Baskı önizleme - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
Transkript
Hakemli. Makale .85$/6,=9(%$6.,&,(0(.5(-ø0ø1(%$.$5.(1 ø1ù$$76(.7g5h1'(øùdø6$ö/,ö,9(øù*h9(1/øöø )RFXVLQJRQ'HUHJXODWHGDQG'HVSRWLF/DERXU5HJLPH+HDOWK DQG6DIHW\LQ&RQVWUXFWLRQ,QGXVWU\ *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQOÕ" &* Öz úüoL V×Q×I×Q×Q GDKD D] FUHWOHUOH GDKD ID]OD oDO×üW×ù× oDO×üPD VDDWOHULQLQ EHOLUVL] ROGXùX JYHQFHVL]YHJYHQVL]oDO×üPD\DüDP×Q×QWDOLGHùLOJHOHQHNVHOUHWLP\DS×V×Q×Q\HULQLDODQ DVOLHPHNUHMLPLKDOLQHJHOGLùLELUVUHo\DüDQPDNWDG×U%XVUHFLQ|QHPOLELUER\XWXGDLüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùL NRQXVXQGD HPHNoL V×Q×ÁDU×Q ND]DQ×PODU×Q× ND\EHWPHVL GDKD ID]OD YH GDKD üLGGHWOL Lü ND]DODU× YH PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU×Q×Q NXUEDQ× ROPDV×G×U 2UWDGD FLGGL ELU V×Q×I VDYDü×P×EXOXQPDNWDYHEXVDYDüWDVD\×V×]HUNHNYHNDG×QLüoL\DüDP×Q×ND\EHWPHNWHGLU(PHN YHVHUPD\HDUDV×QGDNLLOLüNL\HEDN×OG×ù×QGDLVHHPHNoLV×Q×ÁDU×QSHNoRNND]DQ×P×Q×ND\EHWWLùL NDSLWDOL]PLQ NXUDOV×] HVQHN YH EDVN×F× oDO×üPD NRüXOODU×Q×Q WDüHURQODüPD\× DVOL ELU UHWLP üHNOLKDOLQHJHWLUGLùLJ|UOPHNWHGLU6|]NRQXVXVUHoOHUEDVN×F×ELUHPHNUHMLPLEDùODP×QGD LQFHOHQPHOLGLUúQüDDWVHNW|UGHNXUDOV×]G]HQVL]HVQHNYHWDüHURQDGD\DO×UHWLP\DS×V×\OD DUW×N JHQHOL GDKD ID]OD \DQV×WDQ ELU VHNW|U KDOLQH JHOPLüWLU7RSODP LVWLKGDPGDNL SD\× \]GH G]H\LQGH NDODQ LQüDDW VHNW|UQQ WRSODP |OPO Lü ND]DODU×QGDNL SD\× \DNODü×N oWH ELURUDQ×QGDROXS\×OGDRUWDODPDLüoLQLQ\DüDP×Q×\LWLUGLùLEXVHNW|U|OPOHVRQXoODQDQ Lü ND]DODU×QGD LON V×UDGD \HU DOPDNWDG×U %X \D]×GD HPHN VHUPD\H oHOLüNLVL EDùODP×QGD LüoL VDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùLLQFHOHQPLüWLU.XUDOV×]HVQHNYHWDüHURQDGD\DO×UHWLPLQJLGHUHNKDNLP KDOHJHOGLùLJHUoHùLYXUJXODQP×üLQüDDWVHNW|U|]HOLQGHHPHNVHUPD\HoHOLüNLVLQLQHQ\RùXQ KLVVHGLOGLùLDODQODUGDQLüoLVDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùLDODQ×QD\RùXQODü×OP×üLQüDDWVHNW|UQGHNLLü ND]DODU× YH PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU× YHULOHUL GHùHUOHQGLULOPLüWLU<DS×ODQ GHùHUOHQGLUPHOHU ×ü×ù×QGD LüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùLQLQ V×Q×I PFDGHOHVLQLQ HQ WHPHO ELOHüHQOHULQGHQ ELULVL ROGXùX YXUJXODQP×üW×U Anahtar Sözcükler: .XUDOV×]YHHVQHNUHWLP%DVN×F×HPHNUHMLPLWDüHURQOXNúüoL6DùO×ù× YHúü*YHQOLùLúQüDDW6HNW|U ú7húQüDDW)DNOWHVLúQüDDW0KHQGLVOLùL%|OP'Ro'UJXUFDQOLJ#LWXHGXWU (ùLWLP%LOLP7RSOXP'HUJLVL&LOW6D\×.×üSayfa: (GXFDWLRQ6FLHQFH6RFLHW\-RXUQDO9ROXPH,VVXH:LQWHU3DJH *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× Abstract &XUUHQWFRQGLWLRQVRIZRUNLQJOLIHDUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVGHFUHDVLQJZDJHVZKLOHLQFUHDVLQJDQG XQGHÀ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´ÁH[LEOHµGHVSRWLFDQGVXEFRQUDFWRULQJDQGRURXWVRXUFLQJEDVHG IRUPV IRU \HDUV 7KHVH FRXUVH RI HYHQWV VKRXOG EH DVFHUWDLQHG IURP WKH YLHZ RI RSSUHVVLYH RUGHVSRWLFODERXUUHJLPHFRQFHSWXDOIUDPHZRUN&RQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\KDVEHFRPHDVHFWRU ZKLFKUHÁHFWVWKHZKROHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIFDSLWDOLVPZLWKLWVLUUHJXODULQRUGLQDWHVWUXFWXUHDQG FRQWLQJHQWIRUPVRIZRUNEDVHGRQVXEFRQUDFWLQJ0RUHYHUFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\·VVKDUHLQ WRWDOZRUNIRUFHLVQHDUO\RUSHUFHQWZKLOHLWLVUHVSRQVLEOHQHDUO\SHUFHQWRIWRWDOIDWDO RFFXSDWLRQDODFFLGHQWVDQGZLWKDQDYHUDJH\HDUO\IDWDOLWLHVWKHLQGXVWU\UDQNVÀUVWDPRQJ DOOLQGXVWULHV,QWKLVSDSHURFFXSDWLRQDOKHDOWKDQGVDIHW\LVDVFHUWDLQHGXQGHUWKHJXLGDQFH RIODERXUDQGFDSLWDODQWDJRQLVP,UUHJXODULQRUGLQDWHÁH[LEOHGHVSRWLFDQGVXEFRQUDFWRULQJ DQGRURXWVRXUFLQJEDVHGIRUPVDVSUHYDOHQWDQGGRPLQDQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWRGD\VFDSLWDOLVP DQGWKHLUHIIHFWVRQRFFXSDWLRQDOKHDOWKDQGVDIHW\DUHDVFHUWDLQHGDQGGLVFXVVHG&RQVWUXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\LVFKRVHQDVDIRFDOSRLQWWRUHYHDOODERXUDQGFDSLWDODQWDJRQLVPLQIRUPRIRFFXSDWLRQDO DFFLGHQWVDQGGHVHDVHVVWDWLVWLFDOÀJXUHVXSRQDFFLGHQWVDUHH[DPLQHGDQDO\]HGDQGGLVFXVVHG )URP WKH YLHZ RI WKHVH HYDOXDWLRQV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI RFFXSDWLRQDO KHDOWK DQG VDIHW\ DV DQ HVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWRIFODVVVWUXJJOHLVHPSKDVL]HG Keywords: 'HUHJXODWHG DQG ÁH[LEOH SURGXFWLRQ 'HVSRWLF ODERXU UHJLPH 6XEFRQWUDFWLQJ 2FFXSDWLRQDO+HDOWKDQG6DIHW\&RQVWUXFWLRQ,QGXVWU\ *ú5úû <DüDG×ù×P×] \×OODU×Q LQVDQO×N WDULKL Do×V×QGDQ ROXPOX RODUDN DQ×OPD\DFDù× KHPHQ KHPHQ KHUNHV WDUDI×QGDQ V|\OHQHELOLU 6HUPD\H V×Q×I×Q×Q ·OHUOH ELUOLNWHEDüODG×ù×NDUü×VDOG×U×·ODUODELUOLNWHVRV\DOLVWONHOHULQo|]Oü ·OL\×OODUODELUOLNWHHPSHU\DOL]PLQWPGQ\D\×\HQLGHQüHNLOOHQGLUPH\H EDüODPDV×YHEXQGDGDE|OJHVHOVDYDüDVNHULPGDKDOH\LKDUHNHWHJHoLUPHVL VRQUDNL \×OODUGD ´GHPRNUDWLNµ PGDKDOH ELoLPOHUL LOH ONH UHMLPOHULQL üHNLOOHQGLUPHVLN×VDFDVUHFL|]HWOH\HELOLU7PEXVUHoOHULQHPHNoLV×Q×ÁDUD \DQV×PDV× LüVL]OLN \RNVXOODüPD oDO×üPD NRüXOODU×Q×Q JLGHUHN N|WOHüPHVL |UJWV]OHüPHVHQGLNDV×]ODüPD ROXUNHQ LüoL V×Q×I× LoLQGH HWNLVLQL DUW×UDQ LGHRORMLOHU NDGHUFLOLN YH PLOOL\HWoLOLùL NLPL ]DPDQ PLNURPLOOL\HWoLOLN ELU SRWDGD HULWHQ JHULFL GLQVHO LGHRORMLOHU KDOLQH JHOPLüWLU úüoL V×Q×I×Q×Q |]HWOH ´GDKDD]YHGDKDN|W\OHµ\HWLQHELOPHVLYHEDüNDOG×UPDPDV×EDVN×F×ELUHPHN UHMLPLQLQ NXUXOPDV× LoLQ GH |UJWO WRSOXP \HULQL FHPDDWOHULQ N|N VDOG×ù× WRSOXPODUD E×UDNP×üW×U hONHPL]GH \DüDQDQ VUHoOHU GH GQ\DGDQ EDù×PV×] JHUoHNOHüPHPLüWLU 7PEX|]HWJLGLüDWLoLQGHLüoLV×Q×I×Q×QGDKDD]FUHWOHUOHGDKDID]ODoDO×üW×ù× oDO×üPDVDDWOHULQLQEHOLUVL]ROGXùXJYHQFHVL]YHJYHQVL]oDO×üPDRUWDP×Q×Q &! .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL '# WDOL GHùLO JHOHQHNVHO UHWLP \DS×V×Q×Q \HULQL DODQ DVOL HPHN UHMLPL KDOLQH JHOGLùLELUVUHoWHQV|]HGLOPHOLGLU%XVUHFLQ|QHPOLELUER\XWXGDEX\D]×GD YXUJXODQDFDù×]HUHLüoLVDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùLNRQXVXQGDHPHNoLV×Q×ÁDU×Q ND]DQ×PODU×Q×ND\EHWPHVLGDKDID]ODYHGDKDüLGGHWOLLüND]DODU×YHPHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU×Q×QNXUEDQ×ROPDV×G×UúüLQGRùUXVXRUWDGDFLGGLELUV×Q×IVDYDü×P× EXOXQPDNWDYHEXVDYDüWDVD\×V×]HUNHNYHNDG×QLüoL\DüDP×Q×ND\EHWPHNWHGLU *QP]GH GH EX VDYDüWD ELQOHUFH PLO\RQODUFD HPHNoL \DüDP×Q× \LWLUL\RU úVWDWLVWLNOHUVDYDü×QüLGGHWLQLRUWD\DNR\X\RU8OXVODUDUDV×dDO×üPDgUJW·QQ ,/2\×O×Do×NODPDODU×QDJ|UHKHU\×O\DNODü×NPLO\RQELQLQVDQLü ND]DODU×YHPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×QHGHQL\OH\DüDP×Q×\LWLUPHNWHGLU'Q\DGDKHU \×OPLO\RQLüND]DV×JHUoHNOHüPHNWHYHPLO\RQLQVDQGDoDO×üPDGDQ ND\QDNO×KDVWDO×NPH\GDQDJHOPHNWHGLU(NRQRPLNNUL]OHULQJHOLüNLQNDSLWDOLVW ONHOHULHWNLVLDOW×QDDOPDG×ù×G|QHPHLOLüNLQEXWDKPLQOHUHJ|UHGQ\DGDKHU VDQL\HGH ELU LüoL Lü ND]DODU× YH\D PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU× QHGHQL\OH KD\DW×Q× ND\EHWPHNWHGLU +HU JQ \DNODü×N ELQ NLüL Lü ND]DV× YH\D PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU×QHGHQL\OH\DüDP×Q×ND\EHWPHNWHGLU+HU\×O\DNODü×NRODUDN ELQ NLüL Lü ND]DV× PLO\RQ ELQ NLüL LVH PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU×QGDQ GROD\× \DüDP×Q× \LWLUPHNWHGLU +HU \×O PLO\RQ Lü ND]DV× PH\GDQD JHOPHNWH YH PLO\RQ NLüL PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU×QD \DNDODQPDNWDG×U +HU \×O oRùXQOXNOD \RNVXO YH GQ\D NDSLWDOLVW VLVWHPLQLQ HQ DOW×QGDNL ONHOHUGH ]HKLUOL PDGGHOHUGHQ GROD\× ELQ LüoL \DüDP×Q× \LWLUPHNWH YH GQ\DGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ FLOW NDQVHUL KDVWDO×NODU×Q×Q ·XQXQ Lü\HUOHULQGH ]HKLUOL PDGGHOHUOH WHPDV \]QGHQ ROXüWXùX EHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU ,/2·\D J|UH ELOGLULP YH ND\×W VLVWHPLQGHNLHNVLNOLNOHUQHGHQL\OHoRùXONHLoLQEXUDNDPODU×QWDKPLQOHUGHQ GDKD \NVHN o×NPDV× NDo×Q×OPD]G×U +HU \×O VLOLV WR]XQGDQ ND\QDNODQDQ YH |OPFOELUDNFLùHUKDVWDO×ù×RODQVLOLNRVLVRQPLO\RQODUFDLQVDQ×QKD\DW×Q× HWNLOHPHNWHGLU /DWLQ $PHULND·GD PDGHQ LüoLOHULQLQ ·VL EX KDVWDO×ùD \DNDODQP×üW×U%XRUDQ\Dü×Q]HULQGHNLLüoLOHUGH·\H\NVHOPHNWHGLU +LQGLVWDQ·GDWDüNDOHPLüoLOHULQLQ·VLYHWDüN×UPDLüoLOHULQLQ·V×EX KDVWDO×ùD \DNDODQP×ü GXUXPGDG×U %X \D]×Q×Q NRQXVX RODQ LQüDDW VHNW|UQH LOLüNLQ LVH ,/2 UDNDPODU× VHNW|UHO DQODPGD ELU N×\×P×Q KHU \×O \DüDQG×ù×Q× J|VWHUPHNWHGLU,/2UDNDPODU×QDJ|UHWPGQ\DGDLQüDDWVHNW|UQGHKHU\×O |OPFO ND]D \DüDQPDNWD YH EXQD J|UH KHU GDNLNDGD ELU NLüL EX üHNLOGHLüND]DV×VRQXFX\DüDP×Q×\LWLUPHNWHGLUZZZLORRUJ+HUVDYDü×QLNL WDUDI×YDUG×UYHLüoLV×Q×I×Q×QHPHNWHQ\DQDJoOHULQLüoLVDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùL DODQ×Q×EXDo×GDQHOHDOPDODU×JHUHNPHNWHGLU (PHN6HUPD\HoHOLüNLVLEDùODP×QGDLüoLVDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùL 6HUPD\H V×Q×I× UHWLP VUHoOHULQGH LüoL V×Q×I× LOH FUHW SD]DUO×ù× \DSDELOLU FUHWOHU YH VRV\DO KDNODU ]HULQGHQ WDUW×üDELOLU $QFDN UHWLPLQ NHQGLVL UHWLP WHNQLNOHUL UHWLPLQ \DS×V× YH WP EXQODUOD LOLüNLOL RODUDN oDO×üPD NRüXOODU× VHUPD\H Do×V×QGDQ GRNXQXOPD] ELU DODQG×U %X DODQ×Q \HQLGHQ G]HQOHQPHVLYHVHUPD\HQLQJHULOHWLOPHVLDQFDNFLGGLV×Q×IPFDGHOHOHULQLQ VRQXFXGXUúüoLVDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùLWDPGDEXUD\DRWXUPDNWDG×U=LUDELU *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× \DQGDHPHNHNRQRPLNKDNODU×Q×Q\DQ×V×UDLQVDQFD oDO×üPD NRüXOODU× WDOHS HGHUHNVHUPD\HQLQNDUü×V×QDo×NDUYHRQXQLoLQHQNDUO×RODQUHWLP\DS×V×Q× GHùLüWLUPH\H ]RUODU 6HUPD\H LVH EX DODQ× GRNXQXOPD] LODQ HGHU \DVDO G]HQOHPHOHUHERùDUGHYOHWLQEXDODQDPGDKDOHVLQLPPNQROGXùXQGDHQ D]DLQGLUPH\HoDO×ü×UYHLüLQ|]QGHLVWHGLùLJLELGDYUDQPDNLVWHU%XDODQ×Q GRNXQXOPD] ROPDV×Q×Q HQ E\N QHGHQOHULQGHQ ELULVL GH GRùUXGDQ YDURODQ G]HQLQ VRUJXODQPDV×Q× GD EHUDEHULQGH JHWLUHFHN ROPDV×G×U úüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùLQH GH EX Do×GDQ EDNPDN JHUHNLU .DSLWDOL]P GQ\DGD JHUoHN DQODPGD oDO×üDQODU×Q DQFDN oRN NoN ELU E|OPQH VDùO×NO× YH JYHQOL ELU oDO×üPDRUWDP×VXQDUNLEXGDLüoLV×Q×I×Q×Q\×OODUER\XQFDVUHQPFDGHOHOHUL VRQXFXQGDHOGHHGLOPLüKDNODUG×U*HOLüNLQNDSLWDOLVWONHOHUGHGHPHUNH]LQ GDKD GRùUXVX NHQW PHUNH]OHULQLQ ELUD] G×ü×QD o×NW×ù×Q×]GD J|oPHQ HPHùL NXOODQ×P×Q×QD]×QO×NODU×QLüJFSL\DVDV×QGDXFX]LüJFRODUDNNXOODQ×P×Q×Q GDKDGRùUXELULIDGH\OHNXUDOV×]O×ù×QKDNLPROGXùXE|OJHOHUGHGHJHULNDOP×ü ONHOHULQ QHUHGH\VH ELUHELU \DQV×PDV×Q× EXOXUVXQX] $%'·GH 0HNVLNDO× J|oPHQOHU $YUXSD·GD HVNL VRV\DOLVW ONHOHUGHQ JHOHQ QLWHOLNOL $IULND YH 2UWDGRùX·GDQJHOHQQLWHOLNVL]YHKHULNLVLGHXFX]LüJFRODUDNNDSLWDOL]PLQ oDUNODU×Q×QG|QPHVLQLVDùODPDNWDG×U7UNL\HYH|]HOOLNOHLQüDDWVHNW|UV|] NRQXVX ROGXùXQGD GD J|oPHQ HPHùLQLQ URO FLGGL ER\XWODUGDG×U 7P EX NXUDOV×]O×NJLGHUHN\D\J×QODüDUDNN|WoDO×üPDNRüXOODU×Q×WDOLGHùLODVOLKDOH JHWLUPLüWLU2EDN×PGDQ|UQHùLQELU$OPDQPHWDOLüoLVLQLQoDO×üPDNRüXOODU× JHQHOLKHPHQKHPHQKLo\DQV×WPD] 7RSOXPVDOV×Q×IVDO]RUXQKHQ]|UJWOHQPHPLüROGXùXLQVDQ×QWHPHOÀ]\R SVLNRORMLN JHOLüLP VUHoOHULQL WDPDPODG×ù× G|QHPOHUGH HPHùLQ NDUDNWHULQL EHOLUOH\HQ NXüNXVX] \DUDW×F× NROHNWLI UQ\OH GHùHUOL HPHNoLQLQ NHQGL HPHùL]HULQGHV|]VDKLELROGXùXoRN\|QOYHJHOLüHQELU|]HOOLNWDü×\RUGX $QFDN NDSLWDOL]P LoLQGH EX |]HOOLNOHU VW \DS×GDNL EDVN×Q×Q DOW \DS×VDO LOLüNLOHUHGHQHUHGH\VHELUHELU\DQV×PDV×\ODEDVN×F×ELUNDUDNWHUDOP×üLQVDQ×Q VDùO×NO×YHPXWOXROPDV×Q×QYHEXQDX\JXQoDO×üPDV×Q×QQHVQHO]HPLQLYDUNHQ NDSLWDOL]PLQ LQVDQO×N WDULKVHOOLùLQGH HJHPHQ ROPDV×\OD ELUOLNWH VDùO×N YH KDOL\OHLüoLVDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùLWDQ×P×LüoLOHULQVHUPD\HELULNLPVUHFLQGHNL X\JXQ WRSOXPVDO UROOHULQL EDüDUPDV× NDSDVLWHVL RODUDN DQODü×OPDNWDG×U %LU EDüND LIDGH\OH VHUPD\HQLQ LVWHGLùL G]H\GH UHWNHQOLN LoLQ DVJDUL G]H\GH LüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùL \HWHUOLGLU %XQXQ |WHVLQL WDOHS HWPHN VHUPD\H Do×V×QGDQNDEXOHGLOHPH] (PHNYHULPOLOLùLQGH·GHQ·DJHOLQGLùLQGH\]GHDUW×üYDUNHQ LüND]DV×Dù×UO×NK×]×QGDLVH\]GHYH|OPOLüND]DV×VD\×V×QGDGD\]GH DUW×üWHVSLWHGLOPLüWLU(PHNVHUPD\HoHOLüNLVLQLQLüoLVDùO×ù×QGDNLNDUü×O×ù× RODQEXGXUXPD\Q×]DPDQGD´HPHùLQVDùO×NO×ROPDKDNN×µQD\|QHOLNYHULOHQ PFDGHOH\L GH DQODü×O×U ELU ]HPLQH WDü×\DUDN PHüUXL\HW ND]DQG×UPDNWDG×U 7P EX V|\OHQHQOHUL HQ L\L \DQV×WDQ VHNW|U LVH LQüDDW VHNW|UGU úQüDDW VHNW|U\DS×V×LWLEDUL\OH|]HOVHNW|UQDù×UO×NWDROGXùXWDüHURQNXOODQ×P×Q×Q '" .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL \D\J×QYHQHUHGH\VHYD]JHoLOPH]ROGXùXNXUDOV×]YHHVQHNLüJFQHPHQ ELU|]HOOLNJ|VWHULU06*'HUJLVL3URI'U*LRYDQQL%HUOLQJXHU·LQ úüYH6DùO×NLOHúOJLOL2ODUDN(WLN6RUXQODUEDüO×NO×\D]×V×QGDGDYXUJXODG×ù× JLELNDU×QPDNVLPL]DV\RQXPDOL\HWOHULQPLQLPL]DV\RQXLOHLüoLVDùO×ù×YHLü JYHQOLùL DUDV×QGD GHULQ ELU oHOLüNL YDUG×U %HUOLQJXHU EX GXUXPX ´úüoLOHULQ VDùO×NYHJYHQOLùLQLVDùODPDLOHLüWHPLQLPXPPDOL\HWYHPDNVLPXPUHWLPL VDùODPD DUDV×QGDNL oHOLüNL KHU ]DPDQ YDU ROPXüWXUµ GL\HUHN LIDGH HWPLüWLU %HUOLQJXHU·H J|UH ´%X GHùHUOHU YH \DUDUODU DUDV×QGDNL LOLüNL HNRQRPLN GXUXPGDQVRV\DOJUXSODU×QJ|UHOLJFQGHQNDQXQODUGDQKNPHWWHQHWLN LONHOHUGHQKHU]DPDQHWNLOHQPLüWLUµ%HUOLQJXHU '$ 'LNNDW oHNLOPHVL JHUHNHQ |QHPOL ELU QRNWD LüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùLQLQ ELU KDN RODUDN NDEXO HGLOPHVLQLQ oRN \HQL ELU ROJX ROGXùXGXU úüLQ WHNQLN ER\XWX\OD LOJLOHQHQOHULQ µROXPOXµ X\JXODPDODUD |UQHN RODUDN YHUGLùL LNL ONHGHQúQJLOWHUH·GH\×O×QGD/RUG5REHQV·×QEDüNDQO×NHWWLùLNRPLWHQLQ KD]×UODG×ù× UDSRU YH |QHULOHUL EXJQ &RPPRQZHDOWK ONHOHULQGHNL LüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùL PHY]XDW×Q×Q WHPHOLQL ROXüWXUPXüWXU 5DSRUGD GLNNDW oHNLFLKXVXVEXJQHNDGDUGLùHULüYHWLFDULDPDoODUGDQELULVLRODUDNüLUNHW EQ\HVLQGH o|]POHQPH\H oDO×ü×ODQ LüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùLQLQ G×üWDQ NXUXOXüODU×Q PGDKDOHVL\OH G]HQOHQPHVL LKWL\DF×QD \DS×ODQ YXUJXGXU gQFHVLQGH WP WHNQLN G]HQOHPHOHUL ELU DUD\D WRSOD\DQ ELU \DVD YH\D \|QHWPHOLNEXOXQPDPDNWD\G×YHDQJORVDNVRQKXNXNVLVWHPLQLQGRùDO\DS×V× RODUDNJHoPLüWHJHUoHNOHüHQLüND]DODU×QDLOLüNLQLoWLKDWODUWHPHODO×QPDNWD\G× /LQJDUG5RZOLQVRQ.H]D$%'·GH\×O×QGDo×NDU×ODQúüoL 6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL7]ùQ2FFXSDWLRQDO6DIHW\DQG+HDOWK$FW NDEXOHWPHGHQ|QFHKHUKDQJLELUND]DQ×Q\DGDKDVWDO×NLoLQWD]PLQDWYHULOLS YHULOHPH\HFHùLQL GHùHUOHQGLUPHN ]HUH \DS×ODQ PXD\HQHOHUGH EX ROD\×Q VHEHELQLQND]DDQLEHNOHQPH\HQELUGXUXPROPDV×ROD\×Q\HUYH]DPDQ×Q×Q NHVLQ RODUDN EHOLUOHQPHVL üDUW× DUDQPDNWD\G× %X X\JXODPD ELUoRN ND]D YH KDVWDO×ù×QLü\HULRUWDP×QGDUXWLQYHEHNOHQHQELUROD\RODUDNGHùHUOHQGLULOHUHN LüoLQLQ WD]PLQDW DOPDV×Q× |QOHPLüWLU .RPLV\RQ D\Q× ]DPDQGD KHU WUO PHVOHNKDVWDO×ù×LüND]DV×YVLoLQW×EELEDN×PYHUHKDELOLWDV\RQKL]PHWOHULQLQ GRODUNDUü×O×ù×PDOL\HWLYHEXKL]PHWOHULQVUHVLLOHLOJLOLELUV×Q×UJHWLUPH\HFHN üHNLOGH\HQLGHQG]HQOHPH\DS×OPDV×KDNN×QGDWDYVL\HNDUDU×DOP×üW×U/DGRX úüND]DODU×Q×QGRùUXGDQ\DS×ODQLüLOHX\JXQLOOL\HWEDù×KXNXNVDODo×GDQGD WHPHONDEXOOHUGHQELULGLU%XQXQNDEXOHGLOHELOPHVLGHDQFDN\XNDU×GDYHULOHQ |UQHNWHQGHDQODü×ODFDù×JLELV×Q×IPFDGHOHOHULQLQELUVRQXFXRODUDNVRQUDGDQ RUWD\Do×NP×üW×UPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×Q×Q\DS×ODQLüOHEDù×Q×Q5DPD]]LQL·GHQEHUL ELOLQPHVLQHNDUü×QoDO×üPD\DüDP×QGDLüoLVDùO×ù×Do×V×QGDQWHNQLNYHKXNXNVDO RODUDN WHPHO RODUDN DO×QPDV×Q×Q \HQL ROGXùX JLEL gWH \DQGDQ g]GHPLU·LQ DOW×Q×oL]GLùLJLEL´LüND]DV×µNDYUDP×Lü\HULQGHLüoLQLQNDUü×NDUü×\DNDOG×ù× LVWHQPH\HQ EHNOHQPH\HQ LKPDONDUO×N GLNNDWVL]OLN YH üDQVV×]O×N VRQXFX *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× PH\GDQD JHOHQ ROD\ODU× NDSVDU ´úü ND]DV×µQD ´üDQVV×]O×N VRQXFX PH\GDQD JHOPHµDQODP×LoNLQGLUYHEXNDYUDPGD\HWHULQFHDo×NROPD\DQLVH´üDQVµ×Q GDWRSOXPVDORODUDNUHWLOHQV×Q×IVDOELUQLWHOLNWDü×G×ù×G×U'LùHUELUGH\LüOH DLWROXQDQV×Q×IUHWLPVUHFLQGHNL\HULQL]LEHOLUOHGLùLJLELLüND]DV×QDPDUX] NDOPD´üDQVµ×Q×]×GDGRùUXGDQEHOLUOHU%XQRNWDGDQKDUHNHWOHLüND]DV×YHLüoL VDùO×ù×NDYUDPODU×Q×QNDSLWDOLVWVLVWHPGHHPHNYHVHUPD\HV×Q×ÁDU×Q×QJ|UHOL JoOHULYHVHUPD\HELULNLPUHMLPOHULLoLQGHDQODü×ODELOHFHùLYXUJXODQPDO×G×U g]GHPLU %L] HùLWLPFLOHULQ oRùX NH] |ùUHQFLOHULPL] ]HULQGHQ J|]OHPOHGLùL ELU ROJX DLWROGXNODU×V×Q×IDYHWRSOXPGDNLNDWPDQGDNL\HUOHULQHJ|UHoHYUHOHULQGHNL \DN×Q YH\D X]DN DNUDED |OPOHULQLQ QH NDGDU IDUNO× ROGXùXGXU +HU HPHNoL DLOHVLQGHPXWODND|QHPVL]YH\D|QHPOLELULüND]DV×YDNDV×JHUoHNOHüPHNWH YHoRFXNODUEXQXQ\DUDWW×ù×WUDYPDODU×DLOHLoLQGHJ|]OHPOHPHNWHGLU$QFDN $.3·QLQ|QHVUGùNHVLQWLOLHùLWLPLOHDUW×NoRFXNODU×QEXND]DODUDEL]]DW PDUX] NDOPD RUDQODU× GD JLGHUHN DUWDFDNW×U (ùLWLP 6HQ·LQ EX NRQXGDNL X\DU×V× VRQ GHUHFH \HULQGHGLU ]LUD PHVOHùH \|QOHQGLUPHQLQ \Dü×QGDQ VRQUD \DS×ODFDN ROPDV× KHQ] HùLWLP VUHFLQLQ EDü×QGD RODQ YH JHOHFHN LOH LOJLOL VDùO×NO× NDUDUODU YHUHPH\HFHN GXUXPGD RODQ oRFXNODU×Q HUNHQ \DüODUGD\DSDFDù×ELOLQoVL]VHoLPOHULJQGHPHJHWLUHFHNYHVRQUDNL\×OODUGD |ùUHQFLOHULQ V|] NRQXVX VHoLPOHUH PDKNXP NDOPDV× ULVNLQL DUWW×UDFDNW×U 'Q\DONHOHULPHVOHùH\|QHOWPH\Dü×Q×RUWD|ùUHWLPOLVHEDüODQJ×F×QDGRùUX \|QOHQGLULUNHQSHGDJRMLNRODUDNKLoELUID\GDV×ROPD\DQHUNHQ\DüWDPHVOHùH \|QOHQGLUPH X\JXODPDV× oRFXNODUD \DS×ODFDN HQ E\N N|WON RODFDNW×U (ùLWLP6HQ$\U×FDPHVOHNOLVHOHULQLQGRùUXGDQ|]HOVHNW|UWHVOLPL JHQLüELUV|PUFHQQHWL\DUDWDFDN0(%PHVOHNLHùLWLPLWHüYLNDPDoODU×\OD RUJDQL]H VDQD\L E|OJHOHULQGH NXUXODFDN RNXOODU LoLQ |ùUHQFL EDü×QD WHüYLN YHUHFHNWLU\Dü×QGDQLWLEDUHQSDWURQODULoLQoDO×üPD\DEDüOD\DFDNoRFXNODU Do×V×QGDQ GXUXP oRFXN LüoLOLùLQ \DVDODüPDV× o×UDNO×N \Dü×Q×Q ·WHQ ·H GüUOPHVL WRSOXPVDO ND\QDNODUGDQ VHUPD\H\H EX ´RNXOODUµ DUDF×O×ù×\OD SD\ DNWDU×OPDV×G×U 6HoNLQ úüLQ ELU GLùHU ER\XWX EDVN×F× HPHN UHMLPL RODUDN WDULI HGLOHELOHFHN UHWLP LOLüNLOHULQLQ \Dü× JLGHUHN NoOHQ LüoLOHU ]HULQGH VRQ GHUHFH UDKDW ELU üHNLOGH X\JXODQDELOHFHùL ROJXVXGXU úü\HUOHULQGHo×UDNODUDE×UDN×QLüoLLQVDQPXDPHOHVLELOH\DS×OPDG×ù×GD\DNYH NIUQV×UDGDQODüW×ù×oDO×üPDRUWDPODU×QGD\DüDQDQODU×J|UPHNLoLQKHUKDQJL ELU RUJDQL]H VDQD\L E|OJHVLQH JLULS o×NPDN \HWHUOL RODFDNW×U $üDù×GDNL VDW×UODU *HE]H YH\D úNLWHOOL·\L GHùLO EXQGDQ LNL DV×U |QFHVLQGH \DüDQDQODU× DQODWPDNWDG×U 9HLQVDQWHNWHNEDUEDUO×NROD\ODU×Q×RNXGXùX]DPDQQH]DUHWoLOHULQoRFXNODU× \DWDNODU×QGDQ QDV×O o×U×Oo×SODN \DNDOD\×S NDOG×UG×ù×Q× YH JL\VLOHUL NROODU×QGD QDV×OWHNPHWRNDWIDEULND\DNRYDODG×ù×Q×X\NX\DGDOPDV×QODUGL\HoRFXNODU× QDV×O\XPUXNODG×NODU×Q×\LQHGHoDO×ü×UNHQEDüODU×Q×QQDV×O|QOHULQHGüWùQ QH]DUHWoL EDù×U×QFD ]DYDOO× ELU oRFXùXQ QDV×O V×oUD\DUDN X\DQ×S oDO×üPD\DQ '% .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL PDNLQHVLQLQEDü×QGDWPKDUHNHWOHULQLQDV×ORWRPDWLNELoLPGHV×UDOD\×YHUGLùLQL RNXGXùX ]DPDQ oRFXNODU×Q HYH JLGHPH\HFHN NDGDU \RUJXQ YH X\NXOX ROGXNODU× LoLQX\XPDN]HUHNXUXWPD RGDV×QGDNL \Q \×ù×QODU× DUDV×QD QDV×O VDNODQG×NODU×Q× YH IDEULNDGDQ QDV×O ND\×üODUOD G|YOHUHN NRYDODQG×NODU×Q× RNXGXùX]DPDQKHUJHFHNDo\]QQHYH\HPHN\L\HPH\HFHNNDGDUX\NXOX YHLüWDKV×]JHOGLùLQLDQDEDEDODU×Q×QRQODU×\DWPDGDQ|QFHNLGXDV×UDV×QGD \DWDNODU×Q×Q EDü XFXQGD GL] o|NS GXD HGHUNHQ X\X\DNDOP×ü EXOGXNODU×Q× RNXGXùX]DPDQLQVDQVHYHUOLùLYHIHGDNDUO×ù×\OD|YQHQELUV×Q×IDNDUü× |INH\OHYHK×QoODGROXSWDüPD]GDQH\DSDU"(QJHOV \×OO×NNHVLQWLOLHùLWLPLQ´JHQoµOHULQPHVOHNLHùLWLPLQHNDWN×V×QGDQV|]HGHQ KNPHW\HOHUL\OH(QJHOV·LQDNWDUG×ù×ELUUDSRUXQKD]×UOD\×F×V×QHNDGDUGD EHQ]HUOLNOHUJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU '& ´%LUGHoRFXNODU×QoDO×üPDV×Q×EXUMXYDQDV×OWDQ×PO×\RURQXGX\DO×P´%LUNDo D\D\D\×ODQELUG|QHPGH0DQFKHVWHU·GDYH\|UHVLQGHELUoRNIDEULND\×]L\DUHW HWWLP LSOLN HùLUPH DW|O\HOHULQH EHNOHQPHGLN ELU DQGD GHùLüLN VDDWOHUGH YH oRùX]DPDQ\DOQ×]JLUGLPELUoRFXùDGD\DNFH]DV×X\JXODQG×ù×PKLoPLKLo J|UPHGLPKX\VX]ELUoRFXNGDJ|UPHGLP+HSVLKHU]DPDQQHüHOLYHX\DQ×NW× DGDOHOHULQLQKDÀIKDÀIoDO×üPDV×YH\DüODU×Q×QGRùDOJHUHùLRODQKDUHNHWOLOLN RQODUD NH\LI YHUL\RUGX 6DQD\L VDKQHVL EHQLP NDIDPGD ]F GX\JXODU X\DQG×UPDN ü|\OH GXUVXQ WDP WHUVLQH KHU ]DPDQ oRN NH\LI YHULFL\GL o×NU×N WDü×\×F× PHUGDQHGHQ JHUL JLWPH\H EDüODG×ù× ]DPDQ >VD\ID @ oRFXNODU×Q oHYLN KDUHNHWOHUOH NRSPXü LSOLNOHUL EDùODPDODU×Q× J|UPHN YH NoFN SDUPDNODU×Q×QELUNDoVDQL\HOLNEXKDUHNHWLQGHQVRQUDJHUPHYHERELQGRODP× ELU NH] GDKD WDPDPODQ×QFD\D GHN GLOHGLNOHUL ELoLPGH NH\LI oDWPDODU×Q× J|]OHPHNoRN]HYNOL\GL%XN×S×UN×S×UFLQOHULQoDO×üPDV×DO×üNDQO×ù×QRQODUD ]HYNOLELUKQHUND]DQG×UG×ù×ELUVSRUDEHQ]L\RUGX+QHUOHULQLQELOLQFLQGH RQXKHUKDQJLELU\DEDQF×\DJ|VWHUPHNWHQoRNNH\LIGX\X\RUODUG×*QGHOLN LüLQRQODU×WNHWPHVLQHJHOLQFHDNüDPYDNWLIDEULNDo×N×ü×QGDE|\OHELUüH\LQ L]L \RNWX oQN HQ \DN×QGDNL R\XQ DODQ×QD VHNH VHNH NRüXüPD\D RNXOGDQ I×UOD\DQELURùODQoRFXNoHYLNOLùL\OHNoNR\XQODU×Q×R\QDPD\DEDüODG×ODUµ (QJHOV úüND]DODU×QHGHQROXU" dRN EDVLW ELU VRUX JLEL J|UQVH GH g]GHPLU·LQ \XNDU×GD DOW×Q× oL]GLùL QRNWDODUGDQGHYDPHGHUHNLüND]DODU×YHPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×\ODLOJLOLED]×NOLüH YH HIVDQHOHUL RUWDGDQ NDOG×UPDN JHUHNPHNWHGLU .H]D HùLWLP HPHNoLOHULQLQ ELU GHUJLVLQGH |]HOOLNOH HùLWLPFLOHULQ Lü ND]DODU×QD ELOLPVHO YH HPHNWHQ \DQD EDN×üODU×Q× VDùODPDN HùLWWLNOHUL JHOLüPHOHUL LoLQ JD\UHW J|VWHUGLNOHUL |ùUHQFLOHUL Do×V×QGDQ GD ELU ]RUXQOXOXNWXU $OWXQWDü \HULQGH ELU WHVSLWOH $OWXQGDüLüND]DODU×V|]NRQXVXROGXùXQGDLüND]DV×WDQ×P×HQID]OD ]HULQGHKHPÀNLUROXQDQHQD]WDUW×üPDO×EDüO×NRODUDNNDUü×P×]Do×NPDNWDG×U GHUYHLüND]DODU×Q×QNDo×Q×OPD]ELUELoLPGHUHWLPVUHFL\OHLOLüNLOLROXüXQXQ *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× LüoLQLQ VHUPD\H VDKLELQLQ UHWLP DUDoODU×Q×Q YH PHWDQ×Q EXQODUGDQ HQ D] ELULQLQND]DGDQHWNLOHQPLüROPDV×Q×QLüND]DV×GHQLOGLùLQGHRUWDNELUDOJ×Q×Q GD ROXüPDV×Q× VDùODG×ù×Q× YXUJXOD\DUDN 8OXVODUDUDV× dDO×üPD gUJW ,/2 Lü ND]DODU× WDQ×P×QD J|QGHUPH \DSDU %X WDQ×PD J|UH ´<DUDODQPDODUD |OPOHUH UHWLP ND\×SODU×QD YH ]DUDUODU×QD \RO DoDQ SODQODQPD\DQ ROD\ODUµ RODUDNWDQ×PODQPDNWDG×UgWH\DQGDQ]HULQGHX]ODü×ODQELUEDüNDNRQXGDSHN oRNND\QDNWDGHIDODUFDYXUJXODQG×ù×]HUHLüND]DODU×Q×Q·LQLQPHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU×Q×Q LVH ·QQ |QOHQHELOHFHùLGLU %XUDGDQ GHYDP HGHUVHN EX YHULOHULQ ELOLPVHO GD\DQDNODU×QD LOLüNLQ NRQX LOH LOJLOL HSLGHPL\RORMLN DUDüW×UPDODU×8OXVODUDUDV×dDO×üPDgUJWQQUDSRUODU×Q×$YUXSDúü6DùO×ù× YH *YHQOLùL $MDQV×Q×Q UDSRUODU×Q× $PHULNDQ 8OXVDO 0HVOHNL 6DùO×N YH *YHQOLN (QVWLWV·QQ UDSRUODU×Q× GHùHUOHQGLUPH\H oDO×üW×ù×QGD \XNDU×GDNL YHUL\L GRùUXOD\DQ ELU ND\QDùD $OWXQGDü JLEL EX PDNDOHQLQ \D]DU× GD XODüDPDP×üW×U.RQXQXQ|QHPL\XNDU×GDNLLIDGHGHQKDUHNHWOHLüND]DODU×Q×Q ·L|QOHQHELOLULVH·VLQLQ|QOHQHPH\HFHNROXüXVRQXFXQDYDU×OPDV×\OD LOLüNLOLGLU úü ND]DODU×Q×Q ELU E|OPQQ |QOHQHPH] ROGXùX VRQXFXQD EL]L J|WUHELOHFHN\DNODü×P×QND\QDù×LüND]DODU×Q×QKDQJLIDNW|UOHULQHWNLOHüLPL VRQXFXRUWD\Do×NW×ù×Q×Do×NODPD\DG|QNWHRULOHUGHQHQHVNLYHWDULKVHORODQ× RODELOLU·ODUGDWDQ×PODQDQ'RPLQR7HRULVLND]DODU×Q·LQLLQVDQODU×Q JYHQOL ROPD\DQ GDYUDQ×üODU×QD JYHQVL] KDUHNHW ·XQX JYHQOL ROPD\DQ H\OHPOHUH JYHQVL] NRüXOODU EDùODUNHQ JHUL\H NDODQ ·VLQLQ LVH ´$OODK×Q LüLWDNGLULµ ´$FWV RI *RGµ ROGXùXQX YDUVD\×\RUGX %|\OHOLNOH ·VLQLQQHGHQLDo×NODQDPD\DQLüND]DODU×Q×Q|QOHQHELOLUOLùLQLWDUW×üPDNGD PPNQRODPD\DFDNW×$OWXQGDü %XVDW×UODU×Q\D]DU×Q×QGDGHIDODUFDLQüDDWVHNW|UQGHoDO×üDQODU\|QHWLFLOHUYH PKHQGLVOLN|ùUHQFLOHUL\OH\DSW×ù×oDO×üPDODUYH\]\]HJ|UüPHOHUGH|QH o×NDU×ODQHQ|QHPOLXQVXU´JYHQVL]GDYUDQ×üµYH´HùLWLPµXQVXUXGXU%XQD J|UHND]DODU×QHVDVQHGHQLLüoLOHULQHùLWLPVL]ROPDV×YHKDWDO×GDYUDQ×üODU×G×U *HoHQ D\ODUGD úVWDQEXO·XQ HQ PHUNH]L PHNDQODU×QGDQ ELULVLQGH E\N ELU \DQJ×Qo×NDQLQüDDW×QG×üFHSKHVLQGHüXQODU\D]PDNWDG×U .D]DODU×Q'|UW$QD1HGHQL *|UHPHGLP 'üQHPHGLP %LOPL\RUXP $FHOHPYDU 'HPHN NL RUWDGD FLGGL ELU \DQO×ü DOJ× EXOXQPDNWD VHUPD\H V×Q×I× YH RQXQ WHPVLOFLOHUL WDUDI×QGDQ GD EX DOJ× VUHNOL \HQLGHQ UHWLOPHNWHGLU 7X]OD WHUVDQHOHULQH G|QN RODUDN \DS×ODQ oDO×üPDODUGD GD dDO×üPD YH 6RV\DO *YHQOLN %DNDQO×ù× LüoLOHULQ HùLWLPVL]OLùLQL ND]DODU×Q DQD HWPHQL RODUDN J|UPHNWHGLU7PEXQODU×Q|WHVLQGHNRQX\ODLOJLVLROPD\DQELULVLLoLQELOHLü '' .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL JYHQOLùLGHQLQFHLONLPJHQLQ´EDUHWµROPDV×LGHRORMLNDo×GDQLüND]DODU×Q× DOJ×ODPDNRQXVXQGDEXUMXYDLGHRORMLVLQLQHJHPHQOLùLQLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU ´úüND]DODU×QHGHQROXU"µVRUXVXQDYHULOPHPHVLJHUHNHQ\DQ×WODU×\DYDü\DYDü RUWD\D NR\PD\D EDüODG×NoD \DQ×W \DYDü \DYDü NHQGLVLQL RUWD\D o×NDUPD\D EDüODPDNWDG×U .DSLWDOL]PLQ GRùXüX\OD ELUOLNWH UHWLP JoOHUL HQ \RùXQ ELoLPGH NXOODQ×PD VRNXOPXü LQVDQ HPHùL LQVDQO×N WDULKLQGH KLo ROPDG×ù× NDGDU \RùXQ ELU üHNLOGH WRSOX HPHN ELoLPLQGH GRùD\× GHùLüWLUPH\H ELoLPOHQGLUPH\H EDüODP×üW×U .DSLWDOL]P VUHNOL NDU HWPHN LVWHU NDU HWPHN LoLQ GH VUHNOL UHWPHN YH E\PHN ]RUXQGDG×U .DU HWPHN LoLQ LQVDQ HPHùLQL V|PUPHN HPHN V|PUVQ WHN WHN HPHNoLOHU ED]×QGD V|PU RUDQ×Q×DUW×UPDN]RUXQGDG×U7HNELUHPHNoL\LGüQGùP]GHDUW×GHùHULQ DUW×U×OPDV×LoLQ hFUHWOHULGüUOPHOL hFUHWLD\Q×NDOVDGDGDKDX]XQYH\RùXQoDO×üW×U×OPDO× hFUHWKDULFLQGHNLWPJLGHUOHULRUWDGDQNDOG×U×OPDO×YH\DD]DOW×OPDO×G×U '( 'ROD\×V×\ODX]XQ\RùXQYH\RUXFXoDO×üPDLOHELUOLNWHLü\HUOHULQGHNLULVNOHUH NDUü×DO×QPDV×JHUHNHQLüJYHQOLùL|QOHPOHULQLQDO×QPDPDV×ROJXVX]RUXQOX RODUDN NHQGLVLQL LüDUHW HWPHNWHGLU %\N LüOHWPHOHUGH YHULPOLOLùL DUW×UPDN LoLQ Lü JYHQOLùLQH |QHP YHULOGLùL GRùUX ROPDNOD ELUOLNWH EXQXQ ID]OD ELU PDVUDI JHWLUGLùL GüQOGùQGH KHPHQ N×V×QW×\D JLGLOHQ LON ´PDVUDIµ NDOHPLGLU NoN LüOHWPHOHUGH LVH E|\OH ELU NDOHP GüQOPHPHNWHGLU ELOH %XUDGDQELUQRNWD\DGDKDLüDUHWHWPHNWH\DUDUYDUG×UYHLOHUOH\HQE|OPOHUGH WDUW×ü×ODFDNW×ULü\HUL|OoHùLYHLüLQSDUoDODUDD\U×OPDV× úü\HUOHULQGHNL ULVNOHUH ELUD] \RùXQODüW×ù×P×]GD KHU WUO UHWLP VUHFLQLQ NHQGLQH KDV ULVNOHU EDU×QG×UG×ù× J|UOHFHNWLU .LP\DVDOODU WR]ODU \NVHNWH oDO×üPD NHVLFL EDW×F× FLVLPOHU HOHNWULN PDNLQD NXOODQ×P× KHSVL GH LüoLOHUL WHKGLWHGHU*YHQOLELUoDO×üPDLoLQ´úüoLOHUHùLWLPVL]YHYHUGLùLPL]NLüLVHO NRUX\XFXODU× NXOODQP×\RUODU EDUHW J|]ON HOGLYHQ HPQL\HW NHPHUL JLELµ V|\OHPLULVNOLoDO×üPDRUWDPODU×QGDEHONLGHV|\OHQHFHNHQVRQKXVXVODUGDQ ELULVLGLU=LUDLüJYHQOLùLX]PDQODU×Do×V×QGDQULVNOHUL|QOHPHKL\HUDUüLVLQGH HQ|QHPOLKXVXV´RUWDPµ×QGHùLüWLULOPHVLYHJYHQOLKDOHJHWLULOPHVLGLU%XQXQ LoLQV×UD\ODDüDù×GDNLKXVXVODUYXUJXODQPDO×G×U 7HKOLNHOLLüOHULQ\DS×OPDPDV×JHUHNLUgUQHùLQ.RWWDüODPDLQVDQO×NLoLQ ]RUXQOXELULüGHùLOGLU.RWWDüODPD\×VDùO×NO×YHJYHQOLELUüHNLOGH\DSPDN LoLQLüoLOHULQWDPDQODP×\ODELUDVWURQRWJLELJL\LQPHVLüDUWW×U DNVL WDNGLUGH VLOLNRVLV KDVWDO×ù× oRN N×VD ]DPDQGD NHVLQOLNOH |OPOHUH \RO DoPDNWDG×U <DS×OPDV×JHUHNHQNRWWDüODPD\×\DVDNODPDNW×UúüoLOHUHYHULOHFHNHùLWLPYH PDVNHJLELNLüLVHONRUX\XFXODU×QDQODP×EXOXQPDPDNWDG×U *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× 7HKOLNHOL PDGGHOHULQ \|QWHPOHULQ DUDo YH HNLSPDQODU×Q NXOODQ×OPDPDV× JHUHNLU gUQHùLQ $VEHVW NDQVHURMHQ ELU PDGGHGLU .XOODQ×P NROD\O×ù× YH XFX]OXùX QHGHQL\OH |]HOOLNOH LQüDDW VHNW|UQGH NXOODQ×O×U 'Q\D dDO×üPD gUJW,/2YHULOHULQHJ|UHKHU\×ODVEHVW\]QGHQELQNLüLQLQ\DüDP×Q× \LWLUGLùL WDKPLQ HGLOPHNWHGLU hVWHOLN GQ\DGD DVEHVW UHWLPL ·OHUGHQ EXJQHVUHNOLD]DOPDV×QDUDùPHQJHoPLüG|QHPGHWHPDVWDEXOXQDQODULoLQ ULVN KDOD GHYDP HPHNWHGLU 7UNL\H·GH GDKD \HQL \DVDNODQPDNOD ELUOLNWH HYOHULPL]LQoDW×ODU×QGDYHWHVLVDWODUGDKDODEXOXQPDNWDROXSWDPLUYHEDN×P LüOHULQGH RUWD\D o×NDELOHFHN ULVNOHU KDOD \HULQGH GXUPDNWDG×U %XQXQ \HULQH GDKD VDùO×NO× PDO]HPH NXOODQ×ODELOLU DQFDN NDSLWDOL]P XFX] YHULPOL NDUO× RODQ× WHKOLNHOL GH ROVD VRQXQD NDGDU NXOODQPDNWD ×VUDU HGHU YH NDUü×O×ù×QGD ELQOHUFH LüoL\L |OGUU 0FDGHOHOHU EHOOL ELU QRNWD\D JHOLQFH \DVDNODQ×U YH ´FH]DODUµYHULOLUgUQHùLQÀUPDLVPLQLELU\DS×PDO]HPHVLJLELNXOODQG×ù×P×] YHoRùXPX]XQDüLQDROGXùX(WHUQLWÀUPDV×G|UWE\NIDEULNDV×QGDQúWDO\D &DVDOH·GHoDO×üDQLüoLOHUYH&DVDOHKDON×QGD\RODoW×ù×|OPFOVRQXoODUGDQ GROD\×LüoLDLOHOHULEHOHGL\HYHVHQGLNDODUD|GHPHN]HUHûXEDW·GHWRSODP PLO\RQ(XURFH]D\DoDUSW×U×OG×$\Q×]DPDQGDÀUPDQ×QLNLVDKLEL6WHSKDQ 6FKPLGKHLQYH/RXLVGH&DUWLHU·üDU\×OO×NKDSLVFH]DODU×QDoDUSW×U×OG×ODU ELQNLüLQLQ\DüDG×ù×&DVDOHüHKULQGH\DNODü×NNLüLQLQDVEHVWHEDùO× DNFLùHU DNFLùHU ]DU× NDQVHULQGHQ |OGù KHVDSODQP×üW× KWWSDDZORUJDX FRQWHQWMDLOVHQWHQFHDVEHVWRV 7HKOLNHOL LüOHUGH ULVNOHULQ D]DOW×OPDV× JHUHNLU $ü×U× NDU K×UV× GDKD ULVNOL oDO×üPD RUWDPODU× \DUDWP×üW×U 7HKOLNHOL LüOHUL RUWDGDQ NDOG×UPDN PPNQ GHùLOVHYHWHKOLNHOLPDGGHOHULNXOODQPDN]RUXQOX\VDoQFDüDPD\DJHoLOLU YHULVNOHULQD]DOW×OPDV×QDoDO×ü×O×U$PDEXQXQLoLQGHHVDVXODü×OPDV×JHUHNHQ QRNWD LON |QFH RUWDP×Q JYHQOL KDOH JHWLULOPHVLGLU gUQHùLQ ELQOHUFH LQVDQ \NVHNWHQ GüPH VRQXFX \DüDP×Q× ND\EHWPHNWHGLU EXQXQ LoLQ \NVHNWH oDO×üPDV×UDV×QGDNRUNXOXNGüPH\HNDUü×DùVLVWHPOHULNXUXOPDO×G×U<DVDO RODUDNGD]DWHQWPEXQODU]RUXQOXOXNWXU .LüLVHONRUX\XFXODU×QNXOODQ×P×VDùODQPDO×G×U$QFDNNLüLVHONRUX\XFXODU×Q Lü ND]DODU× YH PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU×Q× |QOHPHGH WHPHO EDüO×N ROPDG×ù× ELU NH] GDKDYXUJXODQPDO×G×UúüLQELUEDüNDER\XWXLVHJHQHORODUDNNLüLVHONRUX\XFX PDO]HPHOHULQLüoLOHULUDKDWV×]HWPHVLoDO×üPD\×]RUODüW×UPDV×|]HOOLNOHK×]O× oDO×üPD\D]RUODQDQLüoLOHULQNLüLVHONRUX\XFXODU×NXOODQPDODU×KDOLQGHELULP ]DPDQGDGDKDD]SDUoDLüUHWPHOHULYHEXHNLSPDQ×NXOODQPDPDHùLOLPLQH JLUPHOHULGLU úüoLOHULQ \DSW×NODU× LüOHU NRQXVXQGD HùLWLOPHOHUL JHUHNPHNWHGLU 7P \XNDU×GDVD\×ODQODU\DS×OG×NWDQVRQUDHùLWLPYHNLüLVHONRUX\XFXODU|QHPOLGLU GHQHELOLU gUQHùLQ LVNHOHGH oDO×üDQ ELU LüoL VWDQGDUWODUD X\JXQ ELU LVNHOHGH oDO×üPDO×NRUNXOXNODUNXUXOPDO×RQGDQVRQUDHPQL\HWNHPHULROXSROPDPDV× YHLüoLVDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùL|QOHPOHULDO×SDOPDPDV×WDUW×ü×OPDO×G×U ') .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL %LUD]X]XQGDROVDV|\OHGLNOHULPL]L\×O|QFHVLQGHQ|]HWOH\HQDüDù×GDNL DO×QW×´QHGHQLüoLOHU|O\RUµVRUXVXQXQ\DQ×WODU×Q×YHUPHNWHGLU '* ´'XUXP üXGXU (ùHU oRFXNODU GLNNDW J|VWHUHPL\RUODUVD oDO×üW×U×OPDODU× \DVDNODQPDO×G×U<HWLüNLQOHUNHQGLOHULQLWHKOLNH\HDW×\RUVDR]DPDQRQODUGD WHKOLNH\LWPER\XWODU×\ODNDYUD\DPD\DQELUoRFXN]HNDV×QDVDKLSE\NOHU ROPDO×G×UODUEXQXQLoLQVXoODQPDV×JHUHNHQGHRQODU×]HNDODU×Q×JHOLüWLUPHOHUL LoLQ HOYHULüOL ROPD\DQ RUWDPGD WXWDQ EXUMXYD]LGLU <D GD PDNLQHOHU N|W G]HQOHQPLüWLU oHYUHVLQH SDUPDNO×N NRQPDV× JHUHNLU EXQXQ VDùODQPDV× GD EXUMXYD]LQLQ LüLGLU <D GD LüoL WHKOLNH WHKGLGLQH DOG×UPD\DFDN NDGDU EDVN× DOW×QGDG×UFUHWLQLKDNHWPHNLoLQK×]O×oDO×üPDN]RUXQGDG×UGLNNDWJ|VWHUHFHN ]DPDQ× \RNWXU YH EXQGDQ GD EXUMXYD]L VRUXPOXGXU gUQHùLQ ELUoRN ND]D LüoLOHULQoDO×üPDNWDRODQPDNLQH\LWHPL]OHPHOHULV×UDV×QGDROPDNWDG×U1LoLQ" dQN DNVL KDOGH EXUMXYD LüoL\L PDNLQH\L NHQGL VHUEHVW NDOG×ù× VDDWWH GXUGXUXSWHPL]OHPH\H]RUOD\DELOLULüoLGHGRùDONLNHQGLVHUEHVW]DPDQ×Q×Q KLoELUDQ×Q×NXUEDQHWPHNLVWHPHPHNWHGLU+HUVHUEHVWVDDWLüoLLoLQRNDGDU GHùHUOLGLUNLRVDDWOHULQGHQELULQLEXUMXYD]L\HIHGDHWPHNWHQVHoRùX]DPDQ KDIWDGDLNLNH]\DüDP×Q×WHKOLNH\HDWDU0DNLQHQLQWHPL]OHQPHVLLoLQJHUHNHQ ]DPDQ× SDWURQ LüoLQLQ oDO×üPD VUHVLQGHQ o×NDUV×Q R ]DPDQ KLoELU LüoL oDO×üPDNWD RODQ PDNLQH\L WHPL]OHPH\L GüQPH\HFHNWLU .×VDFDV× KDQJL \DQ×QGDQEDN×O×UVDEDN×OV×QNXVXUHQVRQLPDODWo×Q×QG×UYHRQGDQoDO×üDPD] KDOH JHOHQ LüoL\L HQ D]×QGDQ \DüDP ER\X GHVWHNOHPHVL YH ND]D\× |OP L]OHUVH PDùGXUXQ DLOHVLQL GHVWHNOHPHVL LVWHQPHOLGLU 0DQIDNWUQ HUNHQ G|QHPLQGHND]DRUDQ×üLPGLNLQGHQoRNGDKD\NVHNWLoQNPDNLQHOHUGDKD GüN QLWHOLNWH\GL GDKD NoNW GDKD NDU×ü×NW× YH oHYUHVLQH KLo SDUPDNO×N NRQPD]G× $QFDN WHN ELU V×Q×I×Q \DUDU× XùUXQD EXQFD FLGGL GHIRUPDV\RQD YH VDNDWO×ùD \RODoDQ oDO×üNDQ LQVDQODU× EXUMXYD]LQLQ KDWDV×QGDQ |WU Lü V×UDV×QGD RUWD\D o×NDQ VDNDWO×NODU \]QGHQ DoO×ùD YH \RNVXQOXùD PDKNXP HGHQ GXUXPXQ FLGGL ELoLPGH VRUJXODQPDV×Q× JHUHNWLUHFHN |OoGHoRN ND]D KkOkROPDNWDG×UúüWHVL]HLPDODWo×ODU×QQHIUHWHGLOHVLSDUDJ|]OùQGHQLOHUL JHOHQSHNKRüELUKDVWDO×NODUOLVWHVL.DG×QODUoRFXNGRùXUDPD]KDOHJHOL\RU oRFXNODU GHIRUPH ROX\RU HUNHNOHU GHUPDQV×]ODü×\RU NROODUEDFDNODU H]LOLS SDUoDODQ×\RU \DOQ×]FD EXUMXYD]LQLQ NHVHVLQL GROGXUPD XùUXQD KDVWDO×N YH VDNDWO×NODUOD \NO KDOH JHWLULOHQ NXüDNODU ELU EWQ KDOLQGH o|NHUWLOL\RU·· (QJHOV <XNDU×GDVD\×ODQULVNOHULQQDV×ORUWDGDQNDOG×U×OPDV×JHUHNWLùLQLLü\HUOHULQGHQ QHOHULQULVN\DUDWW×ù×Q×YHNXOODQ×OPDPDV×\DS×OPDPDV×NRQXVXQGDNRQXQXQ X]PDQODU× ]DWHQ KHPHQ KHPHQ KHPÀNLUGLU $QFDN Lü\HUOHULQGHNL ULVNOHULQ RUWD\D o×N×ü× WHN EDü×QD Lü\HUL V×Q×UODU× LoLQGH NDODQ ELU EDN×ü Do×V×\OD DQODü×ODPD] úüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùL VRUXQXQX UHWLP LOLüNLOHULQGHQ YH WRSOXPVDOLOLüNLOHUGHQEDù×PV×]GüQHPH\HFHùLPL]HJ|UH´QHGHQµVRUXQXQD GDEXEDùODPGD\DQ×WDUDPDNELUD]Lü\HUOHULQLQG×ü×QDo×NPDNJHUHNPHNWHGLU *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× g]HOOHüWLUPH HVQHNOLN NXUDOV×]O×N J|oPHQ LüoL NXOODQ×P× YH GLùHUOHUL ND]DODUYHPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×\ODEDù×NXUXODELOLUPL" g]HOOHüWLUPHOHU HVQHNOHüPH YH VRQXoODU×QGDQ ELULVL RODQ VWDQGDUW G×ü× Lü V|]OHüPHOHULLOHoDO×üDQLüoLOHUGHLüND]DV×YHPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×Q×QVD\×V×Q×Q oRNGDKDID]ODROGXùXQDLOLüNLQSHNoRNoDO×üPDEXOXQPDNWDG×UgWH\DQGDQEX PDNDOHGHVWDQGDUWG×ü×GL\HLIDGHHGLOHQoDO×üPDüHNLOOHULQLQDUW×N´VWDQGDUWµ KDOHJHOGLùLYHVWDQGDUWELoLPLQHVQHNOHüPLüWDüHURQODüP×üEDVN×F×ELUNDUDNWHU