQ $OHYLOHUH ³6ÕUDo $OHYLOHUL´ GHQPHNWHGLU %X WRSOXOXNODUÕQ E\N ELU oR÷XQOX÷X >(LQEHVWLPPWHV*HGLFKWLQ=XVDPPHQKDQJPLWGHU+LPPHO >(LQEHVWLPPWHV*HGLFKWLQ=XVDPPHQKDQJPLWGHU+LPPHO UHLVHGHV3URSKHWHQ0XKDPPHG@ >(LQEHVWLPPWHV*HGLFKWGDVYRQGHU(LQKHLW*RWWHVE]ZGHU P\VWLVFKHQ(LQKHLWKDQGHOW@ $/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ KHPHQ KHPHQ ¶L +XE\DU¶D ED÷OÕGÕU +XE\DU 7RSOXOXNODUÕ NHQGL LoOHULQGH ELUELUOHULQH 6ÕUDoODU GHPHNWH LVH GH E|OJHGH EXOXQDQ GL÷HU $OHYL JUXSODUÕ WP +XE\DU PHQVXSODUÕQÕ 6ÕUDoODU RODUDN QLWHOHQGLUPHNWHGLUOHU 6ÕUDo V|]FN RODUDN ELUOHúLN ELU NHOLPHGLU 6ÕU JL] JL]OL DQODPÕQGDGÕU $o V|]F÷ LVH DoPDN ¿OLQGHQ JHOPHNWHGLU 6ÕUDo JL]OLOL÷L NDOGÕU Do DQODPÕQD JHOPHNWHGLU 7DVDYYX¿ DQODPGD LVH 6ÕUDo LNL úH\L LIDGHHWPHNWHGLU%LULQFLVL6ÕUDoVÕUUDYDNÕIRODQVÕUUÕ LIúDHWPH\HQNHWXPDQODPÕQGDGÕUøNLQFLVL6ÕUDç+DN 0XKDPPHG$OL\ROXQGDVÕUSHUGHVLQLDoÕSNDOGÕUDQ J|QO J|] DoÕN U\DQ RODQ J|QO J|] LOH +DNN¶Õ J|UHQGHPHNWLU2VPDQOÕ7DSX7DKULU'HIWHUOHUL¶QGH 6DUDF VÕUDF &HPDDWL¶QLQ 7RNDW E|OJHVLQGH ROGX÷X EHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU $OHYLOLN ELU \DúDP ELoLPLGLU %X \DúDP ELoLPLQL ROXúWXUDQ NOWUHO GH÷HUOHU YH ELULNLPOHUGLU (GHEL\DW P]LN EX NOWUHO ELULNLPLQ EDúÕQGD JHOPHNWHGLU .OWUHO ELULNLPOHULQ \DúDQGÕ÷Õ \HUOHU LVHPHFOLVVRKEHWOHULYHWRSODQWÕODUÕGÕU%XWRSODQWÕODU LVH FHPOHUGLU &HP LQVDQODUÕQ J|QO ELUOL÷L LOH ELU DUDGDROGX÷XWRSODQWÕODUGÕU$ULÀHULQJ|QOQHJLUPHN VRKEHWHGDKLOROPDNLODKLVDUKRúOX÷X\DúDPDNQHIVLQ N|WO÷QGHQDUÕQÕSLODKL]HYNHPXKDEEHWHGDOPDN J|QOOHUH JLUPHNWLU *|QOOHUH JLUHELOPHN LoLQGH NHQGLVLQLELOPHVLJHUHNPHNWHGLU.HQGLVLQLELOPHQLQ VÕUUÕGD|OPHGHQ|QFH|OPHNWLUgOPHGHQ|QFH|OHQ GR÷DU øQVDQÕQ NHQGLVLQL WDQÕPDVÕ NLUOLOL÷LQGHQ DUÕQÕS NHQGL KDNLNDWLQL ELOPHVL JHUHNPHNWHGLU &DKLOOLNWHQ XOYLOL÷H JLGHQ \RO LOLPGLU LUIDQGÕU LODKL ]HYNWLU kúNWÕU PXKDEEHWWLU %X PXKDEEHWOHU FHPOHUGH JHUoHNOHúLU=DDIWDQEHQOLNWHQNXUWXOXSVDÀDúPDNWÕU <DQL GHOLOLNWHQ NXUWXOXS 9HOLOL÷H KDNND XODúPDN +DNLOHQHVQH\HNDYXúPDNWÕU 'LH $OHYLWHQ GLH LQ 7RNDW $PDV\D dRUXP <R]JDW XQG HLQLJHQ 5HJLRQHQ YRQ 6LYDV OHEHQ EH]HLFKQHW PDQ DOV ´6ÕUDo$OHYLWHQ´ :RKLQJHJHQ VLFK GLHVH +XE\DU *HPHLQVFKDIWHQ XQWHUHLQDQGHU DOV 6ÕUDo 6ÕUDoODU EH]HLFKQHQ ZHUGHQ DOOH +XE\DU YRQ GHQ EULJHQ DOHYLWLVFKHQ*HPHLQVFKDIWHQLQGHU5HJLRQ6ÕUDoJHQDQQW 'HU%HJULII³sÕUDo´LVW:RUWZDVDXV´VÕU´´*HKHLPQLV´ XQG ´Do´ ´|IIQHQ´ ´OIWHQ´ ]XVDPPHQJHVHW]W LVW XQG GLH %HGHXWXQJ ´OIWH GDV *HKHLPQLV´ WUlJW ,Q VHLQHU P\VWLVFKHQ %HGHXWXQJ EULQJW HV ]ZHL 'LQJH ]XP $XVGUXFN (UVWHQV EH]HLFKQHW HV MHPDQGHQ GHU ´GDV *HKHLPQLV QLFKW SUHLVJLEW QLFKW RIIHQEDUW´ =ZHLWHQV EH]HLFKQHW HV MHPDQGHQ GHU ´PLW GHQ *HKHLPQLVVHQ GHU VSLULWXHOOHQ :HJHV YRQ *RWW0XKDPPHG$OL YHUWUDXW LVW GHVVHQ +HU]HQVDXJH JH|IIQHW LVW XQG HU PLW VHLQHP +HU]HQVDXJH*RWWHUEOLFNHQNDQQ´$XFKLQGHQ(LQWUlJHQ GHV*UXQGEXFKDPWHVGHU2VPDQHQ2VPDQOÕ7DSX7DKULU 'HIWHUOHULZLUGEHPHUNWGDVVGLH*HPHLQVFKDIWGHUsÕUDo LQGHU5HJLRQYRQ7RNDW]X¿QGHQLVW 'DV $OHYLWHQWXP LVW HLQH /HEHQVDUW XQG HV VLQG GLH NXOWXUHOOHQ :HUWH XQG GLH NXOWXUHOOH 7UDGLWLRQ GLH GLHVH /HEHQVDUW NRQVWLWXLHUHQ 'LH /LWHUDWXU XQG GLH 0XVLN ELOGHQGDVZLFKWLJVWH(OHPHQWGLHVHUNXOWXUHOOHQ7UDGLWLRQ 'HU 2UW DQ GHP GLHVH NXOWXUHOOH7UDGLWLRQ JHSÀHJW ZLUG VLQGKLHUEHLGLH/HKUJHVSUlFKHXQGGLH=XVDPPHQNQIWH 'LHVH =XVDPPHQNQIWH QHQQW PDQ ´FHP´ 'DV FHP LVW HLQH 9HUVDPPOXQJ LQ GHU 0HQVFKHQ LQ (LQWUDFKW ]XVDPPHQNRPPHQ >(V LVW HLQH =XVDPPHQNXQIW LQ GHU PDQ@GLH$QHUNHQQXQJGHU:HLVHQJHZLQQHQVLFKDQGHQ /HKUJHVSUlFKHQ EHWHLOLJHQ GLH VFKOHFKWHQ (LJHQVFKDIWHQ GHU1DIV>7ULHEVHHOH@DEOHJHQVLFKGHUJ|WWOLFKHQ:RQQH XQG GHU P\VWLVFKHQ /LHEH KLQJHEHQ XQG GLH +HU]HQ GHU DQGHUHQHUREHUQNDQQ(VEHGDUIDEHUGHU6HOEVWHUNHQQWQLV XP GLH +HU]HQ GHU DQGHUHQ HUREHUQ ]X N|QQHQ XQG GDV *HKHLPQLV GHU 6HOEVWHUNHQQWQLV LVW ´]X VWHUEHQ EHYRU PDQ VWLUEW´ 'HUMHQLJH GHU VWLUEW EHYRU HU VWLUEW ZLHGHU ZLHGHUJHERUHQ (VLVWQRWZHQGLJGDVVGHU0HQVFK6HOEVWHUNHQQWQLVHUODQJW VLFK YRQ VHLQHQ YHUZHUÀLFKHQ &KDUDNWHUHLJHQVFKDIWHQ EHUHLQLJWXQGVRGLH:LUNOLFKNHLWEHUVLFKVHOEVWHUNHQQW 'HU:HJYRQGHU8QZLVVHQKHLW]XU(UKDEHQKHLWIKUWEHU GHQ:HJGHV:LVVHQVGHVP\VWLVFKHQ:LVVHQVJ|WWOLFKHU :RQQHGHU/LHEHXQGGHU*WH'LH*WHNRPPWLQGHQ FHP=HUHPRQLHQEHUGLH*RWWHVDQGDFKWHQ]XP9RUVFKHLQ >(VKHLW@VLFKYRQGHU6FKOHFKWLJNHLWXQGGHP(JRLVPXV ]XEHIUHLHQXQGUHLQ]XZHUGHQ(VKHLWVLFKYRP,UUVLQQ ]X EHIUHLHQ XQG HLQ *RWWHVIUHXQG ]X ZHUGHQ *RWW ]X HUUHLFKHQXQGPLW*RWWGLH6FK|SIXQJ]XXPDUPHQ FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM &HPWHULPLQLQN|NHQLLQFHOHQGL÷LQGHWRSODQPDNELU DUDGD ROPDN DQODPÕQÕ WDúÕPDNWDGÕU ³.DSÕGDQ LoHUL JLUHQKHUFDQNDGÕQROVXQHUNHNROVXQELUGLU'ÕúDUÕGD WRSOXPVDOQYDQÕQHROXUVDROVXQKHUNLúLFHPHUHQOHUL PHFOLVLQGH HúLWWLU´1 <ÕOÕQ EHOOL G|QHPOHULQGH |]HOOLNOH WDUÕP YH KD\YDQFÕOÕNOD \DúDPÕQÕ VD÷OD\DQ LQVDQODU LúOHULQLQ ROPDGÕ÷Õ ]DPDQ GLOLPLQGH ELU DUD\D JHOHUHN FHP W|UHQOHULQL JHUoHNOHúWLULUOHU %X ]DPDQGLOLPLJHQHOOLNOHVRQEDKDULOHNÕúD\ODUÕGÕU%X G|QHPOHUGH\ÕOOÕNJ|UQPHGHGL÷LPL]E\NFHPOHUL \DSDUODU 3HUúHPEH DNúDPÕ GD ELU DUD\D JHOHUHN +DONDUDVÕQGD&XPDJHFHVLGHUOHUVRKEHWFHPOHULQL JHUoHNOHúWLULUOHU ³*HQHO RODUDN UHWLP ]DPDQODUÕ GÕúÕQGD EHOOL ELU G]HQ LoHULVLQGH JHUoHNOHúWLULOHQ $OHYL%HNWDúL FHP W|UHQOHULEHOOLELUJHOHQHNVHOoL]JLYHW|UHQLOLúNLOHUL oHUoHYHVLQGHELUoHúLW³WRSOXPVDO\DúDPÕG]HQOHPH YHGHQHWOHPHDODQÕ´DOJÕODQDELOLU&HPW|UHQOHULQGH EWQQ RQD\Õ\OD RUWD\D NRQXODQ NXUDO EHOLUOHQHQ NRQXP YH oL]LOHQ oHUoHYH EHOLUOH\LFLGLU YH NHVLQ X\XPXJHUHNWLULU%X\DSÕLQVDQODUDUDVÕQGDNLNRQXP IDUNOÕOÕ÷ÕQÕQ|WHVLQHJHoHUHNELUoHúLWNRQXPVDOHúLWOLN VD÷ODU´$OHYL%HNWDúLFHPOHULQGHHQ|QHPOLHVDV KL]PHWLQ\UWOPHVLGLU%XUDGD\UWOHQKL]PHW VLPJHVHOGLU %X VLPJHOHU ELUHU LúDUHWWLU øúDUHWOHU DQFDNVDPLPL\HWOH\RODOÕQGÕ÷ÕQGD\ROVUHNOLOL÷LQLQ KDNLNDWOHULQHJ|WUU KL]PHW $QDGROX¶GD LOOHUH J|UH GH÷LúNHQOLN J|VWHUPHNWHGLU$PDoFHP\DSÕOÕUNHQJ|UHYE|OP LOH LKWL\DoODUÕ NDUúÕODPDN LoHULGHNL KL]PHWOHUL HNVLNVL] RODUDN \HULQH JHWLUPHNWLU *HQHO RODUDN ELU FHPGH 0UúLW3LU 'HGH 5HKEHU 3H\LN ø]QLNoL %HNoL*|]F'HOLOFL=DNLU.XUEDQFÕ/RNPDFÕYH 6SUJHFL EXOXQPDNWDGÕU %X KL]PHW VDKLSOHULQLQ DGODUÕ ED]HQ IDUNOÕ RODUDN GD V|\OHQLOPHNWHGLU %X KL]PHW VDKLSOHUL J|UHY VÕUDVÕ JHOGLNoH KL]PHWOHULQL JHUoHNOHúWLUPHNWHGLUOHU 1 &HPDOùHQHU%HQLP.kEHPøQVDQGÕU$'<D\ÕQFÕOÕNøVWDQEXO V 2 $OL+D\GDU$YFÕ2VPDQOÕ*L]OL7DULKLQGH3LU6XOWDQ$EGDOYH %WQ'H\LúOHUL1RNWD.LWDSøVWDQEXOV :HQQ PDQ GLH +HUNXQIW GHV %HJULIIHV ´FHP´ JHQDXHU DQVFKDXW EHPHUNW PDQ GDVV GHU %HJULII GLH %HGHXWXQJ ´VLFKYHUVDPPHOQ´E]Z´]XVDPPHQNRPPHQ´WUlJW´-HGHV *HPHLQGHPLWJOLHG>Z|UWO´6HHOH´´FDQ´@GLHGXUFKGLH 7UHUHLQNRPPWRE0DQQRGHU)UDXLVWJOHLFKZHUWLJ$OOH 3HUVRQHQVLQGLQGHU*HJHQZDUWGHU(UOHXFKWHWHQ>Z|UWO ´GLHMHQLJHQ GLH GDV =LHO HUUHLFKW KDEHQ´ ´HUHQOHU´@ JOHLFKZHUWLJXQJHDFKWHWGHVJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ7LWHOVGDV GLHVH3HUVRQLQGHU:HOWEHVLW]HQ´,QEHVWLPPWHQ=HLWHQ GHV -DKUHV NRPPHQ LQVEHVRQGHUH 0HQVFKHQ GLH VLFK PLW GHU /DQGZLUWVFKDIW XQG9LHK]XFKW EHIDVVHQ XQG =HLW KDEHQ ]XVDPPHQ XP FHP=HUHPRQLHQ GXUFK]XIKUHQ 'LHVHIlOOWPHLVWDXIGLH)UKOLQJXQG:LQWHUPRQDWH,Q GLHVHQ=HLWHQZLUGDXFKGLHVRJ´J|UQPH´GXUFKJHIKUW> eine FHP=HUHPRQLH ]XU (UQHXHUXQJ GHV *HO|EQLVVHV XQG GHU 7UHXH ]XP DOHYLWLVFKHQ *ODXEHQ XQG GHVVHQ /HKUHQ@ >$XFK@ 'RQQHUVWDJDEHQGV LP 9RONVPXQG DOV )UHLWDJQDFKW EH]HLFKQHW NRPPHQ VLH GDQQ ]XVDPPHQ XPGHQVRJ´VRKEHWFHP´>FHP=HUHPRQLHQLQGHQHQGLH /HKUJHVSUlFKHLP9RUGHUJUXQGVWHKHQ@]XPDFKHQ 'LHDOHYLEHNWDúL FHP=HUHPRQLHQGLHPHLVWDXHUKDOEGHU =HLWHQLQGHQHQPDQIUGHQODQGZLUWVFKDIWOLFKHQ%HWULHE DUEHLWHWLQUHJHOPlLJHQ$EVWlQGHQGXUFKJHIKUWZHUGHQ NDQQ PDQ LP +LQEOLFN DXI GLH %H]LHKXQJ YRQ 7UDGLWLRQ XQG UHOLJL|VHQ )HVWHQ DOV ´HLQ %HUHLFK LQ GHP GDV JHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKH /HEHQ RUJDQLVLHUW XQG EHUZDFKW ZLUG´ EHWUDFKWHW ZHUGHQ 'LH PLW DOOJHPHLQHP (LQYHUVWlQGQLV DN]HSWLHUWH5HJHOGHU$QODVVXQGGHUIHVWJHVHW]WH5DKPHQ GHU FHP=HUHPRQLHQ VLQG EHVWLPPHQG XQG HUIRUGHUQ HLQH VWULNWH %HIROJXQJ 'LHVH ,QVWLWXWLRQ WUDQV]HQGLHUW GLH EHVWHKHQGH 2UGQXQJ XQG VWHOOW HLQH *OHLFKKHLW XQWHU GHQ 0HQVFKHQ KHU (V JHKW LQ GHQ FHP=HUPHRQLHQ GHU $OHYLWHQ XQG %HNWDúL LQ HUVWHU /LQLH GDUXP GLH >VRJ@ ´]Z|OI 'LHQVWH´ ]X HUIOOHQ GLH HLQHQ V\PEROLVFKHQ &KDUDNWHU KDEHQ 'LHVH V\PEROKDOWLJHQ 'LHQVWH ZHLVHQ DXIHWZDVKLQXQGIKUHQQXUGDQQ]XGHQ:DKUKHLWHQDXI GHP´:HJ´ZHQQPDQGHQ´:HJ´PLW$XIULFKWLJNHLWJHKW 'LH´]Z|OI'LHQVWH´KDEHQMHZHLOVUHJLRQDOH8QWHUVFKLHGHLQ $QDWROLHQ'DV+DXSW]LHOLVWHVZlKUHQGGHUFHP=HUHPRQLHQ GXUFK$UEHLWVWHLOXQJGLH$QIRUGHUXQJHQ]XHUIOOHQXQGGLH ´'LHQVWH´ OFNHQORV ]X YHUULFKWHQ ,P $OOJHPHLQHQ VLQG ZlKUHQG HLQHU FHP=HUHPRQLH HLQ ´0HLVWHU´ ´PUúLG´ E]Z´SLU´HLQGHGH>HLQUHOLJL|VHV2EHUKDXSWDOHYLWLVFKHU *HPHLQVFKDIWHQ@ HLQ ´:HJIKUHU´´UHKEHU´ HLQ %RWH ´SH\LN´HLQ´L]QLNoL´>´MHPDQGGHUGLH6FKXKHEHZDFKW´@ HLQ $XISDVVHU ´EHNoL´ HLQ :lFKWHU ´J|]F´ HLQ ´GHOLOFL´>´MHPDQGGHUIUGDVULWXHOOH/LFKWYHUDQWZRUWOLFK ù(1(5&HPDO%HQLP.kEHPøQVDQGÕU$'<D\ÕQFÕOÕN øVWDQEXO6 AVCI$OL+D\GDU2VPDQOÕ*L]OL7DULKLQGH3LU6XOWDQ$EGDO YHEWQGH\LúOHUL1RNWD.LWDSøVWDQEXO6 $/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ 'HGH 'HGH FHPL \|QHWLU 'HGH¶QLQ \DUGÕPFÕVÕ LVH rHKEHUGLU³+] 0XKDPPHG´i temsilen ³$KPHGL 0XKWDU´ SRVWX \D GD PDNDPÕGÕU 7DVDYYXID J|UH PUúLG\DGDSLUKHPPONQYDUOÕ÷ÕQKHPJ|QOQ UXKXQ VXOWDQÕGÕU´3 ³$OHYLOLNWH GLQVHO KL\HUDUúLQLQ EDúÕQGDGHGHYDUGÕU'HGHOLNGLQVHO\DSÕQÕQGLUH÷LGLU $QDGROX¶GD \DNOkúÕN \ÕOGÕU GHPLU DVD GHPLU oDUÕN LOH N|\ N|\ GRODúDQODU +RUDVDQ HUHQOHUL RODQ EXJ|QOGHUYLúOHULGLU$QDGROX¶GDGLQVHO|UJWOHQPH HVDV RODUDN LNL NROGDQ \U\RU %XQODUGDQ ELULQFLVL +DFÕ%HNWDú9HOLGHUJkKÕQDED÷OÕ\DSÕODQPDøNLQFLVL LVHELUNÕVPÕQÕQ$QDGROX¶\DJHOLúWDULKL+DFÕ%HNWDú 9HOL |QFHVLQH X]DQDQ 2FDN]kGH GHGHOLNOHUGLU +DFÕ %HNWDú¶GDNL GHUJkKD ED÷OÕ +DFÕ %HNWDú 9HOL JHOHQH÷LQHED÷OÕRFDNWDQROXúDQdHOHELOHUYH%DEDODU +DFÕ %HNWDú 9HOL GHUJkKÕQD ED÷OÕGÕU +DFÕ %HNWDú 9HOL GHUJkKÕ GÕúÕQGDNL $QDGROX YH %DONDQODU¶GDNL $OHYLOHULQGLQL|UJWOHQPHELoLPOHUL³GHGHRFDNODUÕ´ WDU]ÕQGDNLROXúXPODUGÕU´ KL]PHWL \UWHQLQ LONL 'HGH¶GLU 'HGH FHPLQ \UWOPHVLQH PUúLWOLN HGHU %X KL]PHWLQ VDKLEL RODUDN +] 0XKDPPHG +] $OL YH +QNkU +DFÕ %HNWDúL 9HOL DQÕOÕU 'HGH 0XKDPPHG VR\XQGDQ JHOPHNWHGLU%XQGDQGROD\ÕGDGHGHVH\LWWLU'HGHOLN EDEDGDQ R÷XOD DNWDUÕODQ DLOHGH EX LúL \DSDELOHFHN ELOJHROJXQRODQNLúLGHGHOLNNXUXPXQX\DúDWDQGÕU (YLQ HQ NoF÷ GH ROVD YH ELOJLOL LVH EX LúL \DSDELOHFHNVH GHGH RQX \|QOHQGLULU YH GHGHOL÷L R NLúL \DSDU %HNWDúLOLNWH LVH GHGHEDED WDUDIÕQGDQ HO YHULOHUHNFHPGHEDEDRODFDNNLúL\HEHUDWÕQÕYHUHUHN EHOJHOHUYHFHPEXNLúLWDUDIÕQGDQ\|QHWLOLU ³$OHYLOLNWH GHGH KHP WRSOXPVDO |QGHU KHP GLQVHO |QGHUKHPGHELOJHOL÷LNLúLOL÷LQGHWRSOD\DQoRN\|QO \ROJ|VWHULFLNDUL]PDWLNELUNLúLOLNWLU´5 3 $OL.HQDQR÷OXøVPDLO2QDUOÕ+XE\DU6XOWDQ2FD÷ÕYH%H\GLOL 6ÕUDo7UNPHQOHUL.HOHEHN0DWEDDVÕ1LVDQV &HPDOùHQHU%HQLP.kEHPøQVDQGÕU$'<D\ÕQFÕOÕNøVWDQEXO V &HPDOùHQHU%HQLP.kEHPøQVDQGÕU$'<D\ÕQFÕOÕNøVWDQEXO V ist´@ HLQ 0XVLNHU ´]DNLU´ PHLVW HLQ VD]6SLHOHU HLQ ´NXUEDQFÕ´>MHPDQGGHUIUGDV2SIHUYHUDQWZRUWOLFKLVW@ HLQ´ORNPDFÕ´>MHPDQGGHUIUGLH9HUWHLOXQJGHU6SHLVHQ YHUDQWZRUWOLFKLVW@XQGHLQ´VSUJHFL´>MHPDQGGHUIUGHQ 'LHQVWGHVULWXHOOHQ)HJHQVYHUDQWZRUWOLFKLVW@DQZHVHQG 'HU1DPHGLHVHU'LHQVWKDEHQGHQNDQQDXFKDQGHUVODXWHQ XQGGLH'LHQVWKDEHQGHQYHUULFKWHQLKUHQ'LHQVWVREDOGVLH DQDXIJHIRUGHUWZHUGHQ 'HUdede>GDVJHLVWLJVSLULWXHOOH2EHUKDXSWDOHYLWLVFKHU *HPHLQVFKDIWHQ@ Der GHGH OHLWHW GLH FHP=HUHPRQLH DQ ZlKUHQG GHU UHKEHU GHU *HKLOIH LVW ,Q 9HUWUHWXQJ GHV 3URSKHWHQ 0XKDPPHGQLPPWHUGHQ6LW]SODW]>Z|UWOGDV6FKDIVIHOO@ GHV´$KPHGL0XKWDU´HLQ,P6X¿VPXVLVWGHU0HLVWHU VRZRKO *HELHWHU EHU ZHOWOLFKH %HVLW]H DOV DXFK GHV +HU]HQV >GK VSLULWXHOOH 'LQJH@ ,P $OHYLWHQWXP VWHKW GHU GHGH LQ GHU UHOLJL|VHQ +LHUDUFKLH DQ HUVWHU 6WHOOH HU LVW GLH 6WW]H GHV UHOLJL|VHQ *HELOGHV (V ZDUHQ GLHVH ´'HUZLVFKHGHV+HU]HQV´DXV.KRUDVƗQGLHLQ$QDWROLHQ VHLW IDVW -DKUHQ PLW LKUHQ :DQGHUVWlEHQ YRQ 'RUI ]X 'RUI JLQJHQ 'LH UHOLJL|VH 2UJDQLVDWLRQ HUIROJWH LQ $QDWROLHQ KDXSWVlFKOLFK GXUFK ]ZHL ,QVWLWXWLRQHQ 'LH HUVWH ,QVWLWXWLRQ ZDU PLW GHP 'HUZLVFKNORVWHU GHV +DFL %HNWDú9HOLYHUEXQGHQXQGGLH]ZHLWH,QVWLWXWLRQELOGHWHQ GLHVRJ´RFDN]kGH´>1DFKNRPPHQGHU)DPLOLHQGHURFDN DOHYLWLVFKH*HPHLQVFKDIWHQGLHVLFKPHLVWXPHLQH3HUVRQ JHELOGHWKDEHQ@GHUHQ(LQZDQGHUXQJLQ$QDWROLHQJDUYRU +DFL%HNWDú9HOLHUIROJWH$XFKGLHÇelebiXQGGLHbaba >VSLULWXHOOH/HKUHUGHU%HNWDúL@VLQGGHP'HUZLVFKNORVWHU GHV +DFL %HNWDú 9HOL YHUEXQGHQ XQG VWHKHQ LQ GHVVHQ 7UDGLWLRQVOLQLH 'LH UHOLJL|VH 2UJDQLVDWLRQ GHU $OHYLWHQ LQ$QDWROLHQ XQG DXI GHP %DONDQ GLH QLFKW DQ GDV +DFÕ %HNWDú 9HOL 'HUZLVFKNORVWHU JHEXQGHQ VLQG ZLUG GXUFK GLHRFDNJHZlKUOHLVWHW11 'HU 'LHQVW GHV GHGH >GK@ ZLUG DOV (UVWHV YHUULFKWHW XQG GHP GHGH REOLHJW GLH JHLVWLJVSLULWXHOOH )KUXQJ LQ GHU FHP=HUHPRQLH $OV 6FKXW]KHUUHQ GLHVHV 'LHQVWHV JHGHQNW PDQ GHP 3URSKHWHQ 0XKDPPHG ,PDP $OL XQG+QNkU+DFÕ%HNWDú9HOL'LHGHGHVLQG1DFKIDKUHQ GHV 3URSKHWHQ 0XKDPPHG ZHVKDOE VLH DXFK VH\LG >1DFKNRPPHQ GHV 3URSKHWHQ 0XKDPPHG@ JHQDQQW 'DV ´6FKDIVIHOO GHV $KPHGL 0XKWDU´ ´$KPHGL 0XKWDU 3RVWX´ LVW HLQH DUDELVFKSHUVLVFKH :RUW]XVDPPHQVHW]XQJ GLH YRQGHQ%HNWDúLJHEUDXFKWZLUG´$KPHGL0XKWDU´EH]HLFKQHW LP 6X¿VPXV GHQ 3URSKHWHQ 0XKDPPHG ZlKUHQG ´SRVW´ GDV 6FKDIVIHOODXIGHPGHU0HLVWHUVLW]WEH]HLFKQHW'LHVHV6FKDIV IHOOYHUOHLKWGHPGHGH$XWRULWlWXQG/HJLWLPDWLRQXQGZLUGLP =HUHPRQLHQUDXPDXVJHEUHLWHW$Gh>"@ .(1$12ö/8$OLONARLIøVPDLO+XE\DU6XOWDQ2FD÷ÕYH%H\ GLOL6ÕUDo7UNPHQOHUL.HOHEHN0DWEDDVÕøVWDQEXO6 11 ù(1(56 FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM ÆúÕN=kNLU $QDGROX¶QXQWHOOLVD]ÕQGDGLOHJHWLULOHQFRúNXODUGD $QDGROX $OHYL%HNWDúL JHOHQH÷LQLQ HQ |QHPOL WDúÕ\ÕFÕODUÕ RODQ GHGHOHU FHPOHUGH \D GD GRVW VRKEHWOHULQGH kúND GúS EH\LW RNXGXNODUÕQGD GH\LúOHUH HúOLN HGHQ WHOLQ QDPHVL NXWVDOGÕU 6D] $QDGROX¶GD\DOQÕ]FDELUHQVWUXPDQGH÷LOkúÕNRODQÕQ WDQÕ÷ÕYHKDWWDLQVDQR÷OXJLELkúNDGúHQGLU 6DQDW ROPDNVÕ]ÕQ GX\DUOÕN JHOLúPH] GX\DUOÕOÕN JHOLúPHGLNoHVDQDWÕQNDOLWHVL\NVHOPH]+DWD\L3LU 6XOWDQ$EGDO 1HVLPL YE KHSVL VDQDWÕQ GRUXNODUÕQD JHOPLúLQVDQODUGÕU =DNLU]LNUHGHQGHPHNWLU&HPOHUD\HWEH\LWGXD] PLKUDoODPD WHYKLG VHPDK JLEL LQDQFD \|QHOLN V|]OHULQYHH]JLOHULLFUDHGLOGL÷L\HUOHUGLU&HPOHUGH EX J|UHYOHUL \DSDQ NLúL $QDGROX¶GD \D\JÕQ RODUDN DQODúÕODQNLúL=DNLU¶GLU\DQLVD]oDODQNLúLGLU$QFDN ED]ÕE|OJHOHULPL]GH|UQH÷LQ0DODW\D0DUDú6LYDV (U]LQFDQ .D\VHUL 7XQFHOL JLEL LO YH EXQODUD ED÷OÕ LOoHYHN|\OHUGHGHGHD\QÕ]DPDQGDVD]oDOGÕ÷ÕLoLQ ]DNLUOLN J|UHYLQL GH VWOHQPHNWHGLU $QFDN JHQHO RODUDNFHPGHVD]oDODQNLúL=DNLU¶GLU%XDGODQGÕUPD ED]HQ$QDGROX¶GD \DúD\DQ IDUNOÕ ER\ODUGD GD IDUNOÕ LVLPOHU DGÕ LOH NDUúÕPÕ]D oÕNPDNWDGÕU dHSQL¶OHUGH ³.DQEHU´+XE\DUYH6ÕUDo¶ODUGD“ÆúÕN´7DKWDFÕ¶ODU GDLVH³6D]DQGDU´RODUDNLVLPOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU)DUNOÕ LVLPOHUGH GH ROVD DPDo oDOGÕNODUÕ VD] LOH FHPOHUGH J|UHYOHULQL \HULQH JHWLULUOHU =DNLU QHUHGH YH QH ]DPDQ EH\LW GH\Lú PHUVL\H PLKUDoODPD VHPDK YH WHYKLG oDODFD÷ÕQÕ ELOLU YH RQD J|UH SRVWD RWXUDQ SLU¶H \DUGÕPFÕ ROXU %|\OHFH ]DNLU FHPGH LOPLQ WHPVLOFLVLGLUøOPLQWHPVLOFLVLROGX÷XLoLQRQXQSLUL øPDP&DIHUL6DGÕN¶WÕUGHQLOLU ³$OHYL%HNWDúL WRSOXPXQGD \D\JÕQ ELU JHOHQHN RODQ kúÕNOÕN JHOHQH÷L GH $OHYL%HNWDúL.