WDü×G×ù×WPVHNW|UOHULQ´LQüDDWVHNW|UµQHEHQ]HGLùLLGGLDHGLOPHNWHGLU%LUD] NRQX\ODLOJLOLoDO×üPDODUDEDN×OG×ù×QGDVWDQGDUWG×ü×LüV|]OHüPHOHULLOHoDO×üDQ LüoLOHUGHWDPVUHOLLüOHUGHLVWLNUDUO×oDO×üDQODUDJ|UHGDKDID]ODLüND]DV×YH PHVOHNKDVWDO×ù×ROGXùXQXJ|VWHUHQNDQ×WODUJLGHUHNDUWW×ù×J|UOHFHNWLU3HN oRN DUDüW×UPD VWDQGDUW G×ü× oDO×üPD LOH ND]D K×]×Q×Q YH VWUHV G]H\OHULQLQ DUWW×ù×Q× Lü GR\XPXQXQ D]DOG×ù×Q× YH GLùHU VDùO×N ]HULQH HWNLOL IDNW|UOHUL ROXPVX] \|QGH HWNLOHGLùLQL J|VWHUPLüWLU /LWHUDWUH J|UH ND]D YH IDWDOLWH K×]ODU×NHQGLDG×QDYHV|]OHüPHOLoDO×üDQODULoLQWDPJQoDO×üDQODUDJ|UHHQ D]LNLNDWID]ODG×U%X\DU×VUHOLLüOHUGDù×W×PYHNLüL\HKL]PHWVHNW|UOHULQGH JLGHUHN GDKD ID]OD \HU DOPDNWDG×U %X DOW VHNW|UOHULQ GüN HùLWLPOL YH QLWHOLNVL]LüoLOHULoLQROGXNoDXODü×ODELOLUROPDV×QHGHQL\OHHPHNJFQQHQ oRN LQFLQHELOLU RODQODU× VWDQGDUW G×ü× oDO×üPD G]HQOHPHOHULQH JLGHUHN GDKD ID]ODPDUX]NDODFDNW×U%XQXQODELUOLNWHVWDQGDUWG×ü×\DU×VUHOLYH\DN×VDVUHOL LüELWHQHNDGDUV|]OHüPHOHULOHoDO×üDQLüoLOHULQWD]PLQDWKDNODU×GDKDD]G×U .DSVDQDQ LüoLOHULQ LüOHULQL ND\EHWPH NRUNXVX \]QGHQ KDN WDOHSOHUL GDKD D]G×U 6WDQGDUW G×ü× oDO×üPD V|]OHüPHOHUL RODQ LüoLOHU LüoL VDùO×ù× WHKOLNHOHUL Do×V×QGDGDKDID]ODULVNDOW×QGDG×UODU%XQODUHNRQRPLNEDVN×\HWHUVL]HùLWLP YH LOHWLüLP VRUXQODU× VRQXFX WHKOLNHOL LüOHULQ \RùXQODüPDV× NDO×F× ROPD\DQ LüoLOHULoLQG]HQOHPHOHULQ\HWHUVL]ROXüXYHEXLüoLOHULQNHQGLOHULQLNRUXPDN LoLQ|UJWOHQHPHPHOHULGLU2VWU\6SLHJHODNWDUDQ(WLOHU .XUDOV×] HPHN UHMLPLQGH HQ oRN NXOODQ×ODQ Lü JF J|oPHQ LüoLOHUGLU %X NRQXGD D\U×QW×O× ELOJL YH |]HOOLNOH 7UNL\H·\H G|QN NDoDN LüJF J|o LoLQ D\U×QW×O× GHùHUOHQGLUPH YH VRQXoODU LoLQ $NS×QDU·×Q D\U×QW×O× oDO×üPDV× PXWODND RNXQPDO×G×U $NS×QDU *|oPHQ LüoLOHU LoLQ VDùO×NOD LOJLOLNRQXODU×QLNL\|QYDUG×Uúü\HULQGHNLLüVDùO×ù×YHJYHQOLùL26+YH LüoLOHULQ YH DLOHOHULQ JHQHO VDùO×N NRüXOODU× %XQODU ELUELUOHUL\OH \DN×Q LOLüNL LoHULVLQGHGLUúüoLVDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùLJ|oPHQLüoLOHULoLQELUoRNQHGHQGHQ GROD\× |QHPOLGLU %LULQFLVL JHQHOOLNOH J|oPHQ LüoLOHU \NVHN ULVNL RODQ VHNW|UOHUGHoDO×üPDNWDG×UODULNLQFLVLJ|oPHQLüoLOHULQGLOYHNOWUHQJHOOHUL |]HO úüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùL LOHWLüLPL WDOLPDWODU YH HùLWLP \DNODü×PODU× JHUHNWLUPHNWHGLUoQFRODUDNLVHEXLüoLOHULQoRùXQOXùXID]ODoDO×üPDNWDG×U YH JHQHO RODUDN N|W VDùO×N NRüXOODU×QD VDKLSWLUOHU %X QHGHQOH |]HOOLNOH Lü ND]DODU×QD YH Lü LOH LOJLOL KDVWDO×NODUD Do×N EXOXQPDNWDG×UODU $N×O 0HYVLPOLN YH J|oPHQ LüoLOHULQ Lü ND]DODU× NRQXVXQGD ULVN DOW×QGDNL JUXSODU DUDV×QGDROGXNODU×QDLOLüNLQOLWHUDWUGHoRNVD\×GDDUDüW×UPD\DUDVWODQPDNWDG×U '! .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL %XGXUXPJHOLüPLüNDSLWDOLVWONHOHUGHV|]NRQXVXLüoLOHULQ\D\J×QELUELoLPGH oDO×üPDV×LOHLOLüNLOLGLU%DKUH\Q·GHúQüDDWVHNW|UQGHoDO×üDQ$V\DO×J|oPHQ LüoLOHULQ GLùHU LüoLOHUOH N×\DVODQG×ù×QGD GDKD ID]OD Lü ND]DV× JHoLUGLNOHUL J|VWHULOPLüWLU <LQH 2UWD 'RùX hONHOHULQGH 1HSDOOL J|oPHQ LüoLOHU LoLQ Lü ND]DODU×YH\DUDODQPDODUDo×V×QGDQULVNOLLüNROODU×Q×QWDU×PYHLQüDDWVHNW|U ROGXùX J|VWHULOPLüWLU ûDQJD\·GD \DS×ODQ ELU DUDüW×UPD\D LVH J|oPHQ LüoLNDW×OP×üYHEXLüoLOHUGHQ·QQELU|QFHNL\×OLüND]DODU×QDEDùO× \DUDODQG×ù× EHOLUWLOPLü EX LüoLOHULQ GH HQ ID]OD \RùXQODüW×NODU× VHNW|UQ LQüDDW LüOHUL LOH LOLüNLOL VHNW|UOHU ROGXùX EHOLUWLOPLüWLU 7P EX DUDüW×UPDODU J|oPHQLüoLOHULQHQID]ODLVWLKGDPHGLOGLNOHULLüNROODU×RODUDNLüND]DODU×YH \DUDODQPDODU Do×V×QGDQ HQ ULVNOL VHNW|UOHU RODQ LQüDDW YH WDU×P×Q |Q SODQD o×NW×ù×Q×GDJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU$OWXQGDü (# <D]DU×Q\XUWLoLYH\XUWG×ü×QGDNLGHQH\LPOHULYHLQFHOHGLùLFH]DYHLüPDKNHPHOHUL GDYDGRV\DODU×QGDGDJ|]OHPOHGLùL]HUH\XNDU×GDEHOLUWLOHQKXVXVODU\DOQ×]FD G×ü J|o EDùODP×QGD GHùLO ONH LoLQGH IDUNO× XOXVDO HüLWVL]OLNOHULQ EX ´\HQLµ HPHN UHMLPLQGH QDV×O NXOODQ×OG×ù×Q× J|VWHUPHNWHGLU *QH\ .×EU×V·WD KL]PHW VHNW|UQGH X]DNGRùXGDQ JHOHQ XFX] LüJF NXOODQ×O×UNHQ LQüDDW VHNW|UQGH oDO×üDQ .×EU×VO×WUNOHU·LQ VD\×V× ROGXNoD ID]ODG×U $%' LQüDDW VHNW|UQGH $%' YDWDQGDü× ROPXü DQFDN úQJLOL]FH NRQXüDPD\DQ ODWLQR GL\H WDELU HGLOHQ/DWLQ$PHULNDONHN|NHQOLLüJFYHVL\DKODU×Q$IUR$PHULNDO×ODU GH\LPLQLQNXOODQ×OPDV××UNo×O×NNDUü×W×JUXSODUFDWDOHSHGLOPHNWHGLUDù×UO×ù× WPLüoLVDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùLHONLWDSODU×Q×QúVSDQ\ROFDYHúQJLOL]FHRODUDN LNL GLOGH KD]×UODQPDV× ]RUXQOXOXùXQX JHWLUPHNWHGLU hONHPL]GH LVH .UW \XUWWDüODU×P×]×QLQüDDWYHKL]PHWVHNW|UQGHNLDù×UO×ù×ELOLQHQELUROJXGXU 7P EX NXUDOV×]ODüPDQ×Q ELU EDüND ER\XWX RUWDODPD oDO×üPD VUHOHULQLQ X]DPDV× VRQXFX |OPO Lü ND]DODU×QGDNL DUW×üW×U dHüLWOL ONHOHUGH \DS×ODQ DPSLULNDUDüW×UPDODUDü×U×X]XQoDO×üPDVUHOHULQLQLüoLVDùO×ù×Q×YHJYHQOLùLQL WHKGLWHWWLùLQLLüND]DV×ULVNLQLDUW×UG×ù×Q×NDQ×WODPDNWDG×U$UDüW×UPDEXOJXODU×QD J|UHJQGHKDIWDGDVDDWoDO×üPDVUHVLVDùO×ùDX\JXQGXULüND]DV×ULVNL VDDWWHQLWLEDUHQNDWODQDUDNDUWPDNWDG×U<RUJXQOXNVWUHVX\XNODPDJLELLü ND]DODU×Q× WHWLNOH\HQ QHGHQOHULQ J|UOPH V×NO×ù× VDDWWHQ LWLEDUHQ EHOLUJLQ G]H\GH\NVHOPHNWHGLU<DüFLQVL\HWoDO×üDQ×QVDùO×NGXUXPXJLELELUH\VHO |]HOOLNOHULQ \DQ×QGD LüLQ Dù×UO×ù× YH \RùXQOXùX JLEL LüOH LOJLOL |]HOOLNOHU GH Lü ND]DV× ULVNLQL HWNLOH\HQ GHùLüNHQOHU DUDV×QGDG×U $\Q× DUDüW×UPDGD LüLQ YH Lü\HULQLQ RUJDQL]DV\RQXQXQ YH Lü VUHFLQLQ J|]HWLPLQLQ QLWHOLùLQLQ GH Lü ND]DV× ULVN G]H\LQL HWNLOHGLùL EHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU 0WHYHOOLRùOX gWH \DQGDQ \×OODU× DUDV×QGD 6RV\DO 6LJRUWDODU .XUXPX DUüLYOHULQL LQFHOH\HUHNLQüDDWLüND]DV×Q×DQDOL]HGHQ0QJHQLQüDDWLüND]DODU×Q×Q PHVDL ELWLPLQH \DN×Q VDDWOHUGH HQ oRN J|UOGùQ |ùOH \HPHùL |QFHVL VDDWOHUGHNLND]DODU×QLVHLNLQFLV×UDGD\HUDOG×ù×Q×LVWDWLVWLNOHUOHJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU 0QJHQ *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× <DüDG×ù×P×]VUHoOHU\]\×OGDNDSLWDOL]PLQGRùGXùXYHJHOLüWLùLG|QHPOHUL DQG×UPDNWDG×U 2UJDQL]H VDQD\L E|OJHOHULQGH ]HUH VD\×V×] \DUDODQPDODU LQüDDWüDQWL\HOHULYHPDGHQOHUGHNL|OPOHUWHNQRORMLGHNLJHOLüLPHSDUDOHOELU üHNLOGH JHULOHPHPHNWH QHUHGH\VH NDSLWDOL]PLQ LON \×OODU×QGDNL J|UQW\ \DQV×WPDNWDG×U +HU D\ \D]DU×Q GD LoLQGH EXOXQGXùX úVWDQEXO úüoL 6DùO×ù× YH úü *YHQOLùL 0HFOLVL·QLQ \D\×QODG×ù× UDSRUODU EX oDUS×F× JHUoHNOHUL oRN L\L \DQV×WPDNWDG×U <LQH (QJHOV·WHQ ELU DO×QW× LOH QHUHGH\VH NoN ED]× GHùLüLNOLNOHUOHJQP]GHNLoDO×üPDRUWDP×Q×QLNLDV×U|QFHVLQLQNRüXOODU×\OD SDUDOHOOLNOHUoL]GLùLJ|UOHELOLU ´0DNLQHOHUDUDV×QGDoDO×ü×O×\RUROPDV×üX\DGDEX|OoGHFLGGLED]×ND]DODUD \RODoDUEXLüoL\LDüDù×\XNDU×EWQEWQLüH\DUDPD]KDOHJHWLUHQLNLQFL WHKOLNHGLU (Q \D\J×Q ND]D ELU SDUPDù×Q HNOHP \HULQLQ H]LOPHVLGLU GDKD D] \D\J×Q× WP SDUPDù×Q \DU×P \D GD EWQ HOLQ ELU NROXQ YE PDNLQH\H NDSW×U×OPDV×YHNRSPDV×G×U%XWUND]DODU×QGDKDKDÀÁHULQGHELOHV×NV×NWHWDQRV J|UOUYH|OPHQHGHQROXU'HIRUPHLQVDQODU×Q\DQ×V×UD0DQFKHVWHU·GDoRN VD\×GDVDNDWLQVDQDUDVWODUV×Q×]üXEHULNLELUNROXQX\DGDNROXQXQELUN×VP×Q× \LWLUPLüWLU üX |WHNLQLQ D\Dù× \RNWXU ELU oQFVQQ EDFDù× \DU×PG×U NHQGLQL]LoDUS×üPDGDQKHQ]G|QPüELURUGXQXQRUWD\HULQGHVDQ×UV×Q×] 0DQFKHVWHU*XDUGLDQJD]HWHVL+D]LUDQ$ùXVWRVWDULKOHULDUDV×QGD üX FLGGL ND]DODU× KDEHUYHUGL |QHPVL] RODQODU× \D\×QODPD] +D]LUDQ 0DQFKHVWHU·GDHOLGLüOLOHUDUDV×QGDH]LOGLùLLoLQWHWDQRVD\DNDODQDQELUHUNHN oRFXN |OG +D]LUDQ 6DGGOHZRUWK·WH GLüOL\H NDS×ODQ JHQo SDUoDODQDUDN |OG +D]LUDQ 0DQFKHVWHU \DN×QODU×QGDNL *UHHQ $FUHV 0RRU·GD ELU PDNLQH DW|O\HVLQGH oDO×üDQ JHQo ELU DGDP ELOHùL WDü×Q×Q DOW×QD GüW LNL NDEXUJD NHPLùL N×U×OG× YFXGX NRUNXQo ELoLPGH \DUDODQG× 7HPPX] 2OGKDP·GD ELU N×] PDNLQH ND\×ü×QD \DNDODQG× ND\×üOD ELUOLNWH WDP HOOL NH] G|QG YH |OG N×U×OPDP×ü NHPLùL NDOPDP×üW× 7HPPX] 0DQFKHVWHU·GD ELUN×]KDOODoPDNLQHVLQHKDPSDPXùXLONLüOH\HQPDNLQHNDS×OG×YHDOG×ù× \DUDODUVRQXFX|OG$ùXVWRV'XNHQÀHOG·GDPDNLQHQLQoHPEHULQHNDS×ODQ ELU ERELQ LüoLVL WP NDEXUJD NHPLNOHUL N×U×ODUDN |OG ·GH 0DQFKHVWHU +DVWDQHVL PDNLQHOHULQ QHGHQ ROGXùX \DUDODQPD YH SDUoDODQPD ROD\×Q× WHGDYLHWWLKDVWDQHQLQVRUXPOXOXNDODQ×QDJLUHQ\|UHGHNLWP|WHNLND]DODU×Q WRSODP×LGLKHVDEDJ|UHEDüNDQHGHQOHUOHPH\GDQDJHOHQKHUEHüND]D\D NDUü×O×NLNLND]D\DPDNLQHOHUQHGHQROGXµ(QJHOV .×VDFDV× VLJRUWDV×] YH ND\×WV×] oDO×üDQ VD\×V×QGDNL DUW×ü X]XQ YH HVQHN oDO×üPD VDDWOHUL WDüHURQODüW×UPD QHGHQL\OH NoN LüOHWPHOHULQ VD\×FD DUW×ü× NoN Lü\HUOHULQGH Lü JYHQOLùL |QOHPOHULQLQ \HWHUVL]OLùL GHQHWLPVL]OLN YH VRQ G|QHPGH LüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùL KL]PHWOHULQLQ NHQGLVLQLQ GDKL |]HOOHüWLULOPHVLVUHFLGüQOGùQGHQHGHQLüND]DODU×YHPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU× ROXUVRUXVX\DYDü\DYDü\DQ×W×Q×EXOPD\DEDüODP×üW×UgUJWV]LüoLV×Q×I×Lü (" .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL ($ ND]DODU×YHPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×QDPDKNXPGXU*HOLüNLQNDSLWDOLVWONHOHULüoL VDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùLQHGDKDID]OD|QHPYHUPHVLYHVRV\DOGHYOHW\DS×ODU× GDKD JHOLüNLQ ROPDV× WDPDPHQ |UJWO LüoL V×Q×I×Q×Q PFDGHOHOHUL VRQXFX ROPXüWXUúüoLOHU|UJWV]VHGDKDX]XQYH\RùXQoDO×ü×UID]ODoDO×üPDGLNNDW GDù×Q×NO×ù×QD \RUJXQOXùD YH ND]DODUD QHGHQ ROXU úüoLOHU |UJWV]VH \DVDN GD ROVD WHKOLNHOL PDGGHOHUOH oDO×üPDN ]RUXQGD NDO×U %X WHKOLNHOL PDGGHOHU PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU×QD Lü ND]DODU×QD QHGHQ ROXU úüoLOHU |UJWV]VH WHKOLNHOL LüOHU\DSW×U×O×UúüoLOHU|UJWV]VHWRSOXNRUXPD|QOHPOHULDO×QPD].RUNXOXN \DS×OPD] JUOW NRQWURO \DS×OPD] WR]ODUD NDUü× KDYDODQG×UPD \DS×OPD] JHQHOWRSOX|QOHPOHUDO×QPD]úüoLOHU|UJWV]VHNLüLVHONRUX\XFXODUYHULOPH] dRùX LQüDDW LüoLVL KD\DW×QGD EDUHW HPQL\HW NHPHUL GHPLU EXUXQOX ERW HOGLYHQJ|UPHGHQND]DODUVRQXFX|OPüWU7PEXQODUDQHGHQRODQoDO×üPD UHMLPL DF×PDV×]G×U %XUMXYD GHPRNUDVLVLQLQ ×VUDUOD DOW×Q× oL]GLùL ´|]JUONµ NDYUDP×QDJ|UHLüoLOHU|]JUGUoDO×üPDNRüXOODU×N|WLVHLVWHUoDO×ü×ULVWHU oDO×üPD]$PDLüVL]OLNLüVL]NDOPDNRUNXVXDoO×NYHVD\DPD\DFDù×P×]SHNoRN QHGHQGHQGROD\×LüoLOHUWHKOLNHOLKHUWUOLüL\DüDPDNLoLQ\DSPDN]RUXQGD NDO×UgUJWV]LüoLV×Q×I×\DVDODU×GHùLüWLUHPH]VHUPD\HQLQ\DVDODU×QDEDù×PO× NDO×UhONHPL]GHUHWLPLQE\NELUN×VP×·GHQD]LüoLoDO×üW×UDQLü\HUOHULQGH JHUoHNOHüWLULOPHNWHGLU $PD ONHPL]GH LüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùL\OH LOJLOL \|QHWPHOLNOHU ·GHQ ID]OD LüoL oDO×üW×UDQ Lü\HUOHULQL NDSVDPDNWDG×U <LQH LüoL V×Q×I×Q×Q V×Q×IVDO NRQXPX\OD GHYDP HGHUVHN HùHU LüoLOHU |UJWV]VH |]HOOHüWLUPHOHU ROXU LüoLOHU |UJWV]VH KHU WUGHQ UHWLP NXUDOV×] HVQHN N×VDFDV× YDKüL ELU üHNLOGH JHUoHNOHüWLULOLU úüoLQLQ Lü JYHQFHVL \RNWXU %LU LüH EDüODU GDKD DO×üDPDGDQ EDüND ELU LüH JLGHU X\XP VRUXQX oHNHU LüLQH \RùXQODüDPD]LüLQHNHQGLQLYHUHPH]X]PDQODüDPD]LüLQULVNOHULNRQXVXQGD GHQH\LPVDKLELRODPD].H]DLüoLV×Q×I×|UJWV]VHVRV\DOGHYOHWLQND]DQ×PODU× RUWDGDQNDONDU'HYOHWGHQHWLPLRUWDGDQNDONDU*YHQFHVL]NXUDOV×]YHHVQHN oDO×üPD RUWDP× LüoLOHULQ SVLNRORMLVLQL ROXPVX] \|QGH HWNLOHU$oO×N \HWHUVL] EHVOHQPH \RNVXOOXN \DüDP NDYJDV× EDU×QPD VRUXQX NHQWOHULQ JLGHUHN \DüDQ×OPD] KDOH JHOPHVL XODü×P YH SHN oRN VRUXQ NDSLWDOL]PLQ DF×PDV×]FD LüoLOHUH