Õ]ÕOEDú NOWU YH GúQVHO ELULNLPLQLQ DQD GDPDUODUÕQGDQ ELULGLU YH NÕUVDO DODQGDN|\ WRSOXPXQGD FHP W|UHQL JLEL WRSOXPVDO \DúDPÕQ úHNLOOHQPHVL DoÕVÕQGDQ E\N ZHUGHQ'DV$PWGHVGHGHZLUGYRP9DWHUDXIGHQ6RKQ EHUWUDJHQZREHLGDV$PWGHVGHGHYRQGHUMHQLJHQ3HUVRQ DP /HEHQ JHKDOWHQ ZLUG GLH GLHVHU$XIJDEH JHZDFKVHQ LVWZHLVHXQGUHLIJHQXJLVW6HOEVWZHQQGLH3HUVRQGDV MQJVWH0LWJOLHGGHU)DPLOLHLVWEHUQLPPWHVGLHVHV$PW ZHQQ VLH JHQXJ :LVVHQ EHVLW]W QDFKGHP VLH YRQ HLQHP GHGH XQWHUULFKWHW ZXUGH ,P %HNWDVFKLWHQWXP KLQJHJHQ NDQQ GLH FHP=HUHPRQLH YRQ MHGHP 2UGHQVDQJHK|ULJHQ JHOHLWHW ZHUGHQ GHU GXUFK GHQ GHGHEDED12 GLH (UODXEQLV EHNRPPHQ KDW DQGHUH EHL GHU DXI GHP :HJ ]X IKUHQ ´,P$OHYLWHQWXPLVWGHUGHGHVRZRKOHLQHJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKH XQGUHOLJL|VH)KUXQJVSHUVRQDOVDXFKHLQHFKDULVPDWLVFKH 3HUV|QOLFKNHLWGLHLQVLFK:HLVKHLWYHUHLQWXQGYLHOVHLWLJH )KUXQJVTXDOLWlWHQEHVLW]W´13 ƗúÕN]kNLU >:|UWOGHU´/LHEHVHQWEUDQQWH´±GHUULWXHOOH 0XVLNHU@ Die GHGH VLQG GLH ZLFKWLJVWHQ 7UlJHU GHU 7UDGLWLRQ GHU $OHYLWHQXQG%HNWDúLLQ$QDWROLHQ,QGHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQ XQG GHQ )UHXQGHVPDKOHQ ZHUGHQ VLH YRQ GHU /LHEH EHUPDQQWXQGIDQJHQDQLQ%HJOHLWXQJGHUDQDWROLVFKHQ VDLWLJHQ VD] OHLGHQVFKDIWOLFK ]X VLQJHQ ZREHL GLH HQWVWHKHQGHQ 0HORGLHQ DOV KHLOLJ EHWUDFKWHW ZHUGHQ ,Q $QDWROLHQ ZLUG GLH VD] QLFKW DOV HLQIDFKHV ,QVWUXPHQW EHWUDFKWHW VLH WHLOW YLHOPHKU GLH (UIDKUXQJHQ XQG /LHEH GHV DúÕN 2KQH .XQVW NDQQ NHLQH 6HQVLELOLWlW JHGHLKHQ VRODQJH GLH 6HQVLELOLWlW VLFK QLFKW HQWZLFNHOW NDQQ GLH .XQVW NHLQHQ 4XDOLWlWVVFKXE HUIDKUHQ XQG 6lQJHU XQG 'LFKWHUZLH+DWD\L3LU6XOWDQ$EGDO1HVLPLXQGDQGHUH ZDUHQ 0HQVFKHQ GLH GHQ *LSIHO GHU .XQVW HUNORPPHQ KDEHQ Der ]DNLU LVW MHPDQG GHU VLFK GHP *RWWHVJHGHQNHQ ´]LNU´ ZLGPHW 'LH FHP=HUHPRQLH ELHWHW GHQ 5DKPHQ GDIU UHOLJL|VH :RUWH XQG 0HORGLHQ ZLH .RUDQYHUVH *HGLFKWYHUVH +\PQHQ DQ GLH =Z|OI ,PDPH GLH PLUDoODPD GHQ WHYKLG XQG GHQ VHPDK ± ]X UH]LWLHUHQ E]Z]XVLQJHQ'LH3HUVRQGLHEHLGHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQ GLHVH $XIJDEHQ HUIOOW DOVR VD] VSLHOW LVW LQ $QDWROLHQ JHPHLQKLQGHU>VRJ@]DNLU'DMHGRFKGHUGHGHLQHLQLJHQ XQVHUHU 5HJLRQHQ ZLH EHLVSLHOVZHLVH LQ GHQ 6WlGWHQ 0DODW\D0DUDú6LYDV(U]LQFDQ.D\VHUL7XQFHOLXQGLQ GHQGD]XJHK|ULJHQ/DQGHVNUHLVHQXQG'|UIHUQDXFKLQGHU /DJHLVWVD]]XVSLHOHQEHUQLPPWHU>]XZHLOHQ@DXFKGLH $XIJDEHGHV]DNLU0HLVWLVWHVGRFKGHU]DNLUGHUEHLGHQ FHP=HUHPRQLHQ GLH VD] VSLHOW (U LVW MHGRFK DXFK XQWHU DQGHUHQ1DPHQXQWHUGHQLQ$QDWROLHQOHEHQGHQ6WlPPHQ EHNDQQW%HLGHQÇepniQHQQWPDQLKQ´NDQEHU´EHLGHQ ´´GHGHEDED´ LVW HLQ 7LWHO GHU GHP 2EHUKDXSW GHV %HNWDúL 2UGHQVYHUOLHKHQZLUG$Gh 13 ù(1(56 $/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ |QHPWDúÕ\DQELUNXUXPXQHQWHPHOXQVXUXGXU6D]ÕQ YHV|]Q±YHGHVHPDKÕQ\HUDOPDGÕ÷ÕELUFHPW|UHQL GúQPHN ELU \DQD V|] NRQXVX ELOH HGLOHPH] g\OH NL W|UHQLQ KHU HYUHVLQGH ³QHIHV´OHU YH VD]ED÷ODPD GHYUH\H JLUHU ³7HOOL .XUDQ´ GHQLOHUHN NXWVDQDQ VD]DoDOPD\DYHV|\OHPH\HEDúODPDGDQ|QFHQL\D] HGLOLU2QHGHQOHHWNLQYHVD\JÕOÕELU\HUHVDKLSRODQ EX JHOHQH÷LQ WDúÕ\ÕFÕVÕ GXUXPXQGDNL kúÕNODU $OHYL WRSOXPXQGDE\N|QHPWDúÕPDNWDGÕU´ &HPGHøFUD(GLOHQ0]LNgUQHNOHUL &HP¶OHUGHVRUJXJ|UJELWWLNWHQ\DQLVRKEHWELWWLNWHQ VRQUDkúÕNVD]ÕQDQL\D]HGHUYHNHQGLJ|UHYLQHEDúODU 6RKEHWNRQXVXQHLVHRQXQODLOJLOL|UQHNOHPHOHUoDODU YH V|\OHU ÆúÕN¶ÕQ oDOÕS V|\OHGL÷L H]JLGH DQODWÕOPDN LVWHQHQNRQX\XkúÕNELOL\RULVHDoÕNODUELOPL\RULVH GHGHDoÕNODU+HULOGHROPDVDGD7RNDWYHFLYDUÕQGD FHPH³6HIDODPD´LOHEDúODQÕU 6HIDODPD &HPEDúOD\ÕSED]ÕKL]PHWVDKLSOHULKL]PHWLQL\HULQH JHWLULS J|UHYLQL WDPDPODGÕNWDQ VRQUD 'HGH¶GHQ GXD DOÕUODU 'HGH KL]PHW VDKLSOHULQH GXD RNXGXNWDQ VRQUD=DNLUJ|UHYLQHEDúODU$QDGROX¶QXQKHU\HULQGH ROPDVD GD ED]Õ \HUOHUGH =DNLU FHPH VHIDODPD LOH EDúODU 'HGH\H PUúLGH YH FHPGH EXOXQDQ FDQODUD KRúJHOGLQDQODPÕQGDV|\OHQHQGH\LúOHUH³VHIDODPD´ GHQLU=DNLU¶LQoDOÕSV|\OHGL÷LVHIDODPD\DXVWDPDOÕ \DGDNHQGLQHDLWRODQúLLUL\|UHVLQLQPHORGLN\DSÕVÕ LOHoDOÕSV|\OHU %LUQXUGR÷GXNDUúÕPÕ]GDGXUX\RU .DUúÕPGDRWXUDQFDQODUPHUKDED dRNDYD]HúLWWLPKD\DWGLQOHGLP .DUúÕPGDRWXUDQFDQODUPHUKDED7 *HOHQHNWHGHVWHED÷ODPDNRODUDNLIDGHHGLOHQ'XYD] øPDPYH$\HWELUELULQHED÷ODQDUDNRNXQXU $OL+D\GDU$YFÕ2VPDQOÕ*L]OL7DULKLQGH3LU6XOWDQ$EGDOYH %WQ'H\LúOHUL1RNWD.LWDSøVWDQEXOV <|UH7RNDW0HUNH].RFDFÕNN|\.D\QDNNLúL7XUDQ .D\D'HUOH\HQ*DQL3HNúHQg]JU<XUWHUL'HUOHPHWDULKL +XE\DU XQG GHQ 6LUDo QHQQW PDQ LKQ ´aúÕN´ ZlKUHQG HU EHL GHQ 7DKWDFÕ GHQ 1DPHQ ´VD]DQGDU´ WUlJW$XFK ZHQQHUXQWHUYHUVFKLHGHQHQ1DPHQEHNDQQWLVWKDEHDOOH ]DNLUGLH$XIJDEHEHLGHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQVD]]XVSLHOHQ Der ]DNLU ZHL ZDQQ XQG DQ ZHOFKHP =HLWSXQNW GHU FHP=HUHPRQLH ZHOFKHV UHOLJL|VH *HGLFKW E]Z ZHOFKH 0HORGLH ]X VSLHOHQ KDW XQG LVW KLHUEHL GHP DXI GHP 6FKDIVIHOO VLW]HQGHQ 0HLVWHUV +LOIH OHLVWHW $XV GLHVHP *UXQG UHSUlVHQWLHUW HU VRPLW GDV >ULWXHOOH XQG NXOWXUHOOH@ :LVVHQEHLGHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQZHVKDOEPDQVDJWGDVV VHLQ0HLVWHU,PDP&DIHUL6DGÕNVHL ´'LH 7UDGLWLRQ GHV 9RONVVlQJHUV XQG GHV 'LFKWHUV GLH DXFK EHL GHQ$OHYLWHQ XQG %HNWDúL YHUEUHLWHW LVW LVW GLH +DXSWVFKODJDGHU GHU .XOWXU XQG GHU NXOWXUHOOHP :LVVHQ GHU.XOWXUGHU$OHYLWHQ%HNWDúLXQG.Õ]ÕOEDúXQGLVWGLH ZHVHQWOLFKHV(OHPHQWHLQHU2UJDQLVDWLRQGLHLP+LQEOLFN DXIGLH*HVWDOWXQJGHVJHVHOOVFKDIWOLFKHQ/HEHQVDXIGHP /DQGHGHQ'|UIHUQJURH:LFKWLJNHLWEHVLW]W0DQNDQQ VLFKHLQHFHP=HUHPRQLHLQGHUNHLQHVD]JHVSLHOWNHLQH *HGLFKWH UH]LWLHUW XQG NHLQH /LHGHU JHVXQJHQ XQG NHLQ VHPDKJHPDFKWZHUGHQNDXPYRUVWHOOHQ(VLVWYLHOPHKU VRGDVVMHGH3KDVHGHU=HUHPRQLHPLWUHOLJL|VHQ/LHGHUQ QHIHV XQG GHP 6SLHOHQ VD] E]Z GHU ED÷ODPD >HLQH EHVRQGHUH)RUPGHUVD]@HLQJHOHLWHWZLUG'HUDOV´.RUDQ PLW6DLWHQ´´WHOOLNXUDQ´YHUHKUWHQVD]]HLJWPDQVHLQH (KUHUELHWXQJ EHYRU PDQ DQIlQJW ]X VSLHOHQ$XV GLHVHP *UXQGH VSLHOHQ GLH 9RONVVlQJHU XQG GLFKWHU GLH DOV 7UlJHUGLHVHU7UDGLWLRQHLQHQZLFKWLJHQXQGUHVSHNWDEOHQ 3ODW]HLQQHKPHQHLQHJURH%HGHXWXQJLQGHUDOHYLWLVFKHQ *HVHOOVFKDIW´ (LQLJH %HLVSLHOH YRQ 0XVLNVWFNHQ GLH LQ GHU FHP=HUHPRQLHJHEUDXFKWZHUGHQ 1DFK %HHQGLJXQJ GHV 6QGHQEHNHQQWQLV5LWXDOV EHL GHQ FHP=HUHPRQLH GDVV KHLW QDFKGHP GLH *HVSUlFKH HLQ (QGHJHQRPPHQKDEHQ]HLJWGHUƗúÕNVHLQH(KUHUELHWXQJ XQG EHJLQQW PLW VHLQHU $XIJDEH (U VSLHOW VR GDQQ GHP 7KHPDGHV*HVSUlFKVHQWVSUHFKHQGHLQ0XVLNVWFN:HQQ GHUƗúÕNHWZDVEHUGDVJHVXQJHQH*HGLFKW]XVDJHQKDW VDJW HU HWZDV GDUEHU ZHQQ QLFKW GDQQ VDJW GHU GHGH HWZDVGD]X,QGHU5HJLRQ7RNDWIlQJWGLHFHP=HUHPRQLH PLW GHP VRJ ´VHIDODPD´ DQ ZDV LQ DQGHUHQ 5HJLRQHQ DQGHUVVHLQNDQQ -D¶IDU$V6DGLT>WUNLVFK&DIHUL6DGÕNVFKLL -D¶IDU$V6DGLT>WUNLVFK&DIHUL6DGÕNVFKLL WLVFKHU,PDPXQG%HJUQGHUGHUGVFKD¶IDULWLVFKHQ5HFKWVFKXOH $Gh ´ ´NÕ]ÕOEDú´5RWVFK|SIHLVWHLQH%H]HLFKQXQJIUDOHYLWLVFKH 7XUNPHQHQ$Gh $YFÕ6 $YFÕ6 FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM 'XYD]øPDP %D]ÕLOOHUGH]DNLUNHQGLQHVÕUDJHOGL÷LQGHGXD]LPDP LOH EDúODQJÕFÕ \DSDU (Q D] o GXD] LPDP V|\OHU YH DUGÕQD $\HWL EH\LWL ED÷ODU &HP¶OHUGH PXWODND GXD]LPDPoDOÕQÕUYHV|\OHQLU<HUHOP]LNNDOÕSODUÕ LoHULVLQGH EHOOL XVOXSOD VHVOHQGLULOLU 'XYD] LPDP GDRQLNLLPDPODUÕQDGODUÕJHoHUøOODRQLNLLPDPÕQ DGÕQÕQ JHoPHVL GH JHUHNPHPHNWHGLU ³ %DúWD +] 0XKDPPHG¶LQ DGÕ GD JHoHU %D]ÕODUÕQGD øPDP 0HKGL¶GHQVRQUD+]+DWLFH¶QLQ+])DWPD¶QÕQ3LU +DFÕ%HNWDú9HOL¶QLQDGODUÕQGDQVRQUDúDLULQNHQGL PUúLGLQLQDGÕJHoHU2QG|UW0D¶VXPX3DNLOH2Q \HGL.HPHUEHVW¶OHULWRSWDQDQDQODUGDYDUGÕU´8 +HUVDEDKKHUVDEDK|WúUNXúODU $OODKELU0XKDPPHG$OLGL\HUHN %OEOGHJOLoLQ¿JDQDEDúODU $OODKELU0XKDPPHG$OLGL\HUHN9 $\HW%H\LW ³$OHYLKDONÕQÕQHQ|QHPOL|]HOOLNOHULQGHQELULúLLUYH P]L÷H\DWNÕQROXúODUÕGÕU$OHYLOHUDUDVÕQGDP]LNYH úLLURODQFDJF\OHLúOHQPLúWLU%XEDNÕPGDQVDUD\GD LúOHQHQP]L÷HYHúLLUHNDUúÕJHUoHNKDONP]L÷LYHúLLUL DOHYLOHUDUDVÕQGD\DúDPÕúWÕU7UNoHQLQER]XOPDGDQ \DúDPDVÕQDYHLúOHQPHVLQH\DUGÕPFÕROPXúODUGÕU´10 $OHYL%HNWDúLOHUGH VD]OÕV|]O VRKEHW JHOHQH÷LQ YD]JHoLOPH] |]HOOLNOHULQGHQGLU &HPOHUGH VRUJX LNUDUELWLQFHDUWÕNP]LNE|OPEDúODU%XE|OPGH DUWÕN $\HW%H\LW oDOÕQPD\D EDúODU ³$\HW .XU¶DQ VUHOHULLoLQGHNLEHOLUOLSDUoDODUGDQKHUELUL$ODPHW EHOLUWL GHOLO $OODK¶ÕQ YDUOÕ÷ÕQD NXGUHWLQH GHODOHW HGHQ KHU úH\ %X VRQ PDQDGD EWQ YDUOÕN D\HWOHU RODUDNNDEXOHGLOLUùDKÕVODU\HUOHUGHYLUOHUROD\ODU *DQL3HNúHQ$QDGROX'HUOHPHOHULP(JHhQLYHUVLWHVL%DVÕ PHYLø]PLUV <|UH7RNDW0HUNH].RFDFÕNN|\.D\QDNNLúL7XUDQ .D\D'HUOH\HQ*DQL3HNúHQg]JU<XUWHUL'HUOHPHWDULKL 3URI'U)XDW%R]NXUW 3URI'U)XDW%R]NXUW$OHYLOL÷LQ7RSOXPVDO%R\XWODUÕ<D\ ODFÕN0DWEDDVÕøVWDQEXOV 'DV6HIDODPD 1DFKGHP GLH FHP=HUHPRQLH DQJHIDQJHQ KDW XQG HLQLJH 'LHQVWKDEHQGH LKUHQ 'LHQVW YHUULFKWHW LKUH $XIJDEHQ HUIOOWKDEHQZHUGHQVLHYRPGHGHPLW*HEHWHQJHVHJQHW 1DFKGHP GHU GHGH IU GLH 'LHQVWKDEHQGHQ Gebete JHVSURFKHQ KDW IlQJW GHU ]DNLU PLW VHLQHU $XIJDEH DQ :HQQ DXFK QLFKW EHUDOO LQ $QDWROLHQ EOLFK IlQJW GHU ]DNLU LQ PDQFKHQ *HJHQGHQ GLH FHP=HUHPRQLH PLW GHU >VRJ@ VHIDODPD DQ 'LH UHOLJL|VHQ /LHGHU GLH GHU ]DNLU VLQJW XP GHQ GHGH GHQ 0HLVWHU XQG GLH DQZHVHQGHQ *HPHLQGHPLWJOLHGH>EHLGHUFHP=HUHPRQLH@ZLOONRPPHQ ]XKHLHQQHQQWPDQVHIDODPD'LHYRP]DNLUJHVXQJHQ *HGLFKWHXPDOOHZLOONRPPHQ]XKHLHQVLQGHQWZHGHU (LJHQWXPHLQHVEHNDQQWHQ'LFKWHUVRGHUZLUGGLHHLJHQHQ *HGLFKWHGHV]DNLUGLHQDFKGHUPHORGLVFKHQ(LJHQDUWGHU 5HJLRQJHVXQJHQXQGJHVSLHOWZHUGHQ>(LQ%HLVSLHO@ %LUQXUGR÷GXNDUúÕPÕ]GDGXUX\RU .DUúÕPGDRWXUDQFDQODUPHUKDED ÇokDYD]HúLWWLPKD\DWGLQOHGLP .DUúÕPGDRWXUDQFDQODUPHUKDED >(LQ/LFKWLVWDXIJHJDQJHQXQGVFKHLQWYRUPLU :LOONRPPHQ KHLH LFK GLH *HPHLQGHPLWJOLHGHU GLH PLU JHJHQEHUVLW]HQ 9LHOH/LHGHUKDEHLFKJHK|UWYLHOHVYRP/HEHQHUIDKUHQ :LOONRPPHQ KHLH LFK GLH *HPHLQGHPLWJOLHGHU GLH PLU JHJHQEHUVLW]HQ@ 'LH LQ GHU 7UDGLWLRQ ´GHVWH ED÷ODPDN´ ´HLQ 6WUDXFK ]XVDPPHQELQGHQ´JHQDQQWHQGXD] LPDPXQGD\HWZHUGHQ QDFKHLQDQGHUYRUJHWUDJHQ 'XD]øPDP +\PQHQDQGLH=Z|OJ,PDPH ,Q HLQLJHQ /DQGNUHLVHQ PDFKW IlQJW GHU ]DNLU ZHQQ HU DQGHU5HLKHLVWPLWGHPVRJ´GXD]LPDP´DQ(UVLQJW PLQGHVWHQVGUHLGXD]LPDPXQGVFKOLHWVHLQH5H]LWDWLRQ GDQQD\HWDE(LQGXD]LPDPPXVVXQEHGLQJWEHLGHQFHP =HUHPRQLHQJHVXQJHQZHUGHQXQGZLUGQDFKGHUUHJLRQDOHQ 6SLHODUW JHVXQJHQ %HLP GXD] LPDP ZHUGHQ GLH 1DPHQ GHU =Z|OI ,PDPH JHQDQQW REZRKO HV QLFKW XQEHGLQJW QRWZHQGLJ LVW DOOH ]Z|OI QDPHQWOLFK ]X HUZlKQHQ ´$OV HUVWHVZLUGGHU1DPHGHV3URSKHWHQ0XKDPPHGJHQDQQW (LQLJH6lQJHUQHQQHQQDFKGHP1DPHQGHV,PDP0HKGL GHU]Z|OIWH,PDPGLH1DPHQYRQ)DWLPDGHV0HLVWHUV +DFL%HNWDú9HOLXQGGHQ1DPHQLKUHVHLJHQHQ0HLVWHUV (LQLJHHUZlKQHQDXFKGLH>VRJ@´RQG|UWPD¶VXPXSDN´ XQGGLH>VRJ@´RQ\HGLNHPHUEHVW´ 5HJLRQ6WDGW7RNDW.RFDFÕN'RUI4XHOOH7XUDQ.D\D=X 5HJLRQ6WDGW7RNDW.RFDFÕN'RUI4XHOOH7XUDQ.D\D=X VDPPHQJHVWHOOWYRQ*DQL3HNúHQg]JU<XUWHUL 9JO 9JO3(.ù(1*DQL$QDGROX'HUOHPHOHULP(JHhQLYHUVLWHVL %DVÕPHYLø]PLU6 $/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ úH\OHU YV´11 %D]Õ \|UHOHUGH |]HOOLNOH ELU NXúDN |QFHVL LQVDQODU ³'H\Lú´ yerine ³$\HW´ kelimesini NXOODQPDNWDGÕUODU $QFDN SRSOHU NOWUQ \D\JÕQ RODUDNGH÷LúWHULPLQLNXOODQPDVÕLOHNHOLPHLQVDQODU ]HULQGH \HU EXOPXúWXU +DOEXNL FHPOHUGH oDOÕQDQ VD] NXWVDOGÕU YH ³7HOOL .XUDQ´ RODUDN DGODQGÕUÕOÕU 7HOOLNXUDQLOHGHD\HWoDOÕQÕUV|\OHQLUYHGLOOHQGLULOLU +HUVDEDKKHUVHKHU|WúUNXúODU $OODKELU0XKDPPHG$OLGL\HUHN %OEOGHJOLoLQ¿JDQDEDúODU $OODKELU0XKDPPHG$OLGL\HUHN ³0XKDEEHWOHUGH kúÕN VD]Õ oRN NXWVDO YH GH÷HUOLGLU 6|\OHQLUNHQ.XU¶DQRNXQX\RUPXúJLELGDYUDQÕODUDN VD\JÕLOHGLQOHQLOPHVLJHUHNHQQHIHVOHUEXVD]ODRNXQXU 6D]ÕoDODQVD]DKDNDUHWHWWLUPH]2]DQVD]ÕQÕQL\D] HGHUHNDOÕUQL\D]HGHUHNEÕUDNÕU6D]]HULQH\D]ÕOPÕú úLLUOHUGHKHSRQXQNXWVDOOÕ÷ÕYH|QHPLDQODWÕOPÕúWÕU´ $OHYL%HNWDúL JHOHQH÷LQGH NXWVDO RODUDN oDOÕQDQ VD] LOH NXWVDO úLLUOHU P]LN HúOL÷LQGH GLOOHQGLULOLU %XUDGD $OHYLOL÷LQ %HNWDúLOL÷LQ \ROX \RUGDPÕ DQODWÕOÕU%LUH\LQWRSOXPLoHULVLQGHQDVÕOGDYUDQPDVÕ JHUHNWL÷LQL LQVDQÕQ HUGHPOLOL÷L YH LQVDQÕ Nkmil RODELOPHQLQ|]HOOLNOHULDQODWÕOÕU³7ÕSNÕ7DQUÕ¶\DGXD HGHQ\DúDQDQROD\ODUÕNRSX]X\ODDQODWDQELUúDPDQ JLEL+DNkúÕ÷ÕGDED÷ODPDVÕLOHGH\LúOHUHVHVYHUPLú 7DQUÕ¶\D \DOYDUPÕú \DúDQDQODUÕ JHOHFHN NXúDNODUD DQODWPÕúWÕU .LPL GL]HVLQGH LEDGHWL GL]HVLQGH GH LGHDO LQVDQ LOLúNLOHULQL EXODELOLUL] %X |]HOOL÷L LOH GH\LúOHU WDVDYYX¿ QLWHOL÷LQH |÷UHWLFLOLN QLWHOL÷LQL GH HNOHU <DúDPGDNL J|UJOHUGHQ GHQHPHOHUGHQ HGLQLOHQELOJLOHULYHRQGDQoÕNDUÕODQGHUVOHULDQODWDQ EXDUDGDNLPL]DPDQ7DQUÕ¶\DVHVOHQHQNLPL]DPDQ NDUD EDKWWDQ IHOHNWHQ |OPGHQ \DNÕQDQ \HULQH J|UH VDGHFH J|UJVQ \HULQH JHWLUHQ ELU DQODWÕP V|]NRQXVXGXU´13+DWD\L3LU6XOWDQ$EGDO1HVLPL 9LUDQL )X]LOL 'HUWOL 'HUYLú 0XKDPPHG 6H\UDQL øEUHWL YG JLEL PXWDVDYYÕI R]DQODUÕQ úLLUOHUL VÕNoD NXOODQÕOÕU YH EX R]DQODU JHOHQHNWH NXWVDO ELU \HUOHUL YDUGÕU 'HUD\HWEH\LW ´(LQHU GHU ZLFKWLJVWHQ (LJHQVFKDIWHQ GHV DOHYLWLVFKHQ 9RONHVLVWGDVVVLHHLQH1HLJXQJ]XU'LFKWXQJXQG0XVLN KDEHQ 0XVLN XQG 'LFKWXQJ IDQGHQ EHL GHQ $OHYLWHQ HLQH DXHURUGHQWOLFKH 9HUZHQGXQJ $XV GLHVHP *UXQG NRQQWHGLHHFKWH9RONVPXVLNXQGGLFKWXQJLP9HUJOHLFK ]XU 0XVLN XQG 'LFKWXQJ GLH LP +RIH JHSÀHJW ZXUGH XQWHU GHQ $OHYLWHQ ZHLWHUOHEHQ 'LH $OHYLWHQ KDOIHQ >VRPLW@GDEHLGDVVGLHWUNLVFKH6SUDFKHZHLWHUH[LVWLHUHQ XQG ZHLWHUHQWZLFNHOW ZHUGHQ NRQQWH RKQH GDVV VLH GHJHQHULHUHQ NRQQWH´ %HL GHQ $OHYLWHQ%HNWDVFKLWHQ VWHOOHQ GLH /HKUJHVSUlFKH PLW LKUHP *HVDQJ XQG GHUVD] HLQHGHUXQYHU]LFKWEDUHQ(LJHQVFKDIWHQGHU7UDGLWLRQGDU %HL GHQ 8QWHUKDOWXQJHQ ZLUG GLH VD] GHV 'LFKWHUV XQG 6lQJHUV DOV EHVRQGHUV ZHUWYROO XQG KHLOLJ EHWUDFKWHW :lKUHQG GHV *HVDQJV YHUKlOW PDQ VLFK ZLH EHL GHU .RUDQUH]LWDWLRQ XQG GLH UHOLJL|VHQ *HGLFKWH XQG /LHGHU QHIHVGLHPLW5HVSHNW]XK|UHQVLQGZHUGHQPLWGLHVHU sa] JHVSLHOW -HPDQG GHUVD] VSLHOW ZLUG QLFKW ]XODVVHQ GDVV PDQ GHU VD] JHJHQEHU UHVSHNWORV LVW %HYRU GHU øVPDLOg]PHQ øVPDLOg]PHQ$OHYL%HNWDúLùLLUOHUL$QWRORMLVL& 77.XUXPX%DVÕPHYL$QNDUDV øOKDQ&HP(UVHYHQ øOKDQ&HP(UVHYHQ (UVHYHQ$OHYLOHUGH6HPDK$QW<D\ÕQODUÕ$QND UDV *DQL3HNúHQ *DQL3HNúHQ$QDGROX'HUOHPHOHULP(JHhQLYHUVLWHVL %DVÕPHYLø]PLUV 5HJLRQ7RNDW=HQWUXP.RFDFÕNN|\4XHOOH7XUDQ 5HJLRQ7RNDW=HQWUXP.RFDFÕNN|\4XHOOH7XUDQ.D\D =XVDPPHQJHVWHOOWYRQ*DQL3HNúHQg]JU<XUWHUL BOZKURT )XDW $OHYLOL÷LQ 7RSOXPVDO %R\XWODUÕ <D\ODFÕN 0DWEDDVÕøVWDQEXO6 21 ÖZMENøVPDLO$OHYL%HNWDúLùLLUOHUL$QWRORMLVL%QG6 6D\SD<D\ÕQ'D÷ÕWÕPYH.LWDEHYL$QNDUD6 >-HGHQ0RUJHQVLQJHQGLH9|JHO C$OODKELU0XKDPPHG$OLC 8QGGLH1DFKWLJDOONODJWZHJHQGHU5RVH ´$OODKELU0XKDPPHG$OLC@ 1DFK %HHQGLJXQJ GHU 6QGHQEHNHQQWQLV5LWXDOH XQG GHU (LQZHLKXQJVULWXDOHEHL GHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQEHJLQQW VFKOLHOLFKGHUPXVLNDOLVFKH7HLO+LHUEHLZHUGHQD\HWE]Z EH\LWJHVXQJHQXQGUH]LWLHUW'LH>VRJ@D\HWVLQGEHVWLPPWH .RUDQVWHOOHQ 0LW GHU %HGHXWXQJ GHV :RUWHV ´D\HW´ DOV ´=HLFKHQ´´+LQZHLV´E]Z´%HZHLV´EH]HLFKQHQGLHD\HW DOOHV ZDV DXI *RWWHV 6HLQ XQG VHLQH .UDIW KLQZHLVW ,Q GLHVHP6LQQHNDQQGHVKDOEDXFKGLHJHVDPWH6FK|SIXQJ als D\HW EHWUDFKWHW ZHUGHQ ± >VR ]%@ 0HQVFKHQ 2UWH (UHLJQLVVH *HJHQVWlQGH XVZ´21 ,Q PDQFKHQ 5HJLRQHQ JHEUDXFKWPDQ>GHVKDOE@EHVRQGHUVGLHlOWHUH*HQHUDWLRQ ± DQVWDWW GHV 7HUPLQXV ´GH\Lú´ >Z|UWO ´$XVGUXFN´@ GHQ 7HUPLQXV ´D\HW´ 'D MHGRFK GLH 3RSXOlUNXOWXU RIW GHQ %HJULII GH\Lú EHQXW]W YHUZHQGHQ GLH PHLVWHQ 0HQVFKHQ GLHVHQ %HJULII 'LH VD] GLH EHL GHQ FHP=HUHPRQLHQ JHVSLHOWZLUGLVWDEHULQ:LUNOLFKNHLWKHLOLJXQGZLUGDOV ´.RUDQDXV6DLWHQ´EH]HLFKQHW8QGPLWGHP´.RUDQDXV 6DLWHQ´VSLHOWXQGK|UWPDQ>DEHU@D\HW FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM <HULJ|÷LQVFLQQL\DUDWWÕQ 6HQH\PLPDUEDúÕH\YDQFÕPÕVÕQ $\ÕJQoDUKÕEXUFXYDUHWWLQ (\PHNkQVDKLEL5DKúDQFÕPÕVÕQ14 0LUDoODPD 6|]FN ³ 0HUGLYHQ *|÷H oÕNPD´15 DQODPÕQÕ WDúÕPDNWDGÕU øVODPL\HW¶WH +D]UHWL 0XKDPPHG¶LQ 0HVFLGL$NVD¶GDQ J|NOHUH \NVHOHUHN 7DQUÕ NDWÕQD oÕNPD ROD\ÕQÕ DQODWPDN LoLQ NXOODQÕOÕU øNUDU YHULS QDVLSDOPDGD+DN\]QJ|UPHDQODPÕQGDDOJÕODQÕU $OHYLOLN%HNWDúLOLN LQDQFÕQGD LVH PLUDo WDQVÕ÷Õ oRN IDUNOÕGÕU 2QODUD J|UH &HEUDLO +] 0XKDPPHG¶H +DNN¶ÕQ GDYHWLQL ELOGLULU YH 2¶QD UHKEHUOLN HGHU 6HPDGD |QOHULQH ELU DVODQ oÕNDU YH ELU VHV ³$VODQ VHQGHQ ELU QLúDQ LVWHU \]÷Q YHU´ GHU +] 0XKDPPHG \]÷Q DVODQÕQ D÷]ÕQD DWDU \ROXQD GHYDPHGHUEXDUDGDLoLQGHQ³$PFDPR÷OX$OLEXUDGD ROVD\GÕEXDVODQÕQKDNNÕQGDQJHOLUGL´GL\HGúQU 6RQXQGD +] 0XKDPPHG¶H +DN WHFHOOL HGHU YH +DNN¶ÕQ\]QJ|UUVHVVL]YHV|]V]RODUDNGRNVDQ ELQVÕUV|\OHúLUOHU+]0XKDPPHGPLUDoG|QúQGH .ÕUNODU¶ÕQVRKEHWWHFHPGHROGXNODUÕHYHX÷UDULoHUL JLUPHVLQHL]LQYHUPH]OHUELUNDoNH]JD\EWHQX\DUÕODU VRQXFXDQFDN³<RNVXOODUÕQKL]PHWoLVL\LP´GHGL÷LQGH EX\XU HGHU LoHUL DOÕUODU 6HOPDQ )DULVL GÕúDUÕGD J|UHYOLROGX÷XQGDQLoHULGHNLúLYDUGÕU+]$OL¶QLQ \DQÕQGDRWXUDQ+]0XKDPPHG³VL]OHUNLPOHUVLQL]´ GL\HVRUDURQODUGD³%L]NÕUNODUÕ]KHSLPL]ELUJ|QO ELU FLKHWL] ELULPL] QH LVH YDUÕPÕ] RGXU´ GHUOHU +] 0XKDPPHG NDQÕW GHOLO LVWH\LQFH +] $OL NROXQX QHúWHUOH \DUDODU KHSVLQLQ NROXQGDQ D\QÕ DQGD NDQ DNDU ELU GDPOD NDQGD oDWÕGDQ GúHU EX 6HOPDQ¶ÕQ NDQÕGÕU 'DKD VRQUD 6HOPDQ HOLQGH ELU ]P WDQHVL LOH LoHUL JLUHU +] 0XKDPPHG¶H ³(\ \RNVXOODUÕQ KL]PHWoLVL EX ]P WDQHVLQL EL]H SD\ HW´ GHU +] <|UH7RNDW7XUKDOdD\OÕ.DVDEDVÕ.D\QDNNLúL$KPHW <|UH7RNDW7XUKDOdD\OÕ.DVDEDVÕ.D\QDNNLúL$KPHW $VDQ'HUOH\HQ*DQL3HNúHQ$OL2UKDQ'|QPH]6HUFDQ<ÕO GÕ]'HUOHPHWDULKL )HULW'HYHOLR÷OX )HULW'HYHOLR÷OX2VPDQOÕFD7UNoH$QVLNORSHGLN/JDW $\GÕQ.LWDEHYL$QNDUDV 9RONVGLFKWHU R]DQ VHLQH VD] LQ GLH +DQG QLPPW E]Z DEOHJW ]HLJW HU LKU YRUKHU VHLQH (KUHUELHWXQJ 0DQ KDW EHUGLHVD]JHVFKULHEHQXQGGLH*HGLFKWHKDQGHOWHQVWHWV YRQ LKUHU +HLOLJNHLW XQG :LFKWLJNHLW22 ,Q GHU 7UDGLWLRQ GHU $OHYLWHQ XQG %HNWDúL ZHUGHQ GLH KHLOLJHQ *HGLFKWH LQ %HJOHLWXQJ GHU DOV KHLOLJ EHWUDFKWHWHQ VD] JHVXQGHQ 0DQVSULFKWEHUGHQ5LWXVXQGGLH5HJHOQXQG1RUPHQ GHV$OHYLWHQWXPVXQGGHV%HNWDVFKLWHQWXPV0DQVSULFKW GDUEHUZLHGHU(LQ]HOQHVLFKLQGHU*HVHOOVFKDIWYHUKDOWHQ VROO XQG ZDV GLH (LJHQVFKDIWHQ GHU PHQVFKOLFKHQ 7XJHQGKDIWLJNHLWXQGGHU9ROONRPPHQKHLWVLQG´*HQDXVR ZLHGHU6FKDPDQHPLWVHLQHU´NRSX]´23]X*RWWEHWHWXQG PLWLKUGLH(UHLJQLVVHLQVHLQHP/HEHQVFKLOGHUWVRVLQJW DXFK GHU /LHEHQGH *RWWHV PLW VHLQHU ED÷ODPD UHOLJL|VH *HGLFKWHXQG/LHGHUÀHKW]X*RWWXQGHU]lKOWGHUQlFKVWHQ *HQHUDWLRQ GDV (UOHEWH ZHLWHU ,Q HLQLJHQ VHLQHU 9HUVH ¿QGHQ ZLU GDV *HEHW LQ DQGHUHQ9HUVHQ JHKW HV XP GDV LGHDOH =XVDPPHQOHEHQ GHU 0HQVFKHQ 6RPLW HUKDOWHQ GLH UHOLJL|VHQ *HGLFKWH XQG /LHGHU QHEHQ GHU VX¿VFKHQ %HGHXWXQJDXFKHLQHGLGDNWLVFKH(EHQH 6LHKDQGHOQYRQGHPZDVPDQLP/HEHQEHREDFKWHWKDW YRQGHQ(UIDKUXQJHQLP/HEHQXQGGHQGDUDXVJH]RJHQHQ /HKUHQ =XZHLOHQ ZHQGHQ VLH VLFK DQ *RWW ]XZHLOHQ NODJHQ VLH EHU GDV 8QKHLO GLH +HLPVXFKXQJ XQG GHQ 7RG=XZHLOHQDEHUVLQGVLHQXUHLQH$XVGUXFNVIRUPXP GLH 7UDGLWLRQ ]X ZDKUHQ >"@´ 'LH *HGLFKWH YRQ 6X¿ 'LFKWHUQZLH]%+DWD\L3LU6XOWDQ$EGDO1HVLPL9LUDQL )X]LOL'HUWOL'HUYLú0XKDPPHG6H\UDQLøEUHWLZHUGHQ RIW JHEUDXFKW ZREHL GLHVH 9RONVGLFKWHU LQ GHU 7UDGLWLRQ HLQHKHLOLJH6WHOOXQJEHVLW]HQ <HULJ|÷LQVFLQQL\DUDWWÕQ 6HQH\PLPDUEDúÕH\YDQFÕPÕVÕQ $\ÕJQoDUKÕEXUFXYDUHWWLQ (\PHNkQVDKLEL5DKúDQFÕPÕVÕQ 'LHVRJPLUDoODPD 'DV :RUW ´PLUDoODPD´ EHGHXWHW ´7UHSSH´ E]Z ´+LPPHOIDKUW´(VZLUGJHEUDXFKWXPLQGHULVODPLVFKHQ 7UDGLWLRQGLH+LPPHOIDKUWYRQ0XKDPPHGYRQ-HUXVDOHP DXV]X*RWW]XEHVFKUHLEHQ%HLP(LQWULWWLQHLQHQ2UGHQ ZLUGHVDOVHLQH´6FKDXGHVJ|WWOLFKHQ$QWOLW]´YHUVWDQGHQ ,Q GHU *ODXEHQVYRUVWHOOXQJ GHU $OHYLWHQ XQG %HNWDúL ZLUG GDV :XQGHU GHU +LPPHOIDKUW PLUDo JDQ] DQGHUV DXIJHIDVVW ,KUHP *ODXEHQ QDFK LQIRUPLHUW GHU (U]HQJHO 22 ERSEVEN øOKDQ &HP $OHYLOHUGH 6HPDK $QW \D\ÕQODUÕ øVWDQEXO6 23´.RSX]´LVWHLQGUHLVDLWLJHV=XS¿QVWUXPHQWGDVYRQGHQ$OW WUNHQJHVSLHOWZXUGHXQGDOV9RUOlXIHUYRQ VD]JLOW$Gh>"@ 3(.ù(16 5HJLRQ7XUKDOdD\OÕ 7RNDW 4XHOOH$KPHW$VDQ =XVDP PHQJHVWHOOWYRQ*DQL3HNúHQ$OL 2UKDQ'|QPH]6HUFDQ<ÕOGÕ] '(9(/,2ö/8 )HULW 2VPDQOÕFD7UNoH $QVLNORSHGLN /JDW $\GÕQ.LWDEHYL$QNDUD6 $/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ 0XKDPPHG R VÕUDGD &HEUDL¶H JHWLUGL÷L QXU WDEDNWD ]PWDQHVLQLH]HUHNúHUEHW\DSDU+HSVLEXúHUEHWOH VDUKRú ROXU YH D\D÷D NDONÕS ³<D $OODK´ GL\HUHN VHPDKG|QPH\HEDúODUODU *HOGL&HEUDLOEX\XUGX +DN0XKDPPHG0XVWDID¶\D +DNVHQLPLUDFDRNXU 'DYHWLQHNDGLU+GD17 3HUYD] 7RNDWLOoHYHN|\OHULQGHHYOHQPHPLúJHQoELUNÕ]ÕQ WHN EDúÕQD G|QG÷ \DOQÕ]FD EX LOOHUGH G|QOHQ VHPDKÕQDGÕGÕU$\QÕ]DPDQGD$QDGROX¶GDVHPDKODU HQ D] LNL E|OPO ROXS \XUGXPX]GD LNLGHQ ID]OD E|OPORODQVHPDKODUGDEXOXQPDNWDGÕU6HPDKODUÕQ EX E|OPOHUL KDON DUDVÕQGD IDUNOÕ LVLPOHQGLUPH LOH NDUúÕPÕ]D oÕNPDNWDGÕU $÷ÕUODPD <HOGLUPH 3HUYD] dDUN YE LVLPOHU JLEL ³)LLOL RODUDN NDQDW DoPDN XoPDN DQODPÕQD JHOLU $\UÕFD XoDQ XoXFX DQODPÕQGDGÕU´ 7RNDW¶WD E|OP DGODQGÕUÕOPDVÕQÕQ GÕúÕQGD HYOHQPHPLú JHQo NÕ]ÕQ WHN EDúÕQD G|QG÷ VHPDKSHUYD]VHPDKÕRODUDNDGODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕU 0XKDPPHG$OLQXUXPX] 7HVOLPROXUNOOYDUÕPÕ] +DVDQ+VH\LQKXE\kULPL] øPDP=H\QHOVÕUUÕPÕ]GÕU19 *|QOOHU6HPDKÕ <|UHOHUHKDVNHQGL\HUHOE|OJHOHUHDLWELUoRNGH÷LúLN VHPDK |UQHNOHUL EXOXQPDNWDGÕU 0LUDo¶ODPD YH\D .ÕUNODUVHPDKÕQGDQVRQUDoDOÕQÕSG|QOHQVHPDKODU ELU DQODPGD J|QOOHU VHPDKÕ RODUDN ELOLQPHNWHGLU øVPDLOg]PHQ øVPDLOg]PHQ$OHYL%HNWDúLùLLUOHUL$QWRORMLVL& <\6D\SD<D\ÕQ'D÷ÕWÕPYH.LWDEHYL$QNDUDV <|UH7RNDWùHKLWOHUN|\.D\QDNNLúL6DGÕN<DOoÕQ'HUOH <|UH7RNDWùHKLWOHUN|\.D\QDNNLúL6DGÕN<DOoÕQ'HUOH ùHKLWOHUN|\.D\QDNNLúL6DGÕN<DOoÕQ'HUOH N|\.D\QDNNLúL6DGÕN<DOoÕQ'HUOH \HQ*DQL3HNúHQg]JU<XUWHUL'HUOHPHWDULKL 0HKPHW$\GR÷PXú 0HKPHW$\GR÷PXú+DONWDQ+DNN¶DJLGHQ\RO6(0$+/$5 <D]ÕW<D\ÕQFÕOÕNøVWDQEXOV <|UH$PDV\D'DPXGHUH.|\.D\QDN.LúL$OLUÕ]D0XWX <|UH$PDV\D'DPXGHUH.|\.D\QDN.LúL$OLUÕ]D0XWX .|\.D\QDN.LúL$OLUÕ]D0XWX .D\QDN.LúL$OLUÕ]D0XWX 'HUOH\HQ*DQL3HNúHQ6HUFDQ<ÕOGÕ]1HFGHW.XUW'HUOHPH 7DULKL *DEULHO0XKDPPHGEHUGLH(LQODGXQJ*RWWHVXQGGLHQW LKPGDEHLDOV:HJIKUHU,P+LPPHOWUHIIHQVLHDXIHLQHQ /|ZHQXQGHLQH6WLPPHVDJW]X0XKDPPHG´'HU/|ZH YHUODQJW HLQ =HLFKHQ YRQ GLU JLE LKP GHLQHQ 5LQJ´ 0XKDPPHG ZLUIW GHQ 5LQJ LQ GHQ 5DFKHQ GHV /|ZHQ XQGVHW]WVHLQHQ:HJIRUWZREHLHU]XVLFKVDJW´:HQQ GHU6RKQPHLQHV2QNHOV$OLKLHUJHZHVHQZlUHKDWWHHU GHQ /|ZHQ EHUZlOWLJW´ 6FKOLHOLFK RIIHQEDUW VLFK *RWW GHP0XKDPPHG(UHUEOLFNW*RWWHV$QWOLW]XQGRIIHQEDUW LKP LQVJHKHLP QHXQ]LJWDXVHQG *HKHLPQLVVH $XI GHU 5FNUHLVHYRQGHU+LPPHOIDKUWNRPPWHU]XHLQHP+DXV LQGHPVLFKGLH´9LHU]LJ´]XUFHP=HUHPRQLHHLQJHIXQGHQ KDEHQ 0DQ HUODXEW LKP MHGRFK QLFKW GDV +DXV ]X EHWUHWHQ (UVW QDFKGHP HU DXV GHU ´YHUERUJHQHQ :HOW´ HLQH 9HUZDUQXQJHQ EHNRPPW XQG VLFK VFKOLHOLFK DOV ´'LHQHUGHU$UPHQ´YRUVWHOOWJLEWPDQLKPGLH(UODXEQLV HLQ]XWUHWHQ(VVLQGQHXQXQGGUHLLJ3HUVRQHQ]XJHJHQGD 6HOPDQL)DUVLGUDXHQHLQHQ'LHQVW]XYHUULFKWHQKDWWH 0XKDPPHG VHW]W VLFK QHEHQ $OL XQG IUDJW ´:HU VHLG LKU"´ 'DUDXIKLQ JLEW PDQ LKP GLH $QWZRUW ´:LU VLQG GLH 9LHU]LJ :LU VLQG DOOH HLQ +HU] XQG HLQH 6HHOH « :DVGHUHLQHLVWGDVLVWDXFKGDV*DQ]H´$OV0XKDPPHG HLQHQ%HZHLVGDIUVHKHQP|FKWHVFKQHLGHWPDQ$OLPLW HLQHP'ROFKLQGHQ$UPXQG>VLHKHGD@GDV%OXWEHJLQQW DXV GHP$UP DOOHU$QZHVHQGHQ ]X WURSIHQ (LQ7URSIHQ %OXWWURSIWYRP'DFKKHUXQWHUZHOFKHVGDV%OXW6HOPDQV LVW ,P ZHLWHUHQ 9HUODXI EHWULWW 6HOPDQ PLW HLQHU HLQ]LJH 7UDXEH LQ GHU +DQG GDV +DXV XQG VDJW ]X 0XKDPPHG ´2K'LHQHUGHU$UPHQWHLOHGLHVH7UDXEHXQWHUXQVDXI´ 0XKDPPHG ]HUGUFNW KLHUDXIKLQ GLH 7UDXEH DXI HLQHP 7HOOHUDXV/LFKWGHQ*DEULHOLKPJHEUDFKWKDWXQGPDFKW GDUDXV HLQ 6FKHUEHWW 6RUEHWW $OOH ZHUGHQ GDUDXIKLQ WUXQNHQ QDFKGHP VLH GLHVHV 6FKHUEHWW JHWUXQNHQ KDEHQ XQG HUKHEHQ VLFK YRQ LKUHQ 3OlW]HQ XQG IDQJHQ DQ ´2K $OODK´VDJHQG]XWDQ]HQ´ *HOGL&HEUDLOEX\XUGX +DN0XKDPPHG0XVWDID¶\D +DNVHQLPLUDFDRNXU 'DYHWLQHNDGLU+GD 3HUYD] ,VWGLH%H]HLFKQXQJIUHLQVHPDKGDVLQGHQ/DQGNUHLVHQ XQG'|UIHUQYRQ7RNDWYRQHLQHPQLFKWYHUKHLUDWHWHQMXQJHQ 0lGFKHQDOOHLQHJHWDQ]WZLUG'LHVHVVHPDKNRPPWQXULQ GLHVHU 5HJLRQ YRU 'DV VHPDK EHVWHKW PHLVWHQV DXV ]ZHL 7HLOHQ ZlKUHQG HV DEHU DXFK VHPDK$UWHQ LQ XQVHUHP /DQGJLEWGLHDXVPHKUDOVDXV]ZHL7HLOHQEHVWHKHQ'LHVH 7HLOHGHVVHPDKKDEHQXQWHUGHU%HY|ONHUXQJYHUVFKLHGHQH 1DPHQ VR ]% ´a÷ÕUODPD´ ´\HOGLUPH´ ´SHUYD]´ RGHU ´çDUN´ >'DV :RUW ´SHUYD]´@ WUlJW GLH %HGHXWXQJ YRQ ´)OJHO DXIVSDQQHQ´ E]Z ´ÀLHJHQ´ 'DUEHU KLQDXV ÖZMEN6 5HJLRQùHKLWOHU'RUI7RNDW4XHOOH6DGÕN<DOoÕQ=XVDP 5HJLRQùHKLWOHU'RUI7RNDW4XHOOH6DGÕN<DOoÕQ=XVDP ùHKLWOHU'RUI7RNDW4XHOOH6DGÕN<DOoÕQ=XVDP 'RUI7RNDW4XHOOH6DGÕN<DOoÕQ=XVDP PHQJHVWHOOWYRQ*DQL3HNúHQg]JU<XUWHUL FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM *|QOOHU VHPDKÕ ELU DQODPGD FHPH \HQL NDWÕODQ JHQoOHULQ\ROX|÷UHQPHVLEXUDGDoDOÕQÕSV|\OHQLOHQ VHPDKODUÕ |÷UHQPHOHUL LoLQ ELOLQHQ VHPDKODUGÕU 7RNDW YH FLYDUÕQGD J|QOOHU VHPDKÕ RODUDN ELOLQHQ EX VHPDKODU \DúOÕJHQoOHU WDUDIÕQGDQ G|QOU %XUDGD oDOÕQÕS V|\OHQLOHQ EX VHPDKODU WDEL NL \HUHO |]HOOLNOHU NDSVDPÕQGD NHQGLQH KDV oDOÕS V|\OHPH ELoLPLQGHGLU ³*HQoOHUL VHPDKD DOÕúWÕUPD VHPDKÕ GHQLOHQ *HQoOHU YH *|QOOHU VHPDKÕ |÷UHWLOLU %X VHPDKODUÕ |÷UHQHQ JHQoOHU GDKD VRQUD YH ]DPDQOD E\N YH ]RU VHPDKODUÕ |÷UHQLU %|\OHFH FHP YH PXKDEEHWWRSODQWÕODUÕQGDVHPDKR\QD\DELOLU´ EH]HLFKQHWHVDXFKGLH3HUVRQGLHÀLHJWE]ZÀLHJHQNDQQ 1HEHQGHU%H]HLFKQXQJHLQHV7HLOVGHVVHPDKEH]HLFKQHW ´SHUYD] VHPDKÕ´ HLQHQ VHPDK GDV YRQ HLQHP MXQJHQ XQYHUKHLUDWHWHQ0lGFKHQJHPDFKWZLUG 0XKDPPHG$OLQXUXPX] 7HVOLPROXUNOOYDUÕPÕ] +DVDQ+VH\LQKXE\kULPL] øPDP=H\QHOVÕUUÕPÕ]GÕU >0XKDPPHG$OLLVWXQVHU/LFKW *HRSIHUWVHLXQVHUJHVDPWHV+DEXQG*XW +DVDQXQG+VH\LQVLQGXQVHUHKROGHQ*HOLHEWHQ XQG,PDP=H\QHOLVWXQVHU*HKHLPQLV@ 0HUVL\H $QDGROX YH JHQLú ELU FR÷UDI\DGD \DúD\DQ 7UN N|NHQOLWRSOXPODUGD|OHQNLúLQLQDUNDVÕQGDQ\DNÕQODUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ D÷ÕWODU \DNÕOÕU |OHQ NLúLQLQ |]HOOLNOHUL EX D÷ÕWODUGD GLOH JHWLULOLU +DWWD $QDGROX¶QXQ dDQDNNDOH¶GHQ EDúOD\ÕS NÕ\Õ úHULGLQGH GHYDP HGHQ *|QOOHU6HPDKÕGDV´VHPDKGHU+HU]HQ´ (V JLEW XQWHUVFKLHGOLFKH $UWHQ GHV VHPDK GLH QXU LQ EHVWLPPWHQ 5HJLRQHQ YRUNRPPHQ XQG HLQHQ UHJLRQDOHQ &KDUDNWHU EHVLW]HQ 'DV VHPDK GD QDFK GHU PLUDoODPD XQG GHP >VRJ@ ´NÕUNODU VHPDKÕ´ JHPDFKW ZLUG LVW DXFK DOV ´VHPDK GHU +HU]HQ´ ´J|QOOHU VHPDKÕ´ EHNDQQW 'DV >VRJ@ ´J|QOOHU VHPDKÕ´ LVW LP JHZLVVHQ 6LQQH HLQ VHPDKGDVJHPDFKWZLUGGDPLWGLHMXQJHQ0HQVFKHQGLH QHX GHQ FHP=HUHPRQLHQ EHLZRKQHQ GHQ >DOHYLWLVFKHQ@ ´:HJ´XQGGLHVHPDKOHUQHQ'DVLQ7RNDWXQG8PJHEXQJ als J|QOOHU VHPDKÕ bekannte VHPDK ZLUG VRZRKO YRQ lOWHUHQ DOV DXFK YRQ MXQJHQ *HPHLQGHPLWJOLHGHUQ SUDNWL]LHUW1DWUOLFKKDEHQVLHYRQLKUHU)RUPKHUORNDOH %HVRQGHUKHLWHQ´0DQOHUQWGDVVRJ´JHQoOHUYHJ|QOOHU VHPDKÕ´ GDV ´VHPDK GHU MXQJHQ 0HQVFKHQ XQG GHU +HU]HQ´ GDPLW GLH MXQJHQ 0HQVFKHQ PLW GHP VHPDK YHUWUDXWZHUGHQ'LHMXQJHQ0HQVFKHQGLHGLHVHVVHPDK OHUQHQ OHUQHQ PLW GHU =HLW DXFK QRFK XPIDVVHQGHUH XQG VFKZLHULJHUHVHPDK'HPHQWVSUHFKHQGN|QQHQVLH>VSlWHU@ EHLGHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQXQG/HKUJHVSUlFKHQGDVVHPDK GXUFKIKUHQ´31 'LH 3HUVRQHQ GLH DP VHPDK teilnehmen P|FKWHQ bestimmenGHQVRJ´J|]F´$XIVHKHUGHUHLQHQ6WRFN LQGHU+DQGKDW'DHUZHLZHULQGHU5HJLRQGDVVHPDK JXW EHKHUUVFKW EHVWLPPW HU DXI GLHVHP :HJH DXFK GLH Teilnehmer am VHPDK 'LH IU GDV VHPDK DXVHUNRUHQHQ 3HUVRQHQYHUEHXJHQVLFK]XHUVWYRUGHPGHGHXQG]HLJHQ VLFK JHJHQVHLWLJH LKUH (KUHUELHWXQJ ´'DV KXE\DUVHPDK LVWLP9HUJOHLFK]XGHQDQGHUHQVHPDKOHLGHQVFKDIWOLFKHU XQG VFKQHOOHU 'DVV GDV KXE\DUVHPDK als 7RNDWVHPDK EH]HLFKQHW ZLUG LVW QLFKW ULFKWLJ GD HV QLFKW QXU LQ GHU 5HJLRQ 7RNDW VRQGHUQ DXFK LQ GHQ 5HJLRQHQ 6LYDV $PDV\D <R]JDW XQG dRUXP OHEHQGHQ +XE\DU6ÕUDo *HPHLQGHQYHUEUHLWHWLVWXQGDXFKSUDNWL]LHUWZLUG´32 øOKDQ&HP(UVHYHQ øOKDQ&HP(UVHYHQ$OHYLOHUGH6HPDK$QW\D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQ EXOV $OL.HQDQR÷OXøVPDLO2QDUOÕ $OL.HQDQR÷OXøVPDLO2QDUOÕ+XE\DU6XOWDQ2FD÷ÕYH %H\GLOL6ÕUDo7UNPHQOHUL.HOHEHN0DWEDDVÕøVWDQEXOV <|UH7RNDW0HUNH].RFDFÕN.|\.D\QDN.LúL7XUDQ <|UH7RNDW0HUNH].RFDFÕN.|\.D\QDN.LúL7XUDQ .|\.D\QDN.LúL7XUDQ .D\QDN.LúL7XUDQ &DQHU'HUOH\HQ*DQL3HNúHQg]JU<XUWHUL'HUOHPH7DULKL $<'2ö08ù0HKPHW+DONWDQ+DNN¶DJLGHQ\RO6HPDKODU <D]ÕW<D\ÕQFÕOÕNøVWDQEXO6 5HJLRQ 5HJLRQ'DPXGHUH'RUI$PDV\D4XHOOH$OLUÕ]D0XWX=X VDPPHQJHVWHOOWYRQ *DQL 3HNúHQ 6HUFDQ<ÕOGÕ] 1HFGHW .XUW 31 ERSEVEN6 32 .(1$12ö/8ONARLI6 6HPDKD NDONDFDN RODQ NLúLOHUL HOLQGH DVDVÕ RODQ YH J|]FJ|]OHNoLRODQNLúLEHOLUOHU<|UHGHL\LVHPDK G|QHQ NLúLOHUL ELOGL÷LQGHQ VHPDKD NDONDQODUÕ GD EX úHNLOGH EHOLUOHU 6HPDKD NDONDQ NLúLOHU |QFH GHGH\H VRQUDGDELUELUOHULQHQL\D]HGHUOHU³+XE\DUVHPDKÕ GL÷HUVHPDKODULoHULVLQGHROGXNoDFRúNXOXKÕ]OÕELU ULWPH VDKLS ELU VHPDK RODUDN QLWHOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU +XE\DUVHPDKÕ7RNDWVHPDKÕGL\HGHDGODQGÕUÕOPDNWD LVH GH EX \DQOÕúWÕU dQN EX VHPDK VDGHFH 7RNDW E|OJHVLQGHGH÷LO6LYDV7RNDW$PDV\D<R]JDWdRUXP E|OJHOHULQGH EXOXQDQ +XE\DU 6ÕUDo WRSOXOXNODUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQELOLQPHNWHYHLFUDHGLOPHNWHGLU´ *DOLEDGQ\DQÕQVRQXQDNDOGÕN *HOLQEHOOLGLUGHNÕ]EHOOLGH÷LO 1HQDVLKDWGX\GXNQH|÷WDOGÕN 6RKEHWEHOOLGLUV|]EHOOLGH÷LO $/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ YH$GDQDKDWWD$QWHSGROD\ODUÕQGD\DúD\DQ7DKWDFÕODU GDGDKDGD\R÷XQ\DúDQPDNWDGÕUgOPROD\ÕDNúDP JHUoHNOHúPLú LVH |OHQLQ \DNÕQODUÕ WDUDIÕQGDQ |OQQ EDúÕQGD D÷ÕW \DNÕOÕU YH V|\OHQLU %XUDGDNL HQ |QHPOL IDUN LVH 7DKWDFÕ FHPOHULQGH VD] oDODQ VD]DQGDU |OQQ EDúÕQGD EHNOHU $÷ÕW \DNDQ |OQQ \DNÕQODUÕ \RUXOGX÷XQGD FHPGH oDOGÕ÷Õ FXUD LOH |OQQ EDúÕQGD ³gOP1HIHVL´oDODUYHV|\OHU+HP|OQQKHPGH oDOÕQDQ VD]ÕQ V|\OHQLOHQ úLLULQ NXWVDOOÕ÷Õ YH |QHPL EHOLUWLOLU ³$OHYL%HNWDúL¶OHUFH +LFUHW¶LQ <ÕOÕQÕQ 0XKDUUHP &XPD JQ +] $OL¶QLQ NoN R÷OX +] 0XKDPPHG¶LQWRUXQX+]+VH\LQYH\DQGDúODUÕQÕQ ³.HUEHOD¶GD´ úHKLW HGLOPHVLQGHQ GX\XODQ GHULQ ]QW YH DFÕ ³0DWHP´ RODUDN DOJÕODQÕU 0HUVL\H |]HOOLNOHøPDP+VH\LQ¶LQúHKDGHWLKDNNÕQGD\D]ÕOPÕú RODQúLLUOHUHGHQLU´ $OHYL%HNWDúL FHPOHULQGH VHPDKODUGDQ VRQUD VDNND VX\X GD÷ÕWÕOÕU 6DNND VX\XQGDQ VRQUD LVH FHPGH VD] oDODQ NLúL PXWODND PHUVL\H RNXU %D]HQ RUDGD EXOXQDQ NLúLOHUGH WRSOX RODUDN PHUVL\HQLQ V|]OHULQH HúOLNHGHUOHU+DWWDPHUVL\HRNXQPDGÕNFHPRODPD] g]HOOLNOH GH PXKDUUHP D\ÕQGD PXWODND PHUVL\HOHU RNXQXUYHVHVOHQGLULOLU $WÕQH÷HULQGHGXUDPD]ROGX 'úW+VH\LQ¶LPGúWH\YDKH\ *|]OHULNDQGROGXJ|UHPH]ROGX 'úW+VH\LQ¶LPGúWH\YDKH\ 7HYKLG 7HYKLG V|]F÷ 9DKLG¶GHQ JHOPHNWHGLU %LU úH\L ELUOHPHN LoLQ IDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQ ROPDVÕ JHUHNPHNWHGLU )DUNOÕOÕNODUÕQ HQ DVJDULVL LNLOLNWLU %XUDGDNL DPDo LVH LNL\L ELU HWPHNWLU *|UQúWH LNL RODQÕQ KDNLNDWWH ELU ROPDVÕKDNLNDWJ|]\OHJ|UQPHVLGHPHNWLUdRNOXN kOHPLQHEDNÕS9DKGHW¶LJ|UPHNDULIROPDGHPHNWLU *DQL3HNúHQ *DQL3HNúHQ$QDGROX'HUOHPHOHULP(JHhQLYHUVLWHVL %DVÕPHYLø]PLUV <|UH7RNDW$UWRYD<HQLFH.|\.D\QDN.LúL5Õ]Dø\L <|UH7RNDW$UWRYD<HQLFH.|\.D\QDN.LúL5Õ]Dø\L .