GD\DWW×ù× VRUXQODUG×U %X VRUXQODU WP LüoLOHULQ SVLNRORMLVLQL ER]DU RQODU×XPXWVX]KDOHJHWLULU%XUXKKDOLLü\HULQGHoDO×ü×UNHQLVHND\×WV×]O×ùDYH GLNNDWGDù×Q×NO×ù×QDYHoRùXNH]ND]DODUDQHGHQROXU1HGHQVRQXoLOLüNLOHULQL GDKDGDDUW×UPDNPPNQGUN×VDFDV×NDSLWDOL]PQHNDGDUDF×PDV×]VDRNDGDU oRNLüND]DV×YHPHVOHNKDVWDO×ù×ROXU %DVN×F×HPHNUHMLPLEDùODP×QGDJHQHOL\DQV×WDQELUVHNW|UúQüDDWVHNW|U %XUD\D NDGDU V|\OHQHQOHUGHQ \ROD o×NDUDN LQüDDW VHNW|UQH \RùXQODüPDGDQ |QFHLQüDDWVHNW|UQDQODPDNYHGHùHUOHQGLUPHNDo×V×QGDQ\D]DU×QRUWD\D NR\PD\DoDO×üW×ù×oHUoHYH\LQHWKDOHJHWLUPHNDQODPO×RODFDNW×U%X\D]×\OD DPDoODQDQ×DQODPDNDo×V×QGDQHPHNVHUPD\HoHOLüNLVLQLQJQP]GHJHOGLùL QRNWDGD LüoL V×Q×I×Q×Q PXD]]DP ELU JHULOHPH \DüDG×ù×Q× EX JHULOHPHQLQ NXUDOO× HPHN UHMLPLQL RUWDGDQ NDOG×UG×ù×Q× NXUDOV×] HVQHN oDO×üPDQ×Q DUW×N WDOL GHùLO DVOL ELU UHWLP KDOLQH JHOPH\H EDüODG×ù×Q× VUHFL YH \HQL EDVN×V× *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× HPHNUHMLPLQLHQL\LDQODWDQVHNW|UOHUGHQELULVLRODUDNGDLQüDDWVHNW|UQQ DQDOL]LQLQ|QHPOLROGXùXQX\D]DU×Q|QNDEXOOHURODUDNDOG×ù×Q×YXUJXODPDNWD \DUDUYDUG×U%LUDG×PGDKDLOHULJLGHUVHNg]GHPLUWDUDI×QGDQ´GHVSRWLNHPHN UHMLPLRODUDNWDüHURQoDO×üPDµRODUDNQLWHOHQGLULOHQHPHNUHMLPLQLQVW\DS× LOLüNLOHULQLLQFHOHUNHQGH|QP]DoDFDNELUoHUoHYHVXQGXùXEHOLUWLOPHOLGLU =LUDEX\D]×GDGDJHUHNWDüHURQoDO×üPDQ×QJHUHNVHGHLQüDDWVHNW|UQQJHQHO GXUXPXQXQDUW×NHPHNVHUPD\HLOLüNLVLQLQEWQQ\DQV×WW×ù×N×VDFDV×WDOL GHùLODVOLKDOHJHOGLùLYXUJXVX|QHo×NDU×ODFDNW×U´7DüHURQoDO×üPDµNRQXVXQGD HJHPHQ \DNODü×P |]HOOLNOH o QRNWDGD HSLVWHPLN üLGGHW \DUDWPDNWDG×U úON RODUDN ´WDüHURQ oDO×üPDµ ]HULQH RODQ HJHPHQ \DNODü×P WDüHURQ oDO×üPD\× ELULVWLKGDPELoLPLRODUDNJ|UPHNWHGLU%XLVWLKGDPELoLPLRODUDNJ|UPHKDOL WDüHURQ oDO×üPD\× üH\OHüWLUPHNWHGLU g]GHPLU g]GHPLU WDüHURQ oDO×üPD\DEDN×üNRQXVXQGDED]×X\DU×ODU\DSPDNWDG×Ug]GHPLU %XQODUGDQLONLWDüHURQoDO×üPD\×7UNL\HNDSLWDOL]PLQHYHEXQXQLoHULVLQGH EXOXQGXùXGDKDJHQLü|OoHNOLNDSLWDOL]POHUHKDULFLELUQHVQH\PLüJLELDQODPD YH DQODPODQG×UPDG×U ]LUD g]GHPLU·H J|UH EX WU ELU DQDOL]GH ELU G|QHP HQÁDV\RQYHKHUG|QHPWUDÀNVRUXQXQXWDQ×POD\×üELoLPLPL]HEHQ]HUELoLPGH ELU´WDüHURQFDQDYDU×Q×Qµ\ROGDROGXùXQXV|\OHPHNPPNQJ|]NPHNWHGLU IDNDWWDüHURQoDO×üPDNDSLWDOLVWVLVWHPHLoNLQGLUYHDQFDNHPHNYHVHUPD\H V×Q×ÁDU×Q×QJ|UHOLJoOHULYHVHUPD\HELULNLPUHMLPOHULLoLQGHDQODü×ODELOLU%LU GLùHUYXUJXRODUDNWDüHURQoDO×üPD]HULQHRODQHJHPHQ\DNODü×P×QWDüHURQ oDO×üPDQ×Q SDUoDO× HWNLOHUL ]HULQGH GXUGXùX GüN FUHWOHU Dù×U oDO×üPD NRüXOODU× FLGGL VRV\DO KDN ND\×SODU×VRV\DO JYHQFHVL]OLN LüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùLQLQ ROPDPDV× YH VHQGLNDV×]ODüPD JLEL ER\XWODU×Q DUDüW×UPDODUGD SDUoDO× RODUDN HOH DO×QG×ù× YXUJXVXGXU hoQF RODUDN HJHPHQ \DNODü×P×Q WDüHURQ oDO×üDQODU×Q IDUNO×ODüDQ GHQH\LPOHUL ]HULQGH GXUGXùX VDQD\LGH YH WDU×PGD WDüHURQ oDO×üDQODU |]HO VHNW|UGH YH NDPX VHNW|UQGH WDüHURQ oDO×üDQODU PDYL \DNDO× WDüHURQ oDO×üDQODU YH EH\D] \DNDO× WDüHURQ oDO×üDQODU ]HULQHVUHNOLYXUJX\DS×ODUDNEXNDWPDQODU×QGHQH\LPOHULQLQYHYH\DNDUü× NDUü×\D NDOG×NODU× VRUX YH VRUXQODU×Q IDUNO×O×NODU× ]HULQH \RùXQODü×OG×ù×G×U %X YXUJXODUGDQ \ROD o×NDUDN GD LQüDDW VHNW|U ]HULQGHQ EHQ]HüHQ HPHN VUHoOHULQHYHLüoLV×Q×I×PFDGHOHVLQLQELUSDUoDV×RODUDN´LüoLVDùO×ù×YHLü JYHQOLùL´ DODQ×QD EDN×OPDV× DQODPO× RODFDNW×U =LUD V×Q×I oDO×üPDODU×QGD V×Q×I×QRUWDNODüW×U×F×|]HOOLNOHUL]HULQGHGXUPDNROGXNoD|QHPOLGLU <XNDU×GDNL EDüODQJ×o QRNWDODU×QGDQ KDUHNHWOH WDüHURQ oDO×üPDQ×Q SHN oRN ER\XWXQX Lü\HUL |OoHùLQGH GHùLO WRSOXPVDO LOLüNLOHU |UJVQGHNL \DQV×PDODU×\ODLQFHOHPHNHO]HPKDOLQHJHOPHNWHGLU=LUDHùHU´HPHNUHMLPL´ NDYUDP× NXOODQ×ODFDNVD EX NDYUDP×Q JQP]GH WDüHURQ oDO×üPDQ×Q IDUNO× J|UQPOHULRODQ´HYGHoDO×üPDµ´HYHLüYHUPHµYH´IDVRQUHWLPµYELOHHPHN VUHFL|UJWOHQPHVLQLQ´IDEULNDµQ×QNDS×ODU×Q×QDUG×QGD\DüDP×QKHUDODQ×QD GRùUX JHQLüOH\HQ \DS×V×Q× NDSVD\DELOGLùLQL g]GHPLU EHOLUWPHN |QHPOLGLU %X EDN×PGDQ GLQFLOHüPH YH JHULFLOHüPHQLQ WDüHURQ HPHN UHMLPL LOH LOLüNLVL LUGHOHQPHOL Lü ND]DODU×QD LOLüNLQ RODUDN µNDGHUµ µNDo×Q×OPD]O×Nµ (% .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL JLELV|\OHPOHULQJHUHNLüoLV×Q×I×LoLQGHWRSOXPXQJHQHOLQGHGHGDKD|QFHKLo ROPDG×ù×NDGDUJQGHOLNV|\OHPHQDV×OV×]G×ù×YXUJXODQPDO×G×U(ùHUEDVN×F× GHVSRWLN HPHN UHMLPL NDYUDP×QGDQ \ROD o×NDFDNVDN EDVN×Q×Q U×]D\D VWQ JHOGLùLUHMLPOHUROGXùXQXSL\DVDQ×QDQDUüLN\DS×V×QDWDELROGXùXQXE|\OHELU UHMLPLoLQGHWRSOXPXQG|QüWUOPHVLJHUHNWLùLQLEHOLUWPHNJHUHNPHNWHGLU 3L\DVD DQDUüLVL YH SDUoDQP×ü UHWLP \DS×ODU× JLGHUHN WDüHURQODüDQ JHQHO UHWLP ELoLPL VHUPD\HQLQ WRSOXPX GD EXQD X\JXQ ELU üHNLOGH G|QüWUPH JHUHNVLQLPLQLEHUDEHULQGHJHWLUPHNWHGLU%\NELUIDEULNDGD\]OHUFHLüoL\OH ELUDUDGDUHWLP\DSDQRQODUODHQLONHOKDOL\OHELOHSHNoRNGX\JX\XJQGHOLN PFDGHOH\LSD\ODüDQYHNHQGLVLIDUN×QGDROVXQYH\DROPDV×QV×Q×I×QELUELUH\L RODQLüoLQLQ\HULQHNoNELUWDüHURQXQJHoLFLLüoLVLKDOLQHG|QüHQELULüoL GDKDoRNÅFHPDDW´LQELUELUH\LKDOLQHJHOPH\HEDüOD\DFDNW×U%XFHPDDWNLPL ]DPDQELUGLQVHO\DS×NLPL]DPDQKHPüHKULOLNDù×NLPL]DPDQGD|]HOOLNOH LQüDDWVHNW|UQGHROGXùXJLELELUDLOH\DS×V×RODFDNW×U%XLOLüNLOHUDù×LoLQGH HQ |QHPOL XQVXUODUGDQ ELULVL GH g]GHPLU·LQ VUHNOL DOW×Q× oL]GLùL ÅEDVN×F×´ NDUDNWHUGLU |UJWOHQPH EDüNDOG×UPDQ×Q \HULQL ER\XQ HùPH YH JHOHQHNVHO NXUDOODUDEDùO×O×NGLQVHOE|OJHVHODLOHYLYEDOPDNWDG×Ug]HWOHNDSLWDOL]P JQP]GH NDSLWDOLVW WRSOXP |QFHVLQGHNL LOLüNLOHU Dù×Q× \HQLGHQ UHWPHNWH YHEDVN×F×HPHNUHMLPLQLQJDUDQWLVLRODUDNNXOODQPDNWDG×U (& úQüDDW VHNW|UQGH GH LüoLOHU ]HULQGH EDVN×\× VUHNOL \HQLGHQ UHWHQ \NVHN Lü GHùLüWLUPH K×]× GüN FUHWOHU Dù×U oDO×üPD NRüXOODU× FLGGL VRV\DO KDN ND\×SODU× VRV\DO JYHQFHVL]OLN YH LüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùLQLQ \RNOXùX EXOXQPDNWDG×U%LUD]X]XQGDROVDDüDù×GDNLDO×QW×DQODW×OPDNLVWHQHQLoRNQHW ELUüHNLOGHRUWD\DNR\PDNWDG×U 7DüHURQoDO×üPDELUGHVSRWLNHPHNUHMLPLGLUoQNWDüHURQÀUPDLOHDQDÀUPD DUDV×QGDNLEDù×PO×O×NLOLüNLVLEDVN×NRüXOODU×Q×\HQLGHQUHWPHNWHGLU7DüHURQ oDO×üPD UHWLP VUHFLQLQ SDUoDODQPDV×Q×Q ELU UQGU YH EX SDUoDODQPD DQD ÀUPD LOH WDüHURQ ÀUPD DUDV×QGD EDù×PO×O×N LOLüNLVL \DUDWPDNWDG×U YH EX EDù×PO×O×NLOLüNLVLQGHDQDÀUPDoRNJoOGU%XEDù×PO×O×NLOLüNLVLLoLQGHDQD ÀUPD PHUNH] LüJFQ LVWLKGDP HWPH NDSDVLWHVLQGH\NHQ GLùHU ELU GH\LüOH LüJFQH J|UHOL L\L FUHWOHU VRV\DO JYHQFH YH EHONL VHQGLNDODüPD LPNDQ× WDQ×UNHQ NHQGLQH EDù×PO× WDüHURQ ÀUPD\× LüJFQH \|QHOLN X\JXODPDODUGD ´HQJHULµQRNWD\DJLWPH\H]RUODPDNWDG×U'ROD\×V×\ODGüNLüJFPDOL\HWL EDVN×V× GHVSRWLN HPHN UHMLPOHULQL \DUDWPDNWDG×U7DüHURQ oDO×üPD GHVSRWLN ELUHPHNUHMLPLGLUoQNWDüHURQÀUPDODUDUDV×UHNDEHW´GLEHGRùUXNRüXµ ELoLPLQGHJHUoHNOHüPHNWHGLU7DüHURQÀUPDDQDÀUPDQ×QYHUGLùLLüLDODELOPHN LoLQGHVSRWL]PLFUHWOHUoDO×üPDVDDWOHULYHoDO×üPDNRüXOODU×DQODP×QGDHQVHUW ELoLPGHX\JXODPDNWDG×U7DüHURQoDO×üPDELUGHVSRWLNHPHNUHMLPLGLUoQN LüoLV×Q×I×QGDPH\GDQDJHOHQNDW×E|OQPHOHUYHKL\HUDUüLOHUEDVN×NRüXOODU×Q× \HQLGHQUHWPHNWHGLUhUHWLPVUHFLQLQSDUoDODQPDV×VRQXFXHPHNVUHFLQLQ |UJWOHQPHVLQGHGHELUSDUoDODQPDV|]NRQXVXGXU%XSDUoDODQPDPHNDQVDO ELU SDUoDODQPD\× GD JHWLUHELOPHNWH YH\D PHNDQVDO ELU ELUOLNWHOLN LoLQGH GH *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× \DüDQDELOPHNWHGLU'DKDYDKLPRODQ×NXüNXVX]LüoLV×Q×I×LoLQGHNLKL\HUDUüLQLQ D\Q×PHNDQGDJHUoHNOHüPHVLGLU7DüHURQoDO×üPDELUGHVSRWLNHPHNUHMLPLGLU oQN WDüHURQ HPHNoLOHU PHNDQVDO YH NXUXPVDO RODUDN SDUoDODQP×üW×U %X PHNDQVDO YH NXUXPVDO SDUoDODQPD HPHNoLOHULQ GHVSRWLN HPHN UHMLPLQLQ NRüXOODU×QD NDUü× RUWDN ELU GLUHQLü YH PFDGHOH JHOLüWLUHELOPHVLQLQ |QQGH HQJHOGLUg]GHPLU %X V|\OHQHQOHU ×ü×ù×QGD LQüDDW UHWLPLQLQH EDNW×ù×P×]GD EHQ]HU KL\HUDUüL\L oL]PHPL] PPNQGU gUQHùLQ VRQ \×OODUGD KDVWDO×N GHUHFHVLQGH \D\J×QO×N ND]DQDQ DO×üYHULü PHUNH]L LQüDDWODU×QD \RùXQODüPDN \DUDUO× RODFDNW×U +HUKDQJL ELU DO×üYHULü PHUNH]LQGH GNNDQ DoDFDN RODQ ÀUPDODU |]HOOLNOH GH E\N ÀUPDODU SURMHQLQ ]DPDQ×QGD \HWLüPHVL LoLQ HùHU NLUDF×ODUVD µPDO VDKLELQLµ HùHU NHQGLOHUL |QFHGHQ VDW×Q DOP×üODUVD µDQD \NOHQLFLµ ÀUPD\× VUHNOL V×N×üW×U×UODU =DPDQ×QGD \HWLüPHPHVL GXUXPXQGD PDùD]D Do×O×ü× JHUoHNOHüHPH\HFHNVDW×üODU\DS×ODPD\DFDNYH]DUDUHGLOHFHNWLU+HUQHNDGDU V|]OHüPHGHEXQODUODLOJLOLFH]DLüDUWODUNRQPD\DoDO×üVDGDEXVUHFHJLUPHN \HULQH\XNDU×GDQVUHNOLELUEDVN×YDUG×U%XWULQüDDWODUKHU]DPDQE\NELU µDQD\NOHQLFLµWDUDI×QGDQJHUoHNOHüWLULOLU$QD \NOHQLFLÀUPDLüLSDUoDODUD D\×U×U LüL SD\ODüW×U×U ]LUD VUHNOL oDO×üW×ù× µDOW \NOHQLFLµ ÀUPDODU YH DOW \NOHQLFLOHULQGHVUHNOLoDO×üW×ù×µWDüHURQµÀUPDODUYH\DµLüoLHNLSOHULµYDUG×U DOW \NOHQLFL GH\LPL KXNXNVDO Do×GDQ WDüHURQGDQ IDUNO× ROPDVD GD EXUDGD J|UHFH E\N ÀUPDODU× EHOLUWPHN YH JHQHO DOJ×GD WDüHURQ RODUDN J|UOQ NoNÀUPDODULüoLHNLSOHULQGHQIDUN×Q×NR\PDNDPDF×\ODNXOODQ×OPDNWDG×U $QD \NOHQLFLGHQ DOW \NOHQLFLOHUH DOW \NOHQLFLOHUGHQ GH WDüHURQODUDLüoL HNLSOHULQH VUHNOL LüL ]DPDQ×QGD \HWLüWLUPHOHUL \|QQGH ELU EDVN× \DS×O×U %X EDVN× \D]×Q×Q LON N×VP×QGD EHOLUWLOHQ µQHGHQ Lü ND]DODU× ROXUµ VRUXVXQXQ WHPHO \DQ×WODU×QGDQ ELULVLGLU +×]O× \RùXQ YH VWUHVOL oDO×üPD NRüXOODU×QGD LüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùL |QOHPOHUL WDPDPHQ JHUHNVL] RODUDN J|UOU %X |QOHPOHUL DOPD NRQXVXQGD DQD \NOHQLFL EDVN× \DSVD GDKL LüLQ JHFLNPHVL |GHPHOHULQ\DS×OPDPDV×\HYPL\HOHULQ|GHQPHPHVLEDVN×V×DOW×QGDoRùXNH] LüoLOHUNHQGLOHULEX|QOHPOHULQDO×QPDV×QDGLUHQoJ|VWHULUOHUgUQHùLQELULüoL HNLEL \DOQ×]FD ELU D\ oDO×üDFDNVD ELU D\GD LüLQL ELWLULS KHPHQ EDüND LüOHUH \|QHOPHNLVWHUEX]DPDQ]DUI×QGDND]DJHoLUPHRODV×O×ù×JHUHNLüoLOHUJHUHN LüoLHNLSEDüODU×JHUHNVHGHWDüHURQODUWDUDI×QGDQJ|]|QQGHEXOXQGXUXOPD] %XKL\HUDUüLNYHGDù×Q×N\DS×NDSLWDOLVWEDN×üDo×V×\ODHOHDO×QVDGDKLµLüOHWPH \|QHWLPLµLoLQGHJHQHO\|QHWLPLQELUSDUoDV×RODQµLüoLVDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùL \|QHWLPLµX\JXODPDODU×Q×Q|QQGHGHELUHQJHOGLU=LUDLüJYHQOLùLNRQXVXQGD DO×QPDV× JHUHNHQ |QOHPOHU WP Lü\HUL LoLQ PHUNH]L RODUDN SODQODQPDN X\JXODQPDN GHQHWOHQPHN YH NRRUGLQH HGLOPHN ]RUXQGDG×U úQüDDW VHNW|U V|]NRQXVXROGXùXQGDELUELULQGHQEDù×PV×]WDüHURQODU×QELUELUOHULQGHQULVNOL LüOHUL IDUNO× IDUNO× DOW GHQHWLP YH \|QHWLP PHNDQL]PDODU× DOW×QGD \DSPDV× ROJXVXEHUDEHULQGHLüJYHQOLùLX\JXODPDODU×Q×QLVWHQVHGDKLX\JXODQPDV×Q× ]RUODüW×UPDNWDG×U (' .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL $QD\NOHQLFLÀUPDNDù×W]HULQGHWPVRUXPOXOXùXWDüHURQODUD\×NPDNWDG×U DQFDNKXNXNVDOWD]PLQDWDQODP×QGDYHFH]DLRODUDNVRUXPOXOXùXQXQGHYDP HWWLùLQLQ oRùX NH] IDUN×QGD GHùLOGLU ûDQWL\HOHUGH JHQHO RODUDN GHQHWLP YH J|]HWLP \DS×OVD GD KL\HUDUüLQLQ HQ DOW×QGD EXQX DQFDN µEDVN×µ \ROX\OD X\JXOD\DFDN WDüHURQODU EXOXQPDNWDG×U 7DüHURQ µÀUPDµ YH\D LüoL JUXSODU× oRùX NH] KHPüHKULOLN YH |]HOOLNOH LQüDDW VHNW|UQGH GH DNUDEDO×N LOLüNLOHUL EDùODP×QGD ELU DUD\D JHOPLü LüoLOHUGHQ ROXüPDNWDG×U <D]DU WDUDI×QGDQ LQFHOHQHQ\]OHUFHLüND]DV×GRV\DV×QGDFH]DGDYDODU×VDQ×NRODUDN\DUJ×ODQDQ WDüHURQODU×QE\NELUN×VP×Q×QND]D]HGHLüoLQLQELULQFLYH\DLNLQFLGHUHFHGHQ DNUDEDV× ROPDV× VRQ GHUHFH oDUS×F×G×U dRùX GXUXPGD RUWDGD ELU ÀUPD EXOXQPDPDNWD DQD \NOHQLFL YH\D DOW \NOHQLFL LOH LüoLOHU DUDV×QGD LOLüNL\L NXUDQELUDLOHE\ùXVWDXVWDEDü×LüoLOHULEXOXSJHWLUPHNWHGLUg]GHPLU·LQ YXUJXODG×ù×JLELWDüHURQOXNPHVVHVHVLQL\D\J×QRODUDNNXOODQDQ ELUHPHNUHMLPLQGHWDQ×PODQDQWDY×UWXWXPYHGXUXüODU×QWRSODPV×Q×IHWNLVL IDEULND LoHULVLQGH ´NDQO×µ RODUDN WDQ×PODQDQ WD\ORULVW X\JXODPDODUD IDEULND G×ü×QGDGD\DQDüPDLOLüNLOHULQGHQ|UOELUSDWHUQDOL]PHNDGDUX]DU (( 7P EX LOLüNLOHU Dù×QD WDP GD RWXUDQ ELU EDüND KXVXV LVH ´J|oPHQ LüoLµ NXOODQ×P×G×U%XUDGDJ|oPHQLüoLONHLoLQGHoDO×üPDDPDF×\OD\HUGHùLüWLUPH\L GH NDSVDPDNWDG×U gUQHùLQ I×QG×N WRSODPDN LoLQ .DUDGHQL] E|OJHVLQH JLGHQ YH\D 7UNL\H·QLQ SHN oRN E|OJHVLQGH JHoLFL RODUDN oDO×üDQ .UW LOOHULQGHQ JHOHQ I×QG×N WRSODPD YH LQüDDW LüoLOHUL JLEL ´7UNL\H·\H <|QHOLN ']HQVL] *|oOHUYH*|oPHQOHULQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGH(QIRUPHOúVWLKGDP×µEDüO×NO×UDSRU 7RNJ|] LQüDDW VHNW|UQQ NXUDOV×] YH G]HQVL] \DS×V×Q× L\L ELU üHNLOGH |]HWOHPHNWHGLU %X UDSRUGD GD V|] HGLOHQ ,/2 UDSRUX GQ\DGD LQüDDWVHNW|UQQEXNXUDOV×]YHG]HQVL]\DS×V×Q×Q7UNL\H·GHNLQGHQIDUNO× ROPDG×ù×Q× RUWD\D NR\PDNWDG×U ,/2 %X UDSRUD J|UH LQüDDW VHNW|UQGHGQ\DJHQHOLQGH\DNODü×NPLO\RQNLüLoDO×üPDNWDG×U%XQXQ ·GüN·V×LVH\NVHNJHOLUJUXEXQGDNLONHOHUGHoDO×üPDNWDG×U %XQD NDUü×Q \NVHN JHOLU JUXEXQGDNL ONHOHU LQüDDW VHNW|UQGH HOGH HGLOHQ WRSODPo×NW×Q×Q·VLQLGüNJHOLUJUXEXQGDNLONHOHULVHJHUL\HNDODQ ·QUHWPHNWHGLU%XYHULOHULQüDDWVHNW|UQQJHOLüPHNWHRODQONHOHUGH HPHN\RùXQ YH GüN YHULPOLOLN G]H\LQH VDKLS ELU \DS×GD ROGXùXQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLUúQüDDWVHNW|UQGHHQGVWULOHüPHQLQLONDüDPDODU×QGDN×UGDQ NHQWH J|oHQ LüoLOHULQ LOHUL DüDPDODU×QGD GD EX HPHN ND\QDù×Q×Q NXUXPDV× QHGHQL\OH G×ü J|oOH JHOHQ LüoLOHULQ Dù×UO×NO× RODUDN oDO×üPDV× JLEL JHQHO ELU HùLOLPGHQV|]HGLOHELOLU*HQHOOLNOHLVWLKGDPHGLOHQOHUGHKHUKDQJLELUHùLWLP G]H\L\DGDQLWHOLNDUDQPDPDV×EXQXQHQEDüWDJHOHQQHGHQLGLUúüYHUHQOHULQ LQüDDWVHNW|UQGHLWKDOHPHùLQ|QHPOLELUUROROGXùXYHROPD\DGDGHYDP HGHFHùL \|QQGH ELU J|UüH VDKLS ROGXNODU× EHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU %XQD NDUü×Q LüoLOHU LVH DVO×QGD LQüDDW VHNW|UQGH oDO×üPDN LVWHPHPHNWHGLU dDO×üDQODU \D EDüNDVHoHQHNOHULROPDG×ù×LoLQ]RUXQOXRODUDNoDO×üPDNWD\DGDJHoLFLELUVUH NDWODQ×ODELOHFHNELULüJ|]\OHEDNW×NODU×LoLQoDO×üPDNWDG×UODU,/2 *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× 7RNV|] UDSRUXQGD LQüDDW VHNW|UQGH ND\×WG×ü×O×ùD GLNNDW oHNPHNWH YHULOHULQHJ|UHWRSODPPLO\RQELQNLüLRODQLVWLKGDP×Q·QQ ND\×WG×ü× ROGXùXQX LQüDDW VHNW|UQQ LVH WDU×P VHNW|UQGHQ VRQUD ND\×WG×ü× oDO×üPDRUDQ×Q×Q·\OHHQ\NVHNROGXùXVHNW|UROGXùXQXEHOLUWPHNWHGLU $\Q×]DPDQGDNDoDNJ|oPHQLüoLLVWLKGDP×Q×QHQ\RùXQROGXùXVHNW|UOHUGHQ ELULVLRODQLQüDDWVHNW|UQGHNDoDNLüoLOHUoRùXQOXNODELUNDoD\VUHOLLüOHU LoLQLüHDO×QPDNWDEXLüOHUJHQHOOLNOHLKDOHLOHDO×QDQSURMHED]O×YHEHOOLELU VUH LoLQGH EDüOD\×S ELWHQ LüOHU ROPDNWD J|oPHQOHU HQ ID]OD ELQD \DS×P× RQDU×P× \RO YH N|SU \DS×P×RQDU×P× WDULKL HVHU RQDU×P× JLEL LüOHUGH oDO×üW×U×OPDNWDG×U*|oPHQLüoLOHULQWDPDP×Q×QDV×OLüLQELUE|OPQ\DSDQ WDüHURQODUWDUDI×QGDQoDO×üW×U×OG×ù×EXQRNWDGDQLWLEDUHQLüLQND\×WG×ü×QDo×NW×ù× YHEXQGDQVRQUDNLDüDPDODU×QWDPDP×ND\×WG×ü×RODUDNVUGUOGùEHOLUWLOHQ UDSRUGDLüLQED]HQoQFKDWWDG|UGQFNH]HOGHùLüWLUGLùLLüLQVRQRODUDN XVWD\DGDoDYXüODUDYHULOGLùLNDoDNJ|oPHQLüoLOHULQEXXVWD\DGDoDYXüODU WDUDI×QGDQoDO×üW×U×OG×ù×YHJ|oPHQLüoLOHUH\DOQ×]FDYDV×IV×]LüOHU\DSW×U×ODUDN XVWDO×NLüOHUHPDQHWHGLOPHGLùLYXUJXODQPDNWDG×U7RNJ|] 7P EX oDO×üPD RUWDP× EDVN×F× ELU RUWDP×Q VUHNOL \HQLGHQ UHWLOPHVL LoLQ HQX\JXQNRüXOODU×\DUDWPDNWDG×U%XEDVN×|]HOOLNOHLQüDDWVHNW|UQGHNLPL ]DPDQüLGGHWKDOLQHGHG|QüHELOPHNWHGLUúQüDDWVHNW|UQGHNDEDJFHGD\DO× EDVN×oRN\D\J×QROXSKHPüHKULOLNYHDNUDEDO×NLOLüNLOHULGHGüQOGùQGH VRQGHUHFHGRùDONDUü×ODQPDNWDG×UúüND]DODU×Q×QQHGHQOHULQGHQELULVLRODUDN J|UOPHVLJHUHNHQVWUHVLQELUND\QDù×Q×QGDEXROGXùXELOLQPHOLGLU úü ND]DODU×QD YH PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU×QD GDLU \DS×ODFDN GHùHUOHQGLUPHOHUGH |QH o×NDU×OPDV× JHUHNHQ HQ |QHPOL KXVXVODUGDQ ELULVL NoN LüOHWPHOHULQ VLFLOOHULQLQ KD\OL NDEDU×N ROPDV×G×U úQüDDW VHNW|U LoLQ GH EX JHoHUOLGLU %X \DS×ND\×WG×ü×LVWLKGDP×NROD\ODüW×UDQELULüOHYJ|UPHNWHGLU7DEOR\DJ|UH oDO×üDQ×RODQPLNURLü\HUOHULWRSODPLü\HUOHULQLQ·LQLROXüWXUPDNWDG×U 7DEOR\×O×YHULOHULQHJ|UHLüOHWPHE\NOùQHJ|UHLü\HULVD\×V× 'ú($NWDUDQ7RNJ|] dDO×üDQVD\×V× úü\HULVD\×V× NLüL NLüL NLüL NLüL NLüL NLüL NLüL 7RSODP () .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL %XUD\DNDGDUV|\OHQHQOHU×ü×ù×QGDWRSODP|OPOND]DODU×QQHGHQoWHELULQLQ LQüDDW VHNW|UQGH JHUoHNOHüWLùL \]OHUFH LüoLQLQ QHGHQ \DüDP×Q× \LWLUGLùL QHW ELU üHNLOGH DQODü×ODFDNW×U 6RQUDNL E|OPOHUGH VHNW|UGHNL ND]D YHULOHUL ]HULQGHGXUXODFDNYHoL]LOPH\HoDO×ü×ODQoHUoHYHLOHND]DLVWDWLVWLNOHULQLQQH |OoGHELUELUL\OH|UWüWùWDUW×ü×ODFDNW×U (* 6HNW|UHOE\PHGHYHLüFLQD\HWOHULQGHLONV×UDGDLQüDDWVHNW|U 7UNL\H·GH Lü ND]DV× VRQXFX IDWDOLWHQLQ HQ ID]OD ROGXùX LON IDDOL\HW DODQ× V×UDV×\OD %LQD LQüDDW× ·GH %LQD G×ü× \DS×ODU×Q LQüDDW× ·GH NDUDWDü×PDF×O×ù×YHERUXKDWW×WDü×PDF×O×ù×·GH|]HOLQüDDW IDDOL\HWOHUL ·GH YH ·GH LOH WDü×PDF×O×N LoLQ GHSRODPD YH GHVWHNIDDOL\HWOHULGLU(WLOHU%XUDGDGLNNDWHGLOLUVHLQüDDWVHNW|U o EDüO×N DOW×QGD LQFHOHQPHNWHGLU úQüDDW VHNW|UQQ EX ELoLPGH o EDüO×N DOW×QGD LQFHOHQPHVL \×O×QGDQ |QFHNL YHULOHUOH NDUü×ODüW×UPD RODQDù×Q× RUWDGDQ NDOG×UPDV×QD NDUü×Q \HQL RODQDNODU VXQPDNWDG×U %X DOW E|OPOHPH EL]H$.3+NPHWOHULG|QHPLQGHK×]ND]DQDQNDUD\ROX\DS×P×GXEOH\RO oDO×üPDODU×Q×QLüND]DODU×DQODP×QGDNLPDOL\HWLQLGHJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU%LQDG×ü× \DS×ODU×Q LQüDDW× NDSVDP×QGD NDUD\ROODU× YH GHPLU\ROODU× LQüDDWODU× KL]PHW SURMHOHULQLQLQüDDW×YHVXSURMHOHULLVNHOHOLPDQYELQüDDWODU×EXOXQPDNWDG×U $.3'|QHPLQGH\×O×QGDQLWLEDUHQ\DS×ODQNP\ROXQLüoLV×Q×I×QD PDOL\HWL\×O×QGD\×O×QGDNLüLQLQ\DüDP×G×U$\U×FDEXVHNW|U PH\GDQDJHOHQLüND]DODU×DUDV×QGD|OPHRODV×O×ù×Q×QHQ\NVHNROPDV×QGDQ GROD\×HQWHKOLNHOLVHNW|UGU(WLOHU 6HNW|UQJHQHOELUSDQRUDPDV×Q×oL]PHNDo×V×QGDQLVHDüDù×GDNLDO×QW×\DUDUO× RODFDNW×U úQüDDW VHNW|U NHQGLQH |]J \DS×V×\OD LüoL VDùO×ù× DODQ×QGD GLùHUOHULQGHQ IDUNO×ELU\HUWXWPDNWDG×U %X VHNW|UQ GLùHU VHNW|UOHUGHQ IDUNO× ROPDV×Q×Q EDüO×FD QHGHQL KHU X\JXODPDQ×QELUELULQGHQIDUNO×ROPDV×YHEX\]GHQKHUX\JXODPDGDGHùLüLN oDO×üPDNRüXOODU×\ODYHIDUNO×ULVNOHUOHNDUü×NDUü×\DNDO×QPDV×G×UúQüDDWVHNW|U \DOQ×]FDELU\DS×VUHFLGHùLOGLUER\DoHYUHG]HQOHPHVLHOHNWULNV×YDWDü DVIDOWKDIUL\DWLüOHULJLELIDUNO×LüOHULEDU×QG×UDQNDUPDü×NELUDODQG×U úQüDDW VHNW|UQQ GQ\DGDNL WRSODP HNRQRPLN E\NOùQQ WULO\RQ GRODUROGXùXWDKPLQHGLOPHNWHGLU'Q\DV×QDLLVWLKGDP×Q×QGD·XLQüDDW VHNW|UQGHoDO×üPDNWDG×U%XVHNW|UD\U×FD$YUXSD·GDGD\DNODü×NWULO\RQ $YUROXNFLURYHPLO\RQNLüLOLNLVWLKGDPER\XWX\ODHQE\NVHNW|UOHUGHQ ELULVLGLU%XLVWLKGDPER\XWXWRSODP$YUXSD%LUOLùLHPHNJFQQ·XQX ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U %X DUDGD $% .RPLV\RQX·QXQ $% ONHOHUL LoLQGHNL WP HPHN JFQQ ·XQXQ UHVPL PDNDPODUD ELOGLULOPHGLùL WHVSLWLQL GH YXUJXODPDNJHUHNLU8OXVODUDUDV×dDO×üPDgUJW8dgWDKPLQOHULQH J|UHLüND]DODU×YHPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×QGDQND\QDNODQDQ|OPOHUWP|OPOHULQ *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× ·XQX ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U 8dg·QQ \×O× LoLQ LQüDDW VHNW|UQH LOLüNLQ NUHVHOWDKPLQOHULQHJ|UHGQ\DGDFLYDU×QGDNL|OPOLüND]DV×Q×Q ·LELUEDüNDLIDGH\OH·VLLQüDDWVHNW|UQGHJHUoHNOHüPHNWHGLU<LQH 8dgYHULOHULQHJ|UHVDQD\LOHüPLüONHOHUGHWRSODPLüJFQQDQFDN² DUDV×Q×LQüDDWLüoLOHULROXüWXUXUNHQ|OPOHVRQXoODQDQLüND]DODU×Q×Q ²·×LQüDDWLüoLOHULDUDV×QGDROPDNWDG×U'XPDQ+DP]DRùOX 'DKD JQFHO YHULOHUOH VHNW|UQ 7UNL\H HNRQRPLVLQGHNL \HULQL LUGHOHPHN JHUHNLUVHLQüDDWVHNW|U\×O×QGDoLIWKDQHOLE\PH\DNDODP×üROXSEX E\PHQLQ E\N ELU N×VP× 7RSOX .RQXW úGDUHVL·QLQ JHUoHNOHüWLUGLùL YH\D \|QOHQGLUGLùLSURMHOHUGHQROXüPDNWDG×U\×O×Q×QLNLQFLoH\UHùLQGH*D\UL 6DÀ<XUWLoL+DV×ODLoLQGH\×O×QGDQEHULLONNH]\]GHSD\×\DNDOD\DQ LQüDDW VHNW|U LNLQFL YH oQF oH\UHNWH LVWLKGDP EDN×P×QGDQ PLO\RQ LüoL\H XODüP×üW×U 7UNL\H úVWDWLVWLN .XUXPX YHULOHULQH J|UH %LQD úQüDDW× 6HNW|U úVWLKGDP (QGHNVL DUWDUDN ·WHQ ·D %LQD '×ü× úQüDDW 6HNW|U úVWLKGDP (QGHNVL DUWDUDN ·GDQ ·\D \NVHOPLüWLU +HUQHNDGDU\×O×QGDGDKDWHPNLQOLELUE\PHEHNOHQVHGH·GHNL E\PHQLQ \]GH LOH DUDV×QGD JHUoHNOHüPHVL EHNOHQPHNWHGLU úQüDDW VHNW|UQGHNL E\PHQLQ E\N ELU N×VP×Q× LVH EDVLW RODUDN \DSVDW RODUDN LIDGHHGLOHQVWRUWDJHOLUJUXEXQDDLWNHVLPOHUHVDW×ODQVDW×OPDV×SODQODQDQ E\N RUDQGD GD \DW×U×P DPDF×\OD DO×QDQ NRQXWODU ROXüWXUPDNWDG×U gWH \DQGDQ´NHQWVHOG|QüPµDG×DOW×QGD\UWOHQYHPHUNH]LQGH7RSOX.RQXW úGDUHVL·QLQ DOW×QGD LVH LNWLGDUD \DN×Q PWHDKKLWOLN ÀUPDODU×Q×Q EXOXQGXùX NHQWVHO\DùPDQ×QLQüDDWVHNW|UQQELUVUHGDKD|QQDoDFDù×EHNOHQPHOLGLU 6HNW|UGHNLEXJHOLüPHQLQELUEDüNDER\XWXLVHLQüDDWVHNW|UQQ|OPOLüLON V×UD\D \HUOHüPHVLGLU 6RV\DO *YHQOLN .XUXPX YHULOHULQH J|UH \×OODU×DUDV×QGD\×OGDRUWDODPDLüoLLQüDDWüDQWL\HOHULQGH\DüDP×Q×\LWLUPLü LüoL LVH VDNDW NDOP×üW×U 7RSODP |OPO ND]DODUGD LQüDDW VHNW|UQQ RUDQ× \LQH D\Q× \×OODU DUDV×QGD RUWDODPD ·WLU 7RSODP LVWLKGDPGDNL SD\×Q×QQHUHGH\VHEHüNDW×RODQEXUDNDPLQüDDWVHNW|UQQQH|OoGHLQVDQ× |ùWWùQQGHDo×NELUJ|VWHUJHVLGLUúQüDDWVHNW|UQQüDKDNDONW×ù×V|\OHQHQ \×OODUGD Lü FLQD\HWOHUL GH üDKD NDONP×üW×U \×O× GHùHUOHULQH EDN×OG×ù×QGD \×O×LoLQGHLüOHPLWDPDPODQP×üGRV\DODULüND]DODU×VRQXFXPH\GDQD JHOHQ|OPQ·LQLQKHU|OPGHQELULLQüDDWVHNW|UQGHROGXùX J|UOHFHNWLU%XX]XQ\×OODU×QHQ\NVHNVD\×V×YHRUDQ×G×U (! .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL 7DEORúQüDDW6HNW|UQHLOLüNLQYHULOHUYHLüND]DODU×LVWDWLVWLNOHUL 7hú.6*. 3" Kamu .-" Top- Top- naat naat 3""' naat 3""' naat (Mil- (Mil- "# "# GSYH Sektörü göre Sektörü göre Sektörü yar yar (Mil- GSYH ')3 stihdam )%&"# nde )%&"# nde TL) TL) yar ')33 (%) +%&"#1'!" 1'!" ."1#- ."1#"1 % stihTL) "1 damdaki Göre- Göreme -(3 !-"'3 &,3 #-" !- z-" !" Say3(3 ve " %$*/"%&"# Sonuçnan ."1#"' "$n !-"'3 -deki -(3 ve ,3 ,3(3 %&"# ."1#"' deki ,3 2000 5,5 9,3 14,8 6,8 4,9 761.452 1818 399 1173 379 (%3,5) 2001 7,5 11,8 19,3 -5,7 -17,4 681.882 2002 10,8 17,6 28,5 6,2 13,9 713.629 (%21,9) 2183 (%3,2) 2003 11,6 23,5 35,1 5,3 7,8 685.902 12,4 33,9 46,4 9,4 14,1 752.136 1421 16,3 38,8 55,2 8,4 9,3 933.498 2006 21,1 51,1 57,3 6,9 18,5 1.185.72 1693 1639 58,9 82,6 4,7 5,7 1.247.97 30,1 60,2 90,2 -0,7 -8,1 1.238.88 2009 29,1 44,9 74,1 -4,8 -16,1 1.227.69 2010 36,1 55,4 91,6 8,9 17,1 1.431.00 1550 841 425 361 1452 373 1.072 8(%5,8) 282 319 (%16,1) 397 (%24,9) 1.043 359 (%34,4) 865 297 (%34,3) 1.171 (%16,9) 1976 290 (%27,1) 1.592 (%25,8) 1668 263 (%31,3) (%23,3) 8(%5,8) 0(%6,3) 322 274 (%33,8) (%18,7) 0(%6,0) 2008 810 (%19,6) 2267 3(%5,8) 23,7 345 319 (%36,6) (%20,4) (%4,7) 2007 354 341 (%33,8) 872 (%24,9) (%3,8) 2005 439 (%24,1) (%3,2) 2004 1008 (%23,7) 1820 (%3,3) )# 517 (%32,3) 156 (%13,3) 1.434 475 (%33,1) 1RW6*.