|\.D\QDN.LúL5Õ]Dø\L .D\QDN.LúL5Õ]Dø\L OHU'HUOH\HQ*DQL3HNúHQg]JU<XUWHUL'HUOHPH7DULKL *DOLEDGQ\DQÕQVRQXQDNDOGÕN *HOLQEHOOLGLUGHNÕ]EHOOLGH÷LO 1HQDVLKDWGX\GXNQH|÷WDOGÕN 6RKEHWEHOOLGLUV|]EHOOLGH÷LO33 >(VVFKHLQWGDVVZLULQGHQOHW]WHQ7DJHQOHEHQ GLH%UDXWNHQQWPDQDEHUGDV0lGFKHQLVWXQEHNDQQW :LUKDEHQZHGHU5DWQRFK$QZHLVXQJHUKDOWHQ GDV*HVSUlFKNHQQWPDQDEHUGLH:RUWHVLQGXQEHNDQQW@ 'LHPHUVL\H7UDXHUOLHGHU 6RZRKO LQ $QDWROLHQ DOV LQ ZHLWHQ *HELHWHQ ZR WUNLVFKVWlPPLJH *HPHLQVFKDIWHQ OHEHQ ZHUGHQ IU GLH YHUVWRUEHQH 3HUVRQ YRQ GHQ $QJHK|ULJHQ .ODJHOLHGHU JHVXQJHQ LQ GHQHQ GLH (LJHQVFKDIWHQ GHU YHUVWRUEHQHQ 3HUVRQEHVFKULHEHQZHUGHQ'LHVZLUGEHLGHQ7DKWDFÕVRJDU YLHOLQWHQVLYHUJHOHEWZHOFKHLQ$QDWROLHQLQGHU5HJLRQ GLHYRQÇanakkaleEHUGLH.VWHQVWUHLIHQELVQDFK$GDQD UHLFKWMDVRJDULQ$QWHSOHEHQ:HQQGHU7RGDP$EHQG HLQJHWUHWHQ LVW ZLUG LQ GHU *HJHQZDUW GHV 9HUVWRUEHQ YRQGHQ$QJHK|ULJHQGHVVHQ7RGEHNODJWXQGHVZHUGHQ .ODJHOLHGHU JHVXQJHQ 'HU ZLFKWLJVWH 8QWHUVFKLHG >LP 9HUJOHLFK ]X DQGHUHQ DOHYLWLVFKHQ *HPHLQGHQ@ LVW DEHU GDVVGHUVRJ´VD]DQGDU´GHUEHLGHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQGHU 7DKWDFÕGLHVD]VSLHOWEHLP9HUVWRUEHQHQEOHLEW:HQQGLH NODJHQGHQ$QJHK|ULJHQGHV9HUVWRUEHQHQPGHJHZRUGHQ VLQGVSLHOWXQGVLQJWHUPLWVHLQHUFXUD>HLQHNOHLQHVD]@ GLH HU DXFK EHL GHQ FHP=HUHPRQLHQ VSLHOW GDV VRJ ´|OP QHIHVL´ >7RWHQOLHG@ +LHUEHL ZLUG GLH +HLOLJNHLW XQG %HGHXWXQJ VRZRKO GHV 9HUVWRUEHQHQ DOV DXFK GHU JHVSLHOWHQVD]XQGGHVYRUJHWUDJHQHQ*HGLFKWVEHWRQW 'LH WLHIH 7UDXHU XQG GHU 6FKPHU] GHQ GLH$OHYLWHQ XQG %HNWDúLZHJHQGHU(UPRUGXQJ,PDP+VH\LQVGHV6RKQHV YRQ$OLXQG(QNHOVGHV3URSKHWHQ0XKDPPHGXQGVHLQHU $QKlQJHU DP )UHLWDJ GHV 0XKDUUHP GHV -DKUHV >LVODPLVFKHU =HLWUHFKQXQJ@ LQ ´.HUEHOD´ HPS¿QGHQ QHQQWPDQ´PDWHP´>´.XPPHU´@'LH/LHGHUGLHPDQGHU (UPRUGXQJGHV,PDP+VH\LQJHZLGPHWKDWQHQQWPDQ ´PHUVL\H´ %HL GHQ $OHYLWHQ XQG %HNWDúL ZLUG ZlKUHQG GHU FHP =HUHPRQLHQ QDFK GHP VHPDK GDV VRJ VDNND:DVVHU YHUWHLOW 1DFK GHU 9HUWHLOXQJ GHV VDNND:DVVHUV VLQJW GLH 3HUVRQ GLH EHL GHU FHP=HUHPRQLH VD] VSLHOW LQ MHGHP )DOO HLQ 7UDXHUOLHG PHUVL\H 0DQFKPDO VLQJHQ GLHGRUWDQZHVHQGHQ0HQVFKHQJHPHLQVDPGHQ7H[WGHV 7UDXHUOLHGHVPLW(VNDQQNHLQHFHP=HUHPRQLHJHEHQLQ GHUNHLQ7UDXHUOLHGJHVXQJHQZLUG%HVRQGHUHLP0RQDW 0XKDUUHP ZHUGHQ LQ MHGHP )DOO 7UDXHUOLHGHU PHUVL\H UH]LWLHUWXQG JHVXQJHQ 5HJLRQ.RFDFÕN'RUI7RNDW4XHOOH7XUDQ&DQHU=XVDP 5HJLRQ.RFDFÕN'RUI7RNDW4XHOOH7XUDQ&DQHU=XVDP PHQJHVWHOOWYRQ*DQL3HNúHQg]JU<XUWHUL 3(.ù(16 FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM 6HYJLYHPXKDEEHWOHIDUNOÕOÕ÷ÕQIDUNOÕOÕNODUÕQÕELUDUDGD ROXQPD\ÕVRKEHWLDQOD\DUDNELUOL÷HJLULSWHYKLGROPD\Õ NDYUDPDNWÕU7HYKLGKHU]DPDQ\DSÕODQFHPOHUGHGH÷LO |]HOOLNOH+ÕGÕUHOOH]FHPOHULQGHRNXQXU *]HO$OODKEL]HEX\UXNEX\XUGX (\OHQKH\HUHQOHU+DN¶NDQL\D]Õ 0PLQPQDIÕNWDQ|]QD\ÕUGÕ (\OHQKH\HUHQOHU+DNN¶DQL\D]Õ 6218d <|UHGHYH\|UHQLQGÕúÕQGDoDOÕúWÕ÷ÕPÕ]ND\QDNNLúLOHU NHQGL\DSWÕNODUÕ\DGDEXOXQGXNODUÕFHPOHUGHNLoDOÕQÕS V|\OHQLOHQ WUOHUGHQ |UQHNOHPHOHU \DSPÕúODUGÕU %X |UQHNOHPHOHUGHQ YH NDUúÕOÕNOÕ J|UúPHOHUGHQ ELU |QFHNL \DúD\DQ QHVLO LOH JQP]GH \DúD\DQ YH FHPOHUGH kúÕNOÕN \DSDQ NLúLOHULQGH oDOPD YH V|\OHPHOHULQGH GH÷LúLNOLNOHULQ \DúDQGÕNODUÕ WHVSLW HGLOPLúWLU %D]Õ ND\QDN NLúLOHU \HUHO oDOÕS V|\OHPH\L GHYDP HWWLULUOHUNHQ ED]ÕODUÕ LVH LOHWLúLP DUDoODUÕQGDQ HWNLOHQLS NHQGL \HUHO WDYÕUODUÕQÕ GH÷LúWLULS GÕú HWNHQOHUGHQ HWNLOHQGL÷L YH EXQODU JLEL oDOÕS V|\OHPH WDU]ÕQD JLWWLNOHUL J|UOPHNWHGLU 7HOHYL]\RQODUGD J|VWHULOHQ FHP W|UHQOHULQGHQ HWNLOHQLS EX W|UHQOHUL WDNOLW HGHQ EX W|UHQOHULQ NHQGL \HUHO W|UHQOHULQGHQ GDKD L\L ROGXNODUÕQÕ ]DQQHGHQ ND\QDN NLúLOHUGH EXOXQPDNWDGÕU%XWDU]NLúLOHULQPHUNH]GHYHPHUNH]H \DNÕQ RODQ \HUOHUGH \DúDGÕNODUÕ D\QÕ ]DPDQGD GD NHQGLLOOHULQLQGÕúÕQGDED]ÕNXUXPODUÕQ\DSWÕNODUÕFHP W|UHQOHULQGH J|UHY \DSWÕNODUÕQGDQ GROD\Õ GD ELUoRN GH÷LúLNOLNOHU\DúDGÕNODUÕYHNHQGL\HUHO|]HOOLNOHULQGHQ X]DNODúWÕNODUÕJ|]OHQPLúWLU'DKDFUDQRNWDODUGD\DQL GD÷OÕNYHPHUNH]HX]DN\DGD\DúOÕRODQND\QDNNLúLOHU GHLVHEXGH÷LúLNOLNOHUJ|]OHQPHPLúWLU <DSÕODQoDOÕúPDVRQUDVÕQGDWHVSLWHWWL÷LPL]GL÷HU|QHPOL |]HOOLNOHUGHQ ELUL GH $QDGROX¶GD +DON H]JLOHULQLQ LVWHULQDQoLOHLOJLOLROVXQLVWHUVHGHLQDQoGÕúÕH]JLOHU ROVXQ WRSODQPDPÕú ROGX÷XQX YH KDON DUDVÕQGD XVWD oÕUDN LOLúNLOHU LOH \DúDWÕOGÕ÷Õ J|UOPHNWHGLU %L]LP \DSWÕ÷ÕPÕ]EXoDOÕúPD]DPDQDoÕVÕQGDQNÕVÕWOÕGDROVD ELUoRNH]JLQLQYHW|UHQLQ\DúDWÕOPDELoLPLNRQXVXQGD \HWHUOL ROGX÷X NDQDDWLQGH\L] %XUDGD KHP \HUHO <|UH$PDV\D'DPXGHUH.|\.D\QDN.LúL$OLUÕ]D0XWX <|UH$PDV\D'DPXGHUH.|\.D\QDN.LúL$OLUÕ]D0XWX .|\.D\QDN.LúL$OLUÕ]D0XWX .D\QDN.LúL$OLUÕ]D0XWX 'HUOH\HQ*DQL3HNúHQ6HUFDQ<ÕOGÕ]1HFGHW.XUW'HUOHPH 7DULKL $WÕQH÷HULQGHGXUDPD]ROGX 'úW+VH\LQ¶LPGúWH\YDKH\ *|]OHULNDQGROGXJ|UHPH]ROGX 'úW+VH\LQ¶LPGúWH\YDKH\ >(UNRQQWHVLFKQLFKWPHKUDXIGHP3IHUGKDOWHQ RKZHKRKZHK+VH\LQLVWJHIDOOHQJHIDOOHQ 6HLQH$XJHQ IOOWHQ VLFK PLW %OXW HU NRQQWH QLFKW PHKU VHKHQ RKZHKRKZHK+VH\LQLVWJHIDOOHQJHIDOOHQ@ 'DVWHYKLG 'DV :RUW ´WHYKLG´ VWDPPW YRQ GHP :RUW ´YDKLG´ ´GHU (LQH´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lFKH ]X EHJUHLIHQ XQG LQ GLH (LQKHLW ]X WDXFKHQ 'DV WHYKLG ZLUG QLFKW EHL GHQ VWHWV VWDWW¿QGHQGHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQVRQGHUQYRUDOOHPEHLGHU VRJKÕGGÕUHOOH]FHP=HUHPRQLHSUDNWL]LHUW *]HO$OODKEL]HEX\UXNEX\XUGX (\OHQKH\HUHQOHU+DN¶NDQL\D]Õ 0PLQPQDIÕNWDQ|]QD\ÕUGÕ (\OHQKH\HUHQOHU+DNN¶DQL\D]Õ >8QVHUKROGH*RWWKDWXQVHWZDVDXIJHWUDJHQ 2K0HQVFKHQZHUIWHXFKQLHGHUYRU*RWW 'HU*OlXELJHVROOGHP8QJOlXELJHQIHUQEOHLEHQ 2K0HQVFKHQZHUIWHXFKQLHGHUYRU*RWW@ )D]LW 'LH3HUVRQGLHXQVDOV4XHOOHJHGLHQWXQGPLWGHQHQZLULQ E]ZDXHUKDOEGHU5HJLRQ]XVDPPHQJHDUEHLWHWHQKDEHQ OLHIHUWHQXQV%HLVSLHOHYRQ0XVLNVWFNHQGLHLQGHQFHP =HUHPRQLHQ JHVSLHOWHQ XQG JHVXQJHQHQ DQ GHQHQ VLH VHOEHU PLWZLUNWHQ RGHU QXU WHLOJHQRPPHQ KDEHQ $XV GLHVHQ%HLVSLHOHQYRQ0XVLNVWFNHQXQGGHQSHUV|QOLFKHQ *HVSUlFKHQVWHOOWHVLFKKHUDXVGDVVHV]XHLQHU9HUlQGHUXQJ LQGHU$UWXQG:HLVHZLHGLH/LHGHUJHVXQJHQZHUGHQEHL GHUlOWHUHQ*HQHUDWLRQXQGGHUKHXWLJHQ*HQHUDWLRQJLEW GLHDOVƗúÕNEHLGHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQDXIWUHWHQ:lKUHQG 5HJLRQ7RNDW$UWRYD<HQLFH.|\4XHOOSHUVRQ5Õ]Dø\LOHU 5HJLRQ7RNDW$UWRYD<HQLFH.|\4XHOOSHUVRQ5Õ]Dø\LOHU ø\LOHU =XVDPPHQJHVWHOOWYRQ*DQL3HNúHQg]JU <XUWHUL'DWXPGHU=XVDPPHQVWHOOXQJ >(LQEHVWLPPWHV*HGLFKWGDVYRQGHU(LQKHLW*RWWHVE]ZGHU >(LQEHVWLPPWHV*HGLFKWGDVYRQGHU(LQKHLW*RWWHVE]ZGHU P\VWLVFKHQ(LQKHLWKDQGHOW@ ´+ÕGÕUHOOH]´LVWHLQ)UKOLQJVIHVWGHU$OHYLWHQZHOFKHVDP ´+ÕGÕUHOOH]´LVWHLQ)UKOLQJVIHVWGHU$OHYLWHQZHOFKHVDP 0DLHUIROJW$Gh 5HJLRQ $PDV\D'DPXGHUH .|\ 4XHOOSHUVRQ $OLUÕ]D 0XWX=XVDPPHQJHVWHOOWYRQ*DQL3HNúHQ6HUFDQ <ÕOGÕ]1HFGHW.XUW'DWXPGHU=XVDPPHQVWHOOXQJ $/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ oDOPDYHV|\OHPHELoLPL\DúDUNHQKHPGHNDGÕQODUÕQ JHOHQHNOHULQH ED÷OÕOÕNODUÕ JL\GLNOHUL NÕ\DIHWWHQ RUWD\D oÕNPDNWDGÕU *QON \DúDPODUÕQÕQ GÕúÕQGD |]HOOLNOH W|UHQOHUGH LQDQo YH\D LQDQo GÕúÕ W|UHQOHUGH EX NÕ\DIHWOHU JL\LOPHNWHJHOHQHN\DúDWÕOPDNWDGÕU ÆúÕNODUÕQ ED]ÕODUÕ ³%R]XN G]HQ´ oDOÕS H]JLOHUL EX G]HQGH VHVOHQGLULUNHQ ED]ÕODUÕ GD %D÷ODPD G]HQL LOH oDOÕS V|\OHPHNWHGLUOHU <DSWÕ÷ÕPÕ] EX oDOÕúPD HVQDVÕQGD JQP] FHP kúÕNODUÕQÕQ EDED YH\D GHGHOHULQLQLVHED÷ODPDG]HQLKDWWDVD]ODUÕQÕQLVH SHUGHOLROGXNODUÕQÕEHOLUWPLúOHUGLU $\QÕ kúÕNODU EDED YH GHGHOHULQLQ ³GH\Lú´ DGODQGÕUPDVÕQGDQ GDKD oRN ³D\HW´ terimlerinin NXOODQGÕNODUÕQÕ EHOLUWPLúOHUGLU %D]ÕODUÕ GD %D÷ODPD \D GD kúÕNlama G]HQL \HULQH GH ³$\HW´ G]HQL GHPHNWHGLUOHU8]XQKDYDODUJHQHOOLNOH³'RP]WH]DG´ RODUDNoDOÕQPÕúWÕU 6HPDKODU JHQHOOLNOH LNL E|OPO ROXS $÷ÕUODPD YH \HOGLUPHLOHDGODQGÕUÕOPDNWDGÕU$÷ÕUODPDE|OPOHULGH ]DPDQOÕROPDNWDGÕU<HOGLUPHE|OPLVHJHQHOOLNOH ¶OÕN ELULPOHUGH YH ROGXNoD KÕ]OÕGÕU *|QOOHU VHPDKÕ 7RNDW 6LYDV $PDV\D <R]JDW YH oRUXP LOOHULQGH ROXS EXUDGD \DúD\DQ 6ÕUDo 7UNPHQOHUL WDUDIÕQGDQLFUDHGLOPHNWHGLU .$<1$.d$ $9&, $OL +D\GDU 2VPDQOÕ *L]OL 7DULKLQGH 3ø5 68/7$1 $%'$/ YH %h7h1 '(<øù/(5ø Nokta .LWDSøVWDQEXO '(9(/ø2ö/8 )HULW 2VPDQOÕFD7UNoH $QVLNORSHGLN/JDW$\GÕQ.LWDEHYL$QNDUD (56(9(1 øOKDQ &HP $OHYLOHUGH 6HPDK $QW \D\ÕQODUÕøVWDQEXO .(1$12ö/8 $OL21$5/, øVPDLO +XE\DU 6XOWDQ 2FD÷Õ YH %H\GLOL 6ÕUDo7UNPHQOHUL .HOHEHN 0DWEDDVÕøVWDQEXO GLH lOWHUH *HQHUDWLRQ GDEHL EOLHE LQ GHU UHJLRQDOHQ *HVDQJVDUW]XVSLHOHQZXUGHQHLQLJH>0XVLNHU@YRQGHQ 0HGLHQ EHHLQÀXVVW lQGHUWHQ GLH LKQHQ HLJHQWPOLFKH *HVDQJVDUW ZXUGHQ YRQ DXHQ EHHLQÀXVVW XQG ¿QJHQ DQ VR ]X VSLHOHQ XQG ]X VLQJHQ QDKPHQ HLQH DQGHUH$UW XQG:HLVH]XVLQJHQXQG]XVSLHOHQDQ(VJLEWDEHUDXFK 3HUVRQHQ GLH XQV DOV 4XHOOH GLHQWHQ GLH DQ GHQ LQ GHQ )HUQVHKVHQGHUQDXVJHVWUDKOWHQFHP=HUHPRQLHQ*HIDOOHQ IDQGHQGLHVHQDFK]XDKPHQEHJDQQHQXQGGLHDQ¿QJHQ]X JODXEHQGDVVVLHEHVVHUDOVLKUHHLJHQHQZlUHQ(VZXUGH EHREDFKWHW GDVV GLHVH $UW YRQ 0HQVFKHQ GLH VLFK YRQ LKUHQORNDOHQ(LJHQKHLWHQHQWIHUQWHQLQ=HQWUHQ>"@RGHU LQ *HJHQGHQ OHEWHQ GLH QDK DP =HQWUXP ODJHQ XQG GLH ]XJOHLFKDXFKEHLFHP=HUHPRQLHQHLQLJHU(LQULFKWXQJHQ DXHUKDOE LKUHU 6WlGWH VHOEVW PLWZLUNW KDEHQ XQG GDKHU YLHOH 9HUlQGHUXQJHQ PLWHUOHEWHQ 'LHVH 9HUlQGHUXQJHQ ZXUGHQ LQ QRFK HQWOHJHQHUHQ QlPOLFK LQ EHUJLVFKHQ RGHU YRP =HQWUXP HQWIHUQWHQ 5HJLRQHQ RGHU EHL lOWHUHQ 3HUVRQHQGLHXQVDOV4XHOOHGLHQWHQQLFKWEHREDFKWHW (LQH GHU ZHLWHUHQ ZLFKWLJHQ (LJHQKHLWHQ GLH ZLU DP (QGH XQVHUHU 6WXGLHQ IHVWVWHOOHQ NRQQWHQ ZDU GDVV GLH DQDWROLVFKHQ9RONVOLHGHUXQDEKlQJLJGDYRQREVLHPLWGHP *ODXEHQ]XWXQKDEHQRGHUQLFKWQLFKW]XVDPPHQJHWUDJHQ ZRUGHQ ZDUHQ XQG GXUFK HLQH :HLWHUJDEH YRQ 0HLVWHU VSLHOHUXQG6FKOHULQQHUKDOEGHU%HY|ONHUXQJDP/HEHQ JHKDOWHQ ZXUGHQ $XFK ZHQQ ZLU EHL XQVHUHQ 6WXGLHQ ]HLWOLFKEHJUHQ]WZDUHQVLQGZLUGHUhEHU]HXJXQJGDVVGLH %HPKXQJHQYLHOHGHU0HORGLHQXQG6LWWHQXQG%UlXFKHQ ]XHUKDOWHQDXVUHLFKHQGVLQG'LHUHJLRQDOH*HVDQJVNXOWXU LVWOHEHQGLJXQGGLHYRQGHQ)UDXHQJHWUDJHQHQ7UDFKWHQ PDFKHQ GLH 9HUEXQGHQKHLW ]XU 7UDGLWLRQ GHXWOLFK 'LHVH 7UDGLWLRQ>GKGDV7UDJHQGHU7UDFKWHQ@ZLUGGDGXUFKDP /HEHQJHKDOWHQGDVVGLH7UDFKWHQVRZRKOLPDOOWlJOLFKHQ /HEHQ DOV DXFK EHL UHOLJL|VHQ XQG QLFKWUHOLJL|VHQ =HUHPRQLHQXQG)HVWHQJHWUDJHQZHUGHQ :lKUHQG HLQLJH ƗúÕN LQ GHU >VRJ@ /D5H6RO6WLPPXQJ ´ER]XNG]HQ´VSLHOHQXQGVLQJHQEHQXW]HQDQGHUHGLH >VRJ@ /D5H0L6WLPPXQJ ´ED÷ODPD G]HQL´ 8QVHUH 6WXGLHQ KDEHQ JH]HLJW GDVV ZlKUHQG GLH 9lWHU RGHU *URYlWHUGHUƗúÕNGHUFHP=HUHPRQLHQFHPkúÕNODUÕLQ GHU/D5H0L6WLPPXQJVSLHOWHQVLHVRJDUVD]EHQXW]WHQ GLH]Z|OI%QGHEHVDHQ (V ZXUGH HEHQIDOOV GHXWOLFK GDVV VLH LP *HJHQVDW] ]X LKUHQ 9lWHUQ XQG *URYlWHUQ GLH GHQ %HJULII ´GH\Lú´ >IU GLH UHOLJL|VHQ /LHGHU XQG *HGLFKWH@ JHEUDXFKWHQ GHQ%HJULII´D\HW´YHUZHQGHWHQ(LQLJHVSUHFKHQDQVWDWW YRQGHUED÷ODPDE]ZDúÕNODPD6WLPPXQJYRQGHUD\HW 6WLPPXQJ 'LH >VRJ@ ´X]XQ KDYD´ ZHUGHQ JHQHUHOO DOV ´GRP]WH]DG´JHVSLHOW Das VHPDK EHVWHKW JUXQGVlW]OLFK DXV ]ZHL 7HLOHQ GLH ´D÷ÕUODPD´XQG´\HOGLUPH´JHQDQQWZHUGHQ'LHD÷ÕUODPD KDWHLQHHU7DNWXQJ'LH\HOGLUPHKLQJHJHQKDWPHLVWHQV HLQH7DNWXQJXQGLVWVRPLWYLHOVFKQHOOHU'DV´VHPDK GHU +HU]HQ´ ´J|QOOHU VHPDKÕ´ NRPPW LQ GHQ 6WlGWHQ 7RNDW 6LYDV$PDV\D <R]JDW XQG dRUXP YRU XQG ZLUG YRQGHQKLHUOHEHQGHQ6ÕUDo7XUNPHQHQSUDNWL]LHUW >(VKDQGHOWVLFKKLHUEHLXPQLFKWUK\WKPLVFKH/LHGHU@ >(VKDQGHOWVLFKKLHUEHLXPQLFKWUK\WKPLVFKH/LHGHU@ >"@ FORSCHUNGSZEITSCHRIFT ÜBER ALEVITENTUM UND BEKTASCHITENTUM g=0(1 øVPDLO $OHYL%HNWDúL ùLLUOHUL $QWRORMLVL & <\ 6D\SD <D\ÕQ 'D÷ÕWÕP YH .LWDEHYL $QNDUD 3(.ù(1 *DQL $QDGROX 'HUOHPHOHULP (JH hQLYHUVLWHVL%DVÕPHYLø]PLU 3URI 'U %2.857 )XDW $OHYLOL÷LQ 7RSOXPVDO %R\XWODUÕ<D\ODFÕN0DWEDDVÕøVWDQEXO ù(1(5 &HPDO %HQLP .kEHP øQVDQGÕU $' <D\ÕQFÕOÕNøVWDQEXO /LWHUDWXUYHU]HLFKQLV AVCI $OL +D\GDU 2VPDQOÕ *L]OL 7DULKLQGH 3LU 6XOWDQ $EGDOYHEWQGH\LúOHUL1RNWD.LWDSøVWDQEXO '(9(/,2ö/8)HULW2VPDQOÕFD7UNoH$QVLNORSHGLN/JDW $\GÕQ.LWDEHYL$QNDUD ERSEVEN øOKDQ &HP $OHYLOHUGH 6HPDK $QW \D\ÕQODUÕ øVWDQEXO .(1$12ö/8$OLONARLIøVPDLO+XE\DU6XOWDQ2FD÷ÕYH %H\GLOL 6ÕUDo 7UNPHQOHUL .HOHEHN 0DWEDDVÕ øVWDQEXO ÖZMEN øVPDLO $OHYL%HNWDúL ùLLUOHUL $QWRORMLVL %QG 66D\SD<D\ÕQ'D÷ÕWÕPYH .LWDEHYL$QNDUD 3(.ù(1*DQL$QDGROX'HUOHPHOHULP(JHhQLYHUVLWHVL %DVÕPHYLø]PLU BOZKURT )XDW $OHYLOL÷LQ 7RSOXPVDO %R\XWODUÕ <D\ODFÕN 0DWEDDVÕøVWDQEXO ùENER &HPDO %HQLP .kEHP øQVDQGÕU $' <D\ÕQFÕOÕN øVWDQEXO 3Ë50%/('+-( .XUVWXGMRMPsPX]LNsQWUDGLFLRQDOHWs7RNDWLWGKH]RQDYHSsUUUHWKGDOORKHWTsNDQMsPsQ\UsNDUDNWHULVWLNHQs OXDMWMHQGKHWKsQMHQHNsQJsYH$VKWXVLGKHQs]RQDWHWMHUDWs$QDGROOLWHGKHQs7RNDWUXKHQQXDQFDWsQGU\VKPHWsFLODW HWUHJRMQsYHWsQHW\UHGKHTsHJ]LVWRMQsHGKHQsEHVLPHWPLVWLNH3sUVKHPEXOONsQJsWSRSXOORUH5HúDGL\H5HVKDGLMH NDQsYHoRULQsTsOXKHQGKHWKXKHQNsQGRKHQHNsWsJMsHVKRKLPHGKHQs³$MHWHW%HMWHWGKH6HPDW´TsWKXKHQQs;KHP 1sGLDOHNWLQYHQGDVNMRPsQ\UsNsQGLPLTXKHW³)DGLND÷]Õ´GKHPHNsWsPsQ\UsKDVLPHGKHQsSsUULWHWH;KHPLW 1sSsUIXQGLPWsVWXGLPHYHTsNHPLEsrsQsUUHWKLQ7RNDWSsUYHoQMsJUXSLWsQMRKXUVL$OHYLWsFLOsWSRWLVKRKLP QsWKHOEMDQs³$OHYLWs6LUDNXW´QsNsWs]RMQsMHWRMQsHGKH%DNWDVKLQMVLGKH$OHYLWsDUGKXUQJD]RQDWsWMHUD&HPUHPRQLWs ULWXDOHWsFHPLWQs¿OOLPGXNHQVLNXUMDQsQMsVRMSRUQJDVWXGLPLTsNHPLEsrsXYXUHVHQsWKHOENDQsQGU\VKLPH 6LQsWsJMLWKsT\WHWHWHPsGKDHGKHQs7RNDWGKH]RQDWUUHWKWLMNDQJMDVKPsULQsULWHWH[KHPLWVHSVHDOHYLWsMDQs WsNXMGHVVKsPSsUWsVLJXUXDUYD]KGLPsVLQsHUUXJss ssW\UHGKHWUHJRMQsWsQMHMWLQNXMGHVHGKHSsUYRNDOLQGKHUsQMHVVs 6D]LWPMHWPX]LNRUTsQJMDQPHoLIWHOLQsSRUNDPsVKXPsWHODGKHsVKWsPsHPDGKH 3sU VKHPEXOO Qs T\WHWLQ H 7RNDWLW PsQ\UD H YRNDOL]LPLW Ws NsQJsYH SRSXOORUH EsKHW VLSDV GLVD VKDEOORQDYH H PHJMLWKDWsSsUGLVDGHGHGKHDVKLNsWs[KHPLWNMRQXNsVKWsHUsQGsVLVKPH1sQMsNRKsTsSsrWsVLJXUXDUYD]KGLPsVLQs HNXOWXUsVGKHYHoRULYHNDUDNWHULVWLNHWs]RQsVGRWsWKRWsWsVKSUHKHVKPHSDVXULWsHNXOWXUsVTsHJ]LVWRMQsDWMH3sr VKHPEXOONRKsPsSDUsHQMHMWDEHMWHTsNsQGRKHWHOXKHWQs$UJXYDQWs0DODW\DV0DOODWMDV sVKWsQGU\VKHQD$UDSKLU $\GÕQ $MGsQ 6LYDV DSR 0DUDú 0DUDVK SRU WDVKPs Qs Ws JMLWKD NsWR ]RQD KDVLP JDWL JDWL Ws Qs Ws QMHMWsQ PsQ\Us NsQGLPL3sUKDSMDHPMHWsYHWsNRPXQLNLPLWGDOMDQsSDKHNXOWXUsVPRGHUQHVsPRGsVNDEsrsQMsQGLNLPQHJDWLYPEL QMHUs]LW 1s NsWs ]RQs QMHUs]LW SsUYHo PX]LNsV SRSXOORUH Qs GLVD NRKs Ws FDNWXDUD Ws YLWLW PEOLGKHQ HGKH SsU Ws NU\HU GHW\ULPHWHULWHWYHIHWDUH6LSDVYHoRULYHWsNsW\UH[KHPUDYHSHUVRQDWTsNDQsGHW\UDQsID]DWsQGU\VKPHWsULWXDOHYH Ws FLOsW TXKHQ DVKLN Ws ;KHPLW PH 6D] Qs GRUs OXDMQs NsQJs SRSXOORUH Ws OORMHYH Ws QGU\VKPH VL %HMWH GXD]Õ øPDPD PLKUDoODPD3HUYD]7HYKLGGKHNsQGRMQsVHPDWs]HPUDYH )XVKDMRQsHVWXGLPLWNDVLTsOOLPWsLGHQWL¿NRMsPHORGLWsTsOXDMQsGKHNsQGRMQsDVKLNsWH[KHPLWGKHWsEsKHW VWXGLPLLPsQ\UsVVsOXDMWMHVVsW\UHQsNsWs]RQs )MDOsWN\oH$MHW%HMWL'XD]ÕLPDP0LKUDoODPD6HPDH=HPUDYH $/(9ø/ø.%(.7$ùø/ø.$5$ù7,50$/$5,'(5*ø6ø 6D\Õ
Benzer belgeler
113 ORTAK KÜLTÜR DEĞERLERİMİZİN ŞİFRESİ Password Our
DUDFÕOÕ÷Õ LOH$UDS YH )DUV WDDVVXEX N|UNOHQPLúWLU *|oHEH YH \DUÕ J|oHEH KDON LVH
W|UHVHOOL÷LLoLQGHPHGUHVHH÷LWLPLQGHQX]DN0VOPDQOÕ÷Õ(PHYLVDOWDQDWÕVÕUDVÕQGD
9DOL.XWH\EH¶QLQ]...
H÷LúLP 6 UHFLQGH $OHYL - Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi
ZHUGHQ'LH6FKDPDQHQZDUHQQXQMHQH0HQVFKHQGLH
DXFK GLHVH $XIJDEH EHUQDKPHQ 'DKHU ZDU HV LKUH
$XIJDEHGLH%H]LHKXQJHQ]ZLVFKHQGHP-HQVHLWVGDV
VLHDXFKÄ*HLVWHUZHOW³QDQQWHQXQG...
MULTIPLE WINDOW TIME-VARYING sPECTRUM EsTIMATION
¥¦jr=g2ª× Ø ¥¦»¦«jª r;»¦Ãg¬S¥¦ ,¨j¥¦gr+,,¬S^j4r¬ ¥°¬S»ÄMr^qVp¤d2j¤A¯,¥¦6¬S×^·,¥¦¥¦Y+r4 ª §
¤º¢...
forschungszeıtschrıft über alevıtentum und bektaschıtentum
LQ GHQ YRQ GHQ $OHYLWHQ $UGDKDQV VWDUN EHVLHGHOWHQ
'|UIHUQ *QGHú XQG (VNLNÕOÕo JHZRQQHQ 1HEHQ
GHQ WHLOQHKPHQGHQ %HREDFKWXQJHQ ZXUGHQ DXFK
DXVJHGHKQWH*HVSUlFKHPLW]ZHLDOHYLWL...
PDF İndir - Alevilik-Bektaşilik Araştırmaları Dergisi
7RNDWDQGLQWKHSURYLQFHDQGGLVWULFWVH[HPLQHGWKHWUDGLWLRQIRONPXVLFVSHFL¿FWKHUHSOD\LQJDQGVLQJLQJ
EHORQJVWRDUHD$VZLWKRWKHUFLWLHVDQGRXWOL\QJWRZQVRI$QDWROLDVWLOH[LVWVLQGLII...
“Hızır İsen Kurtar Beni” İsimli Deyişi - Alevilik
ED]Õ FHP kúÕNODUÕ YH ED]Õ GHGHOHU LoLQ |QHP DU]
HWPHPHNWHGLU +kOEXNL NOWUQ GHYDPOÕOÕ÷Õ YH
\|UHQLQ NHQGLQH DLW EX |]HOOLNOHU RUDGD \DúD\DQ
NOWUHO]HQJLQOL÷LLIDGHHWPHNWH...