úVWDWLVWLNOHULR\×OJHUoHNOHüHQLüND]DODU×Q×GHùLOR\×OLüOHPLELWPLü ND]DODU×LoHUPHNWHGLU *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× \×O×QD DLW LQüDDW Lü ND]DODU× VRQXFX |OPOHUH GLNNDW oHNLOPHVL JHUHNPHNWHGLU'LùHU\×OODU×QDNVLQHoRNFLGGLELUGHùLüLPROGXùXDQFDNELU VRQUDNL\×OJHQHORUWDODPD\D\LQHXODü×OG×ù×J|UOPHNWHYHEXYHULOHUNXüNX \DUDWPDNWDG×U%LU|QFHNLYHELUVRQUDNL\×OODUDDLWYHULOHULQFHOHQGLùLQGHLVH ED]×LOJLQoQRNWDODUJ|]HoDUSDFDNYH6*.·Q×QPXKWHPHOELUKDWDV×ROGXùX DQODü×ODFDNW×U%XQXQDQODü×OPDV×LoLQDüDù×GDNLYHULOHUHELUD]GLNNDWOHEDNPDN JHUHNPHNWHGLU6*.LVWDWLVWLNOHULR\×OJHUoHNOHüHQLüND]DODU×Q×GHùLOR\×O LüOHPLWDPDPODQDQLüND]DODU×Q×NDSVDPDNWDG×U$QFDN\LQHGHYHULOHUGHELU JDULSOLNJ|]HoDUSPDNWDG×U]LUD\×O×QGDELQDLQüDDWODU×QGDLüND]DV× PH\GDQDJHOLUNHQ|OPYDUNHQ\×O×QGDLüND]DV×QDNDUü×O×N KLo |OP \DüDQPDP×üW×U .H]D \×O×QGD ELQD LQüDDWODU×QGD KLo Lü ND]DV× ROPDG×ù× J|UOPHNWHGLU 0XKWHPHOHQ \×O×QGD ELQD LQüDDWODU×QD LOLüNLQ YHULOHU´ELQDG×ü×\DS×ODU×QLQüDDW×µNDSVDP×QDVRNXOPXüDQFDN\×O×QGD LVH ´ELQD LQüDDW×µ IDDOL\HW JUXEXQGDNL VUHNOL Lü J|UHPH]OLN YH Lü ND]DODU× \DQO×üO×NODV×I×URODUDNWDEORODUDJHoPLüWLU.RQX\ODLOJLOLoDO×üPD\DSDQHPHN |UJWOHULQGHQEXUMXYDVL\DVLSDUWLOHUHGHPRNUDWLNNLWOH|UJWOHULQGHQGHYOHW NXUXOXüODU×QDNDGDUSHNoRNNLüLWDUDI×QGDQNXOODQ×ODQEXYHULOHUGHNLNXüNXQXQ NDOG×U×OPDV×JHUHNPHNWHGLU.D\×WWXWPDYHLVWDWLVWLNDQDOL]OHU\DSPDN]HUH NXUXOPXüSHNoRNNXUXPYHNXUXOXüDYHULVDùOD\DQ6RV\DO*YHQOLN.XUXPX YH7UNL\HúVWDWLVWLN.XUXPXJLELNXUXPODU×QVXQGXùXYHULOHULQQHGHUHFHGH LQDQ×O×U ROGXùX WDUW×üPDO× KDOH JHOPHNWHGLU7DEOR ·WH \XNDU×GD V|] HGLOHQ KXVXVODUD\U×QW×O×ELUüHNLOGHJ|VWHULOPHNWHGLU )" .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL 2009 YILI 2008 YILI KOD NO 7DEORúQüDDW6HNW|UQGH6RQho<×ODDLWgOPOHYH6UHNOLúü *|UHPH]OLNOH6RQXoODQDQúü.D]DODU×6*.úVWDWLVWLNOHUL 2010 YILI )$ FAALYET GRUPLARI (NACE SINIFLAMASINA GÖRE) 41 BNA NAATI 42 BNA DII YAPILARIN NAATI 43 ÖZEL NAAT FAALYETLER 41 BNA NAATI 42 BNA DII YAPILARIN NAATI 43 ÖZEL NAAT FAALYETLER 41 BNA NAATI 42 BNA DII YAPILARIN NAATI 43 ÖZEL NAAT FAALYETLER KAZASI SAYISI SÜREKL GÖREMEZLK TOPLAM KAZASI TOPLAM ERKEK KADIN TOP. ERKEK KADIN TOP. ERKEK KADIN TOP. Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 4.518 4.550 304 0 304 231 231 11 1.013 1.024 73 0 73 66 66 3.476 TOPLAM 5.574 21 3.497 0 TOPLAM 0 377 0 0 TOPLA 723 M /$0 0 297 0 1.624 11 1.635 241 0 241 128 0 128 1.729 16 1.745 43 0 43 28 0 28 199 TOPLAM 0 284 199 264 TOPLAM 0 156 264 3.023 TOPLAM 6.877 33 3.056 1.578 5 1.583 63 0 63 107 0 107 1.782 16 1.798 56 1 57 104 0 104 TOPLAM 319 TOPLAM 475 TOPLAM 6.437 6RV\DO*YHQOLN.XUXPXLVWDWLVWLNOHULQGH]HULQGHGXUXOPDV×JHUHNHQELUGLùHU KXVXV LVH IDDOL\HW JUXSODU×Q×Q V×Q×ÁDQG×U×OPDV×G×U$YUXSD %LUOLùL WDUDI×QGDQ JHOLüWLULOHQN×VDDG×1$&(RODQNRGODPDVLVWHPL1RPHQFODWXUHVWDWLVWLTXH GHV $FWLYLWpV pFRQRPLTXHV GDQV OD &RPPXQDXWp (XURSpHQQH $YUXSD %LUOLùLQFHGHQEHULJHOLüWLULOHQHNRQRPLNIDDOL\HWOHULQoHüLWOLLVWDWLVWLNL V×Q×ÁDPDODU×Q× J|VWHUPHN LoLQ NXOODQ×OPDNWDG×U YH ´(NRQRPLN )DDOL\HWOHULQ úVWDWLVWLNL 6×Q×ÁDQG×UPDV×µ DQODP×QD JHOPHNWHGLU úVWDWLVWLNVHO ELULPOHU LOH NL EX GXUXPGD ELU IDDOL\HW ELULPLGLU |UQHùLQ JLULüLP JLEL ELU HNRQRPLN YDUO×ù×ROXüWXUDQWHNELUÀUPDYH\DÀUPDODUJUXEXLOJLOLYHULOHULQNDWHJRUL]H HGLOPHVLQGH \HU DO×U %X ELULPOHUH LOLüNLQ JHQLü ELU oHüLWOLOLNWH LVWDWLVWLNOHULQ KD]×UODQPDV×LoLQWHPHOVDùODU$QFDNEXV×Q×ÁDQG×UPD\DJ|UHNRGOX´%LQD YH dHYUH ']HQOHPH )DDOL\HWOHULµ LOH NRGOX ´.DQDOL]DV\RQµ IDDOL\HWOHUL LQüDDW IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ G×ü×QGD GHùHUOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU \×O× YHULOHULQH EDN×OG×ù×QGD ´.DQDOL]DV\RQµ IDDOL\HWL EDüO×ù×QGD VUHNOL Lü J|UHPH]OLN YH |OP ´%LQD YH dHYUH ']HQOHPH )DDOL\HWOHULµ EDüO×ù×QGD LVH VUHNOL *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× LüJ|UHPH]OLNGD|OPJ|UOPHNWHGLU%XLNLIDDOL\HWJUXEXQXQGDLQüDDW VHNW|U LoLQGH GHùHUOHQGLULOPHVL JHUHNPHNWH ROXS EX EDN×ü Do×V×\OD \×O×QGDLQüDDWLüOHULQGH\DüDP×Q×\LWLUHQOHULQUHVPLVD\×V×Q×QNLüLROGXùX V|\OHQHELOLU <DS×ODQoDO×üPDODULQüDDWODUGDJHUoHNOHüHQ|OPOLüND]DODU×QGDLONoV×UD\× \NVHNWHQ GüPHOHU PDO]HPH GüPHVLoDUSPDV× YH HOHNWULN oDUSPDODU×Q×Q ROXüWXUGXùXQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLU úQüDDW VHNW|UQGH JHUoHNOHüHQ ND]DODU×Q D\U×QW×O×DQDOL]OHULQHG|QNYHEXND]DODU×QNDUDNWHULVWLN|]HOOLNOHULQLRUWD\D NR\DQ LVH YHULOHU \HWHUVL]GLU úVWDQEXO 7HNQLN hQLYHUVLWHVL gùUHWLP \HOHUL WDUDI×QGDQ KD]×UODQDQ PDKNHPH ELOLUNLüL GRV\DODU× YH DUüLYOHUGH \DS×ODQ oDO×üPDODU×Q GHUOHQPHVL LOH ELU DUD\D JHWLULOHQ \×OODU× DUDV×QGDNL LQüDDWND]DODU×QDLOLüNLQ\DS×ODQELUGHùHUOHQGLUPHGH*UFDQO×LQüDDW VHNW|UQGHHQID]ODNDUü×ODü×ODQND]DWLSOHULDüDù×GDNLJLELYHULOPHNWHGLU 7DEORúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHNL$QD.D]D7LSOHUL*UFDQO× 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 KAZA TP nsan Dümesi '!&.,%&3,+(-9 Malzeme Dümesi +9&%)-9) &%2', antiye 5%,"%&2-9 +99-(9)9)36&(!-% 29!),9)9)65(!-% Dier Tip Patlay99 !/'')9(9) &%2', '2!(!95,(-9 !2#$0!&%)12/0+.9,( '2!(!'.9) ,-9) 2/0 9&9.9,( El Aleti '!'!/,( %0,%5'/!-&%) !),'9%-%('! Yaralama TOPLAM Ölüm 1028 293 251 206 168 167 138 85 50 10 1 % 42,9 12,2 10,5 8,6 7,0 7,0 5,8 3,5 2,1 0,4 0,0 Yaralanma 934 80 278 97 38 73 53 74 82 211 604 % 32,9 2,8 9,8 3,4 1,3 2,6 1,9 2,6 2,9 7,4 21,3 1 0 0,0 0,0 200 42 7,0 1,5 0 2398 0,0 75 2841 2,6 7DEORGDQ GD J|UOHFHùL ]HUH LQüDDW VHNW|UQGH JHUHN |OPOH JHUHNVH GH \DUDODQPD\OD VRQXoODQDQ ND]DODUGD LQVDQ GüPHOHUL \NVHNWHQ GüPHOHU ELULQFL V×UDGD \HU DOPDNWDG×U gOPOH VRQXoODQDQ ND]DODUGD HOHNWULNoDUSPDODU×LNLQFL\DUDODQPD\ODVRQXoODQDQND]DODUGDLVHWH]JDKYH PDNLQD\D X]XY NDSW×UPD LNLQFL V×UDGD \HU DOPDNWDG×U 0DO]HPH GüPHOHUL \DNODü×NWRSODPND]DGDNL·OXNRUDQODKHP|OPOHKHPGH\DUDODQPD\OD VRQXoODQDQ ND]DODUGD |QHPOL ELU \HUH VDKLSWLU gOP YH \DUDODQPD VD\×ODU× YH RUDQODU× NDUü×ODüW×U×OG×ù×QGD ND]DODU×Q ND]D üLGGHWLQH GDLU GH \RUXPODU \DSPDNPPNQGU6|]JHOLPL\DUDODQPDODU×Q·LQLROXüWXUDQWH]JDKYH )% .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL PDNLQDODUDX]XYNDSW×UPDGDQGROD\×\DOQ×]FDELU|OPYDNDV×QDUDVWODQ×UNHQ HOHNWULNoDUSPDODU×Q×QE\NELUN×VP×|OPOHVRQXoODQP×üW×U \×O×QDDLW6RV\DO*YHQOLN.XUXPXLVWDWLVWLNOHUL\DUG×P×\OD\DS×ODQELU GLùHUDQDOL]GHLVHEHQ]HUND]DQHGHQOHULQLQLONV×UDODUGDROGXùXJ|UOPHNWHGLU 7UNL\H·GH\×O×QGDXODü×ODQ|OPQoRNDPDoRNEDVLW|QOHPOHUOH |QOHQHELOHFHùL JHUoHùL J|]GHQ NDoPDPDO×G×U %X VD\×ODU×Q NHVLQOLNOH NDEXO HGLOHELOPHVLPPNQGHùLOGLUYHLüoLV×Q×I×PFDGHOHVLQLQELUSDUoDV×EXLü FLQD\HWOHULQLQGXUGXUXOPDV×LoLQLQüDDWVHNW|UQGH |UJWO VL\DVDO PFDGHOH ROPDN]RUXQGDG×U 7DEOR<×O×6*.9HULOHULQH*|UHúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHNL.aza 1HGHQOHULQLQ6D\×V×YHOUDQODU×dDU×No× Kaza Kaza Nedenleri Kodu 301 )& 400 703 801 303 809 704 802 900 806 Ki "' $,0!(!ir yerden (a."' $"',&2 (!""' #' +$"'#! $"''."'+.*!*'' $ ','$!"' !*,*"'!-2"','! .*!*'"'0#( ! $"'2$$$%"*u kazalar Ta2# "# (2'(2$)2$$ ( #"' $0#( (%$**%"*an kazalar 0**$+, '%'$2$ ! ( #'(2$!"'!(2!2#(2 - "#( Ki "' $#-# $%')#0#( ( +)22 '") $$$%"*u kaza Ba! ','(2$2"$2'2"##2, dü0$ ( #"' $.'&#(2 +' "#( ' (# $.'&#(2(%$**./!$+' "$ ' (# $")2$!"'! yaralanmak "!)' !!2#2$$ "' "$!-"' (# $(2!2)2'#(2 -"2 ,2(2 893 Sektör içindeki %'$2 15,9 552 503 9,8 9,0 502 8,9 468 349 223 8,3 6,2 4,0 200 3,6 124 104 2,2 1,9 $üDù×GDNLüHNLOGHLVH7DEOR·GHVXQXODQYHULOHULQGDKDDQODü×O×UKDOHJHOPHVL LQüDDW VHNW|UQQ E\PH ORNRPRWLI ROPD V|\OHPLQLQ LüoLOHU Do×V×QGDQ QH DQODPD JHOGLùLQLQ IDUNO× ELU ER\XWX J|UOPHNWHGLU ûHNLOGH LQüDDW VHNW|U JD\ULVDÀ\XUWLoLKDV×OD\]GHDUW×ü×LOHLüND]DODU×DUDV×QGDNLSDUDOHOOLNGDKD oRNLQüDDWGDKDoRN|OPLOLüNLVLQLQHWELUüHNLOGHRUWD\DNR\PDNWDG×U *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× ûHNLOúQüDDW*D\UL6DÀ<XUWúoL+DV×OD\]GHGHùLüLPLLOH|OPOLü ND]DODU×Q×QVH\ULDUDV×QGDNLLOLüNL*6<ú+GHùLüLPLJ|UVHODo×GDQEHOLUJLQ KDOHJHWLULOPHNLoLQNDW|OoHNOHQGLULOPLüWLUJHUoHNVD\×VDOYHULOHUWDEOR ·GHYHULOPLüWLU úQüDDWVHNW|UQGHPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×VDSWDQDP×\RU 'LùHU VHNW|UOHUGH ROGXùX JLEL LQüDDW VHNW|UQGH GH PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU× NRQXVXQGDNL DUDüW×UPDODU YH NRUXPD|QOHPH IDDOL\HWOHUL oRN GüN VHYL\HGHGLU hONHPL]GH KDOHQ DGHW PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU× KDVWDQHVL EXOXQPDNWDG×U %DüWD VROXQXP \ROX YH NDQVHU ROPDN ]HUH NDVLVNHOHW KDVWDO×NODU× YH GLùHU PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU× NRQXVXQGD DUDüW×UPDODU \DS×OPDV× LoLQ PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU× KDVWDQHOHULQLQ Do×OPDV× ELU HO]HPGLU %X NRQXGD \DS×ODFDN KHU WUO oDO×üPDGD KDON VDùO×ù× X]PDQODU× Lü\HUL KHNLPOHUL YH LQüDDW PKHQGLVOHUL RUWDN oDO×üPDO×G×U 3HN oRN ONHGH \DS×ODQ DUDüW×UPDODU GQ\DGD LQüDDW VHNW|UQGH PHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU×QGD NDV YH LVNHOHW VLVWHPL KDVWDO×NODU×Q×Q VD\×V× E\N ER\XWODUGD ROGXùXQX LüDUHW HWVH GH 7UNL\H·GH EXWUGHQPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×Q×QWHVSLWHGLOPHVLGHQHWLPJ|]HWLPYHPHVOHN KDVWDO×NODU× NRQXVXQGDNL \HWHUVL]OLN QHGHQL\OH PPNQ GHùLOGLU 'H\LP \HULQGH\VHPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×NRQXVX7UNL\HEXUMXYD]LVLWDUDI×QGDQoDO×üPD \DüDP×Q×QWDPDPHQG×ü×QGDWXWXOPXüWXU6RQ\×OODUGDNRWWDüODPDLüoLOHULQLQ YH GLü SURWH] WHNQLV\HQOHULQLQ PDUX] NDOG×ù× |OPFO VLOLNRVLV KDVWDO×ù×QD NDUü×ROXüDQGX\DUO×O×NLOHJQGHPHJHOPH\HEDüOD\DQPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×LüoL V×Q×I×Q×QNLWOHVHORODUDNüLPGLROPDVDGD\×OVRQUD|OPQH\RODoDFDN NDSLWDOL]PLQELUEDüND|OGUFHWNLVLGLU )' .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL úQüDDWVHNW|UQGHJHUHNLüND]DODU×JHUHNVHGHPHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×Do×V×QGDQ HQEHOLUOH\LFLHWNHQOHUGHQELULVLGHID]OD|QFHNLE|OPOHUGH]HULQGHGXUXODQ oDO×üPDVDDWOHULQLQID]ODO×ù×JHUoHùLGLUúü.DQXQXQDúOLüNLQ)D]ODdDO×üPDYH )D]OD6UHOHUOHdDO×üPD<|QHWPHOLùL·QHJ|UH)D]ODdDO×üPD<DSW×U×OPD\DFDN úüOHUüXQODUG×U 6DùO×N NXUDOODU× EDN×P×QGDQ \DOQ×]FD VDDW YH GDKD D] oDO×ü×OPDV× JHUHNHQLüOHU *HFHG|QHPLQGH\DS×ODQLüOHU <HUDOW×YHVXDOW×QGD\DS×ODQYHPDGHQYHNDEORG|üHPHVLWQHOLQüDDW LüOHUL )( $\U×FD6DùO×N.XUDOODU×%DN×P×QGDQ*QGH$QFDN<HGLEXoXN6DDWYH\D'DKD $]dDO×ü×OPDV×*HUHNHQúüOHU+DNN×QGD<|QHWPHOLNKNPOHULQHJ|UHJQGH VDDW oDO×ü×ODFDN LüOHU NXUüXQ YH DUVHQLN LüOHUL FDP VDQD\LL LüOHUL F×YD VDQD\LL LüOHUL oLPHQWR VDQD\LL LüOHUL KDYDJD]× YH NRN IDEULNDODU×\OD WHUPLN VDQWUDOOHUGHNLLüOHUoLQNRVDQD\LLLüOHULEDN×UVDQD\LLLüOHULDOPLQ\XPVDQD\LL LüOHULGHPLUYHoHOLNVDQD\LLLüOHULG|NPVDQD\LLLüOHULNDSODPDF×O×NLüOHUL NDUSLWVDQD\LLLüOHULDVLWVDQD\LLLüOHULDNPODW|UVDQD\LLLüOHULND\QDNLüOHUL PDGHQOHUH VX YHUPH LüOHUL NDXoXN LüOHQPHVL LüOHUL \HUDOW× LüOHUL UDG\RDNWLI YHUDG\RL\RQL]DQPDGGHOHUOH\DS×ODQLüOHUJUOWOLüOHUVXDOW×QGDEDV×QoO× KDYD LoLQGH oDO×üPD\× JHUHNWLUHQ LüOHU SQ|PRNRQ\R] \DSDQ WR]OX LüOHU YH WDU×P LODoODU× NXOODQ×P× LüOHULGLU úQüDDW üDQWL\HOHULQGH EXUDGD VD\×ODQ LüOHULQ E\NELUN×VP×Q×Q\DS×OG×ù×GDGLNNDWOHUGHQNDoPD\DFDNW×U úQüDDW VHNW|U V|] NRQXVX ROGXùXQGD LVH NDVLVNHOHW KDVWDO×NODU× N×VPHQ VLOLNRVLV·LQ \DQ× V×UD HQ |QHPOH ]HULQGH GXUXOPDV× JHUHNHQ KXVXV $VEHVW YH\D GLùHU LVPL\OH DP\DQWW×U 8OXVODUDUDV× .DQVHU $UDüW×UPDODU× $MDQV× ,$5&KHU\×OGQ\DGDNDQVHU\DS×F×PDGGHOHULG]HQOLRODUDN|]HOOLNOHULQH J|UHJUXSODUDD\×U×U$MDQV×QNDQVHURMHQPDGGHOHUOLVWHVLQGHDVEHVWPDGGHVL ´NHVLQ NDQVHURMHQµ WDQ×PODQPDV× LOH JUXSWD V×Q×ÁDQG×U×OP×üW×U $VEHVW VROXQXP \D GD LoPH VX\X\OD YFXGD JLUGLùLQGH EDüWD NDQVHU ROPDN ]HUH oHüLWOLKDVWDO×NODUD\RODoDU$VEHVWOLÁHULKDYD\ODDO×QG×ù×QGDEXOLÁHULQE\N E|OP KDYD \ROODU× KFUHOHULQGH ELULNLU %XQODU×Q VW VROXQXP \ROODU×Q×Q \XNDU×E|OPOHULQGHNDODQELUE|OPERùD]GDNLPXNXVWDEDNDV×\ODELUOLNWH EDOJDPOD DW×O×U YH\D \XWXOXU$QFDN ELU E|OP DNFLùHULQ GHULQ N×V×PODU×QD NDGDU LQHU YH YFXWWDQ KLoELU ]DPDQ o×NPD\DELOLU $VEHVWLQ QHGHQ ROGXùX KDVWDO×NODU×Q RUWD\D o×NPDV× LoLQ ² \×O DUDV× ELU VUH JHoPHVL JHUHNLU $VEHVWLQQHGHQROGXùXKDVWDO×NODUüXQODUG×U $VEHVWR] úON RODUDN WHUVDQH LüOHULQGH oDO×üDQODUGD WHVSLW HGLOHQ DVEHVWR] DVEHVW OLÁHULQL o|]PH\H oDO×üDQ YFXW WDUDI×QGDQ UHWLOHQ DVLGLQ DNFLùHU ]DU×QGD ROXüWXUGXùX \DUDODUG×U %X KDVWDO×ù×Q NHQGLQL J|VWHUPHVL \×O× EXOPDNWDG×U *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× 0H]RWHO\RPD$VEHVWLQ \RO DoW×ù× HQ |QHPOL KDVWDO×N DNFLùHU ]DU× YH NDU×Q ]DU× NDQVHUL \DQL PH]RWHO\RPDG×U %DW× ONHOHULQGH \×OGD KHU ELU PLO\RQ NLüLQLQ ·VLQGH VDSWDQDQ PH]RWHO\RPD ONHPL]GH \×OGD HQ D] NLüLGH J|UOPHNWHGLU 0H]RWHO\RPD\D DLW HQ V×N UDVWODQDQ \DN×QPDODU DùU× YH LOHUOH\LFL QHIHV GDUO×ù×G×U $NFLùHU U|QWJHQL YH WRPRJUDÀGH WLSLN EXOJXODU VDSWDQDELOLUVH GH NHVLQ WDQ× LoLQ EDüYXUXODQ VWDQGDUW \|QWHP DNFLùHU ]DU× EL\RSVLVLGLU 0H]RWHO\RPD HUNHQ G|QHPGH WDQ×Q×S X\JXQ FHUUDKL JLULüLP X\JXODQDPDG×ù×QGDLODo\DGD×ü×QWHGDYLVLQHL\LFHYDSYHUPH\HQYHKDVWD\× N×VD]DPDQGD|OPHJ|WUHQELUKDVWDO×NW×U .DQVHU$VEHVWDNFLùHUJ×UWODNYHVLQGLULPVLVWHPLNDQVHUOHULQH\RODoPDNWDG×U $NFLùHU]DU×SOHXUDNDO×QODüPDV× %LOLQGLùL JLEL \×O× LWLEDUL\OH NDQVHUH QHGHQ RODQ DVEHVWLQ UHWLPL NXOODQ×P×YHSL\DVD\DDU]×LOHDVEHVWLoHUHQHü\DODU×QSL\DVD\DDU]×Q×\DVDNOD\DQ \|QHWPHOLN\UUOùHJLUGLdHYUHYH2UPDQ%DNDQO×ù×dHYUH<|QHWLPL*HQHO 0GUOù·QGHQ $UDO×N \×O×QGD \DS×ODQ Do×NODPD\D J|UH DVEHVWL DP\DQW WDPDPHQ \DVDNOD\DQ \|QHWPHOLN \UUOùH JLUGL $VEHVW \DVDNO× KDOHJHOLUNHQ$YUXSD%LUOLùLLOHGHEXNRQXGDWDPX\XPVDùODQDFDNGHQLUNHQ \|QHWPHOLNWHDVEHVWLQKHUKDQJLELUUQQUHWLPLQGHNXOODQ×OPDV×YHDVEHVW LoHUHQ WP UQOHULQ SL\DVD\D DU]× GD \DVDNODQG× $o×NODPDGD oRN L\L ELU \DO×WNDQ PDGGH RODQ DVEHVWLQ LoPH VX\X ERUXODU× EDüWD ROPDN ]HUH \DS× PDO]HPHOHULQGH YH JHPL \DS×P×QGD NXOODQ×OG×ù×QD LüDUHW HGLOHUHN VROXQXP \DGDLoPHVX\X\ROX\ODYFXGDJLUGLùLQGHEDüWDNDQVHUROPDN]HUHoHüLWOL KDVWDO×NODUD \RO DoW×ù× YXUJXODQG× 3HNL DVEHVW WDPDPHQ RUWDGDQ NDONW× P×" úQüDDW VHNW|U V|] NRQXVX ROGXùXQGD DVEHVWLQ HWNLOHULQLQ HQ D] \×O GDKD RUWDGD ROGXùX QHW ELU üHNLOGH J|UOHFHNWLU $VEHVWLQ LQVDQ VDùO×ù×QD RODQ ]DUDUODU× IDUN HGLOGLNWHQ VRQUD GQ\DQ×Q ELUoRN ONHVLQGH $YUXSD %LUOLùL ONHOHUL $YXVWUDO\D %UH]LO\D +RQJ .RQJ -DSRQ\D <HQL =HODQGD $%' YEEXPDGGHQLQ\HQLELQD\DS×P×QGDNXOODQ×P×\DVDNODQP×üW×UYH\DNODü×N oH\UHNDV×UG×UDVEHVWLQEXONHOHUGHLQüDDWODUDJLUPHGLùLYDUVD\×P×\DS×ODELOLU $QFDN EX GXUXP ELOH LQüDDW VHNW|UQGH oDO×üDQODU× DVEHVW WHKOLNHVLQGHQ X]DN WXWPDPDNWDG×U +DOHQ D\DNWD GXUDQ ELU oRN ELQDGD DVEHVW PDGGHVL EXOXQPDNWDG×UYHEXELQDODUGD\DS×ODFDNKHUWUOEDN×PRQDU×PUHVWRUDV\RQ YH\×N×PLüOHULQGHoDO×üDQODU×QDVEHVWHPDUX]NDOPDRODV×O×ù×KD\OL\NVHNWLU úQüDDWVHNW|ULoLQDVEHVWPDUX]L\HWLWLSLNRODUDNDüDù×GDEHOLUWLOHQX\JXODPDODU V×UDV×QGDROXüPDNWDG×U $VEHVWLoHUHQ\DS×ODUGD\×N×PYH\DV|NPLüOHUL $VEHVW LoHUHQ PDO]HPHOHULQ V|NOPHVL \HULQLQ GHùLüWLULOPHVL \D GD NDSDO×ELUDODQDWDü×QPDV× $VEHVWLoHUHQ\DS×\DGDDOW\DS×ODU×Q\DS×PGHùLüLPEDN×PRQDU×P\D GD\HQLELUKL]PHWLoLQ\HQLOHPHVUHoOHUL )) .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL $VEHVWLoHUHQPROR]YHDW×NODU×QWHPL]OHQPHVL úQüDDWVDKDV×QGDNLDVEHVW\DGDDVEHVWNDWN×V×LoHUHQUQOHULQWDü×QPDV× \NOHQPHVL\HUOHüWLULOPHVL GHSRODQPDV×NRQWUROYHWRSDUODQPDV×LüOHPOHUL %XNRQXGD\|QHWPHOLNEXOXQPDNODELUOLNWH\XNDU×GDEHOLUWLOHQLüNDOHPOHULQGH \HUDODFDNLQüDDWLüoLOHULYHLQüDDWPKHQGLVLWHNQLNHUYHGLùHUHOHPDQODU×Q DVEHVWPDUX]L\HWOHULQLQ|QOHQPHVLNRQXVXQGDJHUHNOL|QOHPOHULQDO×QPDG×ù× EX NRQXGD GHQHWLPOHULQ \DS×OPDG×ù× GD J|UOHFHNWLU gQP]GHNL RQ \×OODU ER\XQFDDVEHVWLQ\RODoW×ù×YH\DDoDFDù×PHVOHNKDVWDO×NODU×QDNDUü×PFDGHOH HGLOPHVL\DU×Q×QGHùLOEXJQQJ|UHYLGLU 6RQXo )* %XoDO×üPDGDJHQHORODUDNX]ODüPD]HPHNVHUPD\HoHOLüNLVLEDùODP×QGDLüoL VDùO×ù×YHLüJYHQOLùLNRQXVXLQFHOHQPLüEXDODQ×QV×Q×IPFDGHOHVLQLQWHPHO ELOHüHQOHULQGHQROGXùXQXQDOW×oL]LOPLüYH|OPOHVRQXoODQDQLüND]DODU×QGDLON V×UDGD\HUDODQLQüDDWVHNW|UQQNHQGLQHKDV\DS×V×Q×QDUW×NJHQHOELUEDVN×F× HPHNUHMLPLQLNDUDNWHUL]HHGHUKDOHJHOGLùLQGHQV|]HGLOPLüWLU.DSLWDOL]PLQ RUWD\Do×N×ü×QGDQEXJQHGHùLQLüoLOHULQHQWHPHOKDNN×RODQVDùO×NO×oDO×üPD KDNN×Q×Q GDKL DQFDN X]XQ YH \RùXQ PFDGHOHOHU VRQXFXQGD HOGH HGLOGLùL JHUoHùL NDUü×P×]GD GXUPDNWDG×U 6HUPD\HQLQ HJHPHQ ROGXùX HNRQRPLN VLVWHPGH oDO×üPD VDùO×ùD ]DUDUO×G×U oDO×üPDN |OGUPHNWHGLU 1D]LOHULQ WRSODPDNDPSODU×QGD´oDO×üPDN|]JUOHüWLULUµ\D]DUNHQWXWVDNODU|OHQHNDGDU oDO×üW×U×O×U |OHQOHU KHPHQ \RN HGLOLU DF×PDV×] VDYDü PDNLQDV×QD JHUHNHQ VHUPD\HELULNLPL\DUDW×O×UG×*QP]NRüXOODU×QGDDUWDQoDO×üPDVDDWOHULYH LQDQ×OPD]]RUYHJYHQVL]oDO×üPDNRüXOODU×KHU\×OELQOHUFHLüoL\LDUDP×]GDQ DO×UNHQ LüoL VDùO×ù× YH Lü JYHQOLùL DODQ× ´PFDGHOH HWPHN |]JUOHüWLULUµ V|]QQHQVRPXWKDOHJHOGLùLELUDODQRODUDNNDUü×P×]GDGXUPDNWDG×U 'ú3127 $VEHVW LOH LOJLOL RODUDN EN] %DU×ü <ú $ND\ + YH (PUL 6 7UNL\H·GH$VEHVWYH(ULRQLWLOHúOJLOL+DVWDO×NODU7RUDNV'HUJLVL&LOW (N .$<1$.d$ $NERùD g %DUDGDQ 6 ´$VEHVWLQ úQüDDW 6HNW|UQGHNL <HUL YH 0DUX]L\HWLQgQOHQPHVLµ7UNL\H0KHQGLVOLN+DEHUOHUL $NS×QDU 7 ´7UNL\H·\H <|QHOLN .DoDN úüJF *|oµ $QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV6%)'HUJLVL *UNDQ(PUH*UFDQO× $OWXQGDü(´.DSLWDOLVWhUHWLP7DU]×YHúü.D]DODU×µ0HVOHNWH6DùO×N YH*YHQOLN'HUJLVL %DU×ü<ú$ND\+YH(PUL67UNL\H·GH$VEHVWYH(ULRQLWLOHúOJLOL +DVWDO×NODU7RUDNV'HUJLVL&LOW(N %HUOLQJXHU*´úüYH6DùO×NúOHúOLüNLOL0HVOHNL'XUXPODUµ0HVOHNL 6DùO×NYH*YHQOLN'HUJLVL dDU×No×01´úü.D]DODU×$QDOL]Lµúü6DùO×ù×YH*YHQOLùL'HUJLVL 'XPDQ(+DP]RùOX2´úVWDQEXO·GD%LUûDQWL\HGHdDO×üDQODU×Qúü .D]DODU×Q×Qú]OHPLµ0HVOHNWH6DùO×NYH*YHQOLN'HUJLVL (ùLWLP6HQ´(ùLWLPgUJWOHUL.HVLQWLOL(ùLWLPH.DUü×%DV×Q7RSODQW×V× ']HQOHGLµEDüO×NO×EDV×QDo×NODPDV×KWWSZZZHJLWLPVHQRUJWULFHULN SKS"\D]LBLG (ULüLPWDULKL (QJHOV).LüLVHO*|]OHPOHUGHQYH6DùO×NO×.D\QDNODUGDQúQJLOWHUH·GH (PHNoL 6×Q×ÁDU×Q 'XUXPX (ULü<D\×QODU× %LULQFL %DVN×$QNDUD 6D\ID )ULHGULFK(QJHOV·LQ'LH/DJHGHUDUEHLWHQGHQ.ODVVHLQ(QJODQG (WLOHU1´g]HOOHüWLUPHOHUYHúü.D]DODU×µ0HVOHNWH6DùO×NYH*YHQOLN 'HUJLVL *UFDQO×*(úQüDDWûDQWL\HOHULQGH%XODQ×N.PHOHU<DUG×P×\ODúü *YHQOLùL 5LVN$QDOL]L<|QWHPL<D\×QODQPDP×ü 'RNWRUD7H]L úVWDQEXO 7HNQLNhQLYHUVLWHVL)HQ%LOLPOHUL(QVWLWV ,/27KHFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGXVWU\LQWKHWZHQW\ÀUVWFHQWXU\,WVLPDJH HPSOR\PHQW SURVSHFWV DQG VNLOO UHTXLUHPHQWV *HQHYD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /DERXU2IÀFH /DGRX-´$%'·GHúüVDùO×ù×Q×Q\NVHOLüYHGüüµ0HVOHNL6DùO×N YH*YHQOLN'HUJLVLdHYLUHQ0XVWDID1úOKDQ /LQJDUG + 5RZOLQVRQ 6 2FFXSDWLRQDO +HDOWK DQG 6DIHW\ LQ &RQVWUXFWLRQ 3URMHFW 0DQDJHPHQW 6D\ID 2[RQ 6SRQ 3UHVV %DVN× 0HVOHNWH6DùO×NYH*YHQOLN'HUJLVL(GLWRU\DV×´(GLW|U·GHQµ0HVOHNWH 6DùO×NYH*YHQOLN'HUJLVL6D\× )! .XUDOV×]YH%DVN×F×(PHN5HMLPLQH%DNDUNHQúQüDDW6HNW|UQGHúüoL6DùO×ù×YHúü*YHQOLùL 0QJHQ87UNL\H·GHúQüDDWúü.D]DODU×Q×Q$QDOL]LYHúü*YHQOLùL 6RUXQX <D\×QODQPDP×ü 'RNWRUD 7H]L úVWDQEXO 7HNQLN hQLYHUVLWHVL )HQ %LOLPOHUL(QVWLWV 0WHYHOOLRùOX 1 ´7UNL\H·GH dDO×üPD 6UHOHULQLQ 8]DPDV× YH gOPO úü .D]DODU×QGD$UW×üµ 0HVOHNWH 6DùO×N YH *YHQOLN 'HUJLVL 2VWU\ $ 6 6SLHJHO - 0 ´.UHVHOOHüPHQLQ +L]PHW 6HNW|U YH 6DùO×N 6HNW|U úüJFQH (WNLOHUL (PHN 3L\DVDV× 9H úVWLKGDP×Q *YHQVL]OLùLµ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORII2FFXSDWLRQDO$QG(QYLURQPHQWDO +HDOWKdHYLUHQYHDNWDUDQ(WLOHU10HVOHNWH6DùO×N YH*YHQOLN'HUJLVL g]GHPLU $ 0 ´%HOLUVL]OLùLQ ']HQOH\LFL (WNLVL 7DüHURQOXN 0HVVHVHVLh]HULQH6DSWDPDODUµ7RSOXPYH+HNLP g]GHPLU*<´.UHVHOOHüPHYHúüoL6DùO×ù×dDO×üPDQ×Q(NRQRPL 3ROLWLùLh]HULQH1RWODUµ0HVOHNWH6DùO×NYH*YHQOLN'HUJLVL *# g]GHPLU * < ´'HVSRWLN (PHN 5HMLPL 2ODUDN 7DüHURQ dDO×üPDµ dDO×üPDYH7RSOXP 6HoNLQ2´úNLQFL&XPKXUL\HWLQHùLWLPVLVWHPLDG×PDG×PNXUXOX\RUµ .RPQLVW'HUJLVL 6RV\DO*YHQOLN.XUXPXúVWDWLVWLNOHU 7RNJ|] * 7UNL\H·\H <|QHOLN ']HQVL] *|oOHU YH *|oPHQOHULQ úQüDDW 6HNW|UQGH (QIRUPHO úVWLKGDP× $QNDUD hQLYHUVLWHVL %LOLPVHO $UDüW×UPD 3URMHVL .HVLQ 5DSRUX 3URMH 1XPDUDV× 5DSRU 7DULKL 7UNL\HúVWDWLVWLN.XUXPXúVWDWLVWLNOHU 8OXVODUDUDV×úüoL2ÀVL*|oPHQúüoLOHULQdDO×üPD.RüXOODU×8OXVODUDUDV× úüoL.RQIHUDQV×2WXUXP&HQRYD5DSRU.UHVHO(NRQRPLGH *|oPHQúüoLOHU.RQXVXQD*HQHO%LU%DN×ü%|OP´*|oPHQúüoLOHULQ dDO×üPD .RüXOODU×µQGDQ dHYLUHQ$N×O + 0HVOHNWH 6DùO×N YH *YHQOLN'HUJLVL
Benzer belgeler
Baskı önizleme - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
$UDüW×UPDF×
Baskı önizleme - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
6DQD\LVL·QGHNL DOW V|]OHüPHOL LüOHWPHOHUGHNL LüoLOHULQ VDùO×ù× ]HULQH DODQ
oDO×üPDV× \DSDQ )UDQV×] 6RV\RORJ $QQLH 7KpEDXG 0RQ\·QLQ \DNODü×P× EX
DQODPGD ROGXNoD ]LKLQ Do×F×G×U...
Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
HWNLOH\HQ EX G|QüP YH G|QüPH PXKDOHIHW +DUYH\·LQ V×Q×I VDYDü×P×
VDSWDPDV×Q× GRùUXODU QLWHOLNWHGLU \×O×QGD JQGHPH JHOHQ PHUNH]L YH
\HUHO\|QHWLPOHULQJQGHPLQGHHü]DP...
olman ağaç standları
OXPVDOELUELOHúLPHYHVL\DVDONDUDNWHUHVDKLS
LoLQELU\DúDPYHHWNLQOLNGD\DQD÷ÕKDOLQHJHWLU- NXFDNODúÕUNHQELUoRNVL\DVL\DSÕYDUOÕNVHEHSOHULVD\GÕNODUÕGHYULPFLGHPRNUDVLQLQGHVLVWHP
ROVD...
Hakemli Makale - Eğitim Bilim Toplum
VLYLOWRSOXPNDPXVDODODQ|UJWOHQPHJLELEDüNDGLùHUNDYUDPYHROJXODUOD
ELUOLNWH DO×Q×U %X KDOL\OH NDYUDP GLùHU DODQODU×Q NHVLüPH QRNWDODU×\OD
ELUOLNWHYDUHGLOLUYHRQODUDJ|UHL...
sayi-31 - Basın Yayın ve Halkla İlişkiler Koordinatörlüğü
NLPOHULQNDOELQHQDV×OGRNXQDELOLUYH´L\LNLYDUV×Q×]µGHGLUWHELOLUL]GL\RUX]
2GDù×P×]D¶L\LELULQVDQROPD·IHOVHIHVLQL\HUOHüWLUL\RUX]ú\LOLNLoLQ
oDO×ü×\RUX])D\GDO×RODELOPHNIDUN×QGDO×N...
demirel yapı kataloğunu buradan indirebilirsiniz.
3ODWIRUPODUGDHQD]PW\NVHNOLùLQGHYHKHUKDQJLELU\|QGHJHOHELOHFHNHQD]
NLORJUDPO×N\NHGD\DQ×NO×DQDNRUNXOXN
3ODWIRUPDELWLüLNHQD]FP\NVHNOLùLQGHWRSXNOHYKDV×
7RSXNOHYKDV×L...
Rhein Main - Vitrin Hayati Paylas
$YUXSD¶\DYL]HQH]DPDQNDONDFDN"
7UNL\HLOH$YUXSD%LUOLùLDUDV×QGD\DS×ODQSUHQVLS
DQODüPDV×LOH7UNL\H&XPKXUL\HWLYDWDQGDüODU×6FKHQJHQ
%|OJHVLQHYL]HVL]VH\DKDWHGHELOHFHN
.×VDVUH|QF...
Dergi pdf için tıklayın
UHWLPLQLQPPNQROGXùXUQOHU
WDVDUODPDODU×Q×LVWHGLN7DVDUODQDFDN
EX UQOHULQ \LQH D\Q× JUXS LoLQGH
EXOXQDQUHNODPF×JHQoOHUWDUDI×QGDQ
SD]DUODQPDV× WDQ×W×OPDV× JLEL oRN
\